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Shaari, Christopher M., Bei-Lian Wu, Hugh F. Biller, Sung-Kiang Chuang, and Ira Sanders. "Botulinum Toxin Decreases Salivation from Canine Submandibular Glands." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, no. 4 (April 1998): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989811800404.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether botulinum toxin types A and D reduced the production of saliva from the submandibular glands of 18 dogs. The left sub-mandibular glands of 8 dogs were injected with increasing doses of botulinum type A toxin (range 10 to 70 units), and the left glands of 10 dogs were injected with botulinum type D toxin (50 or 100 units). The right gland of each dog was injected with equivalent volumes of saline solution to serve as control. Six days after the injection, the lingual nerve was electrically stimulated for 10 minutes (3 mAmp, 20 Hz). The resulting volume of saliva was collected and weighed. Overall, the glands injected with types A or D toxin produced significantly less saliva than comparable glands injected with saline solution. Six of 8 dogs injected with type A toxin showed a significant decrease in saliva production (range 10.1% to 19.2%, one-sided p value = 0.0375) when compared with the controls. Nine of 10 dogs injected with type D toxin demonstrated a highly significant reduction in saliva production (total average decrease = 60%, two-sided p value = 0.001) when compared with the controls. We concluded that intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin types A and D significantly reduced the production of saliva from canine submandibular glands. The potential applications of intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin are discussed.
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Winston, D. C., B. A. Schulte, J. R. Garrett, and G. B. Proctor. "Na+, K(+)-ATPase in cat salivary glands and changes induced by nerve stimulation: an immunohistochemical study." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 8 (August 1990): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.8.2164061.
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The enzyme Na+, K(+)-ATPase was localized immunohistochemically in major salivary glands of the cat before and after autonomic nerve stimulation. Immunostaining was limited to basolateral plasma membranes. Cells lining striated and excretory ducts contained abundant Na+, K(+)-ATPase and showed no changes with neural stimulation. Serous-type cells in resting glands varied in reactivity, showing weak to moderate staining intensity in the parotid gland and more uniform staining of greater intensity in the sublingual gland. In contrast, demilune cells in the resting submandibular gland showed little if any staining. Mucous-type cells were negative in all glands. Parasympathetic stimulation promoted a gradual increase in immunostaining of submandibular demilune cells, which became marked with time. Sympathetic stimulation produced no detectable changes in Na+, K(+)-ATPase immunoreactivity in any site. These results support the concept that basolateral Na+, K(+)-ATPase is essential to the formation of a near-isotonic primary saliva by serous-type cells. The mechanism whereby parasympathetic stimulation evokes a marked flow of submandibular saliva remains unexplained, but has now been shown to involve a marked increase in the immunoreactivity of Na+, K(+)-ATPase at the base of the gland's demilune cells.
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Tamin, Susyana, and Duhita Yassi. "Penyakit kelenjar saliva dan peran sialoendoskopi untuk diagnostik dan terapi." Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32637/orli.v41i2.45.
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Background: Human salivary glands could be prone to diseases. Special tools have been createdto diagnose the disease of the glands and with the advancement of technology, better instruments weredeveloped. Purpose: We present this literature review to share the knowledge of diagnostic and therapyin today’s management of salivary gland disease. Literature Review: Human salivary glands consistedof major and minor salivary glands which produce saliva. Salivary gland secretion is a process that involves cell synthesis and active transport. Salivary gland diseases are also associated with secretion process. Sialoendosopy can be use as diagnostic and therapeutics tool in salivary glands disease. As atherapeutic tool, sialoendoscopy has a role in stone fragmentation and extraction and also dilatation ofstenosis and stricture. Conclusion: Sialoendscopy has many advantages in diagnosis and treatment ofsalivary gland disease, but its employment is still limited because of the high price and required skilledand experienced operator. Key words: salivary gland, salivary gland disease, sialoendoscopy Abstrak : Latar belakang: Kelenjar saliva manusia tidak lepas dari gangguan penyakit. Beberapa alat telahditemukan untuk diagnosis penyakit ini dan dengan semakin berkembangnya teknologi, sangat diharapkanberkembang pula alat diagnosis yang lebih baik. Tujuan: dengan tulisan ini diharapkan dapat memperluaswawasan terhadap perangkat diagnostik dan terapi pada penyakit kelenjar saliva. Tinjauan Pustaka:Kelenjar saliva manusia terdiri dari kelenjar saliva mayor dan minor yang berperan untuk memroduksisaliva. Sekresi kelenjar saliva merupakan suatu proses yang melibatkan sintesis sel dan transpor aktif.Penyakit kelenjar saliva juga berhubungan dengan proses sekresi. Sialoendoskopi dapat digunakansebagai alat diagnostik maupun terapi pada penyakit kelenjar saliva. Sebagai alat terapi, sialoendoskopidapat berperan pada fragmentasi dan ekstraksi batu serta dilatasi stenosis dan striktur. Kesimpulan:Sialoendoskopi memiliki keunggulan dalam diagnosis dan terapi penyakit kelenjar saliva, namunpenggunaannya masih terbatas karena harganya yang mahal dan diperlukan operator yang trampil danberpengalaman. Kata kunci: kelenjar saliva, penyakit kelenjar saliva, sialoendoskopi
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Karagozoglu, K. Hakki, Marco Helder, Joseph Bot, Otto Kamp, Tim Forouzanfar, Henk S. Brand, Seunghee Cha, et al. "Intraoperative visualisation and treatment of salivary glands in Sjögren’s syndrome by contrast-enhanced ultrasound sialendoscopy (CEUSS): protocol for a phase I single-centre, single-arm, exploratory study." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e033542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033542.
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IntroductionWe established a promising sialendoscopic treatment for in vivo enhancement of salivation in salivary glands affected by Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). In this technique, the ducts of the salivary glands are irrigated with saline and steroids. This allows for dilatation of ductal strictures and removal of debris. Unfortunately, it is not possible to assess the delivery and penetration of saline or medications in the ductal system and parenchyma. To address this problem, we will conduct contrast-enhanced ultrasound sialendoscopy (CEUSS) using sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles. To the best of our knowledge, microbubbles have never been used for the treatment of salivary glands in SS. It is, therefore, imperative to test this application for its safety and feasibility.Methods and analysisA single-arm phase I study will be performed in 10 SS patients. Under local anaesthesia, ultrasound (US) guided infusion of the parotid and submandibular glands with microbubbles will be performed. Continuous US imaging will be used to visualise the glands, including the location of strictures and occlusions. Main outcomes will be the evaluation of safety and technical feasibility of the experimental treatment. Secondary outcomes will consist of determinations of unstimulated whole mouth saliva flow, stimulated whole mouth saliva flow, stimulated parotid saliva flow, clinical oral dryness, reported pain, xerostomia, disease activity, salivary cytokine profiles and clinical SS symptoms. Finally, salivary gland topographical alterations will be evaluated by US.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of the Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (NL68283.029.19). data will be presented at national and international conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. The study will be implemented and reported in line with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials’ statement.Trial registration numbersThe Netherlands Trial Register: NL7731, MREC Trial Register: NL68283.029.19; Pre-results.
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Hughes, Maryanne R., and Darin C. Bennett. "Effects of saline intake, sex, and season on Pekin duck osmoregulatory organ masses and comparison with wild Mallards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-206.
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Osmoregulatory organ masses of freshwater Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) do not differ between the sexes, but drinking saline induces changes that are sexually disparate in some organs. We examined relative size of organ masses of male and female Pekin ducks (that were domesticated from Mallards) and compared their responses to saline intake with those of Mallards. Organ masses of male and female Mallards do not differ in size. The liver and kidneys are heavier in female Pekin ducks and their digestive tract (except for the proventriculus and duodenum) is longer and heavier; male Pekin ducks have heavier salt glands. Mallards acclimated to saline drinking water have enlarged salt glands but not kidneys, adrenal glands, or Harderian glands, their proventriculus tends to be shorter and lighter, the jejunum longer in males, and the ileum longer and heavier in both sexes. In Pekin ducks that drink saline, the salt and Harderian glands are larger and their kidneys (but not adrenal glands) tend to be larger; the proventriculus is unaffected, but the small intestine is lighter, but not shorter, in females. Body, salt gland, Harderian gland, ventriculus, and duodenum masses vary seasonally in Pekin ducks. Discussion considers the effects of season and sex on relative organ masses and how saline-induced changes in them reflect domestication and may influence salt tolerance.
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Izutsu, K. T., M. M. Schubert, E. L. Truelove, and D. E. Johnson. "Use of Human Minor Salivary Glands in Basic and Applied Secretion Research." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 1_suppl (February 1987): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660s108.
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Previous findings from studies utilizing human labial and palatine minor salivary glands are reviewed. These studies took histopathological, biochemical, and ultrastructural approaches, and focused on control and diseased glands. Disease-oriented summarizations are used, and control results are discussed in the context of disease-related findings. Findings are reviewed separately for electrolytes, macromolecules, and ultrastructure. In control subjects, minor gland salivary electrolyte concentrations are dependent on flow rate, and this dependence may be altered by diseases such as cystic fibrosis as-well as by inflammatory situations such as graft-versus-host disease. There is also evidence that salivary electrolyte secretion processes are not similar in labial and palatine minor glands. Studies of salivary macromolecular composition are reviewed for control subjects and for patients with graft-versus-host disease and Sjögren's syndrome. The findings indicate that the macromolecular contents of labial and palatine gland saliva are similar, but that both are significantly different from that for major gland saliva. Finally, studies attempting to measure disease-related changes in intracellular composition are reviewed. It is concluded that the minor salivary glands are important models for the study of exocrine gland physiology and pathophysiology in man.
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Izutsu, K. T., M. M. Schubert, E. L. Truelove, and D. E. Johnson. "Use of Human Minor Salivary Glands in Basic and Applied Secretion Research." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 2_suppl (February 1987): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660s208.
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Previous findings from studies utilizing human labial and palatine minor salivary glands are reviewed. These studies took histopathological, biochemical, and ultrastructural approaches, and focused on control and diseased glands. Disease-oriented summarizations are used, and control results are discussed in the context of disease-related findings. Findings are reviewed separately for electrolytes, macromolecules, and ultrastructure. In control subjects, minor gland salivary electrolyte concentrations are dependent on flow rate, and this dependence may be altered by diseases such as cystic fibrosis as-well as by inflammatory situations such as graft-versus-host disease. There is also evidence that salivary electrolyte secretion processes are not similar in labial and palatine minor glands. Studies of salivary macromolecular composition are reviewed for control subjects and for patients with graft-versus-host disease and Sjögren's syndrome. The findings indicate that the macromolecular contents of labial and palatine gland saliva are similar, but that both are significantly different from that for major gland saliva. Finally, studies attempting to measure disease-related changes in intracellular composition are reviewed. It is concluded that the minor salivary glands are important models for the study of exocrine gland physiology and pathophysiology in man.
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Barka, T., E. W. Gresik, and H. van der Noen. "Monoclonal antibodies against rat saliva and salivary gland antigens." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33, no. 3 (March 1985): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/33.3.2579121.
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Hybridomas were produced by the fusion of NS1 myeloma cells with spleen cells of a BALB/c mouse immunized with rat submandibular saliva. Growth of hybridomas was evident in 60/96 wells, and colonies secreting antibodies against saliva components were identified in 20 wells by using a solid phase enzyme-linked immunoassay. Cloning of cells from 12 wells yielded originally 43 hybridoma cell lines secreting anti-saliva antibodies. After recloning, one hybridoma (4Cl3) was selected for further studies. The hybridoma (4Cl3) cells were grown as ascites tumors, and the antibodies were purified from the ascitic fluid by diethylaminoethyl Affi-gel Blue chromatography. The purified antibody (MA4), immunoglobulin G1, immunoprecipitated a 39K dalton protein from submandibular saliva, and also reacted with a protein of the same electrophoretic mobility on immunoblots. From extracts of submandibular gland slices, incubated with [3H]leucine, the antibody again immunoprecipitated a 39K protein, indicating that this protein is synthesized in the gland. MA4 was used for immunocytochemical stainings of submandibular glands of rats of different ages. In general, immunostaining was seen only in acinar cells. Thus, there was no staining in the glands of 1-day-old rats that lack differentiated acinar cells. In the glands of 1- to 4-week-old rats the number of immunoreactive cells and the extent of immunostaining paralleled the differentiation of the acinar cells. In the glands of adult rats a uniform staining of the secretory granules of the acinar cells was observed. The immunoreactive 39K protein seemed to be restricted to the acinar cells in the submandibular gland; there was no immunostaining in the parotid, sublingual, or lingual salivary glands, or in the pancreas, colon, and duodenum. Stimulation of saliva secretion by isoproterenol resulted in a virtual depletion of the antigen from the acinar cells. These results indicate the feasibility of producing mouse hybridomas that secrete antibodies against rat saliva components. The monoclonal antibody at hand will be useful in analyzing the differentiation of the acinar cells, and the factors that influence this differentiation process.
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Komarova, K. V., N. N. Ratkina, and V. K. Polenichkin. "The method of assessment of salivary glands secretory function." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1597.
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Aim. To develop a method for the assessment of the secretory function of salivary glands. Methods. BK-300.1 («MASSA-K», Russia) weighting machine (presicion ±0,01 g), two standard cotton swabs and two absorbent dental pads «Dry Tips» («Mölnlycke Health Care», Sweden) were used for the assessment of the secretory function of salivary glands. Each absorbent pad and cotton swabs were weighted before the procedure. The examination was performed at morning hours on a fasting patient seated on a dentist’s chair without salivation stimulation. Absorbent pads were placed on the buccal mucosa with parotid orifice at the centre of the pad. Absorbent pads and cotton swabs soaked with saliva were re-weighted after 5 minutes. The examination was repeated thrice at different visits, the mean weight of saliva from major salivary glands was calculated. Salivary function of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands was also assessed. Saliva weight was assessed for each parotid gland separately. Results. The advantages of the offered method are: ease of use, opportunity to assess each parotid, submandibular and sublingual gland separately, express evaluation, good tolerance. Conclusion. The developed method allows to get the precise result and to assess the secretory function of salivary glands accurately.
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Abdollahi, Mohammad, Bagher Minaiee, and Amir A. Yaaghoubi. "Structural and functional changes by Ciprofloxacin of rat submandibular gland." Human & Experimental Toxicology 22, no. 4 (April 2003): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327103ht350oa.
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In the present study, the effects of Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, on rat submandibular gland structure and function were examined in an acute experiment. Cipro was administered intraperitoneally at various doses (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg). Pure submandibular saliva was collected intraorally by micropolyethylene tubes under anaesthesia using a dissecting microscope. After collection of saliva, submandibular glands were removed and weighed. Flow rate, amylase activity, total protein and electrolyte concentrations were measured in saliva. Concentrations of DNA and protein were measured in the gland. All doses of Cipro (20, 40, 80 mg/kg) reduced salivary flow rate. Concentrations of salivary total protein and calcium and gland DNA were reduced by all doses of Cipro. Treatment by Cipro (80 mg/kg) induced an increase in salivary sodium and potassium concentrations. Histopathological examination of glands revealed that Cipro at doses of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg induces morphological changes in the glands including irregular shape of the cerous and mucous bobbles, lack of nucleus in some cells, damage of the cytoplasmic and cell walls and presence of oncocytes in secretory ducts. It is concluded that Cipro inhibits rat submandibular gland functions consistent with structural damages to the gland that might be observed as a side effect in humans. Properties of fluoroquinolones to alter intracellular cAMP and their ability to suppress DNA and protein synthesis of acinar cells might be possible reasons for observed changes.
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Levin, S. L., and L. I. Khaikina. "Is there neural control over electrolyte reabsorption in the human salivary gland?" Clinical Science 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0720541.
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1. A study was made of changes induced by cholinergic agonists and antagonists in the K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− content of saliva of 22 human subjects with denervated parotid salivary glands. 2. At all stages after denervation there was an increased content of Na+ and Cl− in the secretion of the denervated gland as compared with that of the control glands: (a) after administration of pilocarpine and carbacholine; (b) after administration of a combination of atropine and pilocarpine; (c) in ‘paradoxical’ salivation induced by atropine, scopolamine, metacine or chlorosyle; (d) in spontaneous secretion; (e) in reflex secretion when this was partially restored. 3. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl− in the secretion of the denervated gland were disproportionately higher than would have been expected from the raised salivation rate. 4. Secretions from the denervated glands by virtue of their increased content of Na+ and Cl− resembled so-called primary saliva. 5. The increased output of Na+ and Cl− and high concentrations of these ions in the secondary saliva after denervation indicates that there is loss of the normal neural control over reabsorption of electrolytes in the epithelium of the glandular ducts. Further, that absence of this control results in disturbances of membrane ionic transport, of membrane permeability and of the metabolism of the gland.
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Abdollahi, Mohammad, Fatemeh Fooladian, Bita Emami, Khatereh Zafari, and Arezou Bahreini-Moghadam. "Protection by sildenafil and theophylline of lead acetate-induced oxidative stress in rat submandibular gland and saliva." Human & Experimental Toxicology 22, no. 11 (November 2003): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327103ht399oa.
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The role of oxidative stress in lead toxicity has been proposed in many organs, however, no study has been performed in the salivary glands, which are important parts of the gastrointestinal tract with a high implication in health of the whole body. Recently, it has been proposed that increasing the levels of cGMP and cAMP in the cells may protect from the neurotoxicity of lead. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of lead acetate to produce oxidative stress in rat submandibular as the main salivary gland of the body and to study the role of pretreatment by specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the prevention of oxidative stress. Lead acetate (100 mg/kg), alone or in combination with theophylline (25 mg/kg) and sildenafil (5 mg/kg), was administered intraperitoneally to rats. After 2 hours and under general anaesthesia, the submandibular gland ducts were cannulated intraorally using microcannula, and pure saliva was collected for 30 min using pilocarpine (8 mg/kg) as a secretagogue. The submandibular glands were then isolated free under surgery. Oxidative stress in the gland and pure saliva were evaluated measuring lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay), total thiol groups content and total antioxidant capacity (the ferric reducing ability assay). Results showed significant oxidative stress in the gland and secretions as indicated by increased lipid peroxidation, decreased total antioxidant capacity and thiol group levels. The use of cAMP and cGMP phosodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and sildenafil, prevented leadinduced increased lipid peroxidation and also protected from decreased thiol groups content and total antioxidant power of the gland and secretions. The same trend of effects was observed in gland and saliva. It is concluded that lead toxicity is mediated through oxidative stress in salivary glands, while increasing intracellular cAMP and cGMP levels may prevent lead-induced oxidative stress.
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Martínez, Luis C., José C. Zanuncio, Wagner C. C. Morais, Angelica Plata-Rueda, Pedro E. Cedeño-Loja, and José E. Serrão. "Ultrastructure of the Salivary Glands of the Stink Bug Predator Podisus distinctus." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 6 (November 25, 2015): 1514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615015469.
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AbstractPodisus distinctus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a zoophytophagous insect with significant potential for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and forestry because their nymphs and adults actively prey on diverse insect species. The saliva of this insect possesses active substances that cause paralysis and death of the prey. As the first step in identifying compounds of P. distinctus saliva, this study describes the ultrastructure of the salivary glands of this predator. The salivary system of P. distinctus possesses a pair of main salivary glands with a short anterior lobe, a long posterior lobe, and a pair of tubular accessory glands. The main salivary gland of P. distinctus has no associated muscles, suggesting that the saliva-release mechanism occurs with the help of certain thorax muscles. The main salivary gland epithelium has a single layer of cells (varying from cubical to columnar) with cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, spherical granules of different sizes, a nucleus with a predominance of decondensed chromatin, and nucleolus. The apical cell region has a few short microvilli and the basal region has plasma membrane infoldings. The epithelium of the accessory salivary glands possesses a single-layered epithelium of cubic cells delimiting a narrow lumen. The apical cell region has a high density of microvilli and pleomorphic mitochondria, whereas the central cell region is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum with a well-developed nucleus and decondensed chromatin. The basal cell region is characterized by the presence of several basal plasma membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria and numerous openings to the hemocoel forming large channels. The ultrastructural characteristics suggest that the main salivary glands and accessory salivary glands play a vital role in protein synthesis for saliva production and that the accessory glands are involved in transport of materials of the hemolymph.
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Karagozoglu, K. Hakki, Arjan Vissink, Tim Forouzanfar, Henk S. Brand, Floor Maarse, and Derk Hendrik Jan Jager. "Sialendoscopy enhances salivary gland function in Sjögren’s syndrome: a 6-month follow-up, randomised and controlled, single blind study." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 7 (February 23, 2018): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212672.
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ObjectivesTo assess the effect of sialendoscopy of the major salivary glands on salivary flow and xerostomia in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS).MethodsForty-nine patients with SS were randomly assigned to a control group (n=15) and two intervention groups: irrigation of the major glands with saline (n=16) or with saline followed by triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in saline (n=18). Unstimulated whole saliva flow (UWS), chewing-stimulated whole saliva flow (SWS), citric acid-stimulated parotid flow (SPF), Clinical Oral Dryness Score (CODS), Xerostomia Inventory (XI) score and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) SS Patient-Reported Index (ESSPRI) were obtained 1 week (T0) before, and 1 (T1), 8 (T8), 16 (T16) and 24 (T24) weeks after sialendoscopy.ResultsMedian baseline UWS, SWS and SPF scores were 0.14, 0.46 and 0.22 mL/min, respectively. After intervention, significant increases in UWS and SWS were observed in the saline group (at T8 (P=0.013) and T24 (P=0.004)) and the saline/TA group (at T24 (P=0.03) and T=16 (P=0.035)). SPF was increased significantly in the saline/TA group at T24 (P=0.03). XI scores declined after sialendoscopy in both intervention groups. Compared with the control group, CODS, XI and ESSPRI improved in the intervention groups. UWS, SWS and SPF were higher in the intervention groups compared with the control group, but these differences were not significant except for SPF in the saline/TA group at T24 (P=0.005).ConclusionsIrrigation of the major salivary glands in patients with SS enhances salivary flow and reduces xerostomia up to 6 months after sialendoscopy.
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Cossolin, Jamile Fernanda Silva, Luis Carlos Martínez, Monica Josene Barbosa Pereira, Lucia Madalena Vivan, Hakan Bozdoğan, Muhammad Fiaz, and José Eduardo Serrão. "Anatomy, Histology, and Ultrastructure of Salivary Glands of the Burrower Bug, Scaptocoris castanea (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 6 (October 1, 2019): 1482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619015010.
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AbstractThe burrower bug Scaptocoris castanea Perty, 1830 (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) is an agricultural pest feeding on roots of several crops. The histology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of S. castanea were described. The salivary system has a pair of principal salivary glands and a pair of accessory salivary glands. The principal salivary gland is bilobed with anterior and posterior lobes joined by a hilus where an excretory duct occurs. The accessory salivary gland is tubular with a narrow lumen that opens into the hilus near the excretory duct, suggesting that its secretion is stored in the lumen of the principal gland. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells is rich in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles with different electron densities and mitochondria. At the base of the accessory gland epithelium, there were scattered cells that do not reach the gland lumen, with the cytoplasm rich in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, indicating a role in protein production. Data show that principal and accessory salivary glands of S. castanea produce proteinaceous saliva. This is the first morphological description of the S. castanea salivary system that is similar to other Hemiptera Pentatomomorpha, but with occurrence of basal cells in the accessory salivary gland.
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Heinz, Myriam K., and David A. Gray. "Role of plasma ANG II in the excretion of acute sodium load in a bird with salt glands (Anas platyrhynchos)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): R346—R351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.1.r346.
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This study was designed to further examine the role of plasma ANG II in the excretion of sodium in the Pekin duck, a bird with salt glands. Renal and extrarenal (salt gland) excretion of an intravenously administered isotonic saline load was monitored over a 4-h period in a group of eight birds under two conditions: the control condition, in which isotonic saline infusion decreased endogenous plasma ANG II from 102.6 to 16.5 pg/ml, and the experimental condition, in which ANG II suppression was prevented by intravenous infusion of a 3.5 ng · kg−1 · min−1 dose of synthetic ANG II. ANG II infusion significantly decreased the total sodium excretion (by 15%), primarily via an inhibition of salt gland output. The results suggest that ANG II suppression facilitates the excretion of an administered sodium load in birds with salt glands.
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Su, X., Y. Liu, M. Bakkar, O. ElKashty, M. El-Hakim, J. Seuntjens, and S. D. Tran. "Labial Stem Cell Extract Mitigates Injury to Irradiated Salivary Glands." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519898138.
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Stem cell–based therapies could provide a permanent treatment for salivary gland (SG) hypofunction caused by ionizing radiation (IR) injury. However, current challenges for SG stem cells to reach the clinic include surgical invasiveness, amount of tissue needed, cell delivery, and storage methods. The objective of this study was to develop a clinically less invasive method to isolate and expand human SG stem cells and then to obtain a cell-free extract to be used as a therapy for IR-injured SGs. Human labial glands were biopsied, and labial stem cells (LSCs) were expanded by explant culture. The LSC extract (LSCE) was obtained by releasing the cellular components after 3 freeze-thaw cycles and 17,000 g force centrifugation. LSCE was injected intravenously into mice that had their SGs injured with 13-Gy IR. Positive (non-IR) and negative (IR) control mice received injections of saline (vehicle control). Three pieces of labial glands (0.1 g weight) could expand 1 to 2 million cells. LSCs had a doubling time of 18.8 h; could differentiate into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes; and were positive for mesenchymal stem cell markers. Both angiogenic (FGF-1, FGF-2, KGF, angiopoietin, uPA, VEGF) and antiangiogenic factors (PAI-1, TIMP-1, TSP-1, CD26) were detected in LSCE. In addition, some angiogenic factors (PEDF, PTX3, VEGF) possessed neurotrophic functions. Mice treated with LSCE had 50% to 60% higher salivary flow rate than saline-treated mice at 8 and 12 wk post-IR. Saliva lag time measurements also confirmed that LSCE restored SG function. Histologic analyses of parotids and submandibular glands reported comparable numbers of acinar cells, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves and cell proliferation rates in sham IR and LSCE-treated mice, though significantly lower in saline-treated mice. An explant culture method can harvest a large number of LSCs from small pieces of labial glands. LSCE showed clinical potential to mitigate IR-injured SGs.
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Valenzuela, Jesus G., Ivo M. B. Francischetti, Van My Pham, Mark K. Garfield, Thomas N. Mather, and José M. C. Ribeiro. "Exploring the sialome of the tick Ixodes scapularis." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 18 (September 15, 2002): 2843–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.18.2843.
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SUMMARY To attempt description of the set of mRNA and protein (sialome) expressed in the salivary glands of the tick Ixodes scapularis, we randomly sequenced 735 clones of a full-length salivary gland cDNA library of this arthropod and performed Edman degradation of protein bands from salivary gland homogenates (SGH) and saliva separated by SDS-PAGE. The sequences were grouped into 410 clusters, of which 383 are not associated with known I. scapularis sequences. 15- and 17-protein bands from PAGE yielded amino-terminal information on the saliva and salivary gland gels,respectively. We attributed 19 of these sequences to translation products of the cDNA library. Full-length sequences were obtained for 87 clones. Among these protein sequences are several protease inhibitors of distinct classes,metalloproteases, novel proteins with histamine-binding domains, and several peptide families of unknown function displaying different conserved cysteine residues, many of which contain single Kunitz domains. This work provides information into the diversity of messages expressed in the salivary glands of I. scapularis, describes novel sequences that may be responsible for known biological activites, indicates further biological activities that may be present in I. scapularis saliva and identifies novel vaccine targets that may be used in Lyme disease prevention.
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Ali, Md Shahjahan, Md Mahfuz Hossain, Ashim Kumar Saha, Md Harun-ur Rashid, and Md Nazmul Hasan. "Submandibular gland sialolith." Update Dental College Journal 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15536.
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Sialolithiasis is the most common salivary gland disease, occurs most commonly in middle aged patient. There is a slight male predominance. More than 80% of salivary calculi occur in the submandibular glands or its duct. It is estimated that sialolithiasis affect 12 of every 1000 patients in the adult population. It is believed that deposition of mineral salts around a nidus of bacteria, mucous, or desquamated cells develops a salivary calculi. The possible aetiological factors for salivary calculi formation are salivary stagnation, increased alkalinity of the saliva, increased calcium content of the saliva, infection or inflammation, or physical trauma of the salivary duct or gland. The submandibular gland is most susceptible for sialolith formation because its saliva is more alkaline,has a higher mucus content,has a greater concentration of calcium and phosphate, has a longer and irregular duct, has antigravity flow. Here report a case of middle aged female patient with sialolith in right submandibular gland successfully treated with surgical removal of the gland containing sialolith. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15536 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 47-50
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Anggayanti, Nyoman Ayu, Endang Sjamsudin, and Melita Sylvyana. "Etiopatogenesis dan terapi kasus multipel sialolithiasis kelenjar submandibulaEtiopathogenesis and treatment of multiple cases of submandibular gland sialolithiasis." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 32, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v32i3.23759.
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Pendahuluan: Sialolithiasis adalah penyakit umum kelenjar saliva. Gejalanya termasuk pembengkakan kelenjar yang terlibat, terutama selama makan, dan nyeri tekan, yang mungkin mereda tetapi dapat kambuh kembali. Sialolith terjadi terutama di kelenjar submandibula (80-90%) dan pada tingkat yang lebih rendah di kelenjar parotid (5-20%). Sialolith bisa tunggal atau jamak. Multipel sialolith di kelenjar submandibula jarang terjadi. Tujuh puluh dari delapan puluh persen kasus memiliki sialolith tunggal, hanya sekitar 5% pasien yang memiliki tiga atau lebih sialolith. Faktor etiopatogenesis terkait dengan pembentukan sialolith adalah obstruksi, penurunan laju aliran saliva, dehidrasi, infeksi kelenjar saliva, dan terganggunya kelarutan kristaloid. Tujuan penulisan laporan kasus ini untuk menjelaskan etiopatogenesis dan terapi kasus multipel sialolithiasis kelenjar submandibula. Laporan kasus: Seorang wanita 24 tahun datang dengan pembengkakkan dan nyeri pada submandibula kanan. Radiografi panoramik menunjukkan massa radiopak terdefinisi dengan baik dalam submandibula kanan. Interpretasi ultrasonografi menunjukkan massa tak homogen hypoechoic dengan kalsifikasi ganda. Pengangkatan kelenjar submandibula dilakukan dengan pendekatan ekstraoral. Laporan kasus ini menunjukkan Gambaran sebanyak sembilan sialolith di kelenjar submandibula, yang dihilangkan dengan pendekatan ekstraoral. Simpulan: Etiopatogenesis dari pembentukan multipel sialolithiasis pada duktus kelenjar, yaitu faktor mekanis, inflamasi, kimiawi, dan infeksi. Diperkirakan bahwa alkalin serta saliva kental yang mengandung banyak sel mukus, memiliki persentase kalsium fosfat lebih tinggi seperti pada kelenjar saliva submandibula yang mendukung pembentukan sialolith. Pengangkatan kelenjar submandibula beserta sialolith dilakukan sebagai standar baku perawatan dan dapat menghindari kekambuhan. Pasien kontrol kembali satu minggu pasca operasi dengan kondisi baik dan dijadwalkan untuk pemeriksaan radiografis ulang enam bulan kemudian untuk memastikan tidak terjadinya pembentukan sialolith baru di saluran kelenjar saliva.Kata kunci: Multipel, sialolithiasis, kelenjar submandibula. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Sialolithiasis is a common disease of the salivary glands. Symptoms include the glands inflammation, especially during eating, and tenderness, which may subside but may recur. Sialoliths occur mainly in the submandibular glands (80-90%) and to a lesser extent in the parotid glands (5-20%). Sialolith can be singular or plural. Multiple sialoliths in the submandibular gland rarely occur. Seventy out of eighty per cent of cases have a single sialolith. Only about 5% of patients have three or more sialoliths. The etiopathogenetic factors associated with sialolith formation are obstruction, decreasing salivary flow rate, dehydration, salivary gland infection, and impaired crystalloid solubility. The purpose of this case report was to describe the etiopathogenesis and treatment of multiple cases of submandibular gland sialolithiasis. Case report: A 24-year-old woman presented with inflammation and pain in the right submandibular. Panoramic radiograph shows a well-defined radiopaque mass in the right submandibular. Ultrasound interpretation revealed a hypoechoic homogeneous mass with multiple calcifications. Removal of the submandibular gland was carried out with an extraoral approach. This case report showed the appearance of as many as nine sialoliths in the sub-mandibular gland, removed by an extraoral approach. Conclusion: Etiopathogenesis of the formation of multiple sialolithiasis in the glandular duct are mechanical, inflammatory, chemical, and infectious factors. It is thought that alkaline and thick saliva, which contains many mucus cells, has a higher percentage of calcium phosphate than in the submandibular salivary glands, which support the formation of sialoliths. Submandibular gland removal along with the sialoliths is performed as the treatment standard, which can avoid recurrence. The control visit is carried out one week postoperatively in good condition, and the patient is scheduled for another radiographic examination six months after to ensure that no new sialoliths occurred in the salivary gland.Keywords: Multiple, sialolithiasis, submandibular gland.
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Oyelakin, A., E. A. C. Song, S. Min, J. E. Bard, J. V. Kann, E. Horeth, K. Smalley, J. M. Kramer, S. Sinha, and R. A. Romano. "Transcriptomic and Single-Cell Analysis of the Murine Parotid Gland." Journal of Dental Research 98, no. 13 (October 17, 2019): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519882355.
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The salivary complex of mammals consists of 3 major pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. While the 3 glands share similar functional properties, such as saliva secretion, their differences are largely based on the types of secretions they produce. While recent studies have begun to shed light on the underlying molecular differences among the glands, few have examined the global transcriptional repertoire over various stages of gland maturation. To better elucidate the molecular nature of the parotid gland, we have performed RNA sequencing to generate comprehensive and global gene expression profiles of this gland at different stages of maturation. Our transcriptomic characterization and hierarchical clustering analysis with adult organ RNA sequencing data sets has identified a number of molecular players and pathways that are relevant for parotid gland biology. Moreover, our detailed analysis has revealed a unique parotid gland–specific gene signature that may represent important players that could impart parotid gland–specific biological properties. To complement our transcriptomic studies, we have performed single-cell RNA sequencing to map the transcriptomes of parotid epithelial cells. Interrogation of the single-cell transcriptomes revealed the degree of molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the various epithelial cell types within the parotid gland. Moreover, we uncovered a mixed-lineage population of cells that may reflect molecular priming of differentiation potentials. Overall our comprehensive studies provide a powerful tool for the discovery of novel molecular players important in parotid gland biology.
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Teng, Feng, Wenjun Fan, Yanrong Luo, Zhongjian Ju, Hanshun Gong, Ruigang Ge, Fang Tong, Xinxin Zhang, and Lin Ma. "Reducing Xerostomia by Comprehensive Protection of Salivary Glands in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy with Helical Tomotherapy Technique for Head-and-Neck Cancer Patients: A Prospective Observational Study." BioMed Research International 2019 (July 14, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2401743.
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Objective. This study aimed to analyze the effects of comprehensive protection of bilateral parotid glands (PG-T), contralateral submandibular gland (cSMG), and accessory salivary glands in the oral cavity (OC) by helical tomotherapy for head-and-neck cancer patients. Methods. Totally 175 patients with histologically confirmed head-and-neck cancer treated with helical tomotherapy were recruited. The doses delivered to PG-T, cSMG, and OC were constrained to be as low as possible in treatment planning. The saliva flow rates and xerostomia questionnaire were evaluated. Correlation between xerostomia and other clinical factors were assessed using univariate and multivariate models. The impact of salivary gland dose on locoregional (LR) recurrence was assessed by Cox analysis. ROC curve was used to determine the threshold of mean dose for each gland. Results. The median follow-up was 25 (19–36) months. The OC mean dose, PG-T mean dose, cSMG mean dose, age, clinical stage (II and III versus IV), and both unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates were significantly correlated with xerostomia. The OC mean dose, cSMG mean dose, age, and clinical stage were predictors of xerostomia after adjusting PG-T mean dose, and unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates. Xerostomia was significantly decreased when the mean doses of PG-T, cSMG, and OC were kept below 29.12Gy, 29.29Gy, and 31.44Gy, respectively. At 18 months after radiation therapy, early LR recurrence rate was only 4%. Conclusion. Comprehensive protection of salivary glands minimized xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer patients treated by helical tomotherapy, without increasing early LR recurrence risk.
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Ugur, Kader, and Suleyman Aydin. "Saliva and Blood Asprosin Hormone Concentration Associated with Obesity." International Journal of Endocrinology 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2521096.
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Background. The aim was to investigate the amounts of saliva and serum asprosin in order to determine whether it is related to obesity and whether salivary glands synthesize asprosin or not.Methods. A total of 116 underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese (class I, class II, and class III) volunteers participated in the study. Saliva and blood samples were collected simultaneously from the participants. The amounts of asprosin in saliva, salivary gland tissue supernatants, and bloods were determined by ELISA, whereas asprosin synthesis sites of salivary gland tissues were determined immunohistochemically.Results. The amount of asprosin from the lowest to the highest was in the order as follows: underweight, normal weight (control), overweight, and obese classes I and III. The lowest level of asprosin was detected in underweight individuals. It was also found that the interlobular striated ducts and the interlobular ducts of the submandibular and parotid salivary glands produce asprosin. According to these data, the asprosin level is related with obesity as the amount increases in accordance with increasing body mass index (BMI). On the other hand, there is also a relationship between the underweight and asprosin because the amount decreases with BMI decrease.Conclusions. Asprosin, a new adipokine, may be a novel indicator of adipose tissue mass. Therefore, we anticipate that antiasprosin preparations may be an alternative in the treatment of obesity in the future.
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McBride, R. K., C. Harper, and I. A. Siegel. "Methotrexate-induced Changes in Rat Parotid and Submandibular Gland Function." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 9 (September 1987): 1445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660090701.
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Methotrexate (MTX) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 15 mglkg into adult rats daily for three consecutive days. When compared with saline-injected, ad libitum-fed rats or pair-fed saline-injected rats, MTX decreased unstimulated parotid gland weight, RNA content, and amylase content. RNA content was also decreased in submandibular glands. The pqrotid and submandibular gland outputs of sodium and chloride, but not that of potassium, were decreased following MTX injection. Ductal perfusion demonstrated decreased net efflux of sodium and chloride from the excretory duct of the submandibular gland. The effects of MTX on unstimulated parotid gland weight, RNA content, and amylase content are consistent with its ability to inhibit protein synthesis through depletion of folate co-factors. However, the mechanism by which the alterations in ion transport occurred is not clear at this time.
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Fukami, Hideyuki, and Robert M. Bradley. "Biophysical and Morphological Properties of Parasympathetic Neurons Controling the Parotid and von Ebner Salivary Glands in Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 2 (February 2005): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00277.2004.
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The inferior salivatory nucleus (ISN) contains parasympathetic neurons controlling the parotid and von Ebner salivary glands. To characterize the neurophysiological and morphological properties of these neurons, intracellular recordings were made from anatomically identified ISN neurons in rat brain slices. Neurons were also filled with Lucifer yellow and morphometrically analyzed. Based on responses to membrane hyperpolarization followed by depolarization, three types of repetitive discharge patterns were defined for neurons innervating the parotid gland. The regular, repetitive discharge response to membrane depolarization was changed by hyperpolarization resulting either in a delay in the occurrence of the first spike or to an increase in the length of the first interspike interval in the action potential train. Membrane hyperpolarization had little effect on the discharge pattern of some neurons. Similar response discharge patterns were found for neurons innervating the von Ebner salivary gland, which also included a further group of neurons that responded with a short burst of action potentials. Neurons innervating the parotid salivary glands differed morphologically from the von Ebner salivary glands having significantly larger soma and more and longer dendrites than von Ebner gland neurons. In addition, the mean membrane input resistance, time constant, and spike half-width of parotid gland neurons was significantly lower than in von Ebner gland neurons. These differences in intrinsic membrane properties and morphology may relate to the functions of the von Ebner and parotid glands. von Ebner glands are involved in taste stimulus delivery and removal from posterior tongue papillae while the parotid glands contribute saliva to the entire mouth.
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Zhang, Cong, Xiaohong Zhang, and Min Zhang. "Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSC) Protect Submandibular Glands in Diabetic Rats." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 2168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2021.2809.
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Our study assess whether exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) ameliorates diabetic salivary gland complications. 10 SD rats were assigned into diabetes group I and exosome treatment group II. Diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and injected with DMSO or exosomes through tail vein followed by collection of submandibular salivary gland samples for histological analysis and TGFβ, Smad2 and Smad3 level by PCR, saliva IgA and serum amylase level. Compared with control mice, exosome treatment mice showed less fibrosis of the submandibular salivary glands and duct components with a more complete structure. Exosome treatment inhibited TGFβ, Smad2 and Smad3 level to reduce diabetic salivary gland complications, effectively decreased blood sugar level, improved salivary glands function with significantly reduced serum amylase and salivary IgA levels. In conclusion, BM-MSC-derived exosomes may be a new therapeutic strategy for treating diabetic salivary gland complications.
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Kałużny, Jarosław, Tomasz Kopeć, Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska, Adam Stangierski, Edyta Gurgul, Marek Ruchała, Piotr Milecki, and Małgorzata Wierzbicka. "Shear Wave Elastography: A New Noninvasive Tool to Assess the Intensity of Fibrosis of Irradiated Salivary Glands in Head and Neck Cancer Patients." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/157809.
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The aim of the study was to assess salivary gland parenchyma by means of sonoelastography in patients irradiated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The studied group consisted of 52 patients after radiotherapy (RT) and 54 healthy volunteers. All of the former were treated for advanced larynx (40), oropharynx (9), or maxilla (3) squamous cancers and suffered from chronic dryness. Ultrasonography (US) and elastography (ES) were performed, as well as an assessment of the amount of saliva and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scale. There was a statistical difference between ES values in the RT group and in the controls for parotid glands (41.7 kPa versus 26.03 kPa,P=0.0018) and for submandibular glands (37.6 kPa versus 22.4 kPa;P=0.005). There was a significant correlation between the CTCAE scores and objective saliva amount (P=0.0005), and the median amount of saliva in the examined group was lower than in the reference group (1.86 g versus 2.75 g,P=0.0006). In conclusion sonoelastography adds a new parameter to ultrasonography in “one touch examination” and may be a useful tool for major salivary gland evaluation during the radiotherapy course and follow-up period.
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Denny, P. C., W. D. Ball, and R. S. Redman. "Salivary Glands: A Paradigm for Diversity of Gland Development." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 1997): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411970080010301.
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The major salivary glands of mammals are represented by three pairs of organs that cooperate functionally to produce saliva for the oral cavity. While each type of gland produces a signature secretion that complements the secretions from the other glands, there is also redundancy as evidenced by secretion of functionally similar and, in some cases, identical products in the three glands. This, along with their common late initiation of development, in fetal terms, their similarities in developmental pattern, and their proximate sites of origin, suggests that a common regulatory cascade may have been shared until shortly before the onset of overt gland development. Furthermore, occasional ectopic differentiation of individual mature secretory cells in the "wrong" gland suggests that control mechanisms responsible for the distinctive cellular composition of each gland also share many common steps, with only minor differences providing the impetus for diversification. To begin to address this area, we examine here the origins of the salivary glands by reviewing the expression patterns of several genes with known morphogenetic potential that may be involved based on developmental timing and location. The possibility that factors leading to determination of the sites of mammalian salivary gland development might be homologous to the regulatory cascade leading to salivary gland formation in Drosophila is also evaluated. In a subsequent section, cellular phenotypes of neonatal and adult glands are compared and evaluated for insights into the mechanisms and lineages leading to cellular diversification. Finally, the phenomena of proliferation, repair, and regeneration in adult salivary glands are reviewed, with emphasis on the extent to which the cellular diversity is reversible and which cell type other than stem cells has the ability to redifferentiate into other cell types.
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Dumaeva, Zukhra Nasirdinovna, Shokir Kodirovich Kodirov, Muhammadumar Shokirovich Kodirov, Rakhmatillo Shokirovich Kodirov, and Gulmira Adilovna Yuldasheva. "The release of hydrolytic enzymes by the salivary glands and their content in the blood after unilateral nephrectomy." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 25, no. 1 (February 21, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v25.1.2689.
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We studied the mechanisms of transformation of some salivary enzymes and established the real contribution of the salivary glands to the enzymatic homeostasis of the body in unilateral nephrectomy.The results were obtained that with unilateral nephrectomy, the content of amylase and pepsinogen in the blood increases, but its lipolytic activity remains unchanged, the volume of basal secretion of the salivary glands, the content and release of amylase by the parotid salivary gland increases. Unilateral nephrectomy stimulates the increment of pepsinogen by the gastric glands, and, accordingly, enhances its recreation from the blood, by the salivary glands. After unilateral nephrectomy, lipolytic activity and its secretion in saliva remain unchanged
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dos Santos, Harim Tavares, Kihoon Nam, Jason P. Hunt, Luke O. Buchmann, Marcus M. Monroe, and Olga J. Baker. "SPM Receptor Expression and Localization in Irradiated Salivary Glands." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 69, no. 8 (August 2021): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/00221554211031678.
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Radiation therapy–mediated salivary gland destruction is characterized by increased inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis, both of which ultimately lead to salivary gland hypofunction. However, current treatments (e.g., artificial saliva and sialagogues) only promote temporary relief of symptoms. As such, developing alternative measures against radiation damage is critical for restoring salivary gland structure and function. One promising option for managing radiation therapy–mediated damage in salivary glands is by activation of specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors due to their demonstrated role in resolution of inflammation and fibrosis in many tissues. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and function of these receptors in healthy and/or irradiated salivary glands. Therefore, the goal of this study was to detect whether these specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors are expressed in healthy salivary glands and, if so, if they are maintained after radiation therapy–mediated damage. Our results indicate that specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors are heterogeneously expressed in inflammatory as well as in acinar and ductal cells within human submandibular glands and that their expression persists after radiation therapy. These findings suggest that epithelial cells as well as resident immune cells represent potential targets for modulation of resolution of inflammation and fibrosis in irradiated salivary glands.
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POROLA, PAULIINA, LIISA VIRKKI, BEATA D. PRZYBYLA, MIKAEL LAINE, TUCKER A. PATTERSON, ANTTI PIHAKARI, and YRJÖ T. KONTTINEN. "Androgen Deficiency and Defective Intracrine Processing of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Salivary Glands in Sjögren’s Syndrome." Journal of Rheumatology 35, no. 11 (November 2008): 2229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.080220.
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ObjectiveWe hypothesized that in addition to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) depletion, Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is characterized by local androgen deficiency in salivary glands and defects in local processing of DHEA.MethodsSex steroid levels in serum and saliva were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Androgen effects on salivary gland cells were analyzed using the cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3) androgen biomarker.ResultsSerum and salivary concentrations of androgens were low in SS. Substrate to end-product ratios and correlations suggest that in SS salivary glands DHEA is effectively converted to testosterone, but that there are defects in converting testosterone further to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In healthy controls no such phenomenon was seen, but testosterone is effectively converted to DHT. Salivary glands contained type I 5-α-reductase, and its inhibition with dutasteride completely blocked the upregulating effect of DHEA, but not of DHT, on CRISP-3 in human salivary gland acinar cells.ConclusionDHEA and DHT upregulate CRISP-3, which is reportedly low in SS. The effect of DHEA on CRISP-3 is indirect and is inhibited by dutasteride, showing that there is intracrine processing of DHEA in salivary glands. In healthy glands, but not in SS, DHEA is effectively taken up and converted to DHT. Sex steroid concentrations in saliva in part reflect glandular uptake of DHEAsulfate and local intracrine DHEA metabolism, which seem to be defective in SS. Our study demonstrates a prominent androgen deficiency and a defect in intracrine production of active androgens in SS salivary glands, also suggesting that salivary DHT cannot be maintained at a normal level in this female-dominant autoimmune exocrinopathy.
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Sato, Toshiya, Kohei Mito, and Hisayoshi Ishii. "Relationship between impaired parasympathetic vasodilation and hyposalivation in parotid glands associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): R940—R949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00016.2019.
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We examined the relationship between hemodynamics in the three major salivary glands and salivary secretion in urethane-anesthetized and sympathectomized type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic rats via laser speckle imaging and by collecting the saliva. Lingual nerve stimulation elicited rapid increases in glandular blood flow and induced salivary secretion from the three glands in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats. In the parotid gland, the magnitude of blood flow increase and salivary secretion was significantly lower in the diabetic rats when compared with the nondiabetic rats; however, this was not observed in the other glands. Although the intravenous administration of acetylcholine increased blood flow in the parotid gland in a dose-dependent manner, the response was significantly lower in the diabetic rats when compared with the nondiabetic rats. Similarly, mRNA expression levels of M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the parotid gland were relatively lower in the diabetic rats compared with the nondiabetic rats. Our results indicate that type 2 diabetes impairs parasympathetic vasodilation and salivary secretion in the parotid gland and suggest that disturbances in the cholinergic vasodilator pathway may contribute to the underlying mechanisms involved in the disruption of parasympathetic nerve-mediated glandular vasodilation.
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Schneyer, C. A., M. G. Humphreys-Beher, H. D. Hall, and D. Jirakulsomchok. "Mitogenic activity of rat salivary glands after electrical stimulation of parasympathetic nerves." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 264, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): G935—G938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.5.g935.
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Electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation to parotid or submandibular gland for 30 or 60 min resulted in increased [3H]thymidine uptake of both glands when measurements were made 18 h later. With 30 min of stimulation, the mean increase in parotid was 30% compared with unstimulated mates, and after 60 min of stimulation, the increase was 76%. Stimulation for 30 min with the adrenergic antagonists propranolol and phenoxybenzamine present showed an increase in [3H]thymidine of 76%. Stimulation of the chorda tympani for 30 min resulted in a mean increase of 59% in thymidine uptake of the sympathectomized submandibular gland compared with the unstimulated sympathectomized mate. beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase activity of both stimulated parotid and submandibular glands also showed an increase of 71%. On the basis of the composition of the saliva in the oral cavity, we confirmed the identity of the stimulated nerve to parotid gland as the parasympathetic (auriculotemporal). Na, K, and amylase concentrations resembled closely the composition of saliva obtained directly from the duct with electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve. These data provide the first evidence that electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve to parotid and submandibular glands causes a mitogenic response in each of these organs; the data also provide the first evidence that electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve causes an increase in levels of the enzyme beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, known to be implicated in hyperplastic responses.
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Winston, D. C., R. A. Hennigar, S. S. Spicer, J. R. Garrett, and B. A. Schulte. "Immunohistochemical localization of Na+,K+-ATPase in rodent and human salivary and lacrimal glands." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 9 (September 1988): 1139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.9.2841372.
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The enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase was localized immunohistochemically in major salivary glands of mouse, rat, and human and in exorbital lacrimal glands of the rodents. Immunoreactive Na+,K+-ATPase was abundant in the basolateral membranes of all epithelial cells lining striated and intra- and interlobular ducts of all glands. Reactivity of intercalated ducts varied among gland type and species. Cells lining granular ducts in rodent submandibular gland showed a heterogeneous staining pattern in rat but stained homogeneously in mouse. Secretory cells varied greatly in their content of immunoreactive Na+,K+-ATPase. As with all duct cells, staining was present only at the basolateral surface and was never observed at the luminal surface of reactive secretory cells. Mucous cells failed to show any reactivity in any gland examined. Serous cells showed a gradient of immunostaining intensity ranging from strongly positive in demilunes of human sublingual gland to negative in rat submandibular gland and lacrimal glands of rats and mice. The presence of basolaterally localized Na+,K+-ATPase in most serous cells but not in mucous cells suggests that the enzyme contributes to the ion and water content of copious, low-protein serous secretions. The intense immunostaining of cells in most if not all segments of the duct system supports the idea that the ducts are involved with modification of the primary saliva, and extends this concept to include all segments of the duct system.
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MIRELS, Lily, J. Abigail MIRANDA, and D. William BALL. "Characterization of the rat salivary-gland B1-immunoreactive proteins." Biochemical Journal 330, no. 1 (February 15, 1998): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3300437.
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The B1-immunoreactive proteins (B1-IPs) are major secretory products of rat submandibular gland acinar-cell progenitors, and are also produced by neonatal and adult rat sublingual and parotid glands. In order to characterize the B1-IPs, we have previously isolated cDNA clones encoding rat parotid secretory protein (PSP; the predominant parotid B1-IP) and the related clone ZZ3, which is developmentally regulated in the neonatal submandibular gland. The remainder of the B1-IPs were uncharacterized. This report demonstrates that all of the B1-IPs are derived from the PSP and ZZ3 transcripts. Molecular cloning and Western-blot analyses using PSP- and ZZ3-specific antisera show that, of the B1-IPs, only PSP and neonatal submandibular gland protein A (SMGA) are products of the Psp gene. This finding corrects our previous assertion that SMGA is derived from ZZ3. Neonatal submandibular gland proteins B1 and B2, as well as apparent Mr 26000-28000 and Mr 18000-20000 forms in submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands, are derived from the gene encoding ZZ3 by differential N-glycosylation and by proteolytic cleavage. The apparent Mr 18000-20000 proteolytic products are significant in secretion product collected in vitro, but rare in gland homogenate and submandibular/sublingual saliva. The gene encoding ZZ3 has been named Smgb. Psp and Smgb are regulated similarly in the developing submandibular gland, but differently in the sublingual and parotid glands. The expression pattern of Psp is conserved between rat and mouse. However, no evidence for proteins derived from an Smgb-like gene was observed in neonatal mouse submandibular or sublingual glands.
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Ghamari, Mahboob, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Ali Darvishzadeh, and Khalil Talebi. "Biochemical characterisation of the tissue degrading enzyme, collagenase, in the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0026.
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Abstract Podisus maculiventris (Say) is a generalist predator attacking many insect species from different orders. The bug injects saliva into its prey's body. The ingested hemolymph and liquefied internal tissues pass through the bug's alimentary tract. Collagenase working on peptide bonds of collagen and basement membrane proteins, leads to the disintegration of the prey's internal organs. As yet, there is an almost complete lack of knowledge on the collagenase activity in P. maculiventris. The collagenase activity of the salivary glands and midgut was optimum at pH 8.0 which was congruent with the optimal pH of the total proteolytic activity of the salivary glands. More collagenolytic activity was determined in the posterior lobe of the salivary glands and anterior midgut. Significant inhibition of collagenolytic activity by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) revealed the enzyme is a metalloproteinase. The collagenase activity notably decreased when the bug went hungry. The salivary gland collagenase is a vital enzyme in extra-oral digestion and facilitates the action of other digestive enzymes. The midgut collagenase may be involved in the digestion of the ingested muscle fibers. The collagenase probably acts as an intoxicating agent in the saliva (venom) of P. maculiventris. Paralysing toxins are present in the salivary gland secretion.
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Mastrangeli, A., B. O'Connell, W. Aladib, P. C. Fox, B. J. Baum, and R. G. Crystal. "Direct in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to salivary glands." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): G1146—G1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.6.g1146.
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Gene transfer to the salivary glands holds the potential for the therapy of salivary gland disorders and for delivery of therapeutic proteins to the mouth and upper gastrointestinal tract. Administration of the recombinant adenovirus vectors Ad.RSV beta gal [coding for the intracellular protein beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal)] and Ad alpha 1AT [coding for human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), a secreted protein] to salivary gland cell lines in vitro demonstrated exogenous gene expression. Retrograde ductal injection of the Ad.RSV beta gal vector to rat salivary glands in vivo resulted in beta-Gal expression in acinar and ductal cells. Exposure of submandibular glands in vivo to Ad alpha 1AT resulted in expression of alpha 1-AT mRNA transcripts, de novo synthesis of alpha 1-AT, and secretion in the saliva. To evaluate the feasibility of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human glands, human minor salivary glands were infected ex vivo with Ad.RSV beta gal, and implanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Evaluation of the human tissue demonstrated beta-Gal activity. These observations demonstrate that adenovirus vectors are capable of direct delivery of genes to the salivary glands, suggesting a variety of possible gene therapy applications.
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Beal, A. M. "Parotid and mandibular gland secretion by red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, in response to heat stress." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 1 (2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16080.
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Salivary flow rates from ipsilateral parotid and mandibular glands were measured in conscious red kangaroos over a 70–90-min period during episodes of saliva spreading induced by heat stress. At the onset of saliva spreading, mandibular flow rose rapidly to plateau at 1.12 ± 0.10 mL min–1 for the collection intervals after the first 10 min of licking. Parotid flow increased more slowly and progressively, reaching secretion rates similar to those of the mandibular gland after 40 min of saliva spreading, exceeding mandibular flow after 70 min and showing no indication that it had reached maximum secretion at 90 min of saliva spreading. The ion concentrations of both parotid and mandibular salivas during saliva spreading were similar to those previously reported for parasympathomimetic stimulation. The low osmotic concentration of mandibular saliva relative to plasma (40%) makes it a functionally better evaporative coolant than parotid saliva, which was nearly isosmotic with plasma. The increased production of hydrogen ions associated with the increased secretion of bicarbonate by the parotid gland would tend to offset the respiratory alkalosis due to panting thereby helping to maintain acid/base balance during periods of prolonged heat stress.
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Ferreira, José Lucas Soares, Ingrid Carneiro Cavalcante Souto, Emanuelle Ferreira Alves, Heloísa Mara Batista Fernandes de Oliveira, Maria Angélica Satyro Gomes Alves, and Abrahão Alves de Oliveira Filho. "Cálculos em glândulas salivares: uma revisão crítica da literatura." Revista Brasileira de Educação e Saúde 6, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rebes.v6i2.4444.
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O presente estudo objetiva realizar uma revisão critica da literatura sobre sialólitos do ponto de vista de desenvolvimento, etiologia, sintomatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Os sialólitos são calcificações que obstruem o interior das glândulas salivares ou o interior de seus ductos, compostos por um núcleo de substância amorfa envolto de íons provenientes da saliva. A sialolitíase é a doença mais comum das glândulas salivares, possui uma predileção por homens de meia idade. Os sialólitos são mais relatados nas glândulas submandibulares por suas características anatômicas e pelas características da saliva excretada. Sabe-se muito pouco sobre a etiologia real da doença, porém são elencados como predisponentes a anatomia da glândula e seu ducto e a composição da saliva excretada. Os métodos de diagnósticos mais utilizados são a radiografia oclusal e panorâmica, mas atualmente os exames imaginológicos como a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e ultra-som vêm ganhando espaço na odontologia. Os métodos de tratamento variam conforme os aspectos cínicos do caso variando de métodos conservadores como a ordenha e manipulação da glândula até tratamentos mais invasivos como acessos cirúrgicos intra ou extra-orais.Salivary glands stones: a critical review of the literatureAbstract: This study aims to conduct a critical review of the literature on sialolith the viewpoint of development, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. The sialolith calcifications are obstructing the interior of the salivary glands or within their ducts, comprising a core of amorphous substance wrapped ions from saliva. The sialolithiasis is the most common disease of the salivary glands, has a predilection for middle-aged men. The sialoliths are more reported in the submandibular glands by their anatomical characteristics and the characteristics of excreted saliva. We know very little about the actual etiology of the disease, but are listed as predisposing the anatomy of the gland and its duct and the composition of the secreted saliva. The methods most commonly used diagnostics are the occlusal and panoramic x-ray, but currently the imaging tests such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance and ultrasound are gaining space in dentistry. Treatment methods vary cynics aspects case ranging from conservative methods such as the milking and handling of the gland to more invasive treatments such as intra- or extra-oral surgical approaches.
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Wang, H., and P. A. Nuttall. "Comparison of the proteins in salivary glands, saliva and haemolymph of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus female ticks during feeding." Parasitology 109, no. 4 (November 1994): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200008077x.
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SUMMARYTo compare the proteins in salivary glands, saliva and haemolymph of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus female ticks, antisera were prepared from guinea-pigs immunized with soluble denatured salivary gland extracts (SGE). The extracts were derived from R. appendiculatus female ticks that were either unfed (day 0) or partly fed (day 6). The sera were used in immunoblotting, following SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, to examine the antigen profiles during the course of tick feeding on guinea-pigs. Day 0 and day 6 SGE antisera appeared to detect common proteins in the different tick samples. For example, haemolymph apparently shared some of the small protein bands (31·5–34 kDa) detected in SGEs. These small proteins appeared in both samples at the same stage of feeding, suggesting that haemolymph and salivary glands not only have common antigens but may also share some functions. Furthermore, a number of protein bands were detected in haemolymph before they were apparent in the salivary glands or saliva. Thus some antigens detected in the salivary glands and saliva may be derived from the haemolymph. The results indicate that the host may be exposed to tick saliva antigens that are also present in the haemolymph. We discuss the significance of these observations with regard to the induction of host immunity to ticks and the development of tick vaccines.
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Davim, André, Cintia Lima, Edmilson Silva, Natália Da Silva, Priscilla Costa, Maria Freire, Ravel Cavalcante, João Da Silva Neto, and Diego Albuquerque. "Anatomic Variation of the Submandibular Gland: A Case Report." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 2, no. 3 (October 26, 2018): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2015.033.
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The Human Anatomy is an ancient Science, which uses the human body as the main material of study. However, structural differences between individuals that make up the species are quite common in the population and always emerge as a source of reports that aim to demonstrate and clarify these differences. These structural changes are called anatomical variations and may be presented externally or internally in any of the body systems, with no functional impairment to the individual. The salivary glands are exocrine glands that secrete saliva directly into the mouth through their ducts. This secretion has the functions of keeping mucous membranes moist, cleaning teeth, lubricating, dissolving and starting the food digestion process. Most of the saliva is secreted by the major salivary glands, the parotid glands and the submandibular glands, the latter being the focus of this case report. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of finding an accessory submandibular gland on a cadaver from the Human Anatomy Laboratory of the University Center of Rio Grande do Norte located in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The discovery was made during a dissection of an adult male body in 2012, where an accessory submandibular gland was found in the right antimere. Thus, by identifying such variations, its clinical importance can be observed for the purpose of diagnostic imaging, surgery and anatomical teaching applied to clinic, given the scarcity of published reports, thus providing better understanding those working directly or indirectly on the subject.
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Seil, M., M. El Ouaaliti, S. Abdou Foumekoye, S. Pochet, and JP Dehaye. "Distinct regulation by lipopolysaccharides of the expression of interleukin-1β by murine macrophages and salivary glands." Innate Immunity 18, no. 1 (August 3, 2010): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425910377101.
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The regulation of interleukin (IL)-1 expression and secretion by salivary glands and macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was compared. In wild-type mice, injection of LPS significantly decreased the volume of saliva stimulated by pilocarpine and increased its protein and amylase concentration. It did not modify the salivary concentration of IL-1β. The cytokine was expressed by submandibular acini and ducts. Macrophages also expressed IL-1β but at lower concentration than salivary glands. The pre-incubation of macrophages with LPS increased the phosphorylation of IκB and the expression of IL-1β. Adenosine triphosphate also promoted the secretion of the cytokine by these cells. These responses were absent in submandibular gland cells. These glands expressed CD14, TLR4 and MyD88. P2X7-KO mice secreted a lower volume of saliva which contained less proteins and amylase. In conclusion, IL-1β is constitutively expressed by submandibular glands and its secretion is not regulated by a P2X7 agonist. In these cells, LPS do not activate the nuclear factor-κB–pro-IL-1β axis in spite of the expression of the proteins involved in their recognition.
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Ribeiro, J. M. "Characterization of a vasodilator from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti." Journal of Experimental Biology 165, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.165.1.61.
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Salivary gland homogenates and oil-induced saliva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti dilate the rabbit aortic ring and contract the guinea pig ileum. The vasodilatory activity is endothelium-dependent, heat-stable, sensitive to both trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments, and both smooth muscle activities cross-desensitize to the tachykinin peptide substance P. Both bioactivities co-elute when salivary gland homogenates are fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC. Molecular sieving chromatography indicates a relative molecular mass of 1400. A monoclonal antibody specific to the carboxy terminal region of tachykinins reacts with material in the posterior part of the central lobe of paraformaldehyde-fixed salivary glands. The presence of a vasodilatory peptide of the tachykinin family in the salivary glands of A. aegypti is proposed and its role in blood feeding is discussed.
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Caraba, Alexandru, Flavia Corina Babalic, Stela Iurciuc, and Mircea Iurciuc. "The Utility of Major Salivary Gland Ultrasonographic Parameters in the Diagnosis of Sjögren Syndrome." Disease Markers 2019 (December 16, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1716848.
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Objective. To investigate ultrasonographically the salivary glands and to correlate ultrasonographic parameters with focus score, serum beta-2-microglobulin, and stimulated salivary flow rate. Material and Methods. 32 patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and 32 healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control study, performed in the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania. All the patients and controls were examined by salivary gland ultrasonography (B-mode, color and spectral Doppler, and sonoelastography), determining the following parameters: salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) score, resistive index (RI) of transverse facial artery, and shear wave velocity (SWV). Serum beta-2-microglobulin and stimulated saliva amount were determined in all the patients and controls. Minor salivary gland biopsy with focus score assessment was done in pSS patients. Results. Patients with pSS presented higher SGUS score and parotid and submandibular SWV and reduced RI of transverse facial artery than controls (p<0.0001). In pSS patients, statistically significant correlations were identified between assessed ultrasonographic parameters and focus score, serum beta-2-microglobulin, and respective stimulated saliva flow (p<0.0001). Conclusions. This study highlighted statistically significant correlations between salivary gland ultrasonographic parameters and focus score, serum beta-2-microglobulin, and stimulated saliva flow.
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Shajahan, Thamrook s., Shaiju S Dharan, and Madhan Mohan. "The salivary biomarkers: future clinical investigation technique." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology 1, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33974/ijrpst.v1i2.132.
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Human saliva is a clear, slightly acidic biological fluid containing a mixture of secretions from multiple salivary glands, including the parotid, sublingual gland other minor glands beneath the oral mucosa as well as gingival crevice fluid. Salivary diagnostics has evolved into a sophisticated science and serves as a subset of the larger field of molecular diagnostics, now recognized as a central player in a wide variety of biomedical basic and clinical areas. Saliva biomarkers are source of indicators for local, systemic, and infectious disorders. The saliva based microbial, immunologic, and molecular biomarkers offers unique opportunities to bypass the painful invasive procedures such as biopsies and repeated blood draws by utilizing oral fluids to evaluate the condition of diseased individuals. Accurate and reliable early stage disease detection is the benefit of salivary biomarkers. Salivary biomarkers represent a promising non-invasive approach for oral cancer detection also. This review explains about the salivary biomarkers and their diagnostic approaches
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Just, F., and B. Walz. "The effects of serotonin and dopamine on salivary secretion by isolated cockroach salivary glands." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.2.407.
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We have studied the effects of 3-hydroxytyramine (dopamine) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) on (1) the rates of salivation from isolated salivary glands of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, (2) the protein content of the saliva, and (3) the ultrastructure of the salivary gland epithelium. The rates of neurotransmitter-induced salivation varied in a dose-dependent manner within the concentration range 10(-9) to 10(-4) mol l-1. Half-maximal secretory rates were induced by 6x10(-7) mol l-1 serotonin and 1.1x10(-7) mol l-1 dopamine. Stimulation of the glands by serotonin resulted in the production of a protein-rich saliva, whereas saliva was protein-free after stimulation by dopamine. Electron microscopic studies revealed that the central cells, which are believed to produce the proteinaceous components of the saliva, secrete their vesicular content after stimulation by 10(-6) mol l-1 serotonin for 20 min. In contrast, no morphological changes could be detected after stimulation by 10(-6) mol l-1 dopamine. These data indicate that dopamine stimulates only the secretion of the fluid component of the saliva, whereas serotonin is necessary to stimulate secretion of the proteinaceous components.
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Fernley, R. T., R. D. Wright, and J. P. Coghlan. "Radioimmunoassay of carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva and sheep tissues." Biochemical Journal 274, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2740313.
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A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of the secreted carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA VI) in sheep saliva and tissues. The assay can detect as little as 75 pg of CA VI, and the antibody used does not cross-react with CA II or CA III. The intra-assay variation, measured using a saliva sample, was 3.0%, whereas the inter-assay variation was 10.5%. The concentration of CA VI in parotid saliva from normal, resting sheep was 5.6 +/- 3.0 micrograms.ml-1 (n = 42) or 79.4 +/- 35.7 micrograms.mg of total protein-1. With feeding, the CA VI concentrations increased an average of 6-fold. The secretion rate of CA VI from the vascularly isolated neurotomized parotid gland of the anaesthetized sheep was 0.62 +/- 0.40 micrograms.min-1, compared with a rate of 11.7 +/- 7.8 micrograms.min-1 from the parotid gland of normal conscious sheep. Stimulation of the parotid-gland preparation by the muscarinic agent bethanechol increased the secretion rate to 438 +/- 172 microgram.min-1 (n = 8), and electrical stimulation of the secretomotor Moussu nerve increased CA VI secretion rate to 634 +/- 330 micrograms.min-1 (n = 4). Submandibular saliva from anaesthetized sheep contained 6.9 +/- 2.1 micrograms of CA VI.ml-1 (n = 3). The only tissues found to contain measurable amounts of CA VI were the parotid (6.4 micrograms.mg of protein-1) and submandibular (1.8 micrograms.mg of protein-1) salivary glands. The sublingual salivary gland, kidney, lung, adrenal, brain, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, pancreas, small intestine and cerebrospinal fluid did not have a measurable CA VI content.
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Ishibashi, K., J. Yamazaki, K. Okamura, Y. Teng, K. Kitamura, and K. Abe. "Roles of CLCA and CFTR in Electrolyte Re-absorption from Rat Saliva." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 12 (December 2006): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608501207.
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A molecular basis for Cl− re-absorption has not been well-characterized in salivary ductal cells. Previously, we found strong expression of a rat homologue proposed to be Ca2+-dependent Cl− channels (rCLCA) in the intralobular ducts of the rat submandibular gland. To address the question as to whether rCLCA and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are involved in Cl− re-absorption, we evaluated the electrolyte content of saliva from glands pre-treated with a small interfering RNA (siRNA). Retrograde injection into a given submandibular duct of an siRNA designed to knock down either rCLCA or CFTR reduced the expression of each of the proteins. rCLCA and CFTR siRNAs significantly increased Cl− concentration in the final saliva during pilocarpine stimulation. These results represent the first in vivo evidence for a physiological significance of rCLCA, along with CFTR, in transepithelial Cl− transport in the ductal system of the rat submandibular gland.
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Hu, Y., Y. Nakagawa, K. R. Purushotham, and M. G. Humphreys-Beher. "Functional changes in salivary glands of autoimmune disease-prone NOD mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 263, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): E607—E614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.4.e607.
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Lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands in autoimmune diseases results in the human condition known as xerostomia. To date, an animal model for the autoimmune development of salivary gland dysfunction has yet to be described. With the autoimmune diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain, salivary flow rates and total saliva protein concentration in both male and female mice showed a progressive decline in the nondiabetic and diabetic states. Submandibular gland weight decreased from control mice with the progression to onset of diabetes in both sexes, whereas the weight of the parotid gland remained unchanged. The level of saliva amylase activity, when measured relative to unit volume, decreased in nondiabetic males but increased upon onset of diabetes to control values. When expressed relative to protein concentration in saliva, amylase activity was depressed for both sets of NOD mice but was higher upon diabetes onset than in the nondiabetic animals. In females a similar pattern was observed except that amylase activity expressed relative to unit volume was not significantly depressed in either set of NOD mice. The same observations were made for glandular amylase activity. The level of epidermal growth factor (a product of the ductal cells of the submandibular gland) was reduced over 500- and 18-fold for male and female diabetic mice, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of total saliva showed changes in mobility as well as concentration of several proteins in the NOD mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Kenney, W. L., and S. R. Fowler. "Methylcholine-activated eccrine sweat gland density and output as a function of age." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 1082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.3.1082.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine eccrine sweat gland responsiveness to intradermal injections of methylcholine (MCh) across three age groups of men [young (Y) = 22-24; middle (M) = 33-40; older (O) = 58-67 yr old, n = 5 per group]. Subjects were matched with respect to maximum O2 consumption, body size, and body composition, and were thoroughly heat acclimated before participation. Randomly ordered concentrations of acetyl-beta-methylcholine chloride ranging from 0% (saline) to 0.1% (5 x 10(-3) M) were injected into the skin of the dorsal thigh in a thermoneutral environment, and activated sweat glands were photographed at 30-s intervals for the next 8 min. Density of MCh-activated glands was independent of both age and [MCh] (e.g., 2 min after injection of 5 x 10(-3) M [MCh]: Y = 45 +/- 7, M = 46 +/- 12, O = 42 +/- 5 glands/cm2). However, sweat gland output (SGO) per active gland was significantly lower for the O group and failed to increase with increasing [MCh] above 5 x 10(-4) M. When MCh (5 x 10(-3) M) was injected after 1 h of exercise in the heat, higher SGO's were elicited in each group; however, the SGO of the O group was again significantly lower than that of the Y group (91 +/- 11 vs. 39 +/- 4 ng/gland, P less than 0.02) with the M group intermediate (69 +/- 11 nl/gland; 2 min postinjection data).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)