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Journal articles on the topic 'Glanders, transmission'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Singha, Harisankar, Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram, Sheetal Saini, and Bhupendra Nath Tripathi. "Serological Survey of Humans Exposed to Burkholderia mallei–Infected Equids: A Public Health Approach." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 32, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539520930500.

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Glanders is a fatal bacterial infection of equids caused by Burkholderia mallei. The infection can be transmitted to humans through prolonged direct contact with glanderous equids. Recently, reemergence of equine glanders has been reported in many countries. To investigate zoonotic transmission of B mallei infection, sera were collected from 538 humans including equine handlers and veterinary professionals exposed to glanderous equids. Samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and complement fixation test and found negative for B mallei–specific antibodies. Even though there was no incidence of human glanders during this survey period, occupational exposure will continue to remain a serious concern and a key risk factor. Therefore, we emphasize the need for intersectoral collaboration and coordination among veterinary, human, and public health authorities for continuous surveillance and monitoring of human glanders under one health concept.
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2

NASSAR, A. F. C., C. DEL FAVA, D. K. TESSLER, L. L. CASSIANO, D. H. LEZIER, M. F. K. GUNNEWIER, F. MAGRINHO, E. M. PITUCO, and D. P. CHIEBAO. "BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI ISOLATION FROM MILK OF A MARE AND EVIDENCE OF CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION OF GLANDERS IN EQUIDS: CASE REPORTS." Ars Veterinaria 36, no. 3 (September 26, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/2175-0106.2020v36n3p181-186.

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3

Grund, Megan E., Jeon Soo, Christopher K. Cote, Rita Berisio, and Slawomir Lukomski. "Thinking Outside the Bug: Targeting Outer Membrane Proteins for Burkholderia Vaccines." Cells 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030495.

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Increasing antimicrobial resistance due to misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, as well as a lack of new and innovative antibiotics in development has become an alarming global threat. Preventative therapeutics, like vaccines, are combative measures that aim to stop infections at the source, thereby decreasing the overall use of antibiotics. Infections due to Gram-negative pathogens pose a significant treatment challenge because of substantial multidrug resistance that is acquired and spread throughout the bacterial population. Burkholderia spp. are Gram-negative intrinsically resistant bacteria that are responsible for environmental and nosocomial infections. The Burkholderia cepacia complex are respiratory pathogens that primarily infect immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients, and are acquired through contaminated products and equipment, or via patient-to-patient transmission. The Burkholderia pseudomallei complex causes percutaneous wound, cardiovascular, and respiratory infections. Transmission occurs through direct exposure to contaminated water, water-vapors, or soil, leading to the human disease melioidosis, or the equine disease glanders. Currently there is no licensed vaccine against any Burkholderia pathogen. This review will discuss Burkholderia vaccine candidates derived from outer membrane proteins, OmpA, OmpW, Omp85, and Bucl8, encompassing their structures, conservation, and vaccine formulation.
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Löhr, Christiane V., Fred R. Rurangirwa, Terry F. McElwain, David Stiller, and Guy H. Palmer. "Specific Expression of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 2 Salivary Gland Variants Occurs in the Midgut and Is an Early Event during Tick Transmission." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 1 (January 2002): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.1.114-120.2002.

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ABSTRACT Infectivity of Anaplasma spp. develops when infected ticks feed on a mammalian host (transmission feed). Specific Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 (MSP2) variants are selected for within the tick and are expressed within the salivary glands. The aims of this study were to determine when and where MSP2 variant selection occurs in the tick, how MSP2 expression is regulated in salivary glands of transmission-feeding ticks, and whether the number of A. marginale organisms per salivary gland is significantly increased during transmission feeding. The South Idaho strain of A. marginale was used, as MSP2 expression is restricted to two variants, SGV1 and SGV2, in Dermacentor andersoni. Using Western blot, real-time PCR, and DNA sequencing analyses it was shown that restriction and expression of MSP2 occurs early in the midgut within the first 48 h of the blood meal, when ticks acquire infection. A. marginale is present in the tick salivary glands before transmission feeding is initiated, but the msp2 mRNA and MSP2 protein levels per A. marginale organism increase only minimally and transiently in salivary glands of transmission-feeding ticks compared to that of unfed ticks. A. marginale numbers per tick increase gradually in salivary glands of both transmission-fed and unfed ticks. It is concluded that MSP2 variant selection is an early event in the tick and that MSP2 variants SGV1 and SGV2 are expressed both in the midgut and salivary glands. While MSP2 may be required for infectivity, there is no strict temporal correlation between MSP2 expression and the development of infectivity.
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Jones, L. D., E. Hodgson, and P. A. Nuttall. "Enhancement of Virus Transmission by Tick Salivary Glands." Journal of General Virology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-70-7-1895.

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6

Vatta, M. S., S. I. Hope, G. M. Prendes, L. G. Bianciotti, J. C. Elverdin, and B. E. Fernandez. "Salivary glands and noradrenergic transmission in diabetic rats." Autonomic and Autacoid Pharmacology 22, no. 2 (April 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00243.x.

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7

Hubert, Chiche, Legros, Jeannin, Montange, Gessain, Ceccaldi, and Vidy. "Productive Infection of Mouse Mammary Glands and Human Mammary Epithelial Cells by Zika Virus." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100950.

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Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the large category of arboviruses. Surprisingly, several human-to-human transmissions of ZIKV have been notified, either following sexual intercourse or from the mother to fetus during pregnancy. Importantly, high viral loads have been detected in the human breast milk of infected mothers, and the existence of breastfeeding as a new mode of mother-to-child transmission of ZIKV was recently hypothesized. However, the maternal origin of infectious particles in breast milk is currently unknown. Here, we show that ZIKV disseminates to the mammary glands of infected mice after both systemic and local exposure with differential kinetics. Ex vivo, we demonstrate that primary human mammary epithelial cells were sensitive and permissive to ZIKV infection in this study. Moreover, by using in vitro models, we prove that mammary luminal- and myoepithelial-phenotype cell lines are both able to produce important virus progeny after ZIKV exposure. Our data suggest that the dissemination of ZIKV to the mammary glands and subsequent infection of the mammary epithelium could be one mechanism of viral excretion in human breast milk.
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8

Ueti, Massaro W., James O. Reagan, Donald P. Knowles, Glen A. Scoles, Varda Shkap, and Guy H. Palmer. "Identification of Midgut and Salivary Glands as Specific and Distinct Barriers to Efficient Tick-Borne Transmission of Anaplasma marginale." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 6 (April 9, 2007): 2959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00284-07.

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ABSTRACT Understanding the determinants of efficient tick-borne microbial transmission is needed to better predict the emergence of highly transmissible pathogen strains and disease outbreaks. Although the basic developmental cycle of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. within the tick has been delineated, there are marked differences in the ability of specific strains to be efficiently tick transmitted. Using the highly transmissible St. Maries strain of Anaplasma marginale in Dermacentor andersoni as a positive control and two unrelated nontransmissible strains, we identified distinct barriers to efficient transmission within the tick. The Mississippi strain was unable to establish infection at the level of the midgut epithelium despite successful ingestion of infected blood following acquisition feeding on a bacteremic animal host. This inability to colonize the midgut epithelium prevented subsequent development within the salivary glands and transmission. In contrast, A. marginale subsp. centrale colonized the midgut and then the salivary glands, replicating to a titer indistinguishable from that of the highly transmissible St. Maries strain and at least 100 times greater than that previously associated with successful transmission. Nonetheless, A. marginale subsp. centrale was not transmitted, even when a large number of infected ticks was used for transmission feeding. These results establish that there are at least two specific barriers to efficient tick-borne transmission, the midgut and salivary glands, and highlight the complexity of the pathogen-tick interaction.
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Onofre, Mirian Aparecida, Heli Benedito Brosco, and Rumio Taga. "Ultrastructural analysis of glands located in the wall of the congenital fistulae of the lower lip of patients with Van der Woude syndrome." Journal of Applied Oral Science 11, no. 3 (September 2003): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572003000300008.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the glands of wall of congenital fistulae of the lower lip with the transmission electron microscope in order to characterize their microstructural pattern. Thin section of Araldite resin embedded congenital fistulae of the lower lip of four patients with Van der Woude syndrome from the Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, were analyzed with a transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the glands were mostly made by typical mucous acini exhibiting, with certain frequency, myoepithelial cells surrounding them. In some of lobules, a few acini smaller than the typical mucous, showed granules of moderate electron density or containing a dense core or exhibiting small dense spherule and predominance granular material. These granules resemble to described recently by others in various human minor salivary glands. We concluded that glands associated with congenital fistula of lower lip of patients with Van der Woude syndrome, in spite of being located in vermilion border of the lip, showed at the transmission electron microscope characteristics of labial minor salivary gland, i.e, are mostly mucous with a few seromucous units, while typical seromucous demilunes are not present.
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10

Mikolajczak, Sebastian A., Hilda Silva-Rivera, Xinxia Peng, Alice S. Tarun, Nelly Camargo, Vanessa Jacobs-Lorena, Thomas M. Daly, et al. "Distinct Malaria Parasite Sporozoites Reveal Transcriptional Changes That Cause Differential Tissue Infection Competence in the Mosquito Vector and Mammalian Host." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 20 (August 18, 2008): 6196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00553-08.

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ABSTRACT The malaria parasite sporozoite transmission stage develops and differentiates within parasite oocysts on the Anopheles mosquito midgut. Successful inoculation of the parasite into a mammalian host is critically dependent on the sporozoite's ability to first infect the mosquito salivary glands. Remarkable changes in tissue infection competence are observed as the sporozoites transit from the midgut oocysts to the salivary glands. Our microarray analysis shows that compared to oocyst sporozoites, salivary gland sporozoites upregulate expression of at least 124 unique genes. Conversely, oocyst sporozoites show upregulation of at least 47 genes (upregulated in oocyst sporozoites [UOS genes]) before they infect the salivary glands. Targeted gene deletion of UOS3, encoding a putative transmembrane protein with a thrombospondin repeat that localizes to the sporozoite secretory organelles, rendered oocyst sporozoites unable to infect the mosquito salivary glands but maintained the parasites' liver infection competence. This phenotype demonstrates the significance of differential UOS expression. Thus, the UIS-UOS gene classification provides a framework to elucidate the infectivity and transmission success of Plasmodium sporozoites on a whole-genome scale. Genes identified herein might represent targets for vector-based transmission blocking strategies (UOS genes), as well as strategies that prevent mammalian host infection (UIS genes).
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11

Badea, Paula, Amelia Petrescu, Lucia Moldovan, and Otilia Zarnescu. "Structural Heterogenity of Intraluminal Content of The Prostate: A Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000197.

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AbstractIntraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostatic tissue are associated with varying forms of acellular structures. These include corpora amylacea, prostatic calculi, and prostatic crystalloids. There are relatively few microscopy studies about the characterization of intraluminal structures from benign and malignant prostatic glands and little is known about their chemical composition. In the present study, we used a combination of special histochemical methods, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy to characterize intraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostate glands. The study was done on 33 radical prostatectomy and four transurethral resections of prostate specimens. Histochemical methods such as von Kossa, autometallography (AMG), as well as PSA immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize intraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostate glands. Von Kossa staining was observed in acellular structures, corpora amylacea, prostatic calculi, and calcified blood vessels. AMG staining was observed in the lumen of small glands, in the epithelium lining prostate glands, and corpora amylacea. PSA staining showed prostatic glands with both positive and negative corpora amylacea and epithelial cells. Ultrastructural observation revealed the presence of a variety of highly heterogeneous aggregates composed of fibrillar elements that were similar to those of amyloid.
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12

de Silva, Aravinda M., Nordin S. Zeidner, Yan Zhang, Marc C. Dolan, Joseph Piesman, and Erol Fikrig. "Influence of Outer Surface Protein A Antibody onBorrelia burgdorferi within Feeding Ticks." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.1.30-35.1999.

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ABSTRACT Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, is transmitted by Ixodes ticks. When an infected nymphal tick feeds on a host, the bacteria increase in number within the tick, after which they invade the tick’s salivary glands and infect the host. Antibodies directed against outer surface protein A (OspA) of B. burgdorferi kill spirochetes within feeding ticks and block transmission to the host. In the studies presented here, passive antibody transfer experiments were carried out to determine the OspA antibody titer required to block transmission to the rodent host. OspA antibody levels were determined by using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that measured antibody binding to a protective epitope defined by monoclonal antibody C3.78. The C3.78 OspA antibody titer (>213 μg/ml) required to eradicate spirochetes from feeding ticks was considerably higher than the titer (>6 μg/ml) required to block transmission to the host. Although spirochetes were not eradicated from ticks at lower antibody levels, the antibodies reduced the number of spirochetes within the feeding ticks and interfered with the ability of spirochetes to induceospC and invade the salivary glands of the vector. OspA antibodies may directly interfere with the ability of B. burgdorferi to invade the salivary glands of the vector; alternately, OspA antibodies may lower the density of spirochetes within feeding ticks below a critical threshold required for initiating events linked to transmission.
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13

Humphreys, Ian R., Carl de Trez, April Kinkade, Chris A. Benedict, Michael Croft, and Carl F. Ware. "Cytomegalovirus exploits IL-10–mediated immune regulation in the salivary glands." Journal of Experimental Medicine 204, no. 5 (May 7, 2007): 1217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20062424.

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The salivary glands represent a major site of cytomegalovirus replication and transmission to other hosts. Despite control of viral infection by strong T cell responses in visceral organs cytomegalovirus replication continues in the salivary glands of mice, suggesting that the virus exploits the mucosal microenvironment. Here, we show that T cell immunity in the salivary glands is limited by the induction of CD4 T cells expressing the regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. Blockade of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) with an antagonist antibody dramatically reduced viral load in the salivary glands, but not in the spleen. The mucosa-specific protection afforded by IL-10R blockade was associated with an increased accumulation of CD4 T cells expressing interferon γ, suggesting that IL-10R signaling limits effector T cell differentiation. Consistent with this, an agonist antibody targeting the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member OX40 (TNFRSF4) enhanced effector T cell differentiation and increased the number of interferon γ–producing T cells, thus limiting virus replication in the salivary glands. Collectively, the results indicate that modulating effector T cell differentiation can counteract pathogen exploitation of the mucosa, thus limiting persistent virus replication and transmission.
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14

Soto, Maria J., and Robert L. Gilbertson. "Distribution and Rate of Movement of the Curtovirus Beet mild curly top virus (Family Geminiviridae) in the Beet Leafhopper." Phytopathology® 93, no. 4 (April 2003): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.4.478.

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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the detection of the curtovirus Beet mild curly top virus (BMCTV, previously named the Worland strain of Beet curly top virus) was developed and used to investigate the BMCTV-beet leafhopper interaction. Using PCR and a BMCTV-specific primer pair, an ≈1.1-kb BMCTV DNA fragment was amplified from adult leafhoppers and from the organs involved in circulative transmission: the digestive tract, hemolymph, and salivary glands. The temporal distribution of BMCTV in the leafhopper was determined using insects given acquisition access periods (AAPs) ranging from 1 to 48 h on BMCTV-infected shepherd's purse plants. BMCTV was detected in the digestive tract after all AAPs, in the hemolymph after AAPs of 3 h or greater, and in the salivary glands after AAPs of 4 h or greater. The amount of virus detected in the hemolymph and salivary glands increased with AAP length. The virus persisted for up to 30 days in leafhoppers (given a 3-day AAP on BMCTV-infected plants) maintained on corn plants, a nonhost for BMCTV, but transovarial transmission was not detected. These results are consistent with a persistent but nonpropagative mode of circulative transmission.
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Viveiros-Rosa, Sandro G., Eduardo G. Regis, and Wilson C. Santos. "Vector competence of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Zika virus transmission: an integrative review." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (February 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.7.

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Objective. To identify studies on the competence of Culex mosquitoes as vectors for the transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) around the globe. Methods. We performed an integrative review to identify relevant articles on specific experiments to determine whether Culex mosquitoes are vectors for ZIKV. The sources we used for our research were the Brazilian Periódicos CAPES electronic portal (MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect Journals, Nature Publishing Group, SciELO, Springer Link, and 250 other databases) and gray literature. Results. We identified 344 studies, of which 36 were considered for this review. In 8 studies, infection in salivary glands of Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex tarsalis, and Culex coronator was detected. Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most studied among those confirmed as potential ZIKV vectors, and only strains of Asian lineages (THA/2014/SV0127-14; SZ01 (2016)) and American lineages (BRPE243 (2015); PRVABC59 (2015)) can infect the salivary glands of Culex mosquitoes. The tested African strains (MR766 and DAK AR 41525) were unable to infect salivary glands. Conclusions. There is still a lack of compelling evidence that indicates Culex spp. are a competent ZIKV vector, but they should remain a target for further monitoring studies, especially regarding ZIKV transmission to other species. Furthermore, studies should not be limited to studying whether their salivary glands are infected.
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Brito, Pedro, Cíntia P. Targueta, Walquíria Arruda, Fernanda Santos, and Rogério Bastos. "The sexual dimorphic inguinal glands of the frog species Ololygon centralis (Anura: Hylidae) at light and transmission electron microscopy." Zoologia 36 (July 5, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e29356.

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The anuran skin characteristically has different types of glands, most of which are microscopic and are spread throughout the skin. Some species have specialized regions where glands agglomerate, forming macroglands. The description of the external morphology of Ololygoncentralis (Pombal & Bastos, 1996) revealed the presence of an inguinal gland. Ololygoncentralis is the only species of the genus that has a macrogland. The present study found these inguinal macroglands to be present only on male specimens, thus characterizing it as a sexually dimorphic skin gland. Microscopic analysis revealed that these glands are composed of many syncytial units involved by myoepithelial cells. The center of the syncytium is full of a proteinaceous secretion with a basic pH and the absence of sugar residues. Similar glands observed in other anuran species have been associated with pheromone production, suggesting that the inguinal glands described for O.centralis males may have a similar function.
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Engelmann, Sabine, Olivier Silvie, and Kai Matuschewski. "Disruption of Plasmodium Sporozoite Transmission by Depletion of Sporozoite Invasion-Associated Protein 1." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 4 (January 30, 2009): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00347-08.

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ABSTRACT Accumulation of infectious Plasmodium sporozoites in Anopheles spp. salivary glands marks the final step of the complex development of the malaria parasite in the insect vector. Sporozoites are formed inside midgut-associated oocysts and actively egress into the mosquito hemocoel. Traversal of the salivary gland acinar cells correlates with the sporozoite's capacity to perform continuous gliding motility. Here, we characterized the cellular role of the Plasmodium berghei sporozoite invasion-associated protein 1 (SIAP-1). Intriguingly, SIAP-1 orthologs are found exclusively in apicomplexan hemoprotozoa, parasites that are transmitted by arthropod vectors, e.g., Plasmodium, Babesia, and Theileria species. By fluorescent tagging with mCherry, we show that SIAP-1 is expressed in oocyst-derived and salivary gland-associated sporozoites, where it accumulates at the apical tip. Targeted disruption of SIAP-1 does not affect sporozoite formation but causes a partial defect in sporozoite egress from oocysts and abolishes sporozoite colonization of mosquito salivary glands. Parasites with the siap-1(−) mutation are blocked in their capacity to perform continuous gliding motility. We propose that arthropod-transmitted apicomplexan parasites specifically express secretory factors, such as SIAP-1, that mediate efficient oocyst exit and migration to the salivary glands.
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Vascellari, Marta, Romolo Nonno, Franco Mutinelli, Michela Bigolaro, Michele Angelo Di Bari, Erica Melchiotti, Stefano Marcon, et al. "PrPSc in Salivary Glands of Scrapie-Affected Sheep." Journal of Virology 81, no. 9 (February 14, 2007): 4872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02148-06.

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ABSTRACT The salivary glands of scrapie-affected sheep and healthy controls were investigated for the presence of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc was detected in major (parotid and mandibular) and minor (buccal, labial, and palatine) salivary glands of naturally and experimentally infected sheep. Using Western blotting, the PrPSc concentration in glands was estimated to be 0.02 to 0.005% of that in brain. Immunohistochemistry revealed intracellular depositions of PrPSc in ductal and acinar epithelia and occasional labeling in the lumina of salivary ducts. The presence of PrPSc in salivary glands highlights the possible role of saliva in the horizontal transmission of scrapie.
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19

Kocan, Katherine M., R. A. I. Norval, and P. L. Donovan. "Développement et transmission de Cowdria ruminantium par des mâles d’Amblyomma transférés de moutons infectés à des moutons sensibles." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 46, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1993): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9357.

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Des mâles d'Amblyomma ont été testés comme vecteurs de Cowdria ruminantium, agent causal de la cowdriose. Les mâles ont été nourris sur des moutons infectés expérimentalement avec C. ruminantium et ont ensuite été transférés à des moutons sensibles. Dans une première expérience, A. hebraeum et le stock Palm River de C. ruminantium ont été utilisés, une deuxième expérience a été faite avec le stock de Cowdria Kiswani et A. variegatum. Des tiques ont été récoltées quotidiennement pendant toute la durée de chaque expérience, coupées en deux et préparées pour examen par microscopie classique et électronique, afin d'étudier le développement de C. ruminantium dans leurs tissus. Dans les deux expériences les tiques ont transmis Cowdria à un mouton sur deux. A l'examen microscopique quelques colonies ont été trouvées dans des cellules intestinales, mais aucune n'a été observée dans les glandes salivaires. Les deux espèces de tiques étaient infectées par Rickettsia conorii, comme en témoignait l'existence de rickettsies dans les noyaux et le cytoplasme de cellules des glandes salivaires.
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Sicard, Anne, Jean-Louis Zeddam, Michel Yvon, Yannis Michalakis, Serafin Gutiérrez, and Stéphane Blanc. "Circulative Nonpropagative Aphid Transmission of Nanoviruses: an Oversimplified View." Journal of Virology 89, no. 19 (July 15, 2015): 9719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00780-15.

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ABSTRACTPlant virus species of the familyNanoviridaehave segmented genomes with the highest known number of segments encapsidated individually. They thus likely represent the most extreme case of the so-called multipartite, or multicomponent, viruses. All species of the family are believed to be transmitted in a circulative nonpropagative manner by aphid vectors, meaning that the virus simply crosses cellular barriers within the aphid body, from the gut to the salivary glands, without replicating or even expressing any of its genes. However, this assumption is largely based on analogy with the transmission of other plant viruses, such as geminiviruses or luteoviruses, and the details of the molecular and cellular interactions between aphids and nanoviruses are poorly investigated. When comparing the relative frequencies of the eight genome segments in populations of the speciesFaba bean necrotic stunt virus(FBNSV) (genusNanovirus) within host plants and within aphid vectors fed on these plants, we unexpectedly found evidence of reproducible changes in the frequencies of some specific segments. We further show that these changes occur within the gut during early stages of the virus cycle in the aphid and not later, when the virus is translocated into the salivary glands. This peculiar observation, which was similarly confirmed in three aphid vector species,Acyrthosiphon pisum,Aphis craccivora, andMyzus persicae, calls for revisiting of the mechanisms of nanovirus transmission. It reveals an unexpected intimate interaction that may not fit the canonical circulative nonpropagative transmission.IMPORTANCEA specific mode of interaction between viruses and arthropod vectors has been extensively described in plant viruses in the three familiesLuteoviridae,Geminiviridae, andNanoviridae, but never in arboviruses of animals. This so-called circulative nonpropagative transmission contrasts with the classical biological transmission of animal arboviruses in that the corresponding viruses are thought to cross the vector cellular barriers, from the gut lumen to the hemolymph and to the salivary glands, without expressing any of their genes and without replicating. By monitoring the genetic composition of viral populations during the life cycle ofFaba bean necrotic stunt virus(FBNSV) (genusNanovirus), we demonstrate reproducible genetic changes during the transit of the virus within the body of the aphid vector. These changes do not fit the view that viruses simply traverse the bodies of their arthropod vectors and suggest more intimate interactions, calling into question the current understanding of circulative nonpropagative transmission.
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Prager, G., O. Kienast, G. Dobrozemsky, R. Dudczak, B. Niederle, A. Kurtaran, and K. Kaczirek. "Combined transmission and 99mTc-sestamibi emission tomography for localization of mediastinal parathyroid glands." Nuklearmedizin 42, no. 05 (2003): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625193.

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Summary: Aim: Although parathyroid scintigraphy using 99mTc-sestamibi is considered the best preoperative localization method for hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue it lacks the anatomical details required for successful, minimal invasive surgery of ectopic parathyroid lesions. This study presents the role of combined SPECT/X-ray-CT imaging in a single device for localization of mediastinal parathyroid glands. Methods: 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/ X-ray-CT was performed by gamma camera-mounted anatomical X-ray tomography (GMAXT; GE Medical systems, Millenium VG with Hawkeye) in four patients with ectopic parathyroid glands (two patients with primary, two with persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism). The device contains an X-ray tube and a set of detectors that rotate around the patient combined with a gamma camera. For comparison with GMAXT additionally high resolution computed tomography images of the neck and mediastinum were performed. Results: Correct preoperative localization was achieved. The parathyroid glands were located in the anterior mediastinum. High resolution computed tomography could not provide further details. Three patients were operated by a minimal invasive open and one patient by a transsternal approach because of concomitant aortic valve replacement. Conclusion: 99mTc-sestamibi/X-ray-CT fusion imaging in a single device can accurately localise ectopic or supernumerary mediastinal parathyroid tumours in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Morbidity, radiation exposure, time, and costs are reduced by avoiding multiple diagnostic examinations and minimal invasive parathyroid surgery becomes possible.
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Gilmore, Robert D., and Joseph Piesman. "Inhibition of Borrelia burgdorferi Migration from the Midgut to the Salivary Glands following Feeding by Ticks on OspC-Immunized Mice." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.1.411-414.2000.

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ABSTRACT Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks were fed on either OspC-immunized mice or normal, nonimmunized mice. After 72 h, the ticks were detached, followed by dissection and subsequent culturing in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelley II medium of the salivary glands from each tick to determine the presence of borreliae. Forty percent (10 of 25) of salivary glands from ticks that had fed on nonimmunized mice were culture positive, while only 7.4% (2 of 27) of salivary glands from ticks that had fed on OspC-immunized mice were culture positive, thus indicating a much reduced borrelial migration from the midgut when the bloodmeal contained anti-OspC antibodies. Fluorescent antibody staining of the corresponding midguts from ticks that had fed on the OspC-immunized mice showed that borreliae were present but did not produce OspC. In contrast, borreliae in midguts from ticks that had fed on normal mice demonstrated substantial ospC expression. This study provides evidence that, during tick feeding on an OspC-immunized host, transmission of borreliae from the tick is prevented; it also suggests that OspC functions in a tick-to-host transmission mechanism.
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Sato, Kiminori, and Tadashi Nakashima. "Effect of Irradiation on the Human Laryngeal Glands." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 117, no. 10 (October 2008): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940811701005.

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Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of irradiation on the human laryngeal glands. Methods: Light and transmission electron microscopic observations were made. Results: Granular endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparatuses were sparse in the cytoplasm of serous and mucous cells in cases with a short duration after radiotherapy. The secretory granules in serous cells had decreased in number. The secretory granules were less electron-dense compared to those in non-irradiated specimens, but were electron-lucent. The mucigen droplets in mucous cells were not as numerous as those in non-irradiated specimens. The discharge of secretory granules and mucigen droplets had decreased. In cases with a long duration after radiotherapy, there were some granular endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparatuses in the cytoplasm. However, the transmission electron microscopy findings of secretory granules and mucigen droplets were the same as those in the irradiated glands with a short duration after radiotherapy. Conclusions: Morphological changes in the irradiated laryngeal glands influenced not only the amount but also the quality of secretions. The above changes lessened the lubrication of the vocal folds, thus causing a voice disorder to some extent. Local immunity and mucociliary transport were also affected. The effects of irradiation on the laryngeal glands partially altered the laryngeal functions.
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Borges, Eliane de Oliveira, Maria Cristina Faccioni-Heuser, and Gilson Rudinei Pires Moreira. "Morphology of the Prosternal Glands ofHeliconius erato(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/892960.

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Two types of exocrine glands, located midventrally on the prosternum, are described for the larval stage ofHeliconius erato(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). The first type, formed by a single, flat secreting pouch, opens as a transverse slit on the anterior portion of the prosternum. The second, composed of a pair of ellipsoid secreting units, opens laterally by fine ducts on the distal portion of a cone-shaped sac, which is protruded by hemostatic pressure posteriorly between the prothoracic legs. The morphology of these glands is described and illustrated by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The varied terminologies adopted in the literature for describing these glands are discussed, and we propose a single term, prosternal glands.
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Cannon, LRG, and NA Warson. "Postero-Lateral Glands of Temnocephala Minor Haswell, 1888 (Platyhelminthes: Temnocephalida)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 1 (1996): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960069.

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Temnocephala minor Haswell, 1888 lives ectosymbiotically on the surface of the freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor in the Murray-Darling drainages of Australia. Some glands open on the postero-lateral margin and, being moderately refractory to many stains, can be overlooked in whole mounts and sections, and were, in fact, missed by Haswell. Observations were made on living worms with intra vitam dyes, and on whole mounts, wax sections and ultrathin sections using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterise the secretion from these glands and ascertain its mode of manufacture. The function of the glands remains unknown although it appears non-adhesive.
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26

Nagata, Tatsuya, Alice K. Inoue-Nagata, Jan van Lent, Rob Goldbach, and Dick Peters. "Factors determining vector competence and specificity for transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-663.

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The competence of a Frankliniella occidentalis and a Thrips tabaci population to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was analysed. Adults of the F. occidentalis population transmitted this virus efficiently, whereas those of the thelytokous T. tabaci population failed to transmit. TSWV replicated in the midgut of the larvae of both populations after ingestion of virus; however, lower amounts accumulated in T. tabaci larvae than in F. occidentalis larvae. The virus was almost undetectable in T. tabaci adults, whereas high titres were readily detected in the F. occidentalis adults. The first infections in F. occidentalis larvae were detected by immunocytochemical studies in midgut epithelial and subsequently in midgut muscle cells, the ligaments, and finally in the salivary glands. The infections were weaker in the midgut epithelial and muscle cells of T. tabaci larvae, followed by an almost complete absence of any infection in the ligaments, and a complete absence in the salivary glands. Studies by electron microscopy revealed the budding of some virus particles from the basal membrane of midgut epithelial cells of F. occidentalis larvae into the extracellular space of the basal labyrinth. Enveloped virus particles were also seen in midgut muscle cells of F. occidentalis larvae. They were not discerned in epithelial and muscle cells of T. tabaci larvae and adults. This study showed that the rate of virus replication in the midgut and the extent of virus migration from the midgut to the visceral muscle cells and the salivary glands are probably crucial factors in the determination of vector competence.
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Machrus, Ali, Adrial Adrial, Yunita Armiyanti, Hidayat Teguh Wiyono, and Kartika Senjarini. "Profile of Interleukin-4 and Interferon-γ of Balb/c Mice after Salivary Gland Extract of Anopheles sundaicus s.l. Vaccination and Infected by Plasmodium berghei-ANKA." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 15, no. 2 (July 23, 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v15i2.532.

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Malaria infection is initiated when sporozoites are inoculated into a vertebrate host via the salivary glands of an Anopheles mosquito. During Anopheles bite, the salivary glands release components that include vasomodulator and immunomodulators. The salivary components of vectors have important role in transmission of pathogen. Therefore, if these components were injected repeatedly into a vertebrate host, it can stimulate host immune system and inhibit the transmission of the pathogen into the host. This could be observed the increasing level of IFN-γ and decreasing level of IL-4 in mice model of malaria after vaccination with salivary gland ekstract (SGE) from An sundaicus s.l. It has also been proven that this mechanisms was related with pathogen of malaria. This was supported by the reduction of parasitemie rate in those mice model after infection by P. Berghei. Keywords: An sundaicus s.l., IFN-γ, IL-4,immunomodulators, salivary gland , TBV
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28

Picciau, Luca, Bianca Orrù, Mauro Mandrioli, Elena Gonella, and Alberto Alma. "Ability of Euscelidius variegatus to Transmit Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma with a Short Latency Period." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090603.

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Phytoplasma transmission takes place by insect vectors through an Acquisition Access Period (AAP), Latency Period (LP) and Inoculation Access Period (IAP). Generally, phytoplasmas are believed to be transmitted more efficiently by nymphs because they need a long LP to reach the salivary glands before becoming infective. The transmission can start from adults as well, but in this case a long LP may exceed the insect’s lifespan. However, previous evidence has indicated that adults can undergo a shorter LP, even though little knowledge is available regarding the phytoplasma temporal dynamics during this period. Here, we investigate the minimum time required by the phytoplasma to colonize the vector midgut and salivary glands, and finally to be inoculated into a plant. We used the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus to investigate the life cycle of flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDP). Phytoplasma-free E. variegatus adults were left on broad beans (BBs) infected with FDP for an AAP of 7 days. Subsequently, they were individually transferred onto a healthy BB for seven different IAPs, each one lasting 24 h from day 8 to 14. Molecular analyses and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed for FDP detection. FDP was found in the leafhopper midgut from IAP 1 with an infection rate reaching 50%, whereas in the salivary glands it was found from IAP 2 with an infection rate reaching 30%. FDP was also detected in BBs from IAP 4, with infection rates reaching 10%. Our results represent an important step to further deepen the knowledge of phytoplasma transmission and its epidemiology.
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Sanchez-Vargas, Irma, Laura Harrington, William Black, and Ken Olson. "Analysis of Salivary Glands and Saliva from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti Infected with Chikungunya Viruses." Insects 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10020039.

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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to humans by infected Aedes (Stegomyia) species. In 2013–2014, Ae. aegypti transmitted CHIKV to humans in the Caribbean and in 2005–2006, Ae. albopictus transmitted CHIKV on La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean basin). CHIKV LR2006 OPY1 from the La Réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation (E1:A226V) in the viral E1 glycoprotein that enhanced CHIKV transmission by Ae. albopictus. CHIKV R99659 from the Caribbean outbreak did not have the E1:A226V mutation. Here, we analyzed the salivary glands and saliva of Ae. albopictus strains from New Jersey, Florida, Louisiana and La Réunion after infection with each virus to determine their transmission potential. We infected the Ae. albopictus strains with blood meals containing 3–7 × 107 PFU/mL of each virus and analyzed the mosquitoes nine days later to maximize infection of their salivary glands. All four Ae. albopictus strains were highly susceptible to LR2006 OPY1 and R99659 viruses and their CHIKV disseminated infection rates (DIR) were statistically similar (p = 0.3916). The transmission efficiency rate (TER) was significantly lower for R99659 virus compared to LR2006 OPY1 virus in all Ae. albopictus strains and Ae. aegypti (Poza Rica) (p = 0.012) suggesting a salivary gland exit barrier to R99659 virus not seen with LR2006 OPY1 infections. If introduced, LR2006 OPY1 virus poses an increased risk of transmission by both Aedes species in the western hemisphere.
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30

Rao, Sheetal, Michael W. Pendleton, Marla L. Binzel, and E. Ann Ellis. "Modified Cryo-Preparation for Studying Salt Glands in the Turf Grass Zoysia matrella." Microscopy Today 16, no. 2 (March 2008): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500055930.

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Zoysia, a common turf grass, is characterized by the presence of functional salt glands. These glands are specialized structures through which the plants excrete excess salt. Research on the mechanism of salt secretion in Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) prompted the development of a specimen preparation technique that would preserve the secreted salt and salt gland. Conventional aqueous preparative techniques wash away the secreted salt on the leaf surface. A specimen preparation technique was modified from a simple cryo-preparative technique for examining hydrogels in the transmission electron microscope.
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31

Martínez-Alós, S., P. García-Corrales, and B. Cifrian. "Ultrastructural study of frontal glands in Bothromesostoma personatum (Platyhelminthes, Typhloplanoida)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-095.

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The frontal glands of Bothromesostoma personatum were examined using transmission electron microscopy. These glands have two types of rhabdoid gland cells; one type produces rhabdites and the other a different type of rod secretion (rhabdoids). The ultrastructure of the latter type is described, together with their origin. Long necks containing the rhabdoids emerge from the rhabdoid gland cell bodies and extend to the anterior end of the animal, where they release the rhabdoids. The rhabdoids are compared with the rhammites of other rhabditophoran species on the basis of their dye affinities, formation mechanism, and ultrastructure.
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32

de Assis Filho, F. M., R. A. Naidu, C. M. Deom, and J. L. Sherwood. "Dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus Replication in the Alimentary Canal of Two Thrips Species." Phytopathology® 92, no. 7 (July 2002): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.729.

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Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is dependent on virus uptake in the midgut prior to virus movement to the salivary glands. Replication of TSWV in the alimentary canal of tobacco thrips (TT, Frankliniella fusca) and western flower thrips (WFT, F. occidentalis) was investigated by immunolocalization of the nonstructural protein (NSs) encoded by the small RNA of TSWV and fluorescence microscopy. Analysis of cohorts during development from larva to adults following virus acquisition by first instar larva indicated that virus replication followed a specific time-course pattern in the foregut, regions of the midgut, salivary glands, and ligaments between the midgut and salivary glands. Initial virus replication occurred only in epithelial cells of midgut-1 but, upon infection of muscle cells, the virus moved to the midgut-2, foregut, midgut-3, and salivary glands. The ligaments between the midgut and salivary glands appeared to be a route for virus to invade the salivary glands. No virus replication was observed in the hindgut, Malpighian tubules, or tubular salivary glands. The dynamics of TSWV replication, as measured by NSs accumulation, were similar in both TT and WFT.
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33

Walker, Alan R., and June D. Fletcher. "Age grades and infection rates of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) to assess theileriosis challenge in the field." Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, no. 4 (December 1985): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015911.

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AbstractData are presented from five series of 240 adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann kept in the laboratory, in which a steady decline in the numbers of granules in e cells of type 3 acini of the salivary glands occurred. This was readily detected in whole gland preparations of the salivary glands stained with methyl green and pyronin, and the same specimens could be used for detecting Theileria parasites in the salivary glands. Characteristics for grading these ticks into three physiological age grades are given, and a formula is provided for incorporating the age grade with infection rate. This gives a value for comparative estimates of the challenge posed by field populations of ticks for the transmission of Theileria to cattle.
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34

Riva, A. "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the human minor salivary glands." Archives of Oral Biology 44 (May 1999): S27—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(99)00046-1.

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Rival, A., F. Loffiedo, R. Puxeddu, and F. Testa Rival. "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the human minor salivary glands." Archives of Oral Biology 44 (May 1999): S27—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(99)90010-9.

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36

Bruňanská, M., H. P. Fagerholm, and M. K. S. Gustafsson. "Ultrastructure studies of Proteocephalus longicollis (Cestoda, Proteocephalidea): transmission electron microscopy of scolex glands." Parasitology Research 86, no. 9 (August 23, 2000): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00008557.

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37

BOWMAN, A. S., and J. R. SAUER. "Tick salivary glands: function, physiology and future." Parasitology 129, S1 (October 2004): S67—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004006468.

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The salivary glands are the organs of osmoregulation in ticks and, as such, are critical to the biological success of ticks both during the extended period off the host and also during the feeding period on the host. Absorption of water vapour from unsaturated air into hygroscopic fluid produced by the salivary glands permit the tick to remain hydrated and viable during the many months between blood-meals. When feeding, the tick is able to return about 70% of the fluid and ion content of the blood-meal into the host by salivation into the feeding site. This saliva also contains many bioactive protein and lipid components that aid acquisition of the blood-meal. The salivary glands are the site of pathogen development and the saliva the route of transmission. The importance of the multifunctional salivary glands to tick survival and vector competency makes the glands a potential target for intervention. Here we review the cell biology of tick salivary glands and discuss the application of new approaches such as expressed sequence tag projects and RNA interference to this important area in the field of tick and tick-borne pathogen research.
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38

Fischer, Elizabeth R., and Tom G. Schwan. "Transmission Of Borreua Hermsii, The Agent Of Relapsing Fever, By The Tick Vector Ornithodoros Hermsi." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019425.

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Relapsing fever, a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of high fevers, is caused by geographically distinct spirochetes of the genus Borrelia,transmitted by ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. In the Northwestern United States, the soft tick Ornithodoros hermsi has been identified as the vector for the spirochete Borrelia hermsii. The life cycle of O.hermsi includes larval and multiple nymphal stages prior to full maturation into an adult male or female (Fig.1). Progression into each stage requires a blood-meal typically provided by squirrels and chipmunks, and incidentally humans. Feeding is rapid, lasting 10-60 minutes, and during this time an infected tick can transmit the agent of relapsing fever, B. hermsii. Following ingestion, spirochetes are initially found in the tick midgut. Within 1-3 weeks, they are found in other organs, including the central ganglion and salivary glands. Since saliva is the primary mode of transmission of these bacteria during tick feeding, we assessed by electron microscopy the structural and functional relationships between the spirochetes and the salivary glands.
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39

BLANKESPOOR, C. L., P. W. PAPPAS, and T. EISNER. "Impairment of the chemical defence of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor, by metacestodes (cysticercoids) of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta." Parasitology 115, no. 1 (July 1997): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097008901.

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The defensive glands of beetles, Tenebrio molitor, infected with metacestodes (cysticercoids) of Hymenolepis diminuta are everted less frequently upon stimulation, and contain less toluquinone (methylbenzoquinone) and m-cresol, than glands of uninfected controls. These differences, as shown in predation trials with wild rats, increase the likelihood that both cysticercoids and beetles will be ingested by the tapeworm's definitive host. This is the first documented case of a parasite inhibiting the chemical defence of an intermediate host, and one of only a few reports of parasite-induced manipulation of host biology supported by empirical evidence implicating facilitated parasite transmission between host species.
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40

IJdo, Jacob W., Caiyun Wu, Sam R. Telford, and Erol Fikrig. "Differential Expression of the p44 Gene Family in the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 9 (September 2002): 5295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.9.5295-5298.2002.

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ABSTRACT Using reverse transcription-PCR targeting of the p44 genes of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) with primers flanking the hypervariable region, we show differential expression in a murine model of HGE infection and during tick transmission. The p44 genes were differentially expressed in salivary glands of infected nymphal ticks removed during transmission feeding but not in nonfeeding infected ticks. Similarly, the p44 genes were differentially expressed in infected C3H mice, in SCID mice, and in cultured HGE bacteria. Thus, differential p44 expression exists in vivo and in vitro and could provide a basis for antigenic variation.
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41

Barbet, A. F., Jooyoung Yi, Anna Lundgren, B. R. McEwen, E. F. Blouin, and K. M. Kocan. "Antigenic Variation of Anaplasma Marginale: Major Surface Protein 2 Diversity during Cyclic Transmission between Ticks and Cattle." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 3057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.3057-3066.2001.

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ABSTRACT The rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma marginale expresses a variable immunodominant outer membrane protein, major surface protein 2 (MSP2), involved in antigenic variation and long-term persistence of the organism in carrier animals. MSP2 contains a central hypervariable region of about 100 amino acids that encodes immunogenic B-cell epitopes that induce variant-specific antibodies during infection. Previously, we have shown that MSP2 is encoded on a polycistronic mRNA transcript in erythrocyte stages of A. marginale and defined the structure of the genomic expression site for this transcript. In this study, we show that the same expression site is utilized in stages of A. marginale infecting tick salivary glands. We also analyzed the variability of this genomic expression site in Oklahoma strain A. marginale transmitted from in vitro cultures to cattle and between cattle and ticks. The structure of the expression site and flanking regions was conserved except for sequence that encoded the MSP2 hypervariable region. At least three different MSP2 variants were encoded in each A. marginalepopulation. The major sequence variants did not change on passage ofA. marginale between culture, acute erythrocyte stage infections, and tick salivary glands but did change during persistent infections of cattle. The variant types found in tick salivary glands most closely resembled those present in bovine blood at the time of acquisition of infection, whether infection was acquired from an acute or from a persistent rickettsemia. These variations in structure of an expression site for a major, immunoprotective outer membrane protein have important implications for vaccine development and for obtaining an improved understanding of the mechanisms of persistence of ehrlichial infections in humans, domestic animals, and reservoir hosts.
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42

Guo, Jiansheng, and Cheng Zhou. "Secretory Structures of Pogostemon auricularius: Morphology, Development, and Histochemistry." Symmetry 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010013.

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Pogostemon auricularius, an aromatic plant in Lamiaceae, has wide application in pharmaceutical preparations. However, little is known about the secretory structures that contain the medicinal compounds. In this study, two kinds of glandular trichome types, including peltate glandular trichomes and short-stalked capitate trichomes, were identified in the leaves and stems by cryo-scanning electron microscope. Oil secretion from the glands contained lipids, flavones, and terpenes, and the progresses of secretion were different in the two glands types. The investigation by transmission electron microscope indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum system and plastids were involved in the biosynthesis of oils in the two glandular trichomes. The vacuoles showed a new role in the oil preparations and storage. The synthesized oil could be transported from the head cell to the sub-cuticular space by different way in the two glands. Comparative analysis of the development, distribution, histochemistry and ultrastructures of the secretory structures in Pogostemon auricularius led us to propose that the two glands may make different contribution to the collection of medicinal compounds. Furthermore, the characteristics of two glands in the secretory stage probably indicated the synthesizing site of metabolite.
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43

Ghanim, Murad, Shai Morin, and Henryk Czosnek. "Rate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Translocation in the Circulative Transmission Pathway of its Vector, the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci." Phytopathology® 91, no. 2 (February 2001): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.2.188.

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Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, biotype B) were able to transmit Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) 8 h after they were caged with infected tomato plants. The spread of TYLCV during this latent period was followed in organs thought to be involved in the translocation of the virus in B. tabaci. After increasing acquisition access periods (AAPs) on infected tomato plants, the stylets, the head, the midgut, a hemolymph sample, and the salivary glands dissected from individual insects were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) without any treatment; the presence of TYLCV was assessed with virus-specific primers. TYLCV DNA was first detected in the head of B. tabaci after a 10-min AAP. The virus was present in the midgut after 40 min and was first detected in the hemolymph after 90 min. TYLCV was found in the salivary glands 5.5 h after it was first detected in the hemolymph. Subjecting the insect organs to immunocapture-PCR showed that the virus capsid protein was in the insect organs at the same time as the virus genome, suggesting that at least some TYLCV translocates as virions. Although females are more efficient as vectors than males, TYLCV was detected in the salivary glands of males and of females after approximately the same AAP.
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Pompon, Julien, Menchie Manuel, Geok Kee Ng, Benjamin Wong, Chao Shan, Gayathri Manokaran, Ruben Soto-Acosta, et al. "Dengue subgenomic flaviviral RNA disrupts immunity in mosquito salivary glands to increase virus transmission." PLOS Pathogens 13, no. 7 (July 28, 2017): e1006535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006535.

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45

RIVA, ALESSANDRO, ENZO USAI, MARGHERITA COSSU, ROBERTO SCARPA, and FRANCESCA TESTA-RIVA. "The Human Bulbo-Urethral Glands: A Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy Study." Journal of Andrology 9, no. 2 (March 4, 1988): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1988.tb01025.x.

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46

Ueti, Massaro W., Donald P. Knowles, Christine M. Davitt, Glen A. Scoles, Timothy V. Baszler, and Guy H. Palmer. "Quantitative Differences in Salivary Pathogen Load during Tick Transmission Underlie Strain-Specific Variation in Transmission Efficiency of Anaplasma marginale." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 1 (October 27, 2008): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01164-08.

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ABSTRACT The relative fitness of arthropod-borne pathogens within the vector can be a major determinant of pathogen prevalence within the mammalian host population. Strains of the tick-borne rickettsia Anaplasma marginale differ markedly in transmission efficiency, with a consequent impact on pathogen strain structure. We have identified two A. marginale strains with significant differences in the transmission phenotype that is effected following infection of the salivary gland. We have proposed competing hypotheses to explain the phenotypes: (i) both strains are secreted equally, but there is an intrinsic difference in infectivity for the mammalian host, or (ii) one strain is secreted at a significantly higher level and thus represents delivery of a greater pathogen dose. Quantitative analysis of pathogen replication and secretion revealed that the high-efficiency St. Maries strain replicated to a 10-fold-higher titer and that a significantly greater percentage of infected ticks secreted A. marginale into the saliva and did so at a significantly higher level than for the low-efficiency Israel vaccine strain. Furthermore, the transmission phenotype of the vaccine strain could be restored to that of the St. Maries strain simply by increasing the delivered pathogen dose, either by direct inoculation of salivary gland organisms or by increasing the number of ticks during transmission feeding. We identified morphological differences in the colonization of each strain within the salivary glands and propose that these reflect strain-specific differences in replication and secretion pathways linked to the vector-pathogen interaction.
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47

Lowy, R. J., and F. P. Conte. "Morphology of isolated crustacean larval salt glands." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 248, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): R709—R716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.248.6.r709.

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Larval salt glands isolated from the naupliar brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These methods demonstrated that most cellular and subcellular features of the in vitro organ compared favorably with those seen in vivo. This salt gland measures 130 micron in diameter and is comprised of 50-70 secretory cells, which are of a single epithelial cell type. Characteristic ultrastructural features that are well preserved include apical to basal cell polarity, apical plasma membrane projections, and the extent of the basolateral tubular labyrinth and its association with numerous mitochondria. Some features that have been altered are a decrease in cell-cell contact, separation of septate junctions, and expansion of tubular labyrinth lumens and mitochondrial cristae. Use of this preparation has allowed examination of the salt gland cell's hemocoelic surface for the first time and provided information about the ultrastructure of the tufts formed by the apical plasma membrane.
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48

Santos, A. C., D. C. Viana, B. M. Bertassoli, B. G. Vasconcelos, D. M. Oliveira, R. E. G. Rici, M. F. Oliveira, M. A. Miglino, and A. C. Assis-Neto. "Adrenal glands of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831): morphological and morphometric aspects." Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.23514.

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Abstract Considering the physiological importance and need of greater morphophysiological knowledge of adrenal glands, the aims of present study were compare the morphometric data between left and right adrenal of male and female; perform a histological, scanning and transmission electron microscopy study showing tissue constitution of glands; finally, in order to define the presence and correct site of the cytochrome P450c17 expression in adrenal glands, immunohistochemical study of this enzyme was performed in 18 adrenal glands (right n=9 and left n=9) of nine adult Galea spixii (four males and five females). Right adrenal was more cranially positioned than left adrenal; dimensions (weight, length and width) of right adrenal was larger than left adrenal; no differences between male and female body and adrenal measurements were found; the morphology of cells and different amounts of lipid droplets may be related to the different demands of steroid hormones production, related to each zone of the adrenal cortex; and, the cytochrome P450c17 immunolocalization in fasciculate and reticular zone may be related with synthesis of 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione.
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49

Kölsch, Gregor. "The ultrastructure of glands and the production and function of the secretion in the adhesive capture apparatus of Stenus species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 3 (April 1, 2000): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-213.

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The elongated labium of rove beetles of the genus Stenus forms an adhesive capture apparatus that enables them to catch fast-fleeing prey such as Collembola. The adhesion is mediated by a secretion produced in glands within the head capsule and secreted onto the paraglossae. Transmission electron microscopy has revealed that these "adhesive glands" are composed of discrete gland units, each consisting of three cells. Two cells are secretorily active, each producing a different secretion, one proteinaceous and the other lipoid. Consequently, a two-phase secretion can be found on the surface of the paraglossae. Adhesive glands and normal epidermal glands share several characteristics and are therefore considered to be homologous. Structural differences can be functionally interpreted. The long glandular ductules themselves serve as a reservoir for the secretion before it is expressed prior to the predatory strike. Van der Waals forces and both the surface tension and the viscosity of the adhesive secretion are discussed as possible mechanisms of adhesion. The adhesion resulting from the viscosity of the fluid is the strongest and exceeds the force theoretically required for catching collemboles.
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50

da Cruz-Landim, Carminda, and Silvana Beani Poiani. "Cephalic salivary gland ultrastructure of worker and queen eusocial bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae)." Animal Biology 59, no. 3 (2009): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075609x454935.

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AbstractEusocial bees present a pair of functional salivary glands in head, the cephalic salivary glands. These glands from workers and queens of two eusocial bee species, Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica, were examined at different life stages using routine transmission electron microscopy techniques to correlate morphology and gland functions. Ultrastructural features of worker and queen glands ducts and secretory units were descriptively compared between species. The duct cells present basal plasma membrane invaginations reaching the apical region. Intercellular space and invaginations contain material of similar electron-density to the basal lamina, suggesting that substances might be directly absorbed from the hemolymph to the gland lumen. The secretory cells are rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi, and vesicles typical of lipid secretion. Secretory cells in S. postica become flattened with age in contrast to A. mellifera, where cells remained cuboidal. Mitochondria are associated with secretory vesicles and may become lipid deposits. A possible role of worker and queen secretion is discussed, taking changes in caste gland morphology and their function in the colony into account.
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