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Journal articles on the topic 'Glass Seals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Lee, Jae Chun, Sung Park, Jun Suh Yu, Jong Ho Lee, Joo Sun Kim, and Hae Won Lee. "Sealing Behavior of Visco-Elastic Composite Seals for SOFC Applications." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 921–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.921.

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Porous composites containing ceramic fiber have been developed for the fabrication of SOFC seals. They were fabricated using glass powder and alumino-silicate chopped fibers. Effect of mixing ratios of ceramic fiber and glass on the leak rates and strength of the composite seals was investigated. In addition, seal performance of commercial glasses was compared with that of SiO2-BaO-B2O3 glass synthesized in this work. The leak rate of the composite seals containing 55 vol% glass was seven times higher than the one containing 75 vol% glass. The flexural strength of the composite seals was reduc

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2

VARSHNEYA, A. K., and J. E. MARRA. "Stresses in Dumet-Glass Seals." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 3 (1985): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb09649.x.

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3

Nielsen, K. A., M. Solvang, S. B. L. Nielsen, A. R. Dinesen, D. Beeaff, and P. H. Larsen. "Glass composite seals for SOFC application." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27, no. 2-3 (2007): 1817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.05.046.

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4

Headley, T. J., R. E. Loehman, R. D. Watkins, and M. C. Madden. "Study of the interfacial reaction zone in a glass-ceramic to metal seal by Analytical Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100145625.

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Glass-ceramic to metal seals are commonly used in a variety of electronic components. A complex Li2O-SiO2 glass-ceramic has been developed that forms thermal expansion-matched seals with several Ni-base superalloys allowing its use in high-strength connectors, feed-throughs and headers. Typically, an interfacial reaction zone is created by diffusion of metallic species into the glass during the high-temperature sealing step. The microstructure in this zone is altered from that in the bulk glass-ceramic. This AEM study examined the product phases in the reaction zone of seals between this glass

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5

Leichtfried, G., G. Thurner, and R. Weirather. "Molybdenum alloys for glass-to-metal seals." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 16, no. 1 (1998): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-4368(98)00003-1.

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6

Beatty, Christopher C. "Compliant Glass-Silver Seals for SOFC Applications." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2005-07, no. 1 (2005): 1949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200507.1949pv.

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7

Loehman, R. E. "Glass Ceramics for Hermetic Metal-Insulator Seals." JOM 38, no. 12 (1986): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03257598.

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8

Neilsen, M. K., L. A. Andrews, S. L. Monroe, and H. L. McCollister. "Development of Hermetic Microminiature Connectors." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 4 (1991): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905427.

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Miniaturization of hermetic packages has provided the incentive to develop a new family of hermetic microminiature connectors. Microminiature connectors, with a pin spacing of 1.27 mm, have previously been available only in the nonhermetic form. New microminiature connectors with compression seal materials, 304 Stainless Steel housings, Alloy 52 pins, and TM-9 Glass insulators, were examined because compression seals are currently used in larger hermetic connectors and are typically designed to create a residual compressive stress state in the insulator during manufacturing. The new microminia

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9

Shen, Xi Hai, and Xiang Ling. "Damage Analysis of Glass-to-Metal Diffusion Welded Joints." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.765.

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The glass-to-metal seals are usually used in the solar thermal power (STP) and electronic devices. However, the requirement of mechanical properties in the STP is much higher than that of electronic devices, because the glass-to-metal joints used in the STP need to have anti-fatigue performance in adition to higher static tensile strength. Under the repeated fluctuating loads, damage and failures of glass-to-metal seals in the STP often lead to serious consequences. Therefore, analysis of damage evolution and fracture behavior of glass-to-metal diffusion welded joints was performed in this pap

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10

Rautanen, M., O. Thomann, O. Himanen, J. Tallgren, and J. Kiviaho. "Glass coated compressible solid oxide fuel cell seals." Journal of Power Sources 247 (February 2014): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.085.

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11

Donald, Ian W., Brian L. Metcalfe, and Lee A. Gerrard. "Interfacial Reactions in Glass–Ceramic-to-Metal Seals." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 91, no. 3 (2008): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02024.x.

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12

Liu, Chien-Kuo, Tung-Yuan Yung, Kin-Fu Lin, Ruey-Yi Lee, and Szu-Han Wu. "High Temperature Glass-ceramic Seals for SOFC Applications." ECS Transactions 25, no. 2 (2019): 1491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3205683.

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13

Donald, Ian W., B. L. Metcalfe, L. A. Gerrard, and J. A. Fernie. "Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Seals." Advances in Science and Technology 64 (October 2010): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.64.135.

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It is recognized that many factors need to be taken into consideration in the successful design and manufacture of high quality glass-ceramic-to-metal seals, particularly if an adequate component lifetime is to be achieved. During their preparation, undesirable reactions may occur between diffusing metal species and glass constituents, and these can lead to the formation of highly localized internal stresses, the presence of which can initiate failure of a seal either during manufacture or, more seriously, whilst in service due to the influence of static fatigue. In the case of high temperatur

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14

Shen, Xi Hai, Yu Gang Zheng, Liang Chang, Jin Jia Guo, Song Bin Ye, and Hua Wen Wu. "Microstructural Characterization of Glass-to-Metal Brazed Joint." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1732.

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Aiming at the glass-to-metal seals serving in the Solar Thermal Power (STP), glass-to-metal vacuum brazed joints were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed to examine the microstructure and element contents of interface seam on the glass-to-metal vacuum brazed joints. Also, the compositional concentration of the interface seam was measured by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

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15

Stevens, Karl K., Tin-Lup Wong, Ajit Renavikar, and Wayne Chen. "Fracture of Glass Seals in Surface Mount IC Packages." Journal of Electronic Packaging 112, no. 2 (1990): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904357.

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Results of a study to investigate the cracking of glass seals in a surface-mount integrated circuit package with ceramic covers are presented. Finite element analyses were combined with principles of fracture mechanics to estimate values of lead tip displacement (or applied force) at the onset of seal cracking. Such cracking provides points of entry for moisture, and otherwise degrades package reliability. Limiting values of lead tip displacement were estimated by three different approaches. The results obtained were in close agreement, and appear to be consistent with physical observations.

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16

Singh, Raj N. "Self-repairable glass seals for solid oxide fuel cells." Journal of Materials Research 27, no. 15 (2012): 2055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2012.188.

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17

Startsev, Y. K. "Stresses in glass plate joined with other materials: Modeling and experimental validation." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120075.

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The previously developed relaxation model for annealing of glass seals with other materials has been applied widely. It remains unclear whether there are a specific low temperature and very long-term iso-thermal treatments at which this simple model ceases to work correctly and requires complication or even revision. With the aim to determine the minimum fictive temperature at which the relaxation model of annealing of glass seal with an elastic material is still applicable, the stresses in the sandwich S52-2 glass-molybdenum seals are measured at different stabilization temperatures. The expe

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18

Xu, Di, and Xiang Ling. "Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress in the Glass-to-Metal Diffusion Seals." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.666.

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The glass-to-metal seals are widely used in the solar thermal power. When a glass-to-metal seal is cooled in the process of diffusion welding, the residual stresses are generated due to different thermal contraction between the two materials. The residual stresses built up along the interface near the end of the seal can induce welded joints to crack and decrease the fatigue intensity of the welded joints and thus are of technical importance. In order to obtain the residual stresses existed in the diffusion welded joints, the glass-to-metal vacuum diffusion sealing process were simulated by us

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19

Petrov, S. V., and B. D. Yurasov. "Glass–Metal Seals: The Role and Conditions of Metal Annealing before Sealing to Glass." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 47, no. 1 (2004): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:inet.0000017267.73813.e1.

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20

Donald, I. W. "Preparation, properties and chemistry of glass- and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 11 (1993): 2841–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00354689.

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21

Murawski, K., K. Aristovich, and H. T. Lancashire. "Selective laser sintering of glass-ceramic bonds using a defocused Nd:YAG laser." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (2020): 000286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000286.

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Abstract Protecting miniature implantable electronics may require mm scale hermetic packages. Glass-ceramic bonding by selective laser sintering of glass sealing paste using a defocused Nd:YAG laser is presented. Glass sealing paste (FX11-036, Ferro) is screen printed onto alumina ceramic, clamped in contact with borosilicate glass, and laser treated while heating to 250°C. With the addition of defocusing and a heat source the glass paste reflowed and wetted both the alumina and coverslip surfaces, with an optimal effect between 10 mm and 15 mm defocusing. This method is promising to create el

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22

Lee, Jae Chun, Hyuk Chon Kwon, Young Pil Kwon, Ju Hyeon Lee, and Sung Park. "Sealing Properties of Ceramic Fiber Composites for SOFC Application." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.803.

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For the sealing of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), mid-term (~1,000 h) sealing performance was examined using composite seals prepared with mixtures of a glass and alumino-silicate ceramic fiber. Leak rate could be reduced to < ~0.04 sccm/cm when using a composite seal with 60 vol% glass. Viscosity of the glass at the seal operating temperature of 650 was 2.0×108 dPa·s (log η = 8.3) as estimated by beam-bending method, and found to be suitable for sealing operation.

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23

Vafai, K. "Analysis of heat transfer phenomena in glass-to-metal seals." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 18, no. 2 (1991): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(91)90042-3.

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24

Kuo, Cheng-hsien, Pi-ying Cheng, and Chang-pin Chou. "Matched glass-to-Kovar seals in N2 and Ar atmospheres." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 20, no. 9 (2013): 874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0809-1.

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25

Thompson, Luke M., Michael R. Maughan, Karl K. Rink, Donald M. Blackketter, and Robert R. Stephens. "Thermal Induced Stresses in Bridge-Wire Initiator Glass-to-Metal Seals." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 3 (2006): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2753920.

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Cracks have been observed in the insulating glass of bridge-wire initiators that may allow moisture to penetrate the assembly, potentially leading to the corrosion and degradation of the bridge wire and the pyrotechnic material. Degradation of the pyrotechnic or the bridge wire may result in initiator failure or diminished performance. The goal of this research is to determine if the manufacturing processes could produce thermal stresses great enough to crack the glass. A parametric plane stress closed-form solution was used to determine the effects of changing material properties and dimensio

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26

Kothiyal, Govind P., Arvind Anathanarayanan, Babita Tiwari, Madhumita Goswami, and V. K. Shrikhande. "Studies on some Glasses and Glass-Ceramics for Various Applications Including Seals." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.162.

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Glass and glass-ceramics (GCs) find wide applications in various disciplines of science and technology including sealing, vacuum, energy devices because of their desired thermomechanical, electrical, optical properties and chemical durability. We shall report here some recent studies carried out on thermo-physical and structural properties of TiO2 doped sodium aluminophosphate (NATP) glasses, interface studies on Li2O-ZnO-SiO2-P2O5-B2O3-Na2O (LZS) glassceramics for matched type of seal with Cu metal and machinability of magnesium aluminium silicate (MAS) glass-ceramics suitable for high voltag

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27

Donald, Ian W., Brian L. Metcalfe, Lee A. Gerrard, and Shirley K. Fong. "Diffusion of Metallic Species and their Influence on Interfacial Reactions in Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Seals." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1520.

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This is a preliminary investigation aimed at assessing the influence of individual metallic elements on the sealing characteristics of glass-ceramic-to-metal seals in order to aid in the analysis of interfacial reactions in more complex practical alloy systems. In the present study, a lithium zinc silicate (LZS) glass nucleated with P2O5 has been sealed to high purity Fe, Ni and Cr metals and the resultant diffusion into the glass of each metal monitored as a function of sealing temperature and time. The initial data obtained are compared with similar data noted for multi-component alloys.

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28

Kaneta, M., H. Todoroki, H. Nishikawa, Y. Kanzaki, and Y. Kawahara. "Tribology of Flexible Seals for Reciprocating Motion." Journal of Tribology 122, no. 4 (2000): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1310573.

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The dynamic behavior of oil films formed between a band-shaped nitrile rubber specimen with a D-shaped or lip-shaped cross section and an oscillating glass plate is directly observed by means of the mono-chromatic optical interferometry technique. The friction force is also measured. The effects of the cross sectional shape of the seal and the length of the stroke on the film formation and friction characteristics are discussed together with the effects of surface defects. On the basis of analyses of experimental data, the conditions which bring about the film collapse are clarified. It is als

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29

Hong, Sung Jin, and Deug Joong Kim. "Polymer Derived Ceramic Seals for Application in SOFC." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1061.

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Polymer derived ceramic composites have been developed for SOFC seals. The formation and properties of the ceramic composite derived from a mixture with polysiloxane and filler were investigated. In the presence of filler materials such as ZrO2 and AlCo, the thermal properties of the ceramic composite could be controlled. The mixtures with polymethylsiloxane and fillers were prepared and their conversions to ceramic composites by annealing in N2 atmosphere were studied. The microcrystalline composites with filler embedded in a silicon-boron-oxycarbide glass matrix were formed. The thermal expa

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30

Lei, Dongqiang, Zhifeng Wang, Jian Li, Jianbin Li, and Zhijian Wang. "Experimental study of glass to metal seals for parabolic trough receivers." Renewable Energy 48 (December 2012): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.04.033.

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31

Simon, Alíz, Heikki Matiskainen, Imre Uzonyi, et al. "PIXE analysis of Middle European 18th and 19th century glass seals." X-Ray Spectrometry 40, no. 3 (2011): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1328.

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32

Rogier, R., and F. Pernot. "Glass-ceramic-metal composites for making graded seals in prosthetic devices." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 2, no. 3 (1991): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00692974.

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33

Vafai, K. "A survey of heat transfer phenomena in glass-to-metal seals." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 18, no. 2 (1991): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(91)90041-2.

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34

Li, Shenhou, Kangjia Hu, Wenchang Hui, Yangyang Cai, and Yong Zhang. "Shear strength and interfacial characterization of borosilicate glass-to-metal seals." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 827 (June 2020): 154275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154275.

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35

Macey, Christopher J., Lawrence Salvati, Richard L. Moore, Christopher Bachman, and Victor Greenhut. "SEM and ESCA study of fractured borosilicate glass to Kovar seals." Applications of Surface Science 21, no. 1-4 (1985): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5963(85)90013-3.

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36

Mathieu, Barry, and Abhijit Dasgupta. "A Fractional-Factorial Numerical Technique for Stress Analysis of Glass-To-Metal Lead Seals." Journal of Electronic Packaging 116, no. 2 (1994): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905512.

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Fracture of glass seals in metallic hermetic electronic packaging is a significant failure mode because it may lead to moisture ingress and also to loss of load carrying capacity of the glass seal. Seal glasses are intrinsically brittle and their fracture is governed by the stresses generated. This study investigates stresses in lead seals caused by handling, testing, mechanical vibration, and thermal excursions. Loads considered are axial tension, bending, and twisting of the lead. More general loading can be handled by superposition of these results. Factorial techniques, commonly used in mu

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37

Shen, Xi Hai, Chun Xiang Sun, and Li Chun Wang. "Shear Strength and Performance of Glass-to-Metal Brazed Joints." Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (June 2010): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.686.

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Vacuum brazing of glass to Kovar alloy was carried out at 670~700°C using Cu-Ni-Sn-P brazing alloy. The holding time ranges from 5min to 30min. The shear stress was tested to evaluate the mechanical property of the vacuum brazed joints. The results showed the maximum shear stress was 11.6MPa when the brazing temperature was 680°C and holding time was 10min. In accordance with the welded structures, the finite element (FE) model of glass-to-metal brazed joints was established. As result, the shear tests on the lap joints in conjunction with FM analysis were used to optimize the glass-to-metal b

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38

Chou, Yeong-Shyung, and Jeffry W. Stevenson. "Novel silver/mica multilayer compressive seals for solid-oxide fuel cells: The effect of thermal cycling and material degradation on leak behavior." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 9 (2003): 2243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0313.

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A novel Ag/mica compressive seal was thermally cycled between 100 °C and 800 °C in air to evaluate its stability. The novel Ag/mica compressive seal was composed of a naturally cleaved Muscovite mica sheet and two thin silver layers, and was reported in a previous study to have very low leak rates at 800 °C. In the present study, we examined the thermal cycle stability of the Ag/mica-based compressive seals pressed between mating couples with large and small mismatch in thermal expansion. For comparison, thermal cycling also was conducted on plain mica as well as plain silver only. In addition

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39

Treister, Mikhail. "Polyhedron Seals of the Transcaucasian Origin Dated 2nd – 1st CC BC from the Burials of the Nomads of Asian Sarmatia of the 1st – First Half of the 2nd Century AD." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 2 (December 2020): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.2.11.

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The article features the gem of rather rare forms, namely so-called prisms, polyhedra, scaraboids and bifacial gems which were found in the burials of the Asian Sarmatia nomads. The author describes an attempt to attribute seals in the form of polyhedra from Sarmatian burials dated back to the 1st – first half of the 2nd century AD within the Lower and Upper Don and the Lower Volga regions. Polyhedra belong to the forms of gems, which became widespread in the Classical era, both among Greek and so-called Greek-Persian gems. In the 2nd – 1st centuries BC the seals in the form of polyhedra were

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40

Mahapatra, M. K., and K. Lu. "Glass-based seals for solid oxide fuel and electrolyzer cells – A review." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 67, no. 5-6 (2010): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2009.12.002.

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41

Qi, X., F. T. Akin, and Y. S. Lin. "Ceramic–glass composite high temperature seals for dense ionic-conducting ceramic membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 193, no. 2 (2001): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(01)00488-4.

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42

Zhuravlev, G. I., and A. A. Borisenko. "Effect of some technological factors on the strength of metal-glass seals." Strength of Materials 22, no. 10 (1990): 1426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00767224.

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43

Suda, Seiichi, Koichi Kawahara, Kaori Jono, and Yasutoshi Mizuta. "Gas Sealing Reliability of Glass/Ceramic Composite Seals under SOFC Working Conditions." ECS Transactions 25, no. 2 (2019): 1501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3205684.

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44

Lee, Jae Chun, Hyuk Chon Kwon, Young Pil Kwon, Ju-Hyun Lee, and Sung Park. "Porous ceramic fiber glass matrix composites for solid oxide fuel cell seals." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 300, no. 1-2 (2007): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.10.001.

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45

Govindaraju, N., W. N. Liu, X. Sun, P. Singh, and R. N. Singh. "A modeling study on the thermomechanical behavior of glass-ceramic and self-healing glass seals at elevated temperatures." Journal of Power Sources 190, no. 2 (2009): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.006.

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46

Donald, I. W., P. M. Mallinson, B. L. Metcalfe, L. A. Gerrard, and J. A. Fernie. "Recent developments in the preparation, characterization and applications of glass- and glass–ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings." Journal of Materials Science 46, no. 7 (2011): 1975–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5095-y.

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47

Sujuan, Ye, Yu Quan, Li Kunquan, et al. "The Tribological and Sealing Properties of PFA Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2302407.

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The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and perfluoroalkoxyperfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PFA) composites were prepared using carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) as fillers. The effects of these fillers on the tribological and sealing properties were investigated. The tribological and sealing properties of the composites were evaluated by a wear tester and a seal test rig. Results showed that the incorporation of CF and GF both improved the wear resistance with composites, approaching wear rates as low as 10−6 mm3/N·m and lowered the seal’s leakage of the PTFE/PFA composites. As described here, CF

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48

Stakenborg, M. J. L., H. J. van Leeuwen, and E. A. M. ten Hagen. "Visco-Elastohydrodynamic (VEHD) Lubrication in Radial Lip Seals: Part 1—Steady-State Dynamic Viscoelastic Seal Behavior." Journal of Tribology 112, no. 4 (1990): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920301.

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In general, most analyses of radial lip seal behavior assume a static deformation state in the seal lip. Nevertheless, a dynamic excitation of the seal lip always occurs in practice, due to unroundness of the shaft or motions of the shaft center. In this first part of a two part paper the influence of dynamic excitation on the occurrence of clearances in a dry seal-shaft contact is studied, taking into account viscoelasticity and inertia of the seal material. The ultimate goal is to determine whether viscoelastic seal behavior can result in a continuous fluid film or not. First, attention is p

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49

Jitianu, Mihaela, Andrei Jitianu, Michael Stamper, Doreen Aboagye, and Lisa C. Klein. "Melting Gel Films for Low Temperature Seals." MRS Proceedings 1547 (2013): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.506.

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ABSTRACTMelting gels are silica-based hybrid gels with the curious behavior that they are rigid at room temperature, but soften around 110°C. A typical melting gel is prepared by mixing methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES). MTES has one methyl group substituted for an ethoxy, and DMDES has two substitutions. The methyl groups do not hydrolyze, which limits the network-forming capability of the precursors. To gain insight into the molecular structure of the melting gels, differential scanning calorimetry and oscillatory rheometry studies were performed on melting gels

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Zhang, Tao, Qingshan Zhu, and Zhaohui Xie. "Modeling of cracking of the glass-based seals for solid oxide fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 188, no. 1 (2009): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.053.

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