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Journal articles on the topic 'Glass construction, edge, glass processing'
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1
Bukieda, Paulina, Katharina Lohr, Jens Meiberg, and Bernhard Weller. "Study on the optical quality and strength of glass edges after the grinding and polishing process." Glass Structures & Engineering 5, no. 3 (June 5, 2020): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-020-00121-x.
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Abstract Glass edges result from cutting glass sheets and a further optional finishing. The mechanical interference into the brittle material glass causes flaws and cracks at the edge surface. Those defects have an influence on the strength of the whole glazing. Within the scope of a research project at the Institute of Building Construction from the Technische Universität Dresden, the grinding and polishing process is examined in terms of characteristic visible effects on the glass edge and the edge strength. Thereby a special focus of the research project is the impact of various polishing cup wheels for the chamfer surface of annealed glass. The article presents some basics about the processing steps of glass edges surfaces, introduces the considered grinding and polishing cup wheels and gives an overview of the performed experimental examinations. A microscopic analysis enables a characterisation of typical defects at the surfaces. Furthermore, four-point bending tests are performed to determine the bending tensile stresses at failure. The combination of both methods enables an analysis of the fracture-causing defect before destruction and a correlation between the optical surface quality and the bending tensile stresses. Additionally, the microscopy could be used to support the adjustment of a grinding machine and control reproducible edge qualities. The evaluation shows that a special development of polishing cup wheels for the chamfer can improve the surface quality and consequently increases the edge strength.
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Dix, S., P. Müller, C. Schuler, S. Kolling, and J. Schneider. "Digital image processing methods for the evaluation of optical anisotropy effects in tempered architectural glass using photoelastic measurements." Glass Structures & Engineering 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-020-00145-3.
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AbstractIn the present paper, optical anisotropy effects in architectural glass are evaluated using digital image processing. Hereby, thermally toughened glass panes were analyzed quantitatively using a circular polariscope. Glass subjected to externally applied stresses or residual stresses becomes birefringent. Polarized light on birefringent materials causes interference colors (iridescence), referred to as anisotropies, which affect the optical appearance of glass panes in building envelopes. Thermally toughened glass, such as toughened safety glass or heat strengthened glass, show these iridescences due to thermally induced residual stress differences. RGB-photoelastic full-field methods allow the quantitative measurement of anisotropies, since the occurring interference colors are related to the measured retardation values. By calibrating the circular polariscope, retardation images of thermally toughened glass panes are generated from non-directional isochromatic images using computer algorithms. The analysis of the retardation images and the evaluation of the anisotropy quality of the glass is of great interest in order to detect and sort out very low quality glass panes directly in the production process. Therefore, in this paper retardation images are acquired from different thermally toughened glass panes then different image processing methods are presented and applied. It is shown that a general definition of exclusion zones, e.g. near edges is required prior to the evaluation. In parallel, the limitations in the application of first-order statistical and threshold methods are presented. The intend of the investigation is the extension of the texture analysis based on the generation of Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices, where the spatial arrangement of the retardation values is considered in the evaluation. For the first time, the results of textural features of different glass pane formats could be compared using reference areas and geometry factors. By reduction of the original image size, the computation time of textural analysis algorithms could be remarkably speeded up, while the textural features remained the same. Finally, the knowledge gained from these investigations is used to determine uniform texture features, which also includes the pattern of anisotropy effects in the evaluation of thermally toughened glass. Together with a global evaluation criterion this can now be implemented in commercial anisotropy measurement systems for quality control of tempered architectural glass.
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Zhang, Feng Lian, and Jing Zhu. "The Study of Hot Embossing and Bonding Machine for Microfludic Chips Fabrication." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.120.
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With the development of science and technology, microfludic chip has become the leading edge in biochip research field, representing major development trend of micro-total analysis system (μ-TAS).Having features of high speed, high efficiency, low consumption etc., it possesses extensive application prospect in fields of gene analysis, disease diagnosis, drug screening etc.. Traditional microfludic chip adopts silicon slice, glass etc. materials to conduct processing with complex technique and high cost chip, thus it is not in favor of promotion and application of chip. The research on hot embossing and bonding machine for plastic microfludic chips fabrication is that to provide efficient processing machine for chip market which is expanded with each passing day. Based on present hot embossing technology of plastic microfludic chips and aimed to realize automation and batch process, the thesis conducts design research on mechanical construction of hot embossing and bonding machine for chips.
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Petrauskas, O. V., and A. V. Petrauskas. "EXPLORATION OF THE OLD RUS’ RURAL CRAFT AND LIVING SETTLEMENTS IN KYIV REGION ON THE RIGHT BANK OF DNIEPER." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 258–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.18.
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In 2017 the archaeological exploration in the zone of construction of the transmission line in the Makariv district of Kyiv region took place. Three sites — Nalyvaikivka 1 (second half of the 10th — 11th, 12th—13th centuries), Farm 2 (2nd—1st millennium BC) and Farm 3 (11th century) were excavated. The total area of excavation was 165 m2.
The settlement Nalyvaykivka 1 is located in the area with high wetlands and had the necessary conditions for the extraction of iron and forestry — extraction of tar, charcoal and harvesting. The site Nalivaykivka 1 was the Medieval industrial rural settlements.
The site Nalyvaykivka 1 contains a lot of artifacts related to iron production. They represent the different stages of the metallurgical process. Fragments of furnace for iron production have been found. The specific design of the metallurgical furnace was ascertained.
The location near ore deposits (the iron-mining center in the Kolonshchyna region) and near the powerful product market (Kyiv) led to the craft character of the settlement. Probably it was part of the group of settlements pecialized in the production and primary processing of iron.
The materials of the Ferma 3 settlement confirm the high economic level of the rural district of Kyiv region in comparison with the material culture of the Old Rus cities. There were no any archaeological objects excavated at the settlement. But in the cultural layer the interesting finds were recorded: the bi-conical shape whorl made of pink shale; the small iron knife with a straight back, the blade separated from the shank ledge; the anvil (?) will slip; the iron arrowhead with broken edge; iron bits; bronze vessel; metallurgical slag; shale fragment of pink; iron awl. The presence of Byzantine amphorae, glass bracelets, bronze vessels, items of military or hunting equipment testifies to the active trade and craft relations of rural and urban population of Kyiv Rus.
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Nguyen, Duc Nam, Ju Long Yuan, Bing Hai Lv, and Zhe Wu. "Deflection and Stress Analysis of Glass Plate in Elastic Deformation Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.288.
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As the consumer market in the optics, electronics and aerospace industries grows, the demand of ultra-precision aspheric surface increases. The shape accuracy of the optical lens changes significantly with deformation conditions and optical properties of the lens varies with stress distribution within the lens. Therefore, determining the deflection and stress of glass lens is very important to improve the quality of the lens. In this paper, the deflection and stress theoretical results of BK7 glass plate have been presented in different cases of elastic deformation processing. The results are compared with the finite element analysis (FEA) to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of algorithm in calculation of stress and deflection. The mentioned finite element models were established using the software Abaqus/CAE. The analytical and FEA results showed that if the edge of plate is simply supported, the maximum deflection is 4 times larger than in the fixed edge case. Otherwise if the edge and centre point of plate is simply supported, the maximum deflection is 2.5 times lower than in the fixed edge case and 11.3 times lower than in the simply supported at edge case.
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Golubeva, Kseniya, and Aleksey Noskov. "Technologies for processing materials based on glass-fiber materials." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2021, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2021-6-24-28.
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The review of basic methods for glass-fiber material machining is shown, characteristic features are presented also advantages and drawbacks of different processing methods are mentioned. There is shown a description of glass-fiber material edge machining. The alternative methods such as hydro-abrasive cutting and laser working are considered.
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Pont, Ulrich, Magdalena Wölzl, Peter Schober, Shiva Najaf Khosravi, Matthias Schuss, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Recent progress in the development of windows with vacuum glass." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202020.
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This contribution reports on recent advances in the utilization of vacuum glass in contemporary window construction. Generally speaking, vacuum glazing consists of two glass panes with an evacuated interstitial space. To maintain the functionality of the glazing, a vacuum-tight edge seal and a grid of distance-holding pillars are required. Vacuum glazing features a first-rate thermal performance as it significantly reduces conductive and convective heat transport rates. In comparison to multi-pane insulation glasses of comparable thermal performance, vacuum glass products feature a reduced weight and construction depth. However, the application of vacuum glass in windows requires a critical rethinking of the current practice of window construction, especially with regard to thermal bridges and the related surface condensation risk at the glass/frame-construction joints. Specifically, the glass edge seal, which can be considered to be the weak spot of vacuum glass in terms of heat transfer, requires an insulating cover that is not provided in typical insulation glass frame configurations. Further relevant aspects to be considered include the structural stability of window constructions with vacuum glass, the acoustical performance, and issues regarding usability. In this context, the present contribution highlights the methodology and findings of two recent research projects (MOTIVE, FIVA) that addressed window construction requirements with regard to vacuum glazing deployment.
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Ma, Kung Jeng, Hsi Hsin Chien, Su Wei Huang, Shi Chang Chen, and Choung Lii Chao. "Crack Filling of Cover Glasses by Sol-Gel Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.700.
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Strengthening of glass sheets through the process of ion exchange have been widely used in thinner cover glass for smart phone. The compressive stress improves the ability of the glass surface to withstand damage from mechanical impact. However, the presence of the damage resistant layer makes conventional mechanical and laser cutting of the ion-exchanged glass difficult. Normally, the cutting process will lead to spontaneous glass sheet breakage or shattering. Even successful in some samples, the underlying central tension is exposed on the edge, and the mechanical strength and durability of this edge is degraded. The repair of edge cracks becomes an extremely important issue for the development of single glass based smart phone. The ion exchanged glass plates (Corning IOX-FS) with a thickness of 0.7 mm were selected as the substrate materials. After cutting ion exchanged glass by high penetration diamond scribing wheels, the edge of glass plates can be protected or strengthened with silica sol using roll coating process. It was observed that the strength could be improved achieving 210 % compared to the strength of uncoated glass sheets. The sol-gel coating could improve the strength of the glass mainly by the mechanisms of filling in edge flaws or blunting crack tips. The effects of silica sol and processing parameters of roll coating process on the cracks filling effects were investigated.
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Cupać, Jagoda, Christian Louter, and Alain Nussbaumer. "Post-tensioning of glass beams: Analytical determination of the allowable pre-load." Glass Structures & Engineering 6, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-021-00150-0.
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AbstractThe effectiveness of post-tensioning in enhancing the fracture resistance of glass beams depends on the level of compressive pre-stress introduced at the glass edge surface that will in service be exposed to tensile stresses induced by bending. Maximum pre-load that can be applied in a post-tensioned glass beam system, yielding maximum compressive pre-stress, is limited by various failure mechanisms which might occur during post-tensioning. In this paper, failure mechanisms are identified for a post-tensioned glass beam system with a flat stainless steel tendon adhesively bonded at the bottom glass edge, including the rupture of the tendon, glass failure in tension and adhesive/glass failure in the load introduction zone. Special attention is given to the load introduction failure given that the transparent nature of glass limits the use of vertical confinement usually applied in concrete. An analytical model for determination of the allowable pre-load in post-tensioned glass beams is proposed, based on the model applied for externally post-tensioned concrete beams. The model is verified with the results of a numerical model, showing good correlation, and applied in a parametric study to determine the influence of various beam parameters on the effectiveness of post-tensioning glass beams.
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McArthur, Kayli N., and Pamela B. Vandiver. "Reverse Engineering Eighth Century C.E. Window Glass Processing at Sardis, Turkey." MRS Advances 2, no. 35-36 (2017): 1911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.226.
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ABSTRACTFrom the early eighth century CE Byzantine shops next to the Synagogue and Bath-Gymnasium Complex at Sardis, Turkey, were excavated from 1958 to 1969 more than 50 pounds, or about 350 panes of transparent flat glass sheets interpreted as window glass. Examination using optical microscopy showed little variation in size, shape, thickness, edge shape, tool marks, bubble and cord elongation and alignment. Microstructural and compositional variation of weathered surfaces and unweathered cross sections were studied using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM-EDS). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to determine glass transition temperature range. Three traditional window-forming methods have been described in the glass technology literature: crown, plate and cylinder. The Sardis glass is most similar to criteria expected for cylinder glass, but significant differences were documented. Consistently patterned characteristics evidence a developed technological practice. Replicative tests were conducted using various forming sequences. Wooden and ceramic two-piece molds were made to overblow one or both ends, and hot glass threads were used to thermal shock the cylinder ends and to make a vertical crack that allowed opening during a reheating and slumping operation. These reconstructed methods fit the observed microstructural and macrostructural characteristics of the glass sheets. Analysis of glass manufacturing methods in antiquity contribute to the historical knowledge of craft practices and to the interpretation of industrial debris excavated at markets and industrial workshops.
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Tseng, Shih-Feng, Wen-Tse Hsiao, Kuo-Cheng Huang, Chien-Yao Huang, and Chang-Pin Chou. "Investigation of Profile Cutting on Glass Plates Using a Pulsed UV Laser System." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 3 (May 5, 2011): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0270.
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A solid-state ultraviolet laser with a circular processing path was used for profile cutting on soda-lime glass plates. Simulation results show that decreasing scanning speed and path spacing and increasing circular processing path frequency yields a smooth cutting edge for the same processing length. Profile glass-plate cutting shows the machined surface with more obvious roughness and numerous microcracks near areas of laser focus than in areas of laser defocusing. This phenomenon is attributed to high laser-energy density and strongly affecting surface roughness.
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Volokitin, Gennadii G., Viktor A. Vlasov, Nelly Skripnikova, Oleg Volokitin, and Valentin Shekhovtsov. "Plasma Technologies in Construction Industry." Key Engineering Materials 781 (September 2018): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.781.143.
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The paper introduces plasma technologies developed at the Department of Applied Mechanics and Materials Science (TSUAB, Tomsk, Russia). These technologies include the processing techniques for silica glass, microspheres, and protective-decorative coatings for silicate materials using the low-temperature plasma. The plasma effect on silicate materials is described in this paper.
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Sanders, Kay, Freek Bos, Erwin ten Brincke, and Jan Belis. "Edge strength of core drilled and waterjet cut holes in architectural glass." Glass Structures & Engineering 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-021-00146-w.
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AbstractIn structural glass design, an often-applied connection is a bolted connection subjected to in-plane tensile loads. Traditionally, the hole in the glass pane is manufactured by core drilling and conical edge finishing. An alternative method is by waterjet cutting the holes, resulting in cylindrically shaped holes. This research compares the edge strength of core drilled and waterjet cut holes. It focuses on in-plane tensile tests and consists of an experimental part in combination with a numerical part. In the in-plane tensile tests, peak stresses occur perpendicular to the load direction. These stresses are found to be higher for waterjet cut holes (+ 13%) compared to core drilled holes. As a result, the characteristic ultimate load is lower for waterjet cut holes (− 16%). Furthermore, the influence of thermally toughening the glass is found to be more favourable for the characteristic ultimate load of specimens containing core drilled holes than it is for waterjet cut holes. Next to that, it was found that the ultimate load linearly increases with the panel thickness. Eccentric loading, caused by insufficient bushing material or rotation of the bolt, only slightly decreases the ultimate load, provided that no hard contact between bolt and glass occurs. In addition, coaxial double ring tests were performed in the hole area, showing that waterjet cut holes result in larger stresses near the hole edge than core drilled holes. Furthermore, waterjet cut holes are found not to be perfectly round, while drilled holes are. This un-roundness negatively influences the ultimate load and the stresses in the glass; the larger the extent of un-roundness, the higher the stresses and the lower the ultimate load. Also, the orientation of the un-round hole is of influence on the stresses and ultimate load for the tensile test. It is concluded that waterjet cut holes result in lower characteristic ultimate loads and higher stresses. Due to the different edge finishing, the ultimate load still is lower compared to core drilled holes, even if the waterjet cut holes are perfectly round.
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Zhao, Douyan, Zhaoyang Zhang, Hao Zhu, Zenghui Cao, and Kun Xu. "An Investigation into Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Discharge Machining of Transparent Insulating Hard-Brittle Material." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010022.
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Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) and laser machining are emerging nontraditional machining technologies suitable for micro-processing of insulating and hard-brittle materials typified by glass. However, poor machinability of glass is a major constraint, which remains to be solved. For the micro-grooves processed by ECDM, the bottom surface is usually uneven and associated with protrusion structures, while the edges are not straight with obvious wave-shaped heat-affected zones (HAZs) and over-cutting. Besides, the cross section of the micro-grooves processed by the laser is V-shape with a large taper. To solve these problems, this study proposed the laser-assisted ECDM for glass micro-grooving, which combines ECDM and laser machining. This study compared morphological features of the single processing method and the hybrid processing method. The results show that ECDM caused cylindrical protrusions at the bottom of the microgrooves. After processing these micro-grooves by laser, the cylindrical protrusions were removed. However, the edge quality of the microgrooves was still poor. Therefore, we used the laser to get microgrooves first, so we got micro-grooves with better edge quality. Then we use ECDM to improve the taper of microgrooves and the cross-sectional shape of the microgrooves transformed from a V-shape to a U-shape.
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Plodinec, M. J. "Up Close: Immobilization of High-Level Nuclear Waste at the Savannah River Plant." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 5 (August 1987): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067592.
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At the Savannah River Plant (SRP), construction of what will be the world's largest solidification facility for nuclear waste has been under way since 1983. Beginning in 1990, the nearly 100 million liters of liquid high-level nuclear waste now stored on the site will be made into a durable borosilicate glass in this Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF).In developing a slurry-fed melting process for the DWPF, we made advances in understanding both glass processing and glass durability. This article focuses on what we learned and what further advances are likely to be made.Generally speaking, the goal of any glass technologist is to make a good glass and to make it well. In the glass industry a good product is whatever people will buy. To make it well means, above all, to make the product as economically as possible. Thus, the commercial glass technologist will control the composition of the melter feed material very closely to ensure that only the components necessary for glass performance are included, and in the least expensive form possible. The commercial glass technologist may also tolerate low yields or specify several stages of post-melt processing if it is necessary to produce a product to demanding specifications.To the nuclear waste glass technologist, however, a good product is one which will be stable in geologic environments for millions of years.
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Popa, Cicerone Laurentiu, Costel Emil Cotet, Diana Popescu, Mihai Florin Solea, Simona Gheorghiţa Şaşcîm (Dumitrescu), and Tiberiu Dobrescu. "Material flow design and simulation for a glass panel recycling installation." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 7 (May 28, 2018): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18775487.
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The current paper presents the design of a glass panels recycling flow and the method used for establishing the optimal processing installation architecture. In the solution provided in the current research, a novel approach centred on applying digital twinning in the design of the requested processing architecture is presented. It involves designing the virtual prototype of the diffused processing architecture and modelling the glass waste flow as a hybrid material flow. Dedicated analysis and simulation software is then used for establishing installation architecture and the specific parameters for each processing and transport capacity. The assessment of different processing scenarios by virtual modelling and simulations can also be used for exploring options to increase productivity and profit for other different recycling architectures. The main practical value of the study consists of creating the means to improve the waste recycling of automotive windshields, float glass or construction glass panels with metallic meshes, all representing categories of waste insufficiently recycled in Romania. The simulation results of the study were validated by tests made on the glass panel recycling installation. Also, a recovery glass rate of minimum 85% of the amount of waste loaded into the recycling system was achieved, obtaining a waste recycling quantity three times higher than initially anticipated.
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Lin, M. R., J. E. Ritter, L. Rosenfeld, and T. J. Lardner. "Measuring the interfacial shear strength of thin polymer coatings on glass." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 5 (May 1990): 1110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1110.
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The interfacial adhesive shear strengths of four commercial polymer coatings on soda-lime glass were measured by the microindentation and single lap shear tests. The indentation interfacial shear strengths were over an order of magnitude greater and exhibited significantly less variability than those measured by lap shear. It is believed that the indentation test measures the “intrinsic” interfacial shear strength of the bonded coatings, whereas the lap shear strengths are controlled by large processing flaws (pores in this study) in the region of stress concentration near the overlap edge.
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Du, Hai, Muguo Li, and Juan Meng. "Study of fluid edge detection and tracking method in glass flume based on image processing technology." Advances in Engineering Software 112 (October 2017): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.04.007.
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Horák, Marcel, František Novotný, Michal Starý, and Josef Černohorský. "Aspects of a Safety Operation of Service Robots on Glass Walls." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.461.
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The paper focuses on problems of the safety operation of service robots on glass facades of high-rise buildings exposed to a local additional load during the robot motion and any subsequent service operation (e.g. cleaning, diagnostics, mounting). Owing to afraid of a possible glass cracking and a subsequent destruction, the authors pay attention to an analysis of the strength of façade glass sheets being in contact with the robot holding-down vacuum system as well as with the supporting steel construction. With a view of appraising a state of stress, a computer model was build up respecting the real composition of façade glass, material properties and contact edge conditions. The paper presents achieved results by means of graphic outputs, and in conclusion, it discusses them with aim to supply owners of service robots from a sphere of the building administration a number of details.
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Pont, Ulrich, Magdalena Wöltzl, Matthias Schuss, Peter Schober, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Exploring novel solutions for incorporating vacuum glazing in new and existing window constructions." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 24006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017224006.
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This contribution discusses recent progress in development of windows equipped with vacuum glass. Vacuum glazing is commonly understood as glass products consisting of two parallel glass panes with a very narrow gap. Moreover, they feature a tight edge seal and house a grid of distance pillars. During production the gap is evacuated. As a result, vacuum glazing products widely eliminate convective heat transfer and minimize conductive heat transfer. As such, they represent highly-insulating glass products that regularly feature U-values in the range of triple-glazing, or even below (about 0.2 to 0.3 W.m-2.K-1). While the research pertaining to the development of vacuum glass can be traced back to the first patent of 1913 [1], relatively few research efforts have been conducted regarding the application of vacuum glazing in window constructions. In this context, the present contribution focuses on the application of vacuum glass products in window constructions. Toward this end, two application cases are addressed in detail. One effort addresses the application of vacuum glass in new window constructions. The major objective of this effort is the reduction of heat flow through the window construction. Thereby, innovative paradigms involving multiple operation, size, and construction options are considered. The second case deal with the potential of vacuum glazing products in view of deployment in thermal retrofit of existing buildings. This application case does not only focus on the thermal performance of the windows, but also on the necessity to protect the appearance of heritage building facades (including those of the historical window constructions). As such, vacuum glazing products provide an alternative to replacing existing windows with high-insulating triple-glazed products.
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Chen, Kuo-Shen, Tian-Shiang Yang, Ron-Can Hong, Tz-Cheng Chiu, and Mao-Chi Lin. "Thermo-mechanical analysis of laser peeling of ultrathin glass for removing edge flaws in web processing applications." Microsystem Technologies 24, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-017-3300-5.
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Zhou, Junxiao, Haoliang Qian, Ching-Fu Chen, Junxiang Zhao, Guangru Li, Qianyi Wu, Hailu Luo, Shuangchun Wen, and Zhaowei Liu. "Optical edge detection based on high-efficiency dielectric metasurface." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (May 17, 2019): 11137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820636116.
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Optical edge detection is a useful method for characterizing boundaries, which is also in the forefront of image processing for object detection. As the field of metamaterials and metasurface is growing fast in an effort to miniaturize optical devices at unprecedented scales, experimental realization of optical edge detection with metamaterials remains a challenge and lags behind theoretical proposals. Here, we propose a mechanism of edge detection based on a Pancharatnam–Berry-phase metasurface. We experimentally demonstrated broadband edge detection using designed dielectric metasurfaces with high optical efficiency. The metasurfaces were fabricated by scanning a focused laser beam inside glass substrate and can be easily integrated with traditional optical components. The proposed edge-detection mechanism may find important applications in image processing, high-contrast microscopy, and real-time object detection on compact optical platforms such as mobile phones and smart cameras.
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Polat, Dilan, and Mustafa Güden. "Processing and characterization of geopolymer and sintered geopolymer foams of waste glass powders." Construction and Building Materials 300 (September 2021): 124259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124259.
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Kraus, M. A., and M. Drass. "Artificial intelligence for structural glass engineering applications — overview, case studies and future potentials." Glass Structures & Engineering 5, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-020-00132-8.
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Abstract’Big data’ and the use of ’Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) is currently advancing due to the increasing and even cheaper data collection and processing capabilities. Social and economical change is predicted by numerous company leaders, politicians and researchers. Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) are sub-types of AI, which are gaining high interest within the community of data scientists and engineers worldwide. Obviously, this global trend does not stop at structural glass engineering, so that, the first part of the present paper is concerned with introducing the basic theoretical frame of AI and its sub-classes of ML and DL while the specific needs and requirements for the application in a structural engineering context are highlighted. Then this paper explores potential applications of AI for different subjects within the design, verification and monitoring of façades and glass structures. Finally, the current status of research as well as successfully conducted industry projects by the authors are presented. The discussion of specific problems ranges from supervised ML in case of the material parameter identification of polymeric interlayers used in laminated glass or the prediction of cut-edge strength based on the process parameters of a glass cutting machine and prediction of fracture patterns of tempered glass to the application of computer vision DL methods to image classification of the Pummel test and the use of semantic segmentation for the detection of cracks at the cut edge of glass. In the summary and conclusion section, the main findings for the applicability and impact of AI for the presented structural glass research and industry problems are compiled. It can be seen that in many cases AI, data, software and computing resources are already available today to successfully implement AI projects in the glass industry, which is demonstrated by the many current examples mentioned. Future research directories however will need to concentrate on how to introduce further glass-specific theoretical and human expert knowledge in the AI training process on the one hand and on the other hand more pronunciation has to be laid on the thorough digitization of workflows associated with the structural glass problem at hand in order to foster the further use of AI within this domain in both research and industry.
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Helmus, Rhena, James Kratz, Kevin Potter, Pascal Hubert, and Roland Hinterhölzl. "An experimental technique to characterize interply void formation in unidirectional prepregs." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 5 (July 28, 2016): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316650273.
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Out-of-autoclave prepreg processing requires evacuation of volatiles in the early stages of processing to achieve an acceptable final void content. In this study, single prepreg plies were laid-up onto a glass tool to simulate a ply–ply interface, to gain an understanding of initial air entrapment and eventual removal mechanisms. The contact was recorded during processing with various edge breathing configurations to identify the relationship between evacuation pathways and contact evolution. The existence of preferential flow channels along the fibre direction of the material was demonstrated by characterizing the prepreg surface. Gas evacuation in those channels prevented contact during an extended ambient temperature vacuum hold. The contact between the prepreg and glass tool equilibrated around 80% during the ambient vacuum hold, and reached full contact at elevated temperature after a brief loss in contact due to moisture vaporization, when the resin pressure decreased to below the water vapour pressure.
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Rincón, Jesús Ma. "Vitreous and Ceramic Processing for the Recycling of Industrial Wastes." Key Engineering Materials 663 (September 2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.663.11.
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Since last decades both processes for the production of glass and ceramic materials (known by the generic name of "vitrification") and the processing of the usual ceramic materials ("sintering") are being investigated as a possible way to isolate, inmobilize and even recycling of industrial wastes as a source of "secondary raw materials". Starting from this point of view, the basis for the processing of some of wastes investigated by the author in the last decades are exposed, namely: metallurgy (muds or sludges...), residues from the production of energy (generation power plants, incinerators, nuclear power plants ...) wastes coming from the treatment of minerals and rocks (dumps, mine tailings, muds and machining of natural stone ...), as well as electrical wastes, demolition wastes and finally biomass residues which have been investigated in the recent years. This type of waste and mixtures give rise to synthetic materials with wide uses in construction and public works. Indeed, these are the only industries able to management of high volumes which may be suitable for absorbing a new range of glass, ceramic and glass-ceramic materials from all type of wastes. Experimental results obtained in last decades allow to conclude that both sintering processes as well as vitrification can be considered as an actual and useful, at least partially, for solving the environmental problems generated by all type of wastes.
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Yang, Jing Kai, Hong Li Zhao, Li Ping Zhao, and Jian Li. "Optical and Micro-Mechanical Properties of Ag-Based Low-E Glass by Magnetron Sputtering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.977.
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Ag-based low-E films with a multilayer construction of top-Si3N4/SnO2/NiCrOx/Ag/ZnO/ NiCrOx/TiO2/under-SiOxNy were deposited on unheated glass by vacuum magnetron sputtering and then post-treated in the glass tempering furnace at 675±25°C for 4 min, 5 min and 6 min, respectively. The effects of tempering time on the surface morphology, optical and micro-mechanical properties have been investigated. The results show that the edge of the particles become vague with the increasing time. After tempering, the transmittance of 550 nm is higher than that of the as-deposited glass of 75.89%. Ag-based Low-E films tempered at 675±25°C for 6 min possess the biggest value of the figure of merit of 6.86×10-3 Ω-1 and exhibits the optimal optoelectronic properties. The composite nanohardness increase from 8.04 GPa to 9.23 GPa and the elastic modulus increases from 62.39 GPa to 84.58 GPa when tempered from 0 min to 6 min.
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Kyzioł, Lesław. "Composite Materials for Warship Constructions." Journal of KONES 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0100.
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AbstractThe article presents the basic properties of composite materials used for the construction of special ships. Static and dynamic characteristics of materials such as wood and polyester-glass composites are presented. Noteworthy are materials such as surface modified wood and polyester-glass composites with the addition of recyclate. Composite materials are widely used materials for the construction of non-magnetic warships. The article describes the properties of surface modified wood with polymethyl methacrylate and a polyester-glass composite with the addition of recyclate. The recyclate is fragmented, milled polyester-glass scrap. The content of the recyclate greatly affects the mechanical properties of the composite. The properties of the composite with the addition of recyclate depend on the recyclate content as well as the production technology and size of the recycled granulates. The test results showed that the increase in the recycled content causes a decrease in the mechanical properties of the composite. However, it should be remembered that these materials originated from waste, waste that is not subject to self-degradation, which have a very negative impact on the natural environment. At present, where there is a very large pollution of the natural environment, the processing and management of huge amounts of composite waste is an essential goal. A significant amount of recyclate significantly reduces the mechanical properties of the composite; however, the same large amount of recycled material has been transformed and used. The manufactured material and its structural elements are still non-magnetic structures and can be used on a less loaded element. The choice of material for the construction of special ships elements is determined not only by its properties but also by knowledge, experience, method of processing, economic and technical risk.
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Tang, Yan, Yuxiang Zhang, Guanshun Xie, Youxiong Zheng, Jianwei Yu, Li Gao, and Bingxin Liu. "Construction of Rutile-TiO2 Nanoarray Homojuction for Non-Contact Sensing of TATP under Natural Light." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040409.
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Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a new terrorist explosive, and most nitrogen-based sensors fail to detect TATP. Herein, a sea urchin-like TiO2-covered TiO2 nanoarray is constructed as a TATP-sensitive homojunction (HJ) by one step hydrothermal method. By taking fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) conducting glass as the substrate, the conducting glass is horizontally and vertically put in the reactor to epitaxially grow TiO2–FTO, TiO2–ITO, TiO2–FTO–HJ and TiO2–ITO–HJ. TiO2–FTO–HJ shows a broad absorption band edge in the visible region and high sensitivity to TATP under the simulating natural light compared with TiO2–FTO, TiO2–ITO, and TiO2–ITO–HJ. E-field intensity distribution simulation reveals that constructing homojunctions between the urchin-shaped TiO2 nanosphere and TiO2 nanoarrays can enhance the localized electromagnetic field intensity at the interface of junctions, which may provide photocatalysis active sites to reduce TATP molecules by promoting charge separation. Moreover, the TiO2–FTO–HJ shows high selectivity to TATP among ammonium nitrate, urea and sulfur, which are common homemade explosive raw materials.
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Neagu-Cogălniceanu, Camelia. "Technique Achievement of Glass Objects Using Kiln Casting Method." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.61.
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In the context of the competitive actual environment, the production need to adapt to the preferences of the consumers, this represents the essential goal for all manufacturers. The production flexibility can be achieved by designing and marketing of new products or/and modify existing products in short time and at low cost. The technique presented in these article addresses of manufacturers and designers who made glass products unique or small series, adapted to consumer demands. In recent decades, digital fabrication methods are developed in various fields (aeronautics, shipbuilding, automotive, construction, architecture, industrial design and so on) and gained great popularity due to relevant advantages over the traditional production methods. Sculptural surfaces (also called free form surfaces) of the product with aestethetic requirements and/or functional role can be achieved through various technologies RP & M (Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing). The Rapid Prototyping technologies can be grouped unto two major categories. First one refers to additive processes RP. From this point of view there are over 40 different types such as: stereo lithography (SL), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), 3D Printing (3DP), Solid Ground Curring (GSC) and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The second one consists of subtractive Rapid Prototyping. Subtractive Rapid Prototyping (SRP) is one of the methods used for processing digital models into physical objects used for RP and for Rapid Tooling (RT). It is difficult to say what method is the best RP/RT; every one of them has advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the appropriate method depends on many factors, such as: product geometry, material type, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness on finished product, and so on. The starting point of this work consists in three photographs that are digitally processed to achieve the expansion of 2D in 3D structure. The expanded model is imported into computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. The parameters required to processing on Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine are set, in order to obtain the shape of the casting mold. The schedule of heat treatment for glass is adapted according to the characterics of glass, mold material and the type of kiln. Rheological behaviour of glass has a key parameter in processing glass. The steps of kiln casting process (temperature ramps, heat treatment time) are choose at some values of viscosity (also called viscosity points ) related with glass type and size of object. The presented method can be successfully used in the manufacturing process offering to companies the possibility of increasing the capacity of new product development.
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Rychkov, Daniel, Dmitry Lobanov, and Aleksey Kuznetsov. "Achieving high quality surface of laminated glass-reinforced plastics during milling." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401044.
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Milling is one of the most common ways of workpiece machining, but obtaining a high quality surface of laminated composite materials is difficult due to their layered structure, high strength characteristics and low heat conductivity. This poses a problem of creating a milling technology that provides a high quality surface. This research investigates STEF -1 glass-fiber plastic with fine grain structure processed on the equipment with high cutting speed. The object of the research is roughness Ra as a quality criterion. Our glass-fiber plastic milling experiments demonstrate that the surface quality depends to a large extent on the cutting modes and the wear level of the tool cutting edge which is determined by the size of the wear bevel on the flank surface. The blade of the cutting tool is established to wear unevenly during glass-fiber plastic processing as it interacts with two different materials. We recommend the wear bevel on the flank surface to be less than 0.35 mm to ensure the high quality of the laminated composite material surface. The cutting modes should be within the following range: feed per tooth is 0.15 ÷ 0.17 mm/tooth, cutting depth is 0.5 ÷ 0.9 mm, cutting speed is above 45 m/s, with the cutting part of the tool being made of high-strength instrumental materials.
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Zhang, Chuan Ji, and Zhi Xiong Huang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters/Glass Fiber by In Situ Process." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1435.
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Liquid crystalline polyesters containing central biphenylene moiety in the mesogenic unit with ester linkages to the different lengths of flexible spacers were synthesized using melt polycondensation reaction. Glass fiber, as a reinforce, was meltpolymerized with 4-acetoxybenzoic(ABA),4,4＇-diacetoxybiphenyl and terephthalic acid(TA) to make TLCPs with a good mechanical properties. All the obtained compounds were characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods. The thermal behavior of the polymers has been characterized using polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of monomer structure and mechanical properties has been investigated on the prepared polyesters and is also compared with that of the analogous polyester by other processing mode. Optical microscopy showed a highly threaded liquid crystalline texture to a high birefringent Schlierene texture characteristic of the nematic phase for all polyesters. DSC experiments were also found in accord with mesophase formation. The melting points of polymers having a central 4,4’-biphenyldicarboxylate residue have two broad endotherms. The glass transition temperature values of polyesters are not effect by the glass fiber. According to the SEM result showed that the composite had strong fiber-matrix adhesion. From the mechanical test result, it showed that TLCP are reinforced by rigid fiber further improvement of properties depending on fiber content, fiber fabric construction, fiber type. The mechanical properties of GF/TLCP had been improved greatly as the content of glass fiber was increased,but GF/TLCP mechanical properties do not improve remarkably as glass fiber content more than 30wt%.The effect of copolymerization with added glass fiber in synthesis process is compared with that of the anlogous homopolyesters by other processing mode. Our finding shows that the copolymers exhibit reduced technical process and maintained mechanical properties.
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Getahun Dessie, Yabibal, Bachirou Guene Lougou, Qi Hong, Tan Heping, Zhang Juqi, Gao Baohai, and Islam Md Arafat. "Thermal Performance Analysis of a Solar Reactor Designed for Syngas Production." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133405.
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The design elements considered during the construction of a thermochemical reactor determine its thermal performance. This current study investigated the effect of design elements, such as boundary layer thickness, insulating materials for the outlet tube design and fluid inlet locations of the frustum, on the thermal performance of a proposed syngas production reactor with incident radiation heat transfer through quartz glass. The P1 radiation approximation model and fluid flow in the shallow path were integrated into a proposed radiation model. The result indicated that inlet mass flow rates from 5 × 10−4 to 14 × 10−4 kg/s increased the temperature in the cavity and the outlet. The fluid inlet located at the top of the quartz glass edges was found to have better thermal performance and maximum average outlet temperature. Insulation for fluid inlets tube above the quartz glass edges of the frustum was very important for the prevention of radiation loss through quartz glass and sedimentation of fluid particles around the quartz glass edge, and the facilitation of fast heat transfer towards the internal part of the reactor. The outlet that was a tube designed using an aluminum oxide-type insulator with a 50 mm boundary layer thickness was found to increase the average outlet temperature of the reactor. This study revealed that fluid entry and exit locations on the frustum and proper fluid outlet design were critical for the thermal performance analysis of the solar thermochemical reactor for heat transfer with quartz glass. Findings from this study will be of relevance to chemical and power engineering sectors, as well as academia.
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Shang Guan, Lin Jian, Yang Yang, and Jie Yang. "Double Scale Coupling Model of Plastic Injection Molding." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2148.
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The process of short fiber reinforced injection molding is a typical multi-scale problem, it has become a cutting-edge issue of the field of polymer molding to study clearly the mesoscopic structure changing rules in the whole molding processing. Aiming at the processing of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene injection, basing on the foundation of macro continuum medium model, approximated short fiber reinforced injection molding process as macro-mesoscopic double scale problem composed by macro-flow and small-scale short fiber movement, establish the double scale model, which couple Mesoscopic fiber orientation. And the cooling crystallization model was established by learning from multi-scale simulation of liquid metal crystallization method.
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Jaśkiewicz, Robert. "Comparison of Composite Laminates Machining Methods and its Influence on Process Temperature and Edge Quality." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2019, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0022.
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Abstract The article presents the description of technological trials and the results of three methods of machining carbon fiber reinforced composites panels. It also reviews the literature concerned heat affected zone in composites and its influence on material properties. As a part of the research, the cutting method using diamond coated saw was tested, as well as the milling method with two different types of carbide milling cutters. The processing of the panels was done using 4-axis CNC machine with special adapter for cutting discs in Composite Testing Laboratory (Center for Composite Technologies, Warsaw Institute of Aviation). The methods were compared in terms of machined edge quality and panel temperature during the processes. For this purpose, thermocouples were mounted into panels. Records from thermocouples were included. Edge quality and surface roughness have been checked by microscopic observation. Additionally, samples machined by each evaluated processing method were tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The method was used to determine the glass transition temperature of the tested material. The article conclusions contain a comparison of three processing methods in terms of cutting quality, process temperature, processing method productivity as well as DSC tests results.
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Shen, Xuefei, Yi Yang, Shanshan Tian, Yu Zhao, and Tao Chen. "Microfluidic array chip based on excimer laser processing technology for the construction of in vitro graphical neuronal network." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 35, no. 3 (May 2020): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911520918395.
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To construct a graphical neural network in vitro and explore the morphological effects of neural network structural changes on neurons, this study aimed to introduce a method for fabricating microfluidic array chips with different graphical structures based on 248-nm excimer laser one-step etching. Through the comparative analysis of the graphical neural network cultured on our microfluidic array chip with the one on the glass slide, the morphological effects of the neural network on the morphology of the neurons were studied. First, the design of the chip was completed according to the specific structure of the neurons and the simulation of the flow field. The chips were fabricated by excimer laser processing combined with the casting technology. Neurons were cultured on the chip, and a graphical neural network was formed. The growth status of the neural network was analyzed by microscopy and immunofluorescence technology, and compared with the random neural network cultured on glass slides. The results showed that the neurons on the array chips grew in microchannels, and neurites grew along the direction of the channel, interlacing to form a neural network. Furthermore, when the structure of the neural network was graphically changed, the internal neuron morphology changed: on the same culture days, the maximum length of the neurites of the graphical neural network was higher than the average length of the neurites of the random neural network. This research can provide the foundation for the exploration of the neural network mechanism of neurological diseases.
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Oliveira, João Victor da Cunha, Frankslale Fabian Diniz de Andrade Meira, and Kennedy Flávio Meira de Lucena. "Highlights on the properties of the soda-lime-silicate glass residue that enable its use as filler in ultra-high performance concrete." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): e59310313801. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13801.
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The exponential advancement of cutting-edge technologies in the scope of civil construction, seeks to give cement-based materials the eco-efficient potential linked to mechanical performance that enables different applications. This work aims to evaluate the glass residue regarding the pozzolanic potential through ABNT NBR 5752:2014, as well as to verify whether through the characterization tests of x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction and laser diffraction granulometry, if it is viable of application as supplementary cementitious material (filler), in ultra-high performance concrete. The glass residue submitted to the tests proposed in this study, was crushed in a jaw crusher, milled in a bench ball mill at 47 rpm, and was sieved in a 75 µm opening mesh (ABNT nº 200 mesh). For the test of pozzolanic activity, CP II F-40 class cement, normal sand, water from the public supply network, and superplasticizer additive were used for the mix with 25% of the residue replacing cement, while for the other characterization techniques, the glass residue was applied in its processed form (after sieving), dry or wet. The evaluated glass residue did not reach the minimum rate of 75% established by ABNT NBR 5752:2014, achieving only 45.72%, being classified as non-pozzolanic, which indicates its inert behavior in the presence of calcium hydroxide. The characterization tests confirmed, based on the specialized literature on ultra-high performance concrete, its viability as a filler when adopted as an alternative raw material for presenting chemical and mineralogical composition, in addition to granulometric distribution, very close to those used in studies that demonstrated satisfactory results when using the glass residue as an input.
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Filonova, M. I., R. O. Dias Gonzalez, A. A. Sukhotzkiy, A. S. Kozeruk, and A. V. Semchuonok. "Technological Features in Processing of Conical Lenses." Science & Technique 19, no. 6 (November 27, 2020): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-6-521-527.
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The paper presents the technology of obtaining flat-conical lenses (axicons) by the method of free grinding a work-piece to a flat tool through a layer of abrasive suspension. For this, theoretical and experimental studies of the regularities of stock removal from the base of the cone and its lateral surface have been carried out. The processing modes have been identified that ensure both uniform operation of the flat surface of the part and enhanced removal of the allowance in the edge or central zone of this surface. During the study of the processing of the conical surface, the set-up parameters of the technological equipment have been established, at which there is a minimum deviation of the generatrix of the cone from straightness and maximum productivity of the process. The stages of processing conical lenses are proposed, which allow to assign the optimal sequence of operations in the manufacture of this type of parts from blanks of a cylindrical shape in cases where the ratio of the height of the cone to the diameter of its base H/d £ 0.5. The main stages of processing include: grinding of the bases of cylindrical blanks with maintaining their mutual parallelism with a given accuracy; polishing one of the cylinder bases to achieve the required roughness and deviation from non-flatness; fastening a cylindrical blank to an auxiliary plane-parallel glass plate using molecular cohesion forces; mechanical fastening of a cylindrical work-piece with a collet adapter mandrel for a plane-parallel glass plate; applying the nearest sphere to the second base of the cylindrical blank; drawing a conical surface on the spherical part of a plano-convex lens; grinding and polishing the conical surface to achieve the required roughness and straightness of the cone generatrix. The degree of efficiency of the setup parameters of the machine has been revealed depending on the technological heredity of the work-piece from the point of view of the distribution of the allowance to be removed over the machined surface.
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Yu, Y., and Shu Xing Xu. "Research on the Application Technology of Linear CCD in Dynamic Measuring Molten Tin Glass Surface." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.169.
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In this paper, the characteristics of the high temperature environment in tin bath and the practical glassmaking of float glass production are analyzed. Dynamic optical measuring method is selected to measure glass thickness. A semiconductor laser is used for the light source and a linear CCD is used for the detector to pick up data within 600°C on the area of the tin bath. By analyzing and calculating a lot of dynamic measurement experimental data tested with the measurement device. Based upon the theory of heat transfer, the working area of the measurement device can be kept at a constant temperature near the tin bath by using a circulation water-cooling system and low temperature nitrogen. The image processing technology is used for the edge detection and the pixel subdivision in the software of the system. At the same time the factors that influence accuracy of the system are discussed and some compensation measures are also proposed. The accuracy of 5µm dynamic on-line measurement is achieved and the accuracy of static measurement is less than 1µm within the range of 2~20mm thickness of glass. All these make linear CCD can be successfully applied in the practice of high temperature environment.
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Jungmeier, Ariane, Wolfgang Wildner, Dietmar Drummer, and Ines Kühnert. "Compression-Induced Solidification: A Novel Processing Technique for Precise Thermoplastic Optical Components with Negligible Internal Stresses." ISRN Optics 2012 (July 1, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/872816.
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In the field of optical components, thermoplastics are replacing more and more glass mainly because of their better freedom of design and their cost-effective processing techniques. Nevertheless, especially lenses do not have an ideal design for plastic processing, because of their varying thickness from the centre to the edge. These lead to great differences in shrinkage due to the dif-ferent coefficients of thermal expansion of melt and solid state and, consequently, directly lead to warpage and residual stresses with state-of-the-art processing techniques. A promising solution is a new, innovative technique—compression-induced solidification (CIS)—where the melt is compressed at constant temperature until it solidifies. This results in isochronic solidification of the whole part even at high temperatures and reduces residual stresses and warpage due to the cooling of a body with homogenous shrinkage. In this paper, CIS integrated in the injection molding process is introduced, and the influence of process parameters on inner properties and dimensional accuracy of CIS polycarbonate parts are illustrated. Trials carried out indicate that an optimum level of compression pressure at the end of glass transition range and a sufficiently long period of holding time (hereinafter the adapting time) for reaching homogeneous temperatures within the melt until pressure is applied will generate parts with low residual stresses and high dimensional accuracy.
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Cao, Hui Dan, and Yu Ming Shen. "The Measurement of Liquid Level Based on Peak Image Recognition Technique." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.505.
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A new kind of device measuring liquid level automatically is developed which is composed of camera, illuminating system and industrial computer. It’s based on image measurement technology. The image of the transparent glass liquid level gauge which is installed on the volumetric tank of a flow calibration facility is captured by a camera. After a series of image pre-processing, such as interception, gamma correction, edge detection and so on, the value of liquid level which is the liquid level of the tank can be got by so called peak method. The measurement error is 0.1mm.
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Iftimie, N., Gabriel Silviu Dobrescu, and A. Savin. "Imaging Subsurface Water Pipe Using GPR and Evanescent Waves: Experimental and Simulations Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.359.
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In this paper there are presented a series of methods and algorithms for signal processing (A-scan) and image processing (B-scan) which allow an easier and more accurate interpretation of the inspection results. The methods and the algorithms were tested for detection of a buried pipe, made of glass fiber polyester composite with a diameter of 1.3m, first when the survey conditions allowed only the scanning along the pipe, the most disadvantageous situation, but it has imposed by the configuration of the examined zone. After a few days of construction works, the site was prepared for inspection, orthogonally on the first scan direction.
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Matsumoto, Hiroshi, Akira Wakazaki, Shingo Sato, Takashi Okunosono, and Chihiro Makihara. "Electromigration Reliability of Glass Ceramic Multilayer Substrate with Various Surface Finishes." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-tp67.
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The process speed of high-end servers and supercomputers are steadily increasing. As a result, the backbone of the high speed processing, such as high-end LSI (flip-chip type), and associated substrate circuits is also becoming more dense and miniaturized, while supporting higher current densities. However, recent studies indicate that the higher current density triggers an electromigration (EM) at the solder bumps connecting the under bump metallurgy (UBM) of the flip-chip pad (e.g. Ni) and substrate pads (e.g. Ni/Au). This electromigration leads to voids within the solder joints, which may result in an open circuit. As of result, the life-cycle of the packaged devices is shortened. Thus solution to the EM issue is critical. To respond to such concerns, we have studied the mechanism of the void development, by closely examining differences in diffusion rate among the connective metals - within the pads and the solders. We have mitigated the EM occurrence by reducing the differences in diffusion rate by utilizing high purity Cu for the substrate metallization pads, Cu exhibits a diffusion rate similar to Sn used in solder bumps. Also, solder wettability was improved by utilizing a solder on pad (SOP) construction. As of result we were able to successfully demonstrate an improved life-cycle of the flip-chip solder joints, while accommodating a higher current density. Furthermore, a glass ceramic substrate was used for our study. Since this particular glass ceramic substrate has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 11.8ppm/K, there is an improvement in 1st and 2nd level reliabilities associated with thermal stress from device heat generation. At the same time, it possesses a dielectric constant of 5.8, which is conductive with superior electrical performance (high speed and high frequency). Thus, this glass ceramic substrate is capable of supporting increases in current density, while sustaining high reliability.
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Tartakowski, Zenon, Maksymilian Burzyński, and Katarzyna Cimander. "Polymer composites from disposed car elements." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.287.
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In the construction of modern motor vehicles, polymer composites are increasingly used. Most of them are materials based on thermoplastics reinforced with fillers of natural or artificial origin. A serious problem for the environment is the increasing number of used vehicles, which according to EU directives should be subjected to the process of utilization. Therefore, more and more polymer elements from these vehicles are subjected to a material recycling process. Obtained "new raw materials" after the process of their modification may be an interesting material for other products of the automotive industry. Research has been carried out on the recycling of recycled automotive components made of polypropylene or polypropylene composites, which have been modified with glass flour. The tests were carried out for composites containing 25% and 50% glass filler. The composites obtained have shown favorable processing and mechanical properties. These materials may apply to technical products.
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Ghazi Wakili, K., W. Raedle, A. Krammer, A. Uehlinger, A. Schüler, and Th Stöckli. "Ug-value and edge heat loss of triple glazed insulating glass units:A comparison between measured and declared values." Journal of Building Engineering 44 (December 2021): 103031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103031.
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Dorosz, D., J. Dorosz, A. Zając, J. Żmojda, and M. Kochanowicz. "Active optical fibres for application in laser and broadband ASE sources." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-012-0078-6.
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Abstract The article brings into focus the present state of technology employing active fibres doped with rare earth (RE) ions for applications requiring power supply of several dozen watts and broadband ASE sources. Current trends in development of glasses and in construction of active fibres used in fibre sources of radiation within VIS-NIR range are presented. Technological constraints in the doping of fibre core glasses are discussed, with particular consideration of optimal RE concentration for technical applications. Characteristics of glasses are offered, and the glasses are used for manufacturing optical fibres with luminescence within the visible as well as near- and mid-infrared ranges. Also, requirements and luminescence properties concerning glasses co-doped with e.g. Nd3+/Yb3+,Tm3+/Ho3+ and Yb3+/Tb3+ are discussed. Results of research on the impact of technological parameters of glass matrices on luminescence properties of core glasses and optical fibres are quoted. For the doped glasses of which luminescence in a wide spectral range is desired, conditions for their processing into optical fibre systems are mentioned. Additionally, the impact of phonon energy in the glass on producing emission in a specified spectral range is analyzed. Furthermore, the article presents directions of technological studies to solve problems persisting in the phase of glass matrix design, as well as in determining the influence of fibre drawing process on the luminescence properties of core glasses and optical fibres, confirming the differences in luminescence stemming from the drawing process. Finally, some original designs of core glasses and active multicore fibre systems devised for construction of fibre radiation sources are presented.
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Rudolph, Enrico, Andreas Ehrlich, Sandra Gelbrich, Meike Röhrkohl, and Lothar Kroll. "Support Structures in Lightweight Design for the Construction of Resource Efficient Bridges." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.699.
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Modern civil engineering is characterized by resource and energy efficiency, and functional integration. The focus of modern architecture is therefore increasingly on free-formed buildings with organic shapes and biomorphic structures. The basis of new buildings still consists of conventional materials like steel, glass and reinforced concrete. However, the applicability of these materials is limited, regarding lightweight design, freedom of design, efficiency and functional integration. Innovative projects either cannot be implemented, or would be put to enormous costs and expenditure of resources.The theoretical and experimental basis for this functionally integrated support structure was established within the scope of the research project “New lightweight structural components and processing technologies for the application in support structures”, supported by the Sächsische Aufbaubank SAB.The main objective was to develop material and design for a lightweight modular support structure and to implement it by means of innovative production methods. New approaches included the application of glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) due to its favorable mechanical properties, low susceptibility to corrosion and load-adjusted dimensioning.In connection with the realization of the production, different technological concepts were analyzed with reference to their suitability, integration of required force transmission and further functions during and after production. The lightweight elements were analyzed on a laboratory scale with regard to their production and their mechanical properties. A holistic production and tool concept resulted from these tests, that pictures the complete process chain from textile to component. The results were implemented in practice in form of an interactive honeycomb-bridge which was built in Chemnitz.
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Memon, Saim, and Philip C. Eames. "Design and development of lead-free glass-metallic vacuum materials for the construction and thermal performance of smart fusion edge-sealed vacuum glazing." Energy and Buildings 227 (November 2020): 110430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110430.
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Shrotriya, P., N. R. Sottos, and A. F. Skipor. "Residual Stress Development during Relamination of Woven Composite Circuit Boards." Journal of Composite Materials 35, no. 10 (May 15, 2001): 905–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a037320.
Full textAbstract:
The manufacture of multilayer circuit boards involves relamination of alternating B-stage woven glass/epoxy prepregs, which act as bonding sheets, C-stage cores and copper foils. The high relamination temperature and mismatch of thermo-mechanical properties between the copper and woven glass/epoxy composite substrate lead to development of residual stresses in the boards. In the current work, numerical and experimental studies are performed to study residual deformation and warpage in a model multilayer circuit board construction of a common composite substrate (7628 fabric style). A numerical procedure based on classical lamination theory with non-isothermal viscoelastic constitutive relations is developed to predict the deformation and residual stress state due to relamination. Experimental values of the substrate stress relaxation modulus and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are used as inputs in the numerical procedure to predict warpage of model circuit boards with a non-symmetric lay-up of 7628 style composite substrate. Boards with exactly the same construction as used in the numerical analysis were fabricated according to the prescribed pressing cycle, and the time dependent warpage measured using an ultrasonic contour scan technique. Comparison of the experimental warpage data with numerical predictions provides insight into the effects of processing cycle and substrate properties on residual stress development.
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Panin, Sergey V., Lyudmila A. Kornienko, Qitao Huang, Dmitry G. Buslovich, Svetlana A. Bochkareva, Vladislav O. Alexenko, Iliya L. Panov, and Filippo Berto. "Effect of Adhesion on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Glass Fiber Composites, Based on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Powders with Various Initial Particle Sizes." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071602.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of adhesion between the non-polar, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) matrix and the glass fiber fillers of various lengths treated with the commercially available “KH-550” agent, on the mechanical and tribological properties of the UHMWPE-based composites. The motivation was to find the optimal compositions of the polymer composite, for the compression sintering manufacturing of lining plates for the protection of marine venders and construction vehicles, as well as transport equipment. It was shown that the initial powder size at equal molecular weight determined the distribution patterns of the glass fibers in the matrix, and, as a consequence, the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. Based on the obtained experimental data and the results of the calculation by a developed computer algorithm, control parameters were determined to give practical recommendations (polymer powder size and glass fiber length), for the production of the UHMWPE-composites having specified mechanical and tribological characteristics. The “GUR4022 + 10% LGF” composite, loaded with the chopped 3 mm glass fibers treated with the “KH-550”, was recommended for severe operating conditions (high loads, including impact and abrasive wear). For mild operating conditions (including cases when the silane coupling agent could not be used), the “GUR2122 + 10% MGF” and “GUR2122 + 10% LGF” composites, based on the fine UHMWPE powder, were recommended. However, the cost and technological efficiency of the filler (flowability, dispersibility) and polymer powder processing should be taken into account, in addition to the specified mechanical and tribological properties.