Journal articles: 'Glass furnace'

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Shustrov, N. N., V. G. Puzach, and S. A. Bezenkov. "The effect of the conductive walls of the cooking furnace of an electric furnace on the distribution of energy flows." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2020-4-13-18.

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A method for modeling the electric glass melting process, which allows obtaining information about the unity of electric and thermal processes in the glass mass in an electric glass melting furnace has been developed. The furnace’s cooking pool is made of conductive chromoxide. The work was carried out using modeling on the EGDA integrator, as a result of which two versions of experimental electric furnaces with different directions of power lines and a pilot industrial furnace with a capacity of 7 tons per day for melting E glass, widely used in the manufacture of fiberglass, were built.

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Muijsenberg, H. P. H., Marketa Muijsenberg, and J. Chmelar. "What is the Ideal Glass Bath Depth of a Glass Furnace?" Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.447.

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Mathematical modelling is reaching a high acceptance level within the glass industry. Today most new furnaces are being modelled before the final design is decided. It is clear that the modelling helps to optimise the furnace in respect to glass quality, energy efficiency and furnace life-time. The extra effort of the modelling is leading for sure to a quick pay-back of this extra investment and an increased profit over the furnace life-time. Even the furnace life-time can be extended with better insight on temperature distribution and glass speeds that corrode the refractory. Many glass produces are always asking us: “what is the optimal glass depth”? There is not just one answer to this, but the paper demonstrates how mathematical modelling can help to find the optimal furnace depth for a certain furnace design.

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Tapasa, Kanit, Ekarat Meechoowas, Usuma Naknikham, and Tepiwan Jitwatcharakomol. "Evaluation of Furnaces Performance of Glass Factories in Thailand." Key Engineering Materials 702 (July 2016): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.702.135.

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The objective of this project is to evaluate the energy consumption and the efficiency of glass melting furnaces using a thermodynamic principle and heat (energy) balance analysis. The approach can carry out more accurate result of wall losses than the direct temperature measurement at the furnace walls. Six furnaces from different factories in Thailand were studied. To construct the heat balance of glass furnace, the amount of heat for melting raw materials batch to glass melt (Hex), input energy (Hin) and the heat of content of offgas had to be known. The heat (energy) balance indicated the performance of glass furnaces in term of energy consumption.Glass furnace, Efficiency, Heat balance

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Busby, T. S. "Refractories for Glass Making." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 11 (November 1989): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061200.

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Glass melting has changed very little in general principles since the earliest times, still being produced in fireclay pots or crucibles—even up to the present day. In Europe, experiments to melt glasses in tank furnaces began about 1700 A.D., but this became an important form of glass manufacture after Siemens introduced the regenerative furnace in 1870. This design was the basis for the development of modern furnaces and there is still a considerable similarity to the original.Until the late 1920s the glass contact refractories used in tank furnaces were based on fireclay or sandstone blocks. About this time important changes began when sillimanite and fusion-cast mullite refractories became available. However, because of the higher cost of fusion-cast refractories the introduction of these materials was delayed and they did not come into general use for lining the glass melting tank until the late 1940s.The high performance of tank furnaces today is related to a number of factors such as improved furnace design and regeneration, but the most significant has been an improved melting rate brought about by the use of higher temperatures. This has only been achievable as a result of the improved quality of fusion-cast and other refractory materials, such as those used in the furnace superstructure and regenerators. Garstang showed that there has been a steady increase in melting temperatures in the container glass industry. In data going back to 1920, there has been an increase from about 1300°C to some 1590°C. Bondarev showed that the increase in production achieved by using higher temperatures reduces the specific consumption of fuel.

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Kasa, Stanislav. "Distribution of Power Density in the Glass Melt at Different Electrode Configurations in All-Electric Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.431.

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The power density in glass melts has been studied at different arrangements of electrodes in all-electric melting furnace. Bottom, top and plate electrodes have been arranged into the model furnace in form of hexahedron about the edge 1m. The results of mathematical modelling showed that there has been very narrow relationship between the distribution of power density in glass melt and the temperature field and therefore by means of suitable arrangement of electrodes it is possible to influence the intensity of convective currents of the glass melt. From evaluated dependencies of power density distribution near the tips of electrodes follows that in case of rod electrodes, the power density decreases with increasing length of the electrodes. Opposite behaviour happens at plate electrodes because the power density distribution in the centre of the basin between electrodes increases with increasing distance of the electrodes from the bottom of the furnace. By means of mathematical modelling also have been evaluated the volumes of glass melt in surroundings of electrodes where are the power densities superior to pmean (60000 W.m-3). The volumes are very small with regard on the total volume of furnace and do not exceed the value 22%. From mentioned follows that mathematical modelling of glass melting furnaces by means of CFD programme Fluent gives to acceptable computational subservience to study of power density distribution in all-electric melting furnaces.

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Ling, Shao Hua, Chang Yong Jing, and Xiao Liang Li. "Analysis Flue Gas DeNOx Technology for Float Glass Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.158.

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This paper analyzes and discusses the application for flue gas DeNOx technology in the float glass furnace, combining float glass furnace technology and flue gas characteristics. To 500T/D float glass furnace, study float glass furnace flue gas SCR DeNOx technology solutions, and analyzes economic and environmental benefits for float glass furnace flue gas SCR DeNOx technology.

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van Limpt, Hans, Ruud Beerkens, and Marco van Kersbergen. "Effect of Small Glass Composition Changes on Flue Gas Emissions of Glass Furnaces." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.653.

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Relatively small changes in glass composition might have drastic consequences on the evaporation rates of volatile glass components in glass melting furnaces. Transpiration evaporation tests have been applied to measure the impact of minor glass composition changes on the evaporation rates of volatile glass components in simulated furnace atmospheres. The results of these laboratory evaporation tests were used to develop and optimize an universally applicable evaporation model to estimate evaporation rates and dust emissions for industrial glass melt furnaces. Mass transfer relations for the transport of volatile glass melt species into the turbulent gas phase were used to upscale the evaporation models valid for the lab tests to applications for industrial glass furnaces. In this paper, the impact of sulfur and chlorides on the evaporation rates of sodium and potassium from multi-component silicate melts for industrial glass production will be demonstrated.

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Kornilov, B. V., O. L. Chaika, V. V. Lebid, Ye I. Shumelchyk, and A. O. Moskalina. "THE THERMAL WORK ANALYSIS OF THE FIREPLACES OF BLAST FURNACES OF UKRAINE OF VARIOUS DESIGNS." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 35 (2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2021-35-55-68.

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The aim of the work is to study modern ways to increase the operational reliability of the furnace and hearth of blast furnaces, which largely determine the duration of the blast furnace campaign. The article analyzes the ways to increase the stability of the furnace and hearth, presents the results of the analysis of thermal work and ignition of the lining of metal receivers of blast furnaces of different designs. The modern directions of construction of the metal receiver of blast furnaces are determined. It is shown that the modern methodology of construction of blast furnace furnaces develops two main directions: the use of a coordinated combination of refractory materials with a cooling system; use of a combination of wear-resistant materials based on carbon and ceramics. However, even the improvement of the design and cooling system of the metal receiver does not allow to fully increase the duration of the campaign. To assess the service life of the furnace, it is necessary to provide regular automated control of the ignition of the furnace lining and hearth. In Ukraine, during the renovation of blast furnaces, the design of metal receivers with the use of "ceramic glass" was preferred. To date, the system of monitoring the thermal work and ignition of the furnace has been implemented in 10 blast furnaces using the automatic control system "Horn" developed by the HMI NASU. The implementation of continuous control over the ignition of the furnace in blast furnaces allowed us to assess the effect of the use of ceramic cups. The value of heat losses of the furnace and the cost of coke for their compensation are estimated. Methods and models for determining the thermal state and wear of the metal receiver lining based on a combination of calorimetric and thermometric control methods have been developed. Comparison of heat losses of the metal receiver in the cooling system of blast furnaces allows to quantify the thermal performance of controlled areas and the furnace as a whole. It is shown that the specific value of heat loss of the metal receiver per unit volume of the blast furnace can serve as an integral parameter. It is established that the value of specific heat losses per unit volume of the blast furnace with a ceramic cup is ~ 0.4-0.7 kW/m3, which is much less than blast furnaces without it (~ 0.9-1.1 kW/m3). Ceramic glass saves coke about 1 kg/t of cast iron.

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Bayram, Jülide, Levent Kaya, and Barış Orhan. "Developments in Glass Melting Furnace Design, Energy and Environmental Management." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.405.

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This paper covers the experiences of the authors based on the studies and developments made within the company over the years, where improvements on furnace design have always been a major issue. Developments have been achieved by driving forces like requirements for higher glass quality, different products, and increased number of product changes, energy efficiencies, lower investment cost and environmental challenges. Although in the glass world today there are studies and projects to develop different radical melting techniques, like plasma melting, submerged combustion, segmented melter and vacuum refiners being the most promising among the many, the progress going from pilot to full scale is slow and not all the glass manufacturers are giving enough funds to support these projects. Even though the conventional furnace technology is quite mature and energy performances of the most energy efficient furnaces [1] and pull rates are approaching near to the limits, there are still differences between the energy consumptions, pull rates and life of furnaces in glass industry today. Many small steps can be taken at different areas like optimizing furnace design criteria, refractory selection, use of additional equipments, and development of sensors, better combustion equipment, advanced control systems. These all add to continuous incremental developments for each project and give us opportunity to progress with feedback from onsite applications.

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Mastropasqua, Luca, Francesca Drago, Paolo Chiesa, and Antonio Giuffrida. "Oxygen Transport Membranes for Efficient Glass Melting." Membranes 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120442.

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Glass manufacturing is an energy-intensive process in which oxy-fuel combustion can offer advantages over the traditional air-blown approach. Examples include the reduction of NOx and particulate emissions, improved furnace operations and enhanced heat transfer. This paper presents a one-dimensional mathematical model solving mass, momentum and energy balances for a planar oxygen transport membrane module. The main modelling parameters describing the surface oxygen kinetics and the microstructure morphology of the support are calibrated on experimental data obtained for a 30 μm thick dense La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) membrane layer, supported on a 0.7 mm porous LSCF structure. The model is then used to design and evaluate the performance of an oxygen transport membrane module integrated in a glass melting furnace. Three different oxy-fuel glass furnaces based on oxygen transport membrane and vacuum swing adsorption systems are compared to a reference air-blown unit. The analysis shows that the most efficient membrane-based oxyfuel furnace cuts the energy demand by ~22% as compared to the benchmark air-blown case. A preliminary economic assessment shows that membranes can reduce the overall glass production costs compared to oxyfuel plants based on vacuum swing adsorption technology.

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Tapasa, Kanit, Ekarat Meechoowas, Suwannee Thepbutdee, and Amorntep Montreeuppathumb. "Study of Melting Ability of Granulated Glass Batch." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.272.

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In the conventional soda-lime glass production, loose raw materials are normally mixed into a glass batch for melting. Dusting and segregation of the loose glass batch are always occurred during the melting process inside the glass furnace. Also, the loose glass batch has low thermal conductivity which limits the glass melting ability and pulling rate of the glass furnace. Granulation and preheating of glass raw materials have been proposed to solve the problems. In this study, the granulated soda-lime glass batch (SiO2 50% Na2CO3 22.5% CaCO3 12% NaAlSi3O8 9.5% BaCO3 2.5% ZnO 1.75% Sb2O3 1% and K2CO3 0.75% by weight) was prepared to study the melting ability in an electric furnace. The granulated batch was also preheated at 500-600°C before melting. The preheating temperature was matched to the temperature of flue gas at the bottom of the stack in the glass furnace. The purpose behind this was aiming to recover the waste heat from the furnace. The experiment exhibited the increased melting ability for the granulated-preheated glass batch

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12

Shenets, Ya L. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency of Industrial Furnaces Based on the Modeling of Fuel Consumption Modes." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 65, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2022-65-2-169-180.

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A number of industrial plants that manufacture modern products use industrial furnaces in their technology. During their operation, it is necessary to comply not only with the current legislation, but also with the norms of consumption of fuel and energy resources. The growth of tariffs for energy resources has led to a significant increase in the energy component of costs price in the structure of the cost of production. As a result, even a small (several percent) change in the cost price can bring any industrial enterprise, including the most modern ones that use gas processing equipment, into the category of unprofitable. Having referred to technical regulatory legal acts, the present article proposes an energy efficiency indicator that allows monitoring energy efficiency at existing industrial plants with industrial furnaces. The world experience of operating glass industry furnaces is considered, existing approaches to determining the energy efficiency of this technology are presented. Based on the analysis of daily indicators of the operating modes of the technological line, methods have been proposed for estimating the rate of reduction in energy efficiency of a flat glass production line and forecasting the total and specific consumption of fuel and energy resources of industrial furnaces (in terms of a continuous glass furnace). The presented methods and the numerical calculations obtained for reducing the energy efficiency of a glass furnace make it possible to predict fuel consumption and form a correct annual application for its required volume to a gas supply organization, as well as evaluate the energy efficiency of production operating an industrial furnace and calculate the energy consumption rate for the output of a unit of production. Ultimately, more accurate determining of the cost of production of a particular industrial enterprise is achieved.

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Yuan, Jianjun, Weijun Zhang, and Qiang Li. "The Reliable Design and Implementation of an Automatic Glass Furnace Feeding Robot for the SME Glass Industry." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0053.

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This paper is a technical report which discusses a selfdeveloped automatic robot (machine) for glass furnace feeding. It was designed for use in a small-scale glass industry, in which most factories are still feeding small, old fashioned furnaces manually. The huge robot discussed in this paper is intended to substitute for exhausted workers. It was designed with four degrees of freedom and a planar manipulator structure, including X-axis and Y-axis translations, Z-axis rotation, and a belt scrolling motion for feeding the granular glass material into the furnace. The development and implementation of the mechanical and control systems are analyzed, including design considerations, motion using the teaching playback method, and feeding path planning. To ensure system safety and reliability, the necessity and the design of a redundant control systemare presented. Finally, the feeding quantity and quality control are discussed. Unlike other feeding machines, the robot fully utilizes robotic control components and technologies, which is considered another approach to real robotics application.

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Hu, Chang Sheng, Yun Bo Wang, Ping Wang, and Jian Quan Bi. "Prediction of the Flow, Reaction and Heat Transfer for Glass Furnace Firing Petroleum Coke." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3090.

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In this paper, the mathematical models of gas dynamics, combustion and heat transfer and dispersed phase were established for the glass furnace combustion space, according to the practical glass furnace and operation condition, the computer simulation of the glass furnace was made; the simulation results coincided with the facts. On the base the influence of particle size of petroleum coke and oxygen-enriched combustion on the furnace combustion has been simulated.

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Fialko, N. М., V. G. Prokopov, R. O. Navrodska, S. I. Shevchuk, and A. I. Stepanova. "RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE HEAT ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL FURNACE WATER-HEATING HEAT RECOVERY UNITS." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 44, no. 1 (May 12, 2022): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2022.10.

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The results of a complex of experimental studies of thermal and aerodynamic indicators of water-heating heat-recovery exchangers of dusty exhaust gases from glass-making furnaces are presented. The studies were carried out on an experimental installation located behind a glass-melting furnace, and in the process of start-up operations during the introduction into operation of modular-type water-heating heat exchangers (HWM) developed by IET NAS of Ukraine at various glass-producing enterprises. The studies were carried out using modern measuring equipment according to certified methods of the services of metrological adjustment of glass-making enterprises, with the participation of which the experiments were carried out. In the process of research, the heating capacity, average values of the heat transfer coefficients and aerodynamic resistance of heat exchange surfaces, which are assembled from of panel packages formed by pipes with membranes, under conditions of heat-recovery of dusty furnace gases, were determined. The dynamics of the formation of a layer of deposits of technological dust on the surface of the panels on the gas side and the contamination coefficient of surface were also subject to research. According to the data on the heat-recovery exchanger heating capacity, the rational period of its operation between cleaning the working surfaces was determined. The experimental parameters obtained were also compared with their calculated values, as well as with the data of other researchers. According to the results of the studies, it is shown that TVM heat exchangers when used in conditions of dusty furnace gases are characterized by high thermal efficiency due to the layout of the heat exchange surface from the packets of panels formed by pipes with membranes, and the possibility of cleaning these surfaces from deposits of technological dust with practical restoration of the initial indicators. Based on the data obtained, the duration of the cycles for cleaning membrane heating surfaces from dust deposits was determined: for furnaces for the production of glass packaging, this period was 10-14 days, and for furnaces for melting medical glass - 5-7 days.

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Yaitskiy, Serhiy, Liudmyla Bragina, and Yuliya Sobol. "Analysis of the Bacor Refractories after their Service in Glass Furnace." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.03.373.

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The degree of the baddeleyite-corundum refractories erosion depending on the areas of their location in the glass-making furnace in the float glass production was established. With the use of petrographic analysis the influence of chemical and mineral composition and also temperature and gas environment on corrosion of bacor linings was studied. Due to obtained results the recommendations in relation to the increase of glass-attack resistance of the furnace and its service life length were formulated.

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Koshelnik, O., and S. Hoisan. "ADVANCED TYPES OF CHECKERWORK OF REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR GLASS FURNACES." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.1.01.

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One of the ways to increase glass furnaces energy efficiency is to apply heat exchangers for flue gases thermal potential utilization. Flue gases losses is up to 25-40 % of the total amount of heat supplied in the furnace. These losses are influences by such factors as fuel type, furnace and burners design and manufactured product type. Regenerative heat exchangers with various types of heat storage packing is more efficient for high-power furnaces. Such types of regenerator checkerwork as Cowper checkerwork, two types of Siemens checkerwork, Lichte checkerwork and combined checkerwork have already been sufficiently researched, successfully applied and widely used for glass furnaces of various designs. All of its are made of standard refractory bricks. Basket checkerwork and cruciform checkerwork that are made of fused-cast molded refractory materials have been widely used recently as well. Further improvement of regenerative heat exchangers thermal efficiency only by replacing the checkerwork does not seem possible unless their size being increased. But this enlarging is not always realizable during the modernization of existing furnaces. From this point of view heat storage elements with a phase transition, where metal salts and their mixtures are used as a fusible agent look promising for glass furnaces. These elements can accumulate additional amount of heat due to phase transition, which allows to increase significantly heat exchanger thermal rating without its size and operating conditions changing. However, it is necessary to carry out additional studies of this type of checkerwork dealing with analysis of complex unsteady heat exchange processes in regenerators and selection of appropriate materials that satisfy the operating conditions of regenerative heat exchangers so that the checkerwork can be widely used for glass furnaces.

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Dzuzer, V. Ya. "The refractory materials' service in the melting tank of the highly-efficient glass-melting furnace." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 9 (December 29, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-9-3-9.

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The performance data are presented for the highly-efcient container glass-melting furnaces. The service condition are defned for the melting tank's lining given that the pull rate being 2,5‒3,0 tons/m2per day and the specifc glass working being 7000‒8000 tons/m2per furnace campaign. The recommendations are given on the fusion-cast baddeleyite-corundum and vibro-cast sintered chromealumina-zirconium refractories using in the melting tank's structural units.Ill. 2. Ref. 18. Tab. 1.

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Balandis, A., and D. Nizeviciene. "Silica crown refractory corrosion in glass melting furnaces." Science of Sintering 43, no. 3 (2011): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1103295b.

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The critical parameters of silica refractories, such as compressive strength, bulk, density, quantity of silica, microstructure and porosity were evaluated of unused and used bricks to line the crowns of glass furnaces, when the rate of corrosion of crowns were about 2 times greater. The change of these parameters, the chemical composition and formation of the microcracks in the used silica refractories material were studied. It was established that the short time at service of container glass furnace crown can be related to low quality of silica brick: high quantity of CaO and impurities, low quantity of silica, low quantity of silica, transferred to tridymite and cristobalite and formation of 5-10 ?m and more than 100 ?m cracks in the crown material. The main reason of corrosion high quality silica bricks used to line the crown of electrovacuum glass furnace is the multiple cyclic change of crown temperature at 1405 - 1430?C range in the initial zone of crown and at 1575 - 1605?C range in the zone of highest temperatures.

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Meechoowas, Ekarat, Parida Jampeerung, Kanit Tapasa, Usuma Naknikham, and Tepiwan Jitwatcharakomol. "Low Melting Glass Billets for Pot Furnace Glass Processing." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.295.

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Soda-lime-silica glasses were prepared by the composition range of SiO2 67-72, Na2O+K2O 15-18, CaO+MgO 5-8, BaO 2-4 and ZnO 2 in wt% for producing low melting glass billets. The billet properties were similar to commercial glasses, but higher melting ability. Respecting to thermodynamic calculation approach, the exploited heat (Hex), which was the required heat for melting the batch from atmosphere temperature to the melting temperature, was calculated in order to compare the melting ability. The results represented that glass batches with lower silica content which possessed lower Hex than batch with higher silica and consequently higher melting ability. Therefore, to reduce melting energy, silica content in batches should be as low as possible. Hexof batch with SiO2 67 wt% was 480 kWh/t, while the batch with SiO2 72 wt% was higher, namely 495 kWh/t. In addition, the glass batch with SiO2 67 wt% was completely melted at 1350°C only. Properties of billets were determined, and the coefficient of thermal expansion was 9.6 x 10-6 °C-1. The glass transition point was 535 °C, and the refractive index was approximately 1.52. The study succeeded in producing glass billets with good quality and with melting temperatures lower than 1400°C.

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Qi, Zhao Hui, Bao Hong Sun, and Ling Yan Xu. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Glass Tank Furnace after Bubbling." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.426.

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Numerical method to simulate the effect of air bubblers on glass melt flow and heat transfer in glass tank furnace is presented in this paper. The numerical simulation is preformed by using Gambit and Fluent software. Results of numerical simulation for glass melt flow and heat transfer with and without air bubbling technology are compared. The roles of stirring air bubblers installed in different locations played are discussed. The results show that mathematical model established in this paper can better simulate the glass melt circulation and heat transfer in glass tank furance, and air bubbler has a significant effect on glass melt circulation and heat transfer, and the best installation locations should be chosen by calculating in order to make full use of the air bubblers. Air bubbling technology will improve the quality of glass obviously if it is used properly. The results obtained can provide reference for engineering design of glass tank furnaces.

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Wang, Hui, Su Ping Cui, and Xiao Long Shang. "Optimization Chemical Composition of the Blast Furnace Slag with Uniform Design." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.210.

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Using the industrial limestone, fly ash and pure chemical reagents as raw materials, the blast furnace slag was prepared in the simulation condition of the actual slag-making process. Using uniform design method, the influence of blast furnace slag composition factors such as quaternary alkalinity, ratio of CaO/MgO and ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 on the glass content of blast furnace slag were studied in the present in investigation, the relationship between glass content and the various factors has been obtained through regression analysis, and the main influence factors and the optimum blast furnace slag compositions been found out. The results showed that, the impact of various factors on the glass content of granulated blast furnace slag was quaternary alkalinity > ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 > ratio of CaO/MgO. According to the significance test of the regression equation and the verification experiment, it was concluded that the optimum compositions of granulated blast furnace slag were: the quaternary alkalinity was 0.85, the ratios of CaO/MgO and SiO2/Al2O3 were 11.5 and 6.5 respectively, and in this condition, the glass content of granulated blast furnace slag reached to 98.47%.

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Carvalho, M. G., V. S. Semia˜o, and P. J. Coelho. "Modelling and Optimization of the NO Formation in an Industrial Glass Furnace." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2900706.

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The effects of combustion excess-air level, air preheating, and fuel composition on the nitric oxide emissions from an industrial glass furnace are studied through the use of a mathematical model. The mathematical model is based on the solution of the time-averaged form of the governing conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species. The k-ε turbulence model is employed for modelling the turbulence fluxes. The flame is modelled as a turbulent diffusion one and the chemical reactions associated with the heat release are assumed to be fast. The fluctuations of scalar properties are accounted for by use of a clipped-Gaussian probability density function. The thermal radiation, playing the dominant role in the heat-transfer process, is modelled using the discrete transfer method. Because of the high temperatures at which industrial glass furnaces operate a considerable amount of thermal NO is formed. The present work presents a model, based on a chemical kinetic approach, to predict the nitric oxide emissions from industrial glass furnaces. The Zeldovich mechanism, retaining the reverse reactions, is incorporated in the model in order to predict the instantaneous NO net formation rate from atmospheric nitrogen. The whole procedure is applied to a cross-fired regenerative furnace. A set of parametric studies is carried out, demonstrating the ability of the model to evaluate the influence of changes in operating conditions on the NO emissions.

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Sokolov, V. A., M. D. Gasparyan, M. B. Remizov, and P. V. Kozlov. "Selection of refractory materials for vitrification electric furnaces of radioactive waste." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 11 (December 29, 2018): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-11-53-56.

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It was shown that fused-cast chrome-containing refractories are the most promising as the lining material of designed glass-making electric furnaces and smallsized melters of the next generation. To provide a long (up to 10 years) life of the furnace, its elements that are subject to intensive wear must be made of refractories of HPL-85 type with a high chromium content. The bakor furnace masonry of other elements can be replaced with fused-cast refractory material type HAC-26M with a low content of chromium oxide.Ill.2. Ref. 11. Tab. 5.

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Boonin, Kitipun, Suparat Tuscharoen, and Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Development of Low Cost Glass Melting Furnace for Research Scale." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.241.

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This research is intended to study and construct a two doors electrical furnace. Two line of Kanthal AF wire were used as a heat source furnace. Insulator of furnace was constructed from light brick C-2. The volume of furnace was about 25x30x45 cm3. Quantity of current flow through heating element was controlled by solid state relay. Temperature of the furnace is measured by thermocouple type K. The result of test performance of the furnace show that the temperature of 1200 °C was obtained at 220 volt and current in heating elements of 15 A.

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Klemiato, Maciej, Paweł Rotter, and Andrzej Skowiniak. "Analysis of batch asymmetry and batch line position for the decision support in the glass melting process." Production Engineering 15, no. 5 (April 11, 2021): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01053-3.

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AbstractThis paper presents the results of research on the analysis of historical data from a vision system developed by the authors, installed inside a glass furnace in one of the packaging glassworks. In particular, the authors focused on analysis of the batch blanket asymmetry coefficient and the batch line position in the furnace tank. The information obtained from the vision system allows to see phenomena occurring in the glass furnace that were previously difficult to notice. Based on this, recommendations for operators have been formulated to facilitate the glass melting process more efficiently. Based on historical process data from the SCADA production system, several models were developed that allow the batch line position in the glass furnace to be estimated. The best accuracy was achieved using the model based on neural networks. Such a model can be used to optimise furnace operation, which is at present based on the experience of human operators.

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27

Haubner, Roland, Irmgard Schatz, Franz Schatz, Wolfgang Scheiblechner, Wolf Dieter Schubert, and Susanne Strobl. "Archaeometallurgical Simulations of the Processes in Bloomery Furnaces from the Hallstatt and Medieval Period." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.641.

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Bloomery furnaces were the first units for iron smelting. In the Hallstatt period small bowl-type furnaces were used and until the medieval period the size of such furnaces was increasing continuously. Experimental archaeologists reconstruct bloomery furnaces to study the processes of bloom production. In a small bowl-type furnace (Hallstatt period) at Asparn and in a larger shaft-type furnace (medieval period) at Ybbsitz smelting experiments were performed, The samples contained metallic iron and slag. Various amounts of iron in different stages of conglomeration up to larger iron pieces were found. The slag belongs to a fayalitic-type, consisting of wustite (FeO), fayalite (Fe2SiO4) and glass-phase (amorphous Ca-, Al-silicates) in various concentrations. The yield of metallic iron was highly different for the various experiments. In general, more metallic iron was formed in the larger shaft-type furnaces. A large bloom was not obtained.

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28

Fowkes, Neville Donald, and Andrew Bassom. "Batch processing in a glass furnace." ANZIAM Journal 57 (February 7, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v57i0.9635.

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FOWKES, NEVILLE D., and ANDREW P. BASSOM. "BATCH PROCESSING IN A GLASS FURNACE." ANZIAM Journal 57, no. 2 (October 2015): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181115000206.

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In a glass furnace solid batches of material are fed into a chamber and radiation heating applied. An individual batch is melted over the course of several minutes to form molten glass. A travelling front within the batch designates the progress of the melting, a process characterized by multiple radiation reflections. This results in an effective conductivity within the melting zone that is significantly larger than that in the unmelted batch. Approximations based on these disparate conductivities enable accurate explicit expressions for the almost constant melting front speed and the associated temperature profile to be derived. Our results compare favourably with existing numerical simulations of the process, with the advantage of being both analytic and relatively simple. These predictions may be useful in suggesting how a furnace might be most effectively controlled under varying batch conditions, as well as ensuring the quality of the glass sheets produced.

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30

Vladimirov, A. N., M. N. Pavlushkin, V. V. Slesarev, and T. K. Trunova. "Thermal insulation for glass-furnace components." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 10 (October 1987): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00696676.

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31

Sardeshpande, Vishal, Renil Anthony, U. N. Gaitonde, and Rangan Banerjee. "Performance analysis for glass furnace regenerator." Applied Energy 88, no. 12 (December 2011): 4451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.028.

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32

Tatevosyan, K. M., R. B. Koruzhchyan, A. A. Filimanyuk, and P. V. Sviridenko. "Electric furnace for melting borosilicate glass." Glass and Ceramics 45, no. 9 (September 1988): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00677482.

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33

Shustrov, N. N., V. G. Puzach, and S. A. Bezenkov. "The experience of the chrome-oxide refractory materials application in the electric glassmelting furnaces." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 10 (December 29, 2018): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-10-54-57.

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The experience of the chrome-oxide refractory materials application in the electric glass-melting furnaces for fberglass production is given in the article. The prospects are noticed of the chrome-oxide refractories using from the point of view of both the service reliability and the furnace campaign length.Ill.4. Ref. 7. Tab. 5.

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34

Li, Chao, Heng Hu Sun, and Long Tu Li. "Glass Phase Structure of Blast Furnace Slag." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.3.

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This paper studies the blast furnace slag glass phase structure by a series of analysis methods. In glass phase, both Si and Al ions are confirmed to occupy only tetrahedral sites, while the [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5- are separated by Ca and Mg. Furthermore, the glass structure corresponds to micro-crystal model, which means it contains some nano-scaled micro-crystals in the glass phase. In addition, the slag glass may separate into two phases: a calcium rich phase and a silica rich phase. According to devitrification experiment, it has been inferred that the chemical composition and structure of silica rich phase are close to that of akermanite,which means most of Si is distribute around Mg.

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35

Arellano, Isaac, Gabriel Plascencia, Elías Carrillo, Miguel A. Barrón, Adolfo Sánchez, and Juliana Gutiérrez. "Design of an Induction Glass Melting Furnace by Means of Mathematical Modelling Using the Finite Element Method." Materials Science Forum 553 (August 2007): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.553.124.

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In this paper we propose the design of a novel induction furnace for glass melting. The design is based on a mathematical analysis and performed numerically by means of the Finite Element Method. Several induction coils configurations were tested. The results from the mathematical model show that it is possible to melt glass in a furnace whose hearth is no larger than half a metre by using axial induction coils and high frequencies. This furnace configuration may result in increased glass melting rates along with the elimination of harmful emissions.

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Boonin, K., S. Tuscharoen, J. Kaewkhao, and N. Sangwaranatee. "Fabrication of Glass Furnace for Research Scale: Case Study for Soda Lime Silicate Melting Process." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.409.

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In this work, glass furnace for research scale has been fabricated using domestic raw materials. Furnace was designed and assembled in laboratory for reduce the heat loss due to openings when load out crucible from furnace, reduce energy cost and increase the number of glass samples that can be made in one working time. Glasses based soda lime silicate formulas have been prepared using the normal melt-quench technique for furnace testing. The result found that good optical properties and physical properties of glasses were obtained.

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Wang, Hui, Su Ping Cui, and Ya Li Wang. "Influence of Process Conditions on the Structure and Hydraulic Activity of Air-Cooling Blast Furnace Slag." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.476.

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Using the industrial limestone, fly ash and pure chemical reagents as raw materials, the blast furnace slag was prepared by the fast air-cooled method. Using orthogonal experiment method, the influence of process conditions such as heating rate, heat preservation time of the blast furnace slag in hearth, discharge temperature of slag and cooling speed on the glass content and hydraulic activity of blast furnace slag were studied, the main influence factors and the optimal process conditions of blast furnace slag were determined. The results showed that the discharge temperature of slag was the key factor influencing on the glass content of granulated blast furnace slag. The impact degree of all process conditions on the glass content of granulated blast furnace slag accord with the following sequence: discharge temperature of slag > heat preservation time > heating rate > cooling rate. And heat preservation time and cooling rate were the key factors influencing 28 days activity index of blast furnace slag, the impact sequence of all process conditions on the 28 days activity index of granulated blast furnace slag was as follows: heat preservation time > cooling rate > discharge temperature of slag > heating rate. This study also optimized the process conditions of granulated blast furnace slag for different indicators.

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38

Chen, Jian, and Xue Han. "The Research of Furnace Temperature Control Technology Based on Model Free Adaptive Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (July 2014): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.580.

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According to the analysis of furnace temperature control, a new control process which is based on the technique of model free adaptive control, is proposed against the defects of traditional control system. Through the analysis of the characters of MFAC and its utility for continuous and non-linear multivariable control system of glass furnace, a satisfied result indicates the good application of MFAC on temperature control of glass furnace.

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39

Ning, Wei, Li Da Luo, Xing Yang Xu, Qing Wei Wang, and Jian Chen. "Analyses and Determination of Current Density and Energy Density in Electric Melting Glass Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2945.

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Current density and energy density is one of the most important parameters for designing the electric melting glass furnace. This paper analyzed the relation between current density and energy density based upon the generated representation, mathematical simulation and empirical equation, defined the bearing scope of current density for several kinds of electrodes, discussed the tendency of the change of current density and volume melting rate on different kinds of glasses, provided the theoretical basis to design electric melting glass furnace and established proper thermotechnical regime, so as to ensure the optimum operating condition in electric melting glass furnace.

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40

Taylor, D. J., D. Z. Dent, D. N. Braski, and B. D. Fabes. "Boron loss in furnace- and laser-fired, sol-gel derived borosilicate glass films." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 8 (August 1996): 1870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0237.

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Borosilicate glass films were made by the sol-gel method from tetraethoxysilane and trimethylborate precursors. The precursor or glass composition at each stage of processing was analyzed to determine the sources of boron loss. The films were heated in a furnace and with a laser to compare boron volatilization by the two heating methods. The films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, induction-charged plasma spectroscopy, and Auger microscopy. The highest losses of boron occurred during coating and low temperature (<500 °C) furnace firing. Films with the highest boron concentrations were made by dip coating and rapid firing, either with a laser or by placing them into a hot furnace. Infrared spectroscopy revealed Si–O–B bonds, indicating incorporation of boron into the borosilicate glass structure for laser- and furnace-fired films.

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41

Wang, Yici, Qi Jiang, Guoping Luo, Wenwu Yu, and Yan Ban. "Mutual Influence of Special Components in Baotou Steel Blast Furnace Slag on the Crystallization Behavior of Glass." Journal of Metallurgy 2012 (October 17, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/954021.

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In the process of glass-ceramics prepared with Baotou steel blast furnace slag, quartz sand, and other raw materials by melting method, the mutual influence of the special components such as CaF2, REXOY, TiO2, K2O, and Na2O in the blast furnace slag on the crystallization behavior of parent glass was investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the special components in slag can reduce the crystallization temperature and promote crystallization of glass phase, which belongs to surface crystallization of glass, and they cannot play the role of the nucleating agent; the major crystal phase composed of diopside, diopside containing aluminum and anorthite, is slightly different from the expected main crystal phase of diopside. Therefore, the nucleating agents of proper species and quantity must be added into the raw materials in order to obtain glass-ceramics. The results have important theoretical guidance meaning for realizing industrial production of Baotou steel blast furnace slag glass-ceramics preparation.

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42

Yang, Yang, Min Liu, and Jing Hua Hao. "Application of Numerical Simulation and New Fining Index in Operating Parameters Optimization of Float Glass-Melting Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 950 (June 2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.950.165.

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Glass-melting furnace is the most essential equipment in float glass manufacturing, which greatly affects the glass quality and energy efficiency. A three-dimensional simulation model of a float glass-melting furnace including combustion chamber and glass tank is performed in this paper by CFD software Ansys Fluent. To evaluate the glass quality with obtained simulation output data, a new fining index is proposed from the view of bubble elimination in fining zone of the glass tank. The fining index is verified effective in this paper by comparisons between simulation results and actual industry data. The simulation model and fining index then provide guidance for operating parameters optimization and glass quality improvement.

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43

Lisý, Antonín, and Josef Smrček. "Identification of Rayleigh-Bénard Convection on Physical Model of Electric Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.481.

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The released electric energy in the melting tank, the distribution of temperatures in the glass melt and by them generated the flow influences a quality of the manufactured glass melt especially their homogeneity. Between those places where the energy releases and where the energy consumes generates natural convection, called Rayleigh-Bénard convection. This type of the convective flow is forming by the volumetric releasing of energy and this flow is also present in electric glass melting furnaces. In the melting tank of the furnace is released energy transported to colder areas for heating and melting of the batch. Experiments on the physical model were carried out with cooling the surface and heating the room below it. The temperature gradient area rises in the horizontal layer below the batch. From this layer the cooler blobs divide off and fall. Theirs velocities are depended on RaI 0,33 and it is less than the dependence of the flow velocity measured by Dubois and Bergé with RaI 0,50. The results of the electric energy releasing in the physical model of the melting furnace showed that with decreasing depth of the tank is forming more smaller cells of Rayleigh-Bénard convective flow and also by them is reducing ability of the blobs flow generating.

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44

Wang, Yi-Ci, Pei-Jun Liu, Guo-Ping Luo, Zhe Liu, and Peng-Fei Cao. "Optimization of heat treatment of glass-ceramics made from blast furnace slag." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0059.

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AbstractCaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics with diopside as the main crystalline phase were prepared by melting blast furnace slag obtained from Baotou Iron and Steel Company. The effect of heat treatment on the crystallization behavior of glass-ceramics, containing a large proportion of melted blast furnace slag, was studied by means of differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The optimum heat-treatment regime was obtained by orthogonal experimental results for glass-ceramics in which blast furnace slag comprised 70% of the composition and 1% Cr2O3 and 4% TiO2 were used as nucleating agents. The nucleation temperature was 750°C for 2.5 h and the crystallization temperature was 930°C for 1 h. Under this regime, the performance of the glass-ceramic was better than that of other groups in the orthogonal experiment.

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Xia, Jia Qun, Guang Hui Liu, Yu Si Wang, and Hu Ping Li. "Study on the Basic Characteristics of Low Oxygen Air Combustion with Natural Gas in Glass Tempering Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1510.

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The basic characteristics of natural gas with low oxygen air combustion is analyzed, and low oxygen content, excess air ratio, and the change of flue gas composition are studied, the results show that using the technology of low oxygen air combustion for glass tempering furnace in production has directive significance. The composition content of carbon dioxide and water vapor increases in the combustion products. The radiation heat transfer is decreased in glass tempering furnace. The furnace temperatures are maintained in the range of 650 to 800°C.

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46

Klimenda, Frantisek, Blanka Skocilasova, Petr Skuthan, and Martin Močilan. "Glass Furnace Controlling from Saving Energy Aspect." Manufacturing Technology 15, no. 5 (November 1, 2015): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/1213-2489/mt/15/5/857.

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47

Sardeshpande, Vishal, U. N. Gaitonde, and Rangan Banerjee. "Model based energy benchmarking for glass furnace." Energy Conversion and Management 48, no. 10 (October 2007): 2718–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.04.013.

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48

Lisovskaya, G. P., and V. A. Senatova. "Model for melting in a glass furnace." Glass and Ceramics 47, no. 6 (June 1990): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00685461.

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49

Kucheryavyi, M. N., O. N. Popov, and A. S. Astakhov. "New channel design for a glass furnace." Glass and Ceramics 45, no. 7 (July 1988): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00684090.

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Ruslov, V. N., V. A. Kostyrya, A. K. Esina, E. F. Kashirina, V. T. Aidarov, and T. I. Tolochko. "Inspecting refractories in an insulated glass furnace." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 7 (July 1987): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00703416.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Glass furnace'

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