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1
Ghazzawi, Yousof M., Andres F. Osorio, and Michael T. Heitzmann. "Fire performance of continuous glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites: The effect of fibre architecture on the fire properties of polycarbonate composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 12 (October 23, 2018): 1705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318808052.
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The fire performance of polycarbonate resin and the role of glass fibre reinforcement in altering the fire performance was investigated. Three different fibre weaves with comparable surface density, plain, twill, and unidirectional glass fabrics, were used as reinforcements. E-glass fabrics were solution-impregnated with polycarbonate/dichloromethyl, laid up, and compression-moulded to consolidate the glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composite. Cone calorimetry tests with an incident radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 were used to investigate the fire properties of polycarbonate resin and its composites. Results showed that glass fibre reinforcement improves polycarbonate performance by delaying its ignition, decreasing its heat release rate, and lowering the mass loss rate. The three fibre weave types exhibited similar time to ignition. However, unidirectional fibre had a 35% lower peak heat release rate followed when compared to plain and twill weave fibres.
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Mathew, Merin, Kamalakanth Shenoy, and Ravishankar K. S. "Evaluation of Porosity and Water Sorption in Conventionally Cured Modified Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin - An In Vitro Study." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 13 (March 29, 2021): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/201.
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BACKGROUND Dimensional change and porosity in the polymethylmethacrylate based prosthesis affects its clinical performance. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the porosity and water sorption present in the modified polymethyl methacrylate polymer composite. METHODS Control group without fibre reinforcement and test groups with fibre reinforcement were prepared for the study. Three different fibres such as boron free-E glass fibre, untreated and plasma-treated polypropylene fibres in varying weight percentage and aspect ratio were considered for reinforcement. The porosity of the fractured surface was observed through a scanning electron microscope (scanning electron microscope) and sorption measured based on international standards organization (ISO) 1567:1999. RESULTS Control group exhibited porous structures, whereas all fibre-reinforced groups did not exhibit porous structure at the fracture surface. There was a significant difference in the sorption rate between control and test group (p < 0.001). Among fibrereinforced test groups, boron free E glass fibre reinforced polymethylmethacrylate exhibited maximum sorption followed by polypropylene fibre reinforced polymer test groups (p < 0.001). However, all samples showed sorption rate within the ISO specification. CONCLUSIONS Fiber reinforcement is an effective method to reduce porosity and water sorption in polymethylmethacrylate based polymer composite regardless of the fibre type. KEY WORDS Polymer Composite, Porosity, Water Sorption, Fiber Reinforcement, Polymethylmethacrylate
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Nosbi, Norlin, Haslan Fadli Ahmad Marzuki, Muhammad Razlan Zakaria, Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali, Fatima Javed, and Muhammad Ibrar. "Structure Property Investigation of Glass-Carbon Prepreg Waste-Polymer Hybrid Composites Degradation in Water Condition." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111434.
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The limited shelf life of carbon prepreg waste (CPW) from component manufacturing restricts its use as a composite reinforcement fibre on its own. However, CPW can be recycled with glass fibre (GF) reinforcement to develop a unique remediate material. Therefore, this study fabricated (1) a glass fibre-carbon prepreg waste reinforced polymer hybrid composite (GF-CPW-PP), (2) a polypropylene composite (PP), (3) a carbon prepreg waste reinforced composite (CPW-PP), and (4) a glass fibre reinforced composite (GF-PP) and reported their degradation and residual tension properties after immersion in water. The polymer hybrid composites were fabricated via extrusion technique with minimum reinforce glass-carbon prepreg waste content of 10 wt%. The immersion test was conducted at room temperature using distilled water. Moisture content and diffusion coefficient (DC) were determined based on water adsorption values recorded at 24-h intervals over a one-week period. The results indicated that GF-PP reinforced composites retained the most moisture post-168 h of immersion. However, hardness and tensile strength were found to decrease with increased water adsorption. Tensile strength was found to be compromised since pores produced during hydrolysis reduced interfacial bonding between glass fibre and prepreg carbon reinforcements and the PP matrix.
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Raghu, M. J., and Govardhan Goud. "Tribological Properties of Calotropis Procera Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Epoxy Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 895 (November 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.895.45.
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Natural fibers are widely used for reinforcement in polymer composite materials and proved to be effectively replacing synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites to some extent in applications like domestic, automotive and lower end aerospace parts. The natural fiber reinforced composites are environment friendly, have high strength to weight ratio as well as specific strengths comparable with synthetic glass fiber reinforced composites. In the present work, hybrid epoxy composites were fabricated using calotropis procera and glass fibers as reinforcement by hand lay-up method. The fibre reinforcement in epoxy matrix was maintained at 20 wt%. In 20 wt% reinforcement of fibre, the content of calotropis procera and glass fibre were varied from 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%. The dry sliding wear test as per ASTM G99 and three body abrasive wear test as per ASTM G65 were conducted to find the tribological properties by varying speed, load, distance and abrasive size. The hybrid composite having 5 wt% calotropis procera and 15 wt% glass fibre showed less wear loss in hybrid composites both in sliding wear test as well as in abrasive wear test which is comparable with 20 wt% glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite which marked very low wear loss. The SEM analysis was carried out to study the worn out surfaces of dry sliding wear test and three body abrasive wear test specimens.
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Santhanam, V., and M. Chandrasekaran. "Effect of Surface Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Banana-Glass Fibre Hybrid Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.7.
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Natural fibre reinforced composites have attracted the attention of research community mainly because they are turning out to be an alternative to synthetic fibre. Various natural fibres such as jute, sisal, palm, coir and banana are used as reinforcements. In this paper, banana fibres and glass fibres have been used as reinforcement. Hybrid epoxy polymer composite was fabricated using chopped banana/glass fibre and the effect of alkali treatment was also studied. It is found that the alkali treatment improved the mechanical properties of the composite.
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Friedrich, K., N. Glienke, J. Flöck, F. Haupert, and S. A. Paipetis. "Reinforcement of Damaged Concrete Columns by Filament Winding of Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 4 (May 2002): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000402.
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An experimental study was conducted to compare various composite systems with different fibres (E-glass and carbon) in two different thermoplastic matrices (PPS, PEEK) for their strengthening efficiency for wrapped concrete columns. The results indicated that the use of E-glass fibres within a polyphenylenesulfide matrix to externally reinforce concrete columns is quite effective. The carbon fibre PEEK based system does not show much improvement in the load carrying capacity. The thickness of wrap/radius of concrete column-ratio also has an influence on the strengthening efficiency. For example ten layers of glass fibre/PPS-tapes resulted in a five fold improvement of the compressive strength of the non-reinforced concrete. Predamaged samples with the same amount of reinforcement were still 4.5 times stronger than the undamaged, non-reinforced concrete.
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Pásztory, Zoltan, Zoltan Börcsök, and Dimitrios Tsalagkas. "Influence of Fibre Length on Properties of Glass-Fibre Reinforced Bark Particleboards." Drvna industrija 71, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2020.1948.
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This study was carried out to assess the feasibility of glass fibres of various lengths (12 mm, 18 mm, 24 mm and 30 mm) as reinforcement on the mechanical performance of bark particleboards intended for thermal insulation. To evaluate their efficiency, the results of fibre reinforced particleboards at mass of 3wt% concentration were compared with plain bark based boards. Thermal, physical and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) were determined on unreinforced and reinforced specimens. In general, the results of the thermal conductivity measurements indicated that the bark panels could potentially be used as feedstock for thermal insulation panels. However, the glass fibres lengths had a direct adverse effect on the mechanical behaviour of the bark particleboard, instead of providing synergistic reinforcement. Furthermore, the static bending properties, mainly the modulus of rupture, gradually decreased with increasing lengths of glass fibre.
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Amir, Norlaili, Faiz Ahmad, and Puteri S. M. Megat Yusoff. "Char Strength of Wool Fibre Reinforced Epoxy-Based Intumescent Coatings (FRIC)." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.504.
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Fire protective intumescent coating cannot insulate a base material effectively if its char lacks mechanical strength. This research therefore, studied the effects of fibre reinforcement to epoxy-based intumescent coatings char strength. The fibres used include glass wool fibre, Rockwool fibre and ceramic wool fibre of 10mm length. The three formulations mechanical performances were compared to both, a famous commercial intumescent coating and a control formulation without fibre. These coatings were fire tested up to 800°C in an electric furnace for an hour. Their chars mechanical properties were evaluated for char resistance test using predetermined weight loads. In the test, masses from 100g to 3600g were loaded continuously on top of the chars where the fibre reinforced intumescent coating (FRIC) has shown better strength and resistance to deformation. As a result, they produced lower percentage of height reduction i.e. 34% - 83% different when compared to unreinforced coating. Control char also ruptured at as low as 4N load. It was deduced that fire insulative wool fibres are effective reinforcement for improved char strength of the FRIC.
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Nanjan, Subramani, and Ganesh Murali Janakiram. "Characteristics of A6061/(Glass Fibre + AL2O3 + SiC + B4C) Reinforced Hybrid Composite Prepared through STIR Casting." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (November 29, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6104049.
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In this article, A6061 and its reinforcement particles like aluminium oxide/glass fibres/SiCp/B4C (4% and 5%) with mixed composite and aluminium oxide/SiCp/B4C mixed without glass fibre composite are produced with different proportions using the stir casting method. Here, some experimental study is carried out on the composite layer through scanning electron microscopy and XRD test to show the influence of the reinforcement on A6061, and the percentage of gold-silver-copper (AuAgCu), aluminium-zinc (ZA), and palladium deuteride is increased in this composition and justified through the graphical representation of the XRD image. Mechanical properties of the stir casting composites were evaluated through microhardness, wear test under 200 rpm and 300 rpm and 20 N and 50 N, and tensile tests. The results were compared with the properties of the base metal, with glass fibre reinforcement specimen and without adding glass fibre specimen; this will help us to check the strength and weakness of the glass fibres in A6061.
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Khan, Raza Muhammad, and Asim Mushtaq. "Effect of Reinforced Glass Fibre on the Mechanical Properties of Polyamide." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.64.1.2021.10.18.
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The aim of this study is to enhance the tensile and flexural strength of polyamide (nylon 6, 6) by incorporation of glass fibre. Nylon has high elasticity, strength, toughness and maintain mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. The method employed for enhancement of properties is by the reinforcement of glass fibre. Glass fibre is the most extensively used reinforcement material. It is a lightweight, extremely solid, durable, low cost material that moderafly stiff. The composition of glass fibre was kept at 0 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 50 wt.% in nylon 6,6 blend. Initially, samples were manufactured by injection molding of nylon 6,6 and glass fibre. The pressure and velocity profiles at 0 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 50 wt.% reinforced nylon 6,6 are also compared. The samples thus formed were checked for shrinkage. The samples were tested for their tensile and flexural properties. The mechanical properties of polyamide (nylon 6,6) significantly improves by increasing glass fibre reinforcement.
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Sheikh, Shamim A., S. A. D. Jaffry, and Ciyan Cui. "Investigation of glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer shells as formwork and reinforcement for concrete columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-110.
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An investigation was conducted to study the behaviour of full-scale concrete-filled glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) shells under concentric compression. The main objective was to assess the suitability of prefabricated GFRP shells for stay-in-place formwork and confining reinforcement for columns. Seventeen columns, 356 mm in diameter and 1524 mm long were tested. The nominal target concrete compressive strength at 28 d was 30 MPa. Variables examined included number of GFRP layers, fibre orientation, and amount of longitudinal and lateral steel. Confinement by GFRP shells resulted in concrete response that displayed increased strength and associated strain followed by a ductile descending branch. Fibres in the longitudinal direction improved the load-carrying capacity of the columns, but the increase was less than the capacity of the fibres determined from the tension tests. Glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer shells also eliminate the need for closely spaced confinement steel, which should improve the quality of construction. In addition to ease of construction, GFRP shells provide protection against environmental effects, thus helping to reduce life cycle costs.Key words: columns, confinement, stay-in-place formwork, strength, ductility, energy capacity, earthquake, seismic resistance, lateral reinforcement, glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) shell.
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RAVICHANDRAN, SUBRAMANIAN, E. VENGATESAN, and A. RAMAKRISHNAN. "Stress - Strain Analysis and Deformation Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Styrene - Ethylene - Butylene - Styrene Polymer Hybrid Nano Composites." Material Science Research India 16, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/160109.
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Composite materials are replacing traditional materials, because of their superior physical and mechanical properties. The main objective of the present work is to perform stress-strain analysis on Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS)-epoxy resin composites under reinforcement of fibres and dispersion of CuO, ZnO, MgO, SiO and TiO2nano metal oxides. Combination of glass fibre with particle reinforcement (GFRPs) applications has increased in recent days. In this study, glass fibre reinforced epoxy composites with different nano metal oxides are developed by compression moulding method and their mechanical properties such as breaking load, elastic limit, plastic range and fracture point are evaluated. The results indicate that the incorporation of nanophase material with glass fibre can improve the properties of composites.
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Krajangsawasdi, Narongkorn, Lourens G. Blok, Ian Hamerton, Marco L. Longana, Benjamin K. S. Woods, and Dmitry S. Ivanov. "Fused Deposition Modelling of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Parametric Review." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010029.
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Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a widely used additive layer manufacturing process that deposits thermoplastic material layer-by-layer to produce complex geometries within a short time. Increasingly, fibres are being used to reinforce thermoplastic filaments to improve mechanical performance. This paper reviews the available literature on fibre reinforced FDM to investigate how the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of 3D-printed fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite materials are affected by printing parameters (e.g., printing speed, temperature, building principle, etc.) and constitutive materials properties, i.e., polymeric matrices, reinforcements, and additional materials. In particular, the reinforcement fibres are categorized in this review considering the different available types (e.g., carbon, glass, aramid, and natural), and obtainable architectures divided accordingly to the fibre length (nano, short, and continuous). The review attempts to distil the optimum processing parameters that could be deduced from across different studies by presenting graphically the relationship between process parameters and properties. This publication benefits the material developer who is investigating the process parameters to optimize the printing parameters of novel materials or looking for a good constituent combination to produce composite FDM filaments, thus helping to reduce material wastage and experimental time.
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Vinayashree and R. Shobha. "Study on Mechanical Property of Aluminium 6061 with E Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 877 (February 2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.50.
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Aluminium composites are in predominant use due to their lower weight and high strength among the MMC’s. Aluminium 6061 is selected as matrix and E-glass fiber is selected as reinforcement. Fabrication of composite is done by stir casting method. Each fabrication carries the E-glass reinforcement content varied from 2% to 10%. The present article attempts to evaluate the mechanical properties of E-glass fibre reinforced composite and study the effect of reinforcement on the matrix alloy through mechanical properties. When compared to ascast mechanical properties the UTS has increased from 74.28 N/sq mm to 146.8 N/sq mm for a composite at 6% E-glass. The hardness of as-cast has also increased from 22 RHB to 43 RHB at 6% E-glass and the wear of composite has exhibited a decreasing tend with increase in reinforcement content along the sliding distance. The results are analyzed in certain depth in the current paper. The mechanical properties of composites have improved with the increase in the weigh percentage of glass fiber in the aluminium matrix.
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Arabi, N. "Static and cyclic performance of cementitious composites reinforced with glass-fibres." Materiales de Construcción 68, no. 329 (March 5, 2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.10216.
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This paper concerns an experimental study of the influence of short glass-fibres randomly oriented of a reinforced cement-based composite on the mechanical behaviour. The matrix material parameters used are: cement/sand ratio and water/cement ratio fixed at 0.5; the glass-fibre content (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) and fibre lengths (3, 6 and 12 mm). Composites mechanical characterisation under static behaviour at flexural and compression tests, shows that the reinforcement effect is beneficial only in flexural case. A synergy (matrix-reinforcement) was observed when fibre length of 12 mm is used with application rate of 2% in flexural. The fatigue behaviour determined by Wöhler plots (stress-number of cycles to rupture), derived from experimental results; showed a large results dispersion which is attributed to many causes initiating this damage. The cyclic tests illustrate brittle character of these materials; even with low-amplitude cycles of loading no adaptation of these materials can be reported.
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Amy, K., and D. Svecova. "Strengthening of dapped timber beams using glass fibre reinforced polymer bars." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-063.
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An economical rehabilitation scheme to strengthen creosote-treated dapped timber stringers in both flexure and shear is proposed. An experimental program was conducted to test stringers under monotonic load in three-point bending load configuration. Eight control beams with no reinforcement, 12 reinforced for flexure only, and 6 reinforced for flexure and shear were tested. Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) dowel bars were placed at an angle of 60° from the horizontal to reinforce for shear and to bridge the dapped end. Test results from previous studies by Gentile et al. (C. Gentile, D. Svecova, and S.H. Rizkalla. ASCE Journal of Composites for Construction, 6(1): 11–20, 2002.) and Svecova and Eden (D. Svecova and R.J. Eden. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31: 45–55, 2004) are combined with the results of this investigation for a total sample size of 54 beams. Large sample sizes are essential to study the performance of timber beams strengthened using GFRP bars in various schemes. An overall increase of 70% in the 10th percentile ultimate strength was obtained for stringers reinforced for both flexure and shear. Ductility was increased with the addition of the GFRP reinforcement, but the modulus of elasticity appeared to be unaffected.Key words: timber, bridge, glass fibre reinforced polymer, rehabilitation, modulus of rupture, analysis.
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Dodun, Oana, Laurentiu Slatineanu, Gheorghe Nagit, Marian Mares, Adelina Hrituc, Margareta Coteata, and Irina Besliu Bancescu. "Mechanical Properties of Composites Reinforced with Textile." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.1.5308.
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The needs of environmental protection led to the introduction of composites based on the use of plastics reinforced with biodegradable materials or other easily accessible materials. The overall purpose of the research was to experimentally investigate the possibilities of using some accessible reinforcement materials. Textile based on plants fibers and glass fibers were used as reinforcement materials, while the matrix was a polymer type material. An empirical mathematical model was proposed to highlight the effect of the number of glass fiber reinforcements on the tensile strength. The determined mathematical empirical model and graphical representations highlight how the number of glass fiber reinforcements affects the modulus of elasticity of the composite materials.
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Carmen, Rodríguez-Liñán, Morales-Conde María J., Rubio-De-Hita P., Pérez-Gálvez F., and Pedreño-Rojas Manuel A. "The Influence of Natural and Synthetic Fibre Reinforcement on Wood-Gypsum Composites." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010350.
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Objective: This paper studies the influence of natural and synthetic fibres on the mechanical behaviour of recycled wood-gypsum composites. These composites of wood waste, such as wood shavings and sawdust, were tested using different proportions of each type of recycled wood. The fibres used, straw as a natural fibre and glass fibre as a synthetic fibre, were analysed in two different proportions. Method: The experimental procedure was based on the analysis of the physical properties, density and mechanical properties, flexural strength and compression of the reinforced mixtures. Water absorption by capillarity and the thermal behaviour of the new wood-gypsum materials were also studied. Results and Conclusion: The results show that the use of both types of fibres in the mixtures produces lighter composites, and reinforcement by glass fibre represents a significant increase in their flexural strength.
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Hassan, T., A. Abdelrahman, G. Tadros, and S. Rizkalla. "Fibre reinforced polymer reinforcing bars for bridge decks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-098.
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This paper describes the behaviour of two full-scale models of a portion of highway bridge slab reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. The first slab was reinforced totally with carbon FRP (CFRP), and the second slab was reinforced with hybrid glass FRP (GFRP) and steel reinforcement. The models were tested under static loading up to failure using a concentrated load acting on each span of the continuous slab and the two cantilevers to simulate the effect of a truck wheel load. Load-deflection behaviour, crack patterns, strain distribution, and failure mode are reported. The measured values are compared to values calculated using nonlinear finite element analysis model. The accuracy of the nonlinear finite element analysis is demonstrated using independent test results conducted by others. The analytical model is used to examine the influence of various parameters, including the type of reinforcement, boundary conditions, and reinforcement ratio. Based on serviceability and ultimate capacity requirements, reinforcement ratios for using CFRP and GFRP reinforcement for typical bridge deck slabs are recommended.Key words: bridges, deflection, FRP, reinforcement, concrete, punching, slabs, shear, finite element model, strain.
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Abbey, Samuel J., Eyo U. Eyo, Jonathan Oti, Samuel Y. Amakye, and Samson Ngambi. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Fibre-Reinforced Clay Blended with By-Product Cementitious Materials." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2020): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060241.
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Clayey soils endure adverse changes in strength and volume due to seasonal changes in moisture content and temperature. It has been well recognised that high cement content has been successfully employed in improving the mechanical properties of clayey soils for geotechnical infrastructural purposes. However, the environmental setbacks regarding the use of high cement content in soil reinforcement have necessitated the need for a greener soil reinforcement technique by incorporating industrial by-product materials and synthetic fibres with a reduced amount of cement content in soil-cement mixtures. Therefore, this study presents an experimental study to investigate the mechanical performance of polypropylene and glass fibre-reinforced cement-clay mixtures blended with ground granulated blast slag (GGBS), lime and micro silica for different mix compositions and curing conditions. The unconfined compressive strength, linear expansion and microstructural analysis of the reinforced soils have been studied. The results show that an increase in polypropylene and glass fibre contents caused an increase in unconfined compressive strength but brought on the reduction of linear expansion of the investigated clay from 7.92% to 0.2% at fibre content up to 0.8% for cement-clay mixture reinforced with 5% Portland cement (PC). The use of 0.4–0.8% polypropylene and glass fibre contents in reinforcing cement-clay mixture at 5% cement content causes an increase in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values above the minimum UCS target value according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 4609 after 7 and 14 days curing at 20 °C to 50 °C temperature. Therefore, this new clean production of fibre-reinforced cement-clay mixture blended with industrial by-product materials has great potential for a wide range of applications in subgrade reinforcement.
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Ashiqeen Jamaluddin, Nor, Shujaatullah Sheikh, Umar Abdul Hanan, Nur Izzah Mokhtar, Shukur Abu Hassan, Mohd Yazid Yahya, Yusof Ahmad, Balqis Omar, and Abdul Rahman Mohd. Sam. "Comparison of tensile properties between natural fibres and inorganic fibres for strengthening timber structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601010.
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Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been successfully applied to the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures and a similar methodology is adopted by researchers in order to strengthen timber structures using synthetic fibres such as carbon, glass or aramid fibres. This paper explores the viability of using fibres from botanical sources for the reinforcement of timber structures. In this study, two natural fibre materials, namely kenaf and ramie, in combination with a polymeric matrix, are tested for their tensile properties in accordance with ASTM D 4018-99. The results indicate that kenaf fibres exhibit average ultimate tensile strength value at rupture of 750 MPa and Young’s modulus of 58 GPa. The test results also show that the corresponding parameters for ramie fibres average at 810 MPa and 36 GPa respectively. These values are closer to those of timber as opposed to analogous values for carbon and glass fibres. The strength and elastic moduli compatibility of both kenaf and ramie fibres with timber and contrast with carbon and glass fibres is further discussed in relation to the viability of using these natural fibres as reinforcement for timber.
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Hatta, Minori, Akikazu Shinya, Harunori Gomi, Pekka K. Vallittu, Eija Säilynoja, and Lippo V. J. Lassila. "Effect of Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Thermoplastic Resin on Flexural Strength of Fibre-Reinforced Composite and the Penetration of Bonding Resin into Semi-IPN FRC Post." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 3200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183200.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) thermoplastic resin on the flexural strength of fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) with different IPN polymer compositions. The penetration of bonding resin into semi-IPN FRC posts was also evaluated. The IPN thermoplastic resin used was UDMA-MMA monomer with either PMMA (0.5%, 2%, 5%) or PMMA-copolymer (0.5%, 2%). A no added IPN polymer resin was also made. Mixed resin was impregnated to S- and E-glass fibre rovings. These resins and resin impregnated fibres were used for flexural strength (FS) test. To evaluate the penetration of bonding resin into semi-IPN post, SEM observation was done with various impregnation time and polymerization mehods (hand-light- and oven-cure). The result of FS was recorded from 111.7 MPa (no-IPN polymer/no-fibre-reinforcement) to 543.0 MPa (5% PMMA/S-glass FRC). ANOVA showed that there were significant differences between fibre-reinforcement and no-fibre-reinforcement (p < 0.01) both in S- and E-glass fibre groups, and between 0.5% PMMA and 5% PMMA in the S-glass FRC group. SEM micrographs showed that the penetration layers of bonding resin into hand-light cured semi-IPN posts were different according to impregnation time. Fibre reinforcement is effective to improve flexural strength. The depth of penetration layer of bonding resin into semi-IPN matrix resin was improved when a hand-light cure was used.
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Blikharskyy, Z., K. Brózda, and J. Selejdak. "Effectivenes of Strengthening Loaded RC Beams with FRCM System." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0025.
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AbstractThe composite materials as FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymers), which are characterized by benefits resulting from the combination of high strength reinforcement (as carbon, glass, steel or aramid fibers) with synthetic matrix are increasingly used to reinforce existing structures. Reinforcing System as FRCM (Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix), which includes, among others, Ruredil X Mesh Gold System, is much less commonly used. However, the uniform and practical methods for calculating composite reinforced structures are not determined. Especially when considering the real conditions of structure exploitation, which requires further research in this field. In the paper the initial loading level influence on the efficiency of reinforced concrete beams strengthen using system Ruredil X Mesh Gold was investigated.
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Ahmed, Ehab A., Ehab F. El-Salakawy, and Brahim Benmokrane. "Fibre-reinforced polymer composite shear reinforcement: performance evaluation in concrete beams and code prediction." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 8 (August 2010): 1057–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-046.
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This paper evaluates the performance of carbon and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) stirrups and the accuracy of the shear design provisions incorporated in the currently available design codes and guidelines. A total of seven large-scale T-beams were constructed and tested: three reinforced with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) stirrups, three reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) stirrups, and one reinforced with a steel stirrup for comparison, when applicable. The test results revealed that the design strength of the tested beams is not affected by the reduced strength of FRP stirrups at bend locations. Also, the recent CAN/CSA-S6 update is capable of adequately predicting the shear strength of the beam specimens reinforced with FRP stirrups. The software, Response-2000, which is based on the modified compression field theory (MCFT), predicted well the shear strength and the average strain in the stirrups of the tested beams; however, it overestimated the shear crack width.
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Aldousiri, B., M. Alajmi, and A. Shalwan. "Mechanical Properties of Palm Fibre Reinforced Recycled HDPE." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/508179.
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Recently, recycled thermoplastic polymers become an alternative resource for manufacturing industrial products. However, they have low mechanical properties compared to the thermosets. In this paper, an attempt has been made to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) with chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fibres as a synthetic reinforcement and with short oil palm fibres as a biodegradable (natural) reinforcement. The effects of volume fraction of both synthetic and natural fibres on tensile, compression, hardness, and flexural properties of the HDPE were investigated. The failure mechanism of the composite was studied with the aid of optical microscopy. Tensile properties of the HDPE composites are greatly affected by the weight fraction of both the synthetic and the natural fibres. The higher strength of the composites was exhibited when at higher weight fraction of both natural and syntactic fibres which was about 50 MPa. Date palm fibre showed good interfacial adhesion to the HDPE despite the untreated condition used. On the other hand, treatment of the fibres is recommended for higher tensile performance of the composites.
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Vinayagamoorthy, R., S. Karthikeyan, R. S. Prem Bhargav, and T. V. Rajivalochan. "Properties Investigations on Metallic Fiber Reinforced Sandwich Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.101.
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The present study deals with the usage of two types of metallic reinforcements namely bronze and steel, one natural reinforcement namely jute and an artificial reinforcement namely glass for preparation of composite laminates. The study investigates the mechanical behaviour of prepared samples and concludes with the selection of best samples. Four composite laminates were prepared by changing the compositions of reinforcements in polyester resin. Tensile, compressive, flexural and impact tests were carried out on the developed samples and it was found that the inclusion of jute and metallic reinforcements improved the compressive and impact strengths of the composite whereas inclusion of jute and glass improved the tensile and flexural strengths of the composite.
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Rana, Sohel, Emilija Zdraveva, Cristiana Pereira, Raul Fangueiro, and A. Gomes Correia. "Development of Hybrid Braided Composite Rods for Reinforcement and Health Monitoring of Structures." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/170187.
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In the present study, core-reinforced braided composite rods (BCRs) were developed and characterized for strain sensing capability. A mixture of carbon and glass fibre was used in the core, which was surrounded by a braided cover of polyester fibres. Three compositions of core with different carbon fibre/glass fibre weight ratios (23/77, 47/53, and 100/0) were studied to find out the optimum composition for both strain sensitivity and mechanical performance. The influence of carbon fibre positioning in BCR cross-section on the strain sensing behaviour was also investigated. Strain sensing property of BCRs was characterized by measuring the change in electrical resistance with flexural strain. It was observed that BCRs exhibited increase (positive response) or decrease (negative response) in electrical resistance depending on carbon fibre positioning. The BCR with lowest amount of carbon fibre was found to give the best strain sensitivity as well as the highest tensile strength and breaking extension. The developed BCRs showed reversible strain sensing behaviour under cyclic flexural loading with a maximum gauge factor of 23.4 at very low strain level (0.55%). Concrete beams reinforced with the optimum BCR (23/77) also exhibited strain sensing under cyclic flexural strain, although the piezoresistive behaviour in this case was irreversible.
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Benmokrane, Brahim, Habib Rahman, Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya, Radhouane Masmoudi, Mohammed Chekired, Jean-François Nicole, and Adel El-Safty. "Use of fibre reinforced polymer reinforcement integrated with fibre optic sensors for concrete bridge deck slab construction." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 928–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-029.
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The use of corrosion free fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as reinforcement to concrete is currently being seen as a promising option to generate durable concrete structures. However, there exists very little credible information about its field application and performance. This paper describes the Joffre Bridge project, in Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada), over the St-François River, where Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) was used as reinforcement for a portion of the concrete deck slab. The bridge consists of five longitudinal spans with lengths varying from 26 to 37 m. Each span has a concrete deck supported by five steel girders at 3.7 m. A part of the concrete deck slab (7.3 × 11.5 m) and a portion of the traffic barrier and the sidewalk were reinforced with Carbon (CFRP) and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcement. The bridge was extensively instrumented with many different types of gauges, including integrated fibre optic sensors (FOS) into FRP reinforcement. The performance of the bridge had been assessed under static and dynamic loading using calibrated heavy trucks. Moreover, structural design and construction details of the bridge and instrumentation were performed. The results from calibrated field tests on the bridge are presented in this paper.Key words: concrete bridge deck, FRP reinforcement, fibre optic sensors (FOS), field calibrated tests, performance monitoring.
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Nayak, Suhas Yeshwant, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Linto George Thomas, and Anil Baby. "Tensile and Flexural Properties of Chopped Strand E-glass Fibre Mat Reinforced CNSL-Epoxy Composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402025.
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Glass fibres have the principal advantages such as high tensile strength, high chemical resistance, low cost, and excellent insulating properties which makes them an important constituent in fibre reinforced plastic and composite industry. In this study, E-glass fibre in the form of Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) with different weight fractions such as 15%, 30%, and 45% were used as reinforcement in CNSL-epoxy resin composites. Fabrication of the composites was done by hand layup technique. Micro-hardness, tensile and flexural properties were investigated for all the composite panels of different compositions. The results clearly indicated an improvement in micro hardness, tensile and flexural properties with the increase in fibre content.
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Mamman, Rabiu Onoruoiza, and Aliyu Mohammed Ramalan. "Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polyester Reinforced Glass Fibre/Orange Peel Particulate Hybrid Composite." Advanced Journal of Graduate Research 7, no. 1 (October 20, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajgr.7.1.18-26.
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This study was focused on the development of hybrid composed using orange peel particulate dispersed in an unsaturated polyester resin reinforced with chopped strands of E-glass fibers. Orange peel particulate of about 350µm sieve size, of varying weight percentage (3, 6, 9,12 and 15) wt.% and E-glass fiber of constant weight percentage 25.1wt% was used as reinforcements in a polyester matrix. The effect of the orange peel particulate on the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composite such as tensile strength, bending strength, impact strength and hardness strength was investigated. The results showed remarkable improvement in mechanical properties with increase in percentage of particulate reinforcement. Tensile strength varies from 50.0 to 62.6 MPa, Hardness values varies between 28.6 and 40.8HRB, Impact energy at room temperature, varies between 5.0 to 7.4 Joules, as a function of fiber weight fractions and the flexural strength varies from 74.0 to 85.2 MPa. The best mechanical properties were obtained at 15 Wt.% particulate reinforcements. The results of the physical tests show that the water absorption increases as the weight percentage of the particulate reinforcement increases and the same condition also holds for the density.
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Kostiha, Vojtech, Frantisek Girgle, Ondřej Janus, Ivana Švaříčková, and Petr Štěpánek. "GFRP Reinforcement Behaviour under Multi-Axial Stress - Experimental Study." Solid State Phenomena 309 (August 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.309.80.
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This paper is focused on the design of concrete structures reinforced with modern composite material – Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) reinforcement. It presents actual results from the testing of FRP rods under a simultaneous tensile and shear loading. The results were experimentally obtained on specimens of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcement. The text also points out that the widely used fib Bulletin no. 40 technical report does not provide sufficiently reliable formulas and may overestimate the load-bearing capacity of the element. Therefore, the conclusions formulated are primarily concerned with their practical use in the design of this modern material.
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Sommer, Marcel M., Isabel Galan, and Ralf Schledjewski. "Mechanical Properties of Compression Moulded Glass and Jute Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Advanced Composites Letters 16, no. 1 (January 2007): 096369350701600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350701600101.
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This work is concerned with the evaluation of the mechanical properties of compression moulded fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Herein commercial glass and jute fibre polypropylene composites pellets were mixed to the content ratio varying in a range from 0 to 30 weight-% each, but to a constant reinforcement fraction of 30 weight-% in total. The different ratios were analyzed in mechanical testing to gain an optimum. The evaluation is proceeded with regard to the densities. The results obtained show how to use jute fibres for more than only a filler. Aimed applications are components where not very high mechanical properties are demanded, but where certain elasticity, weight, price, and environmental impact are important issues, too.
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El-Mogy, Mostafa, Amr El-Ragaby, and Ehab El-Salakawy. "Experimental testing and finite element modeling on continuous concrete beams reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer bars and stirrups." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 11 (November 2013): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0509.
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Continuous concrete beams are common elements in structures such as parking garages and overpasses, which might be exposed to extreme weather. Using the non-corrodible fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is a viable alternative to avoid steel corrosion problems. Due to the linear-elastic behaviour of FRP materials, the possibility of moment redistribution in FRP-reinforced beams is questionable. In this paper, the experimental results of ten full-scale continuous concrete beams are summarized followed by a finite element parametric study using ANSYS software. Steel, glass fibre reinforced polymer, and carbon fibre reinforced polymer bars were used in different combinations as longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The main investigated parameters were the ratio and type of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Results showed that moment redistribution in such beams is possible if the reinforcement configuration is chosen properly. The developed finite element model predicted the response of tested beams with a reasonable degree of accuracy and was used to expand the range of investigated parameters.
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Biserova, N. V., and V. V. Kovriga. "The Development of Technology for Large-Diameter, Reinforced Polyethylene Pipes of Increased Working Pressure." International Polymer Science and Technology 39, no. 11 (November 2012): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1203901107.
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The demand for large-diameter pressure pipes is increasing constantly. The most effective method for increasing the working pressure is reinforcement, in particular reinforcement with a glass fibre mesh. Different reinforcement variants were tested: single-layer, two-layer, and layered reinforcement. The best results were obtained using a layered design.
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Vijayalakshmi, Ramalingam, and Srinivasan Ramanagopal. "Experimental Investigation Into Banana Fibre Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Masonry Prism Sandwiched with GFRP Sheet." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0017.
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AbstractThis paper presents the stress-strain behaviour of Natural Banana microfibre reinforced Lightweight Concrete (LWC) prisms under axial compression. The compressive strength of masonry is obtained by testing stack bonded prisms under compression normal to its bed joint. LWC blocks of cross-sectional dimensions 200 mm x 150 mm were used to construct the prism with an overall height of 630 mm. Three series of specimens were cast; (a) prism without Banana fibre (control), (b) prism with Banana microfibres, (c) prism with Banana microfibres sandwiched with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets. Natural Banana fibres were used as structural fibre reinforcement at different volume fractions (VF). The results indicate that the presence of fibres helps to improve the strength, stiffness, and ductility of LWC stack bonded prisms under compression. The test results also indicate that banana fibre reinforcement provides an improved crack bridging mechanism at both micro and macro levels. The GFRP sandwiched prism specimens exhibited excellent ductility and load-carrying capacity resulting from improved plastic deformation tolerance under compression and bonding between the LWC block and GFRP sheet.
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Lüking, Alexander, Robert Brüll, Thomas Köhler, Davide Pico, Gunnar Seide, and Thomas Gries. "One Step Production of Bicomponent Yarns with Glass Fibre Core and Thermoplastic Sheath for Composite Applications." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.506.
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The film stacking method is the industrial standard for the manufacturing of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (FRTCs). An alternative to this is commingling thermoplastic fibres with reinforcement fibres, e. g. glass fibres, into hybrid yarns. However, the composites produced by the use of film-stacking or hybrid yarns cannot achieve an optimal impregnation of reinforcement fibres with the matrix polymer. This stens from the high melt viscosity of thermoplastics, which prevents a uniform wetting of the reinforcement fibres. Leaving some fibers is unconnected to the matrix. This leads to composite lower strength than theoretically possible. The aim of the research is the coating of a single glass filament in the glass fibre nozzle drawing process to achive a homogenous distribution of glass fibres and matrix in the final composite. The approach uses particles with a diameter from 5 to 25 μm of polyamide 12 (PA 12) which are electrostatically charged and blown at an Eglass filament in the nozzle drawing process as seen in. The particles adhering to the filament are melted by infrared heating and winded afterwards. This development will allow the homogenous distribution of fibres and the matrix in a thermoplastic composite allowing a higher fibre volume content leading to improved mechanical properties. Even though the glass filaments could be coated with PA 12, a homogenous sheath could not be achieved in this investigation. Therefore, further research will focus on an improved homogeneity by reducing the agglomeration of PA 12, using dried PA12 and enhancing the coating setup.
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Piggott, Michael R. "Short Fibre Polymer Composites: a Fracture-Based Theory of Fibre Reinforcement." Journal of Composite Materials 28, no. 7 (May 1994): 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839402800701.
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The interphase between reinforcing fibers and polymers is brittle, and does not behave in the way it was assumed to when the standard theory for composite strength was developed. Futhermore, this theory predicts curved stress-strain plots for aligned short fibre composites, yet the evidence for this is unconvincing, and there is much new evidence that these stress-strain curves are straight. The time has therefore come to abandon this approach and take into account, instead, the apparent brittleness and sudden failure of aligned fibre reinforced polymers. This paper presents the evidence, and introduces the new approach. This involves microcrack development in composites from stress concentrations at the fibre ends. Since such failure initiation can occur simultaneously at many sites, the stress required to cause abrupt failure across the whole cross section can be estimated by a simple force balance. This analysis gives the familiar expressions used for short fibre composites, with one important difference. For carbon reinforced polymers, the polymer has to reach its breaking strength before failure, so that there is no minimum volume fraction for reinforcement with these composites. With glass, on the other hand, which has a higher breaking strain than most thermosets used for composites, the matrix appears unable to exert its full strength. Thus low fibre volume fraction glass fibre composites can be weaker than the matrix, and a minimum volume fraction for reinforcement exists.
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Vara Prasad, Vemu. "Experimentation and Analysis on Reinforced Basalt and Carbon Fibres Composite Laminate." Advanced Materials Research 1148 (June 2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.12.
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— The aim of the present work is to investigate the mechanical properties and water absorption capacity of carbon and basalt fibers mixed with epoxy. At present there is demand for natural friendly products. Basalt reinforced composites developed recently and these mineral amorphous fibres are a valid alternative to carbon fibers for their lower cost and to glass fibres for their strength. The present paper describes briefly on basalt and carbon fibers (unidirectional) which are used as reinforcement material for composites. The matrix epoxy (LY556-HY 951) is taken in to account to access to influence on the evaluated parameters. In order to use reinforced composites for structural applications, it is necessary to perform a mechanical characterization. With this aim experiments like tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness and water absorptions are performed. Later the mechanical properties obtained from experiments are compared with ANSYS software results. Keywords—Carbon fibre; Basalt fibre; Uni-directional fibres; Reinforcement, Mechanical Tests, Water Absorption Tests
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Johnson, David T., and Shamim A. Sheikh. "Performance of bent stirrup and headed glass fibre reinforced polymer bars in concrete structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 11 (November 2013): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0522.
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An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of various types of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement, including bent stirrups and headed bars in concrete structures. Results from 11 large beams (400 mm × 650 mm × 3650 mm) tested in monotonic three-point flexure were selected for this paper; some specimens used GFRP bent-bar stirrups and some used double-headed straight bar shear reinforcement. Based on the results from the tests, specimens reinforced with bent-bar stirrups and specimens with headed-bar shear reinforcement were found to perform similarly up until the calculated flexural failure load. Beyond that, beams reinforced with bent-bar stirrups showed significantly more deformability due to confinement of concrete in flexural compression. Strains measured in the transverse reinforcement were found to exceed the code limitations, in some cases exceeding 200% of the limit prescribed in both CSA S6 and ACI440.1R. It was also found that at loads close to the service conditions, the cracking behaviour was very similar for the beams reinforced with transverse headed bars and bent-bar stirrups. Finally, the concept of hybrid reinforcement systems for controlling deflections and cracking was introduced. Results from the experiments show promise that these systems can better control deflections and cracking at expected service load conditions.
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Ryu, Youngjae, Joo Sohn, Byung Kweon, and Sung Cha. "Shrinkage Optimization in Talc- and Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050764.
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The shrinkage of reinforced polymer composites in injection molding varies, depending on the properties of the reinforcing agent. Therefore, the study of optimal reinforcement conditions, to minimize shrinkage when talc and glass fibers (GF) (which are commonly used as reinforcements) are incorporated into polypropylene (PP), is required. In this study, we investigated the effect of reinforcement factors, such as reinforcement type, reinforcement content, and reinforcement particle size, on the shrinkage, and optimized these factors to minimize the shrinkage of the PP composites. We measured the shrinkage of injection-molded samples, and, based on the measured values, the optimal conditions were obtained through analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Taguchi method, and regression analysis. It was found that reinforcement type had the largest influence on shrinkage among the three factors, followed by reinforcement content. In contrast, the reinforcement size was not significant, compared to the other two factors. If the reinforcement size was set as an uncontrollable factor, the optimum condition for minimizing directional shrinkage was the incorporation of 20 wt % GF and that for differential shrinkage was the incorporation of 20 wt % talc. In addition, a shrinkage prediction method was proposed, in which two reinforcing agents were incorporated into PP, for the optimization of various dependent variables. The results of this study are expected to provide answers about which reinforcement agent should be selected and incorporated to minimize the shrinkage of PP composites.
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Sulatani, Haji Akbar, Viktor Gribniak, Arvydas Rimkus, Aleksandr Sokolov, and Lluis Torres. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL STIFFNESS OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 13 (January 6, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2021.13713.
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Various materials and reinforcement technologies have been created for concrete structures. However, there is no uniform methodology to compare the mechanical characteristics of different reinforcement systems. In structural systems, residual stiffness can estimate the efficiency of the reinforcement. This study introduces a simplified approach for the flexural stiffness analysis. It employs a new testing layout designed with the purpose to form multiple cracks in a small laboratory specimen. The achieved solution requires neither iterative calculations nor a description of the loading history. Several composite reinforcement schemes, including internal glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and near-surface mounted (NSM) strips are considered. The analysis of the test results reveals a substantial efficiency of the external CFRP reinforcement systems.
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Wolter, Nick, Vinicius Carrillo Beber, Anna Sandinge, Per Blomqvist, Frederik Goethals, Marc Van Hove, Elena Jubete, Bernd Mayer, and Katharina Koschek. "Carbon, Glass and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polybenzoxazine: The Effects of Fiber Reinforcement on Mechanical, Fire, Smoke and Toxicity Properties." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102379.
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Bisphenol F and aniline-based benzoxazine monomers were selected to fabricate basalt, glass and carbon fiber reinforced polybenzoxazine via vacuum infusion, respectively. The impacts of the type of fiber reinforcement on the resulting material properties of the fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) were studied. FRPs exhibited a homogenous morphology with completely impregnated fibers and near-zero porosity. Carbon fiber reinforced polybenzoxazine showed the highest specific mechanical properties because of its low density and high modulus and strength. However, regarding the flammability, fire, smoke and toxicity properties, glass and basalt reinforced polybenzoxazine outperformed carbon fiber reinforced polybenzoxazine. This work offers a deeper understanding of how different types of fiber reinforcement affect polybenzoxazine-based FRPs and provides access to FRPs with inherently good fire, smoke and toxicity performance without the need for further flame retardant additives.
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Zasadzińska, Małgorzata, Paweł Strzępek, Andrzej Mamala, and Piotr Noga. "Reinforcement of Aluminium-Matrix Composites with Glass Fibre by Metallurgical Synthesis." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 5441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235441.
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Continuous pressure put on researchers all over the world these days to design materials of improved properties create opportunities to study new methods of production in conjunction with entirely new and innovative materials such as alloys or composites. The authors in the current research manufactured aluminium reinforced with glass fibre (GF) using metallurgical synthesis, which is an unconventional and not sufficiently studied method of production. The composites with 1, 2 and 5 wt.% of glass fibre were produced with additional material obtained using consolidation of aluminium powder in extrusion process as reference material with 5 wt.% of glass fibre. All the materials were subjected to series of tests in order to determine their microstructure, density, electrical properties, hardness and susceptibility to plastic working in the compression test. It was found that glass fibre during metallurgical synthesis of aluminium composite partially melted and thus did not reinforce the material as well as during extrusion, which has been observed not only in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis but also in the analysis of macroscopic physical and mechanical properties. Based on the analysed samples, it may be stated that electrical conductivity of the samples obtained via metallurgical synthesis is higher than might be estimated on the basis of the rule of mixtures and glass fibre content and concerning the sample with 5 wt.% of GF is higher (32.1 MS/m) than of the reference material obtained in extrusion process (30.6 MS/m). Similar situation has been observed in terms of hardness of the tested samples where a minor increase in hardness was noticeable as the amount of glass fibre increased in the composites obtained by metallurgical synthesis. It is believed to be related to the melting of glass fibre, which reduced the volume fraction of GF containing mainly silicon oxides and their diffusion into the aluminium matrix, thus causing solid solution strengthening.
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Ovat, Friday Aje. "Environmental Degradability of Nigerian Long Bamboo Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composite (NLBFRPC)." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 6 (June 21, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.6.299.
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There has been increased interest in development of composite materials with relevant mechanical and chemical properties for use in industrial and domestic applications. Not much has been done in the area of their response to the practical environment that their applications are found. In this present study the pest and chemical resistance of the Nigerian long bamboo fibre and reinforced composite on exposure to practical environment with particular respect to the soil was investigated. Natural fibre has emerged as a renewable and cheaper substitute to synthetic materials such as glass, carbon and aramid, which are used as reinforcements. The long bamboo fibre was extracted using maceration method. The fabrication of the composite was carried out using Bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) as the matrix and the long bamboo fibre as reinforcement. Tests were carried out to determine the effect of environment on degradation of the composite and the long bamboo fiber. The composite showed significant resistance to pest infestation or attack while the long bamboo fiber showed susceptibility to the soil and its moisture condition thereby decomposing completely after a period of time. Therefore the material developed can be used in aquatic craft applications with strong dependence on its mechanical properties.
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Mufti, A. A., B. Bakht, N. Banthia, B. Benmokrane, G. Desgagné, R. Eden, M. A. Erki, et al. "New Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code design provisions for fibre-reinforced structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-137.
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This paper presents a synthesis of the design provisions of the second edition of the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) for fibre-reinforced structures. New design provisions for applications not covered by the first edition of the CHBDC and the rationale for those that remain unchanged from the first edition are given. Among the new design provisions are those for glass-fibre-reinforced polymer as both primary reinforcement and tendons in concrete; and for the rehabilitation of concrete and timber structures with externally bonded fibre-reinforced-polymer (FRP) systems or near-surface-mounted reinforcement. The provisions for fibre-reinforced concrete deck slabs in the first edition have been reorganized in the second edition to explicitly include deck slabs of both cast-in-place and precast construction and are now referred to as externally restrained deck slabs, whereas deck slabs containing internal FRP reinforcement are referred to as internally restrained deck slabs. Resistance factors in the second edition have been recast from those in the first edition and depend on the condition of use, with a further distinction made between factory- and field-produced FRP. In the second edition, the deformability requirements for FRP-reinforced and FRP-prestressed concrete beams and slabs of the first edition have been split into three subclauses covering the design for deformability, minimum flexural resistance, and crack-control reinforcement. The effect of sustained loads on the strength of FRPs is accounted for in the second edition by limits on stresses in FRP at the serviceability limit state.Key words: beams, bridges, concrete, decks, fibre-reinforced-polymer reinforcement, fibre-reinforced-polymer sheets, prestressing, repair, strengthening, wood.
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Kumar, K. Pavan, Surya Kumari Nujella, S. Sujatha Gopal, and K. Karthik Roy. "Immediate Esthetic Rehabilitation of Periodontally Compromised Anterior Tooth Using Natural Tooth as Pontic." Case Reports in Dentistry 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8130352.
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For patients who require removal of anterior teeth and their replacement various treatment modalities are available. With advancement in technology and availability of glass/polyethylene fibres, use of natural tooth as pontic with fibre reinforced composite restorations offers the promising results. The present case report describes management of periodontally compromised mandibular anterior tooth using natural tooth pontic with fibre reinforcement. A 1-year follow-up showed that the bridge was intact with good esthetics and no problem was reported.
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Yogeshvaran, R. N., B. G. Liu, F. Farukh, and K. Kandan. "Out-of-Plane Compressive Response of Additively Manufactured Cross-Ply Composites." Journal of Mechanics 36, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2019.59.
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ABSTRACTDigital manufacturing was employed to 3D print continuous Carbon, Glass and Kevlar fibre reinforced composites in Unidirectional (UD) [0°], Off-axis ±45° and Cross-ply [0°/90°] layup sequence. These 3D printed composites were subjected to quasi-static, in-plane tension and out-of-plane (compression and shear) loading. The tensile strength of 3D printed Carbon, Glass and Kevlar UD laminates was significantly lower than that of 3D printing filaments used to manufacture them. The type of fibre (brittle/ductile) reinforcement was found to be governing the shear yield strength of 3D printed composites despite having the same Nylon matrix in all the composites. Out-of-plane compressive strength of the 3D printed Carbon and Glass fibre reinforced composites was independent of specimen size. Contrary to that, Kevlar fibre composites showed a pronounced size effect upon their out-of-plane compressive strength. A combination of X-ray tomography and pressure film measurements revealed that the fibres in 3D printed composites failed by ‘indirect tension’ mechanism which governed their out-of-plane compressive strength. To gain further insights on the experimental observations, Finite Element (FE) simulations were carried out using a pressure-dependent crystal plasticity framework, in conjunction with an analytical model based on shear-lag approach. Both FE and analytical model accurately predicted the out-of-plane compressive strength of all (Carbon, Glass and Kevlar fibre reinforced) 3D printed composites.
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Wern, C. W., and M. Ramulu. "Influence of fibre on the cutting stress state in machining idealized glass fibre composite." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513184.
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The machining of an idealized glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) was examined using photo-elasticity, dynamometry and optical microscopy. Cutting stresses at the glass roving and roving-matrix interface were evaluated using experimental and numerical methods. Experimentally observed isochromatics and measured forces in the orthogonal cutting of GFRP were shown to be affected by the reinforcement and its orientation. Machining stresses and machined surface damage were found to be highest when machining materials with roving oriented 45° towards the cutting edge.
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Hall, Tara, and Amin Ghali. "Long-term deflection prediction of concrete members reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer bars." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-009.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the long-term deflection behaviour of concrete shallow beams reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The long-term deflections of the GFRP-reinforced beams are compared to deflections of identical beams reinforced with steel bars. All beams were under sustained loading for approximately 8 months. The variables were the level of sustained loading and the reinforcement materials: steel or GFRP. The experimental immediate and long-term deflections of both the steel- and the GFRP-reinforced beams were compared to calculated deflections using the CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, and the ACI 318-95 code using the recommendations of ACI Committee 209; these references are for steel reinforced concrete members. The test results indicate that under similar loading conditions and the same reinforcement ratio, the GFRP-reinforced beams had long-term deflections, due to creep and shrinkage, 1.7 times greater than those of the steel-reinforced beams. A comparison of the theoretical and experimental immediate and long-term deflections indicates that the CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 gives reasonable predictions for all beams, and that the ACI 318-95 code, using the ACI Committee 209 recommendations, overestimates the deflections due to the combined effects of creep and shrinkage.Key words: glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), steel, reinforced concrete, long-term, deflections, flexure, elastic modulus.
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Shehata, Emile, Ryan Morphy, and Sami Rizkalla. "Fibre reinforced polymer shear reinforcement for concrete members: behaviour and design guidelines." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 859–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-004.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes an experimental program conducted to examine the structural performance of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) stirrups as shear reinforcement for concrete structures. A total of ten large-scale reinforced concrete beams were tested to investigate the contribution of the FRP stirrups in a beam mechanism. The ten beams included four beams reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) stirrups, four beams reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) stirrups, one beam reinforced with steel stirrups, and one control beam without shear reinforcement. The variables were the material type of stirrups, the material type of the flexural reinforcement, and the stirrup spacing. Due to the unidirectional characteristics of FRP, significant reduction in the strength of the stirrup relative to the tensile strength parallel to the fibres is introduced by bending FRP bars into a stirrup configuration and by the kinking action due to inclination of the diagonal shear crack with respect to the direction of the stirrups. A total of 52 specially designed panel specimens were tested to investigate the bend and kinking effect on the capacity of FRP stirrups, along with two control specimens reinforced with steel stirrups. The variables considered in the panel specimens are the material type of the stirrups, the bar diameter, the bend radius, the configuration of the stirrup anchorage, the tail length beyond the bend portion, and the angle of the stirrups. Based on the findings of this investigation, shear design equations for concrete beams reinforced with FRP, appropriate for the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) code, are proposed. The reliability of the proposed equations is evaluated using test results of 118 beams tested by others.Key words: shear, fibre-reinforced polymers, CFRP, cracks, GFRP, kink, stirrups, bend capacity.