Academic literature on the topic 'Glands'

Mucoepidermoid carcinom (MEC) är en malign mucin-producerande tumör som förekommer i både stora och små spottkörtlar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka histologiskt uttryck av muciner (MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6) i MEC för att eventuellt hitta en korrelation mellan kvalitativt mucinuttryck och tumörgrad. Tolv låg- och fem höggradiga MEC och nio normala spottkörtlar intill tumörvävnad undersöktes med hjälp av immunohistokemi där proverna utvärderades med avseende på färgningsmönster och positivitet i specifika celltyper. Normala spottkörtelceller uttryckte främst cytoplasmatiskt mucin MUC5B. MUC1 och MUC4 uttrycktes i normala spottkörtelgångsceller i ungefär hälften av proverna medan MUC5AC uttryck var sällsynt i normala spottkörtlar. MEC:ar uttryckte MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC och MUC5B. Den apikala delen av membranet i de bägarceller som omger cystiska hålrum visade den starkaste färgningen för MUC1 och MUC4. Uttryck av MUC4 i bägarceller minskade med ökad histologisk grad. Bägarcellers uttryck av MUC5B:s i låggradig MEC var mindre intensivt än uttrycket av MUC5AC i samma celler. Högre uttryck av MUC5B jämfört med MUC5AC noterades i höggradiga tumörer. Sammanfattningsvis uttrycker MEC olika mängd av muciner än normala spottkörtlar. MUC5AC:s uttryck i MEC verkar vara en metaplastisk funktion och MUC4 tycks relatera till tumörens differentieringsgrad. Förhållandet mellan MUC5AC och MUC5B uttryck skulle kunna vara ett användbart verktyg vid diagnostisering och prognosutvärdering av MEC.<br>Mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) are malignant epithelial mucin-producing tumours encountered in both major and minor salivary glands. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological characteristics of the expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6) in MECs in search for a possible correlation between qualitative mucin expression and tumour grade. Twelve low-grade, five high-grade MECs and nine normal salivary glands adjacent to tumour tissue were investigated for these mucins by immunohistochemistry. The samples were evaluated with respect to staining pattern and positivity of specific cell types. Normal acinar cells mainly expressed the cytoplasmic mucin MUC5B. MUC1 and MUC4 were expressed in normal ductal cells in approximately half of the samples whereas MUC5AC expression was rare in normal salivary glands. MECs expressed MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC5B. The apical membrane of mucous cells lining the cystic cavities showed the strongest staining for MUC1 and MUC4. The expression of MUC4 in mucous cells decreased with increasing histological grade. Expression of salivary mucin MUC5B in mucous cells in low-grade MECs was less intense compared to the expression of MUC5AC in the same cells. In high-grade tumours, a higher expression of MUC5B compared to MUC5AC was noted. In conclusion, MECs express different mucin quantity compared to normal salivary glands. MUC5AC expression in salivary tumour tissue seems to be a metaplastic feature and MUC4 appears to be related to tumour differentiation grade. The relationship between MUC5AC and MUC5B expression could be a useful tool in the diagnosis and estimation of prognosis of MECs.

Thesis (M.S.)--School of Dentistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004.<br>"A thesis in oral biology." Typescript. Advisor: Carole McArthur. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Feb. 23, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-91 ). Online version of the print edition.

The work is a fragment of the Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian medical stomatological academy». The name of the research work is a «Structural and three-dimensional organization of the exocrine glands and organs of the human digestive tract in healthy and people patients». When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31893

The multiple functions of the pineal gland have been collectively interpreted as constituting a general anti-stressogenic role. The adrenal glands play a central role in maintaining homeostasis. The major neuroendocrine consequence of long-term stress is elevated circulating glucocorticoid levels. In this study, the effect of chronic, oral hydrocortisone treatment on pineal biochemistry was investigated in male Wi star rats of the albino strain. The results show that seven days of oral hydrocortisone treatment endows the pineal gland with the ability to increase melatonin synthesis in organ culture. The increase is accompanied by a rise in NAT activity, cyclic AMP levels and enhanced specific binding to the pineal B-adrenergic receptors. It appears that hydrocortisone sensitizes the pineal gland to stimulation by B-adrenergic agonists. thus rendering the pineal more responsive to B-adrenergic agonists. Further studies were directed at demonstrating an anti-stressogenic function for the pineal gland by investigating whether the principal pineal indole, melatonin. could protect against the deleterious effects of elevated. circulating drocortisone levels. The results show that chronic, oral hydrocortisone treatment significantly increases liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity. The catabolism of tryptophan by tryptophan pyrrolase is an important determinant of tryptophan availability to the brain, and therefore, brain serotonin levels. The findings show that melatonin inhibits basal and hydrocortisone-stimulated liver tryptophan pyrrolase apoenzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition suggests that melatonin may protect against excessive loss of tryptophan from circulation and against deficiencies in the cerebral serotinergic system which are associated with mood and behavioural disorders. It was shown that another deleterious effect of chronic hydrocortisone treatment is a significant increase in the number of glutamate receptors in the forebrain of male Wistar rats. The increase in receptor number observed in this study is probably due to an increase in the synthesis of glutamate receptors and is associated with a marked reduction in the affinity of the glutamate receptors for glutamate. possible to demonstrate an receptor number or the For practical reasons, it was not effect of melatonin on either glutamate affinity of glutamate receptors for glutamate in rat forebrain membranes. In view of the neurotoxic effect of glutamate in the eNS, the functional significance of recently described glutamate receptors in the pineal gland was investigated. The results show that 10-4 M glutamate significantly inhibits the isoprenaline-stimulated synthesis of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin in organ culture when the pineal glands were pre-incubated with glutamate for 4 hours prior to stimulation with isoprenalin and when glutamate and isoprenaline were administered together in vitro. GABA, a glutamate metabolite could not mimic the decrease in isoprenalinestimulated melatonin, and it is likely that the observed effects were directly attributed to glutamate. Incubation of the pineal gland with 10-4 M glutamate in organ culture did not affect HIOMT activity in pineal homogenates, but significantly elevated both basal and isoprenaline-stimulated NAT activity. It was concluded that glutamate only inhibits melatonin synthesis in intact pineal glands and not in pineal homogenates. The present study has provided further support for an interaction between the pineal and the adrenal glands. There is an ever increasing likelihood that melatonin is an anti-stressogenic hormone and that the pineal gland may have a protective role to play in the pathology of stress-related diseases.