Journal articles: 'Glass trade'

1

Conte, Sonia, Rossella Arletti, Francesca Mermati, and Bernard Gratuze. "Unravelling the Iron Age glass trade in southern Italy: the first trace-element analyses." European Journal of Mineralogy 28, no. 2 (May 25, 2016): 409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2516.

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Hanson, B. "Tracing the Ancient Glass Trade." Science 329, no. 5991 (July 29, 2010): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.329.5991.492-a.

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Biginagwa, Thomas. "Counterfeit Glass Beads during the East African Caravan Trade: Mineralogical and Gemmological Analysis." Umma The Journal of Contemporary Literature and Creative Art 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ummaj.v10i2.1.

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This article presents results from mineralogical and gemmological analyses of imperfectly made tubular beads excavated at Kilwa Kivinje, a 19th century coastal caravan terminus in southern Tanzania. These beads are unique in size, their material, and colour, in addition to lacking treated cut ends. Because of their distinctive flaw, these beads required thorough laboratory analyses to determine how they compare to other glass beads from the same archaeological context. Although 19th century European travellers’ accounts insist on glass beads being the popular commodity during the East African caravan trade, mineralogical and gemmological analyses revealed some of these beads to have been crafted from low-grade non-glass material. This prevented their standardisation in cut lengths, the permanency of coated colours, and the cut-ends treatment. These results justify speculation that these were counterfeits designed to pass for the original glass beads, possibly due to limited supply amidst high demand and the rapidly changing customer tastes for the much sought-after glass beads in East Africa during the height of the caravan trade. This is the first archaeological study in the region to examine the quality of traded glass beads during the caravan trade for their authenticity in artistry and material.

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Schoppa, Leonard. "Agricultural Trade: A Glass Half Full." International Studies Review 6, no. 3 (September 2004): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.425_3.x.

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Sprague, Roderick, and Alfred W. Bowers. "Glass trade beads: A progress report." Historical Archaeology 19, no. 2 (July 1985): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03373477.

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Miksic, John N., C. T. Yap, and Hua Younan. "Archaeology and Early Chinese Glass Trade in Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1994): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006664.

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When trade between China and Southeast Asia blossomed between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, Chinese traders began to form overseas Chinese communities. Their presence had significant effects on the region, including the formation of new urban settlements and the introduction of new lifestyles in which imported items played an important part, not only among the elite, but among many hinterland groups who probably never saw a Chinese trader but rapidly integrated Chinese products into their displays of status.

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Robertshaw, Peter, Marilee Wood, Erik Melchiorre, Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff, and Michael D. Glascock. "Southern African glass beads: chemistry, glass sources and patterns of trade." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 8 (August 2010): 1898–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.016.

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Conte, Sonja, Rosella Arletti, Francesca Mermati, and Bernard Gratuze. "Unravelling the Iron Age glass trade in southern Italy: the first trace-element analyses (DOI: 10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2516)." European Journal of Mineralogy 28, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2572.

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Xie, Jiadong, Yixun Li, Bochen Huang, Yiyi Chen, and Yimeng He. "Glass Classification and Composition Study based on systematic clustering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 69 (November 6, 2023): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v69i.12527.

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To obtain the influence of the production of raw materials and buried environment changes on their composition, this study analyzes a batch of ancient glass products in China. In the history of the Silk Road, glass was an important trade item. The main raw material of ancient glass is quartz sand, with a high melting point, so it is necessary to add solvents and stabilizers for refining. Different solvents contain different main components. The results show that the burial environment change of ancient glass products can affect their color, ornamentation, and composition ratio. The addition of different cosolvents to the production process can lead to different compositions of ancient glass products. The analysis of ancient glass products plays an important role in providing a better understanding of the Silk Road trade and technology exchange.

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McIntosh, Susan Keech, Marilee Wood, Laure Dussubieux, Peter Robertshaw, Timothy Insoll, and Mamadou Cissé. "Glass Beads from Medieval Gao (Mali): New Analytical Data on Chronology, Sources, and Trade." Journal of African Archaeology 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20200009.

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Abstract Excavations at several archaeological sites in and around Gao have resulted in the recovery of thousands of glass beads presumed to have been acquired from glass bead-producing centers through trade. The bead assemblages cover the period from the eighth to the fourteenth century CE. Here we report on the results of compositional analysis by LA-ICP-MS of 100 beads, permitting comparison with the growing corpus of chemical analyses for glass from African and Near Eastern sites. In this analysis, several compositional groupings are recognized. These include two types of plant-ash soda-lime-silica glass (v-Na-Ca), a mineral soda-lime-silica glass (m-Na-Ca), a high-lime high-alumina (HLHA) glass, a mineral soda-high alumina (m-Na-Al), glass, a plant ash soda-high alumina (v-Na-Al) glass and a high lead composition glass. The reconstruction and dating of depositional contexts suggests a shift in glass sources at the end of the tenth century CE. The issue of source identification is discussed and occurrences at other African sites are mapped, providing new data towards an understanding of trade and exchange networks.

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Zhang, Pu. "Study and Identification of Ancient Glass Composition Based on Regression Equation and Statistical Analysis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 22 (December 7, 2022): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v22i.3356.

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Glass is valuable material evidence of the early trade along the ancient Silk Road, but the ancient glass is easily weathered by the buried environment, which leads to the change of its composition proportion, thus affecting the correct judgment of its classification. The study of the composition analysis and identification of ancient glass products is of great help to the understanding of the social culture at that time and the trade civilization between China and foreign countries. This paper mainly studies the composition analysis and identification of ancient glass products. Firstly, the chi-square test is used to analyze the correlation, the regression analysis model is established to complete the significance test, and dynamic clustering is used to classify the glass. It is concluded that high-potassium glass and lead-barium glass can be divided into three categories. The rationality and sensitivity of the classification results are analyzed by a decision tree. Finally, based on the least square method and dynamic clustering, the results show that: The comprehensive model used in this paper can accurately analyze the composition of ancient glass.

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Franjić, Ana, Ian C. Freestone, Borut Križ, and Petra Stipančić. "The spectrometric analysis of Iron Age glass beads from Novo Mesto, Slovenia | Spektrometrične analize železnodobnih steklenih jagod iz Novega mesta, Slovenija." Studia universitatis hereditati, znanstvena revija za raziskave in teorijo kulturne dediščine 10, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2350-5443.10(1)23-29.

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This paper presents the results of spectrometric analysis of Iron Age glass from Novo Mesto, Lower Carniola, Slovenia. Several different glass types were detected in the assemblage. The results indicate that raw glass was imported to Novo Mesto from eastern Mediterranean centres and corroborate the existence of long-distance trade during the first millennium BCE.

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Ansari, Tanveer. "Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Glass Powder in Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 4898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46039.

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Abstract: The concrete trade is one in every of the biggest customers of natural resources because of that property of concrete trade is underneath threat. The environmental and economic concern is that the biggest challenge the concrete trade is facing, the problems of environmental and economic concern are self-addressed by the utilization of waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. In order to improve the mechanical properties of concrete fine aggregates will be replaced by waste glass powder as 20% ,25 and 30% weight for M-45 design mix. The concrete specimens will be tested for compressive strength at 7 ,14 and 28 days respectively and Split tensile Strength at 7 and 28 days and Compressive Strength test at 28 days also the results obtained will be compared with those of traditional concrete.

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Smith, Marvin T. "Eighteenth-century glass beads in the french colonial trade." Historical Archaeology 36, no. 1 (March 2002): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374338.

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Xie, Juele, Jiahui Ye, and Jun Zhou. "Category identification and composition analysis of ancient glass products based on GA-BP neural network and factor analysis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3163.

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Ancient glass is a witness of early trade exchanges, and its study has profound historical significance. In this paper, we analyze the nature and chemical composition data of a batch of ancient glass products to investigate the compositional differences and identification characteristics of different types of glass products. In this paper, we use relevant information to achieve the effect of identifying cultural relics based on chemical composition data by mathematical modeling for a batch of ancient glass products in China (divided into high potassium glass and lead-barium glass), and analyze the correlation between the chemical composition of different categories of glass to compare the differences between classes.

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He, Gongcheng, ZeLin Zhao, and Yujie Lin. "Analysis and identification of ancient glass cultural relics based on fuzzy C-mean clustering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 42 (April 7, 2023): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v42i.7093.

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Glass is a valuable physical evidence of ancient Silk Road trade, and ancient glass in China was made locally by absorbing its technology, and it is difficult to distinguish from foreign glass products in appearance, but the internal chemical composition of the two is different. Therefore, this paper focuses on the chemical composition data of the collected ancient glass artifacts, and uses fuzzy C-means aggregation to analyze and identify the composition of ancient glass. The results show that the classification of ancient glass artifacts using fuzzy C-mean clustering is reasonable. The experimental results and experimental data processing methods provide a new way to study ancient Chinese glass artifacts.

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Zhong, Hongkui, Xiuge Gu, Junyan Guo, and Jianhong Wang. "Classification and analysis of glass artifacts based on feature filtering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 33 (February 21, 2023): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v33i.5311.

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Glass is an important physical evidence of the early trade between China and the West. In the early days, the glass introduced into China was mainly pearl shaped ornaments from Western Asia and Egypt. Later, China learned its glass manufacturing technology and used local materials to make glass. Therefore, although the appearance of local glass products is similar to that of foreign glass products, their chemical compositions are not the same. According to the data, the classification rules of high potassium glass and lead barium glass are analyzed; For each category, this paper choose appropriate chemical components to classify them into subclasses, give specific classification methods and results, and analyze the rationality and sensitivity of the classification results.

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Koleini, Farahnaz, Philippe Colomban, Innocent Pikirayi, and Linda C. Prinsloo. "Glass Beads, Markers of Ancient Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methodology, State of the Art and Perspectives." Heritage 2, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 2343–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030144.

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Glass beads have been produced and traded for millennia all over the world for use as everyday items of adornment, ceremonial costumes or objects of barter. The preservation of glass beads is good and large hoards have been found in archaeological sites across the world. The variety of shape, size and colour as well as the composition and production technologies of glass beads led to the motivation to use them as markers of exchange pathways covering the Indian Ocean, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Mediterranean world, Europe and America and also as chronological milestones. This review addresses the history of glass production, the methodology of identification (morphology, colour, elemental composition, glass nanostructure, colouring and opacifying agents and secondary phases) by means of laboratory based instruments (LA-ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, XRF, NAA, Raman microspectroscopy) as well as the mobile instruments (pXRF, Raman) used to study glass beads excavated from sub-Saharan African sites. Attention is paid to the problems neglected such as the heterogeneity of glass (recycled and locally reprocessed glass). The review addresses the potential information that could be extracted using advanced portable methods of analysis.

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Jiang, Tianyue, Yongjia Song, and Yuhui Yin. "Composition analysis and identification of ancient glass objects based on Random Forest." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 22 (December 7, 2022): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v22i.3396.

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Glass is a valuable physical evidence of our early trade exchanges, and ancient glass is susceptible to weathering by the burial environment, resulting in changes in its composition ratio. In this study, the surface weathering of glass artifacts was analyzed in relation to their glass type, decoration and color; the statistical patterns of the chemical composition content of artifact samples with and without weathering were analyzed in relation to the glass type and a Random forest (RF) model was developed to predict the chemical composition content of the artifacts before weathering based on the weathering point detection data.

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Truffa Giachet, Miriam, Bernard Gratuze, Anne Mayor, and Eric Huysecom. "Compositional and provenance study of glass beads from archaeological sites in Mali and Senegal at the time of the first Sahelian states." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242027.

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The presence of glass beads in West African archaeological sites provides important evidence of long-distance trade between this part of the continent and the rest of the world. Until recently, most of these items came from historical Sub-Saharan urban centers, well known for their role in the medieval trans-Saharan trade. We present here the chemical analysis by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of 16 glass beads found in three rural sites excavated during the past decade: the funerary site of Dourou-Boro and settlement sites of Sadia, in central Mali, as well as the settlement site of Djoutoubaya, in eastern Senegal, in contexts dated between the 7th-9th and the 11th-13th centuries CE. Results show that the raw materials used to manufacture the majority of the glass most probably originated in Egypt, the Levantine coast and the Middle East. One bead is of uncertain provenance and shows similarities with glass found in the Iberian Peninsula and in South Africa. One bead fragment found inside a tomb is a modern production, probably linked to recent plundering. All of these ancient beads were exchanged along the trans-Saharan trade routes active during the rise of the first Sahelian states, such as the Ghana and the Gao kingdoms, and show strong similarities with the other West African bead assemblages that have been analysed. Despite the remoteness of their location in the Dogon Country and in the Falémé River valley, the beads studied were therefore included in the long-distance trade network, via contacts with the urban commercial centers located at the edge of the Sahara along the Niger River and in current southern Mauretania. These results bring a new light on the relationships between international and regional trade in Africa and highlight the complementarity between centres of political and economic power and their peripheries, important because of resources like gold for eastern Senegal.

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Nikolina, Topić. "tained glass from the research of the Dubrovnik cathedral | Slikano steklo odkrito med raziskavami dubrovniške katedrale." Studia universitatis hereditati, znanstvena revija za raziskave in teorijo kulturne dediščine 10, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2350-5443.10(1)73-87.

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The Dubrovnik Republic maintained its own glass production in the late Middle Ages, including records of window glass manufacturing. This paper will contribute to the study of stained glass in the Balkan region. It will outline late medieval stained-glass fragments (mid-14th to the first half of the 15th century) excavated from the Dubrovnik cathedral during the renewal of the building after a large earthquake in 1979 and are extremely rare in the Balkan region. Analogous examples of Dubrovnik archaeological material can be found among Western European stained-glass windows. These finds indicate that Dubrovnik was influenced by Western European technology through trade or that this way of making stained glass began to be applied in local workshops.

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Yang, Boyao, Yue He, and Ruijuan Wang. "Composition Analysis and Subclass Division of Ancient Glass Artifacts Based on R-Q Type Clustering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 69 (November 6, 2023): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v69i.12523.

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The Silk Road served as a conduit for cultural exchange between ancient East and West, with glass being a valuable material evidence of early trade interactions. Archaeologists have classified ancient glassware primarily into two categories: high-potassium glass and lead-barium glass. This study focuses on the sub-classification of high-potassium glass. Firstly, the high-potassium glass is divided into two major categories, weathered and unweathered, based on their weathering properties. Subsequently, the R-Q clustering algorithm is employed to further subdivide the unweathered high-potassium glasswhile the same approach is applied to the weathered high-potassium glass. The results are validated through rational analysis and can be applied to other types of ancient glassware.

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Zhou, Jinghang, Kexin Xu, Taoyu Xiang, and Yajing Yu. "Composition analysis and identification of ancient glass objects based on Spearman correlation analysis model." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 33 (February 21, 2023): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v33i.5269.

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With the rising fervor of Belt and Road, it has drawn attention and research to the ancient Silk Road commodity trade exchanges, of which ancient glass products are valuable physical evidence of the early commodity trade exchanges. Now the chemical composition of ancient glass is analyzed and identified, which helps to find out the key and know-how of ancient glass products refining technology. In this paper, we establish a chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis model to quantitatively analyze the relationship between weathering and type, decoration and color to establish a weathering interval estimation model, so as to predict the chemical composition content before weathering. Logistic dichotomous classification model, BP neural network model, BP neural network model optimized by genetic algorithm and random forest classification prediction model were established respectively to predict three high potassium glasses and five lead-barium glasses out of eight compounds.

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James, Liz. "Byzantine glass mosaic tesserae: some material considerations." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 30, no. 1 (2006): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307013100015032.

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Issues about the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics and the implications of these in wider terms relating to social and economic questions about the art form have been little discussed. This paper brings together evidence about Byzantine glass mosaic tesserae gathered from archaeology, glass technology and glass analysis, and synthesizes these into a discussion of three aspects: distribution; manufacture; trade and price. It looks to examine how these different elements can be used to form a more detailed composite picture about the production and distribution of Byzantine mosaics. It also proposes ways in which glass analysis can be used in a more coherent way to extend our understanding of mosaic glass production.

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Zhang, Zirong, Fangyuan Zhu, and Runhao Chen. "Chemical composition correlation between high potassium glass and lead-barium glass." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3168.

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The Silk Road was a channel for cultural exchange between China and the West in ancient times, of which glass was a valuable physical evidence of early trade exchanges. Early glass was often made into bead-shaped ornaments in the West Asian and Egyptian regions into our country, and our ancient glass was made locally after absorbing its technology, so it was similar in appearance to foreign glass products, but the chemical composition was not the same. As glass is highly susceptible to weathering by the burial environment, during the weathering process, a large number of internal elements are exchanged with environmental elements, resulting in a change in its composition ratio, which affects the correct judgment of its category. According to the proportion of chemical composition of glass artifacts, it was split into high potassium glass data and lead-barium glass data, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was studied by using matlab software for high potassium glass data and lead-barium glass data respectively, so as to analyze the correlation between each chemical composition.

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Li, Zhi-Xing, Peng-Sen Lu, Guang-Yan Wang, Jia-Hui Li, Zhen-Hao Yang, Yun-Peng Ma, and Hong-Hai Wang. "Analysis of the Composition of Ancient Glass and Its Identification Based on the Daen-LR, ARIMA-LSTM and MLR Combined Process." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2023): 6639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116639.

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The glass relics are precious material evidence of the early trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West. To explore the cultural differences and trade development between early China and foreign countries, it is extremely important to classify glass cultural relics. Despite their similar appearances, Chinese glass contains more lead, while foreign glass contains more potassium. In view of this, this paper proposes a joint Daen-LR, ARIMA-LSTM, and MLR machine learning algorithm (JMLA) for the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of ancient glass. We separate the sampling points of ancient glass into two systems: lead-barium glass and high-potassium glass. Firstly, an improved logistic regression model based on a double adaptive elastic network (Daen-LR) is used to select variables with both Oracle and adaptive classification characteristics. Secondly, the ARIMA-LSTM model was used to establish the correlation curve of chemical composition before and after weathering and to predict the change in chemical composition with weathering. Thirdly, combining the data processed by the above two methods, a multiple linear regression model (MLR) is used to classify unknown glass products. It was shown that the sample obtained by this processing method has a very good fit. In comparison with other similar types of models like Decision Trees (DT), Random Forests (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forests based on classification and regression trees (CART-RF), the classification accuracy of JMLA is 97.9% on the train set. The accuracy rate on the test set reached 97.6%. The results of the research demonstrate that JMLA can improve the accuracy of the glass type classification problem, greatly enhance the research efficiency of archaeological staff, and gain a more reliable result.

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Nicholson, P. T., and Carol Meyer. "Glass from Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83 (1997): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822477.

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Auth, Susan H., and Carol Meyer. "Glass from Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 31 (1994): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40000687.

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Saitowitz, Sharma J., and C. Garth Sampson. "Glass Trade Beads from Rock Shelters in the Upper Karoo." South African Archaeological Bulletin 47, no. 156 (December 1992): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889204.

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Colomban, Philippe, Gulsu Simsek Franci, and Farahnaz Koleini. "On-Site Raman Spectroscopic Study of Beads from the Necropolis of Vohemar, Northern Madagascar (>13th C.)." Heritage 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 524–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010031.

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In the late 19th century, ancient tombs were discovered near the village of Vohemar at the northeastern point of Madagascar, and subsequent excavations during the French period (1896–1945) revealed the presence of a major necropolis active from ~13th to 18th centuries. Some artefacts (Chinese ceramic shards and glass trade beads) recovered from these excavations was sent to France and now in part belong to the collection of the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Nimes. Carnelian and glass trade beads were analyzed with a mobile Raman spectrometer, which identified different materials (soda-lime glass, quartz/moganite, carnelian/citrine, chalcedony) and coloring agents (Naples yellow, cassiterite, amber chromophore, transition metal ions, etc.). The results are compared with those obtained on beads excavated at different sites of Southern Africa and at Mayotte Island, and it appears that (most of) the beads come from southern Asia and Europe. The results confirmed the role that northern Madagascar played within the maritime networks of the Western Indian Ocean during the 15th–16th century.

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Gomes, Francisco B. "Early Iron Age ‘black’ glass in Southwestern Iberia: typology, distribution, and context." Zephyrvs 87 (June 30, 2021): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus202187125144.

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In the past few years, deeply colored black-appearing glass has garnered a growing interest in the context of research on Iron Age glass technology and trade. The numerous ‘black’ glass beads found in Early Iron Age contexts of Southern Portugal have not however been considered in this discussion, and they remain largely unsystematized. In this contribution, a typological survey of these objects is presented which highlights their unusual concentration in a well-delimited area of Southern Portugal and their relatively circumscribed chronological setting. This is particularly striking when compared with other groups of beads, namely blue beads of various types, which are much more widespread and long-lasting. The global position of these beads is also considered, with typological comparisons and the few available compositional data suggesting that they may be the product of Punic, and perhaps specifically Carthaginian trade with the Western Iberian Peninsula. Finally, the possible specific historic context in which these beads arrived in Southern Portugal is considered.

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Walder, Heather, and Stéphane Noël. "Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads from Huron-Wendat Contexts at the Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Mission Site, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Archaeology 45, no. 2 (2021): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51270/45.2.135.

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Glass trade beads recovered during the 2018 excavations of the Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Mission Site (CeEu-11), the site of a c. 1673–1697 Huron-Wendat village at L’Ancienne-Lorette (Quebec), were analyzed using Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). This minimally invasive analysis, conducted with permission from the Huron-Wendat Nation of Quebec, provides information about glass bead recipes that can be compared to other known samples from across eastern North America. This paper presents compositional analysis results for 78 artifacts (mainly simple, drawn varieties of blue and white beads) and compares the L’Ancienne-Lorette glass bead compositions to those from other seventeenth-century Wendat archaeological sites in the Western Great Lakes and in Southern Ontario. These sites were occupied both prior to and after the ca. 1650 dispersal of Huron-Wendat people from Wendake. From this research, historic Wendat trade networks and population movements can be inferred.

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Xiao, Jiangbiao, Junjie Kong, and Siwei Leng. "Component analysis and identification of glass artifacts based on logistic regression and K-means clustering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 22 (December 7, 2022): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v22i.3399.

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The Silk Road was a channel of cultural exchange between China and the West in ancient times, and ancient glass relics are valuable physical evidence witnessing the history of early trade between China and the West. Early glass was often made into bead-shaped ornaments in the West Asian and Egyptian regions and imported into China, and ancient glass in China was made locally after absorbing its technology. Although the two types of glass products are similar in appearance, their chemical compositions are not identical. This paper focuses on the influence of weathering on high potassium glass and lead-barium glass and the analysis and identification of the composition of the two types of glass. Based on the logistic model to derive their correlation factors, we determine the correlation between weathering and glass type, decoration and color on the surface of cultural relics. Using stepwise regression analysis, the basis for the classification of high potassium glass and lead-barium glass is derived.

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Zhong, Jiewen, Jieli Chen, and Zenghao Chen. "Research on Composition Analysis and Identification of Ancient Glass Products." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 55 (July 9, 2023): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v55i.9942.

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Glassware was the witness of the ancient Silk Road trade. The paper focuses on the component analysis and identification methods of ancient glass products. The decision tree model was established and analyzed to obtain the classification rules of high potassium glass and lead barium glass. Based on the cluster analysis method, appropriate chemical elements were selected for each type to conduct cluster analysis. The result showed that high potassium glass and unweathered lead barium glass can be classified by their content of silicon dioxide. However, weathered lead barium glass needed to be classified by their content of lead oxide. The random forest regression model was used to classify glass cultural relics by their chemical elements. The chemical element data of glass cultural relics with known types were used as samples, and the chemical element data of glass cultural relics with unknown types were inputted into the trained model. Finally, the types of glass cultural relics were predicted and sensitivity analysis was conducted.

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Šmit, Žiga, Anna Franjić, and Nikolina Topić. "Composition of Diverse Glass Material from the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Dubrovnik, Croatia." Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Natural Sciences in Archaeology XIV, no. 2 (December 19, 2023): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2023.2.3.

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The article presents the first archaeometric investigation of the typologically and chronologically diverse assemblage of medieval and post-medieval glass from the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dubrovnik, Croatia. Sixty samples, comprised of various vessels, lamps, beads, and window glass (oculi), and dated between the 12th and 18th century, were analysed with simultaneous PIGE-PIXE methods. The results show that most items were made with the ash of halophytic plants harvested in the Levant, but these can be divided into several compositional subtypes, among which white and common glass are the most numerous. Most glasses can be attributed to the north Italian or Levantine workshops; however, a few analysed samples are of the mixed-alkali type, façon de Venise, and Mesopotamian Type I glass. Furthermore, a few distinct samples were made with purer soda sources. The findings corroborate Dubrovnik’s strong cultural and economic links with the Venetian glassmaking tradition and underline the influence and preference of the Mediterranean seafaring trade routes over the continental European ones; an unsurprising fact, considering the status of the Dubrovnik Republic as a stronghold of maritime trade in the period.

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Oikonomou, Artemios, Maria Kaparou, Vid S. Šelih, Johannes T. van Elteren, Nikolaos Zacharias, Simon Chenery, and Julian Henderson. "Theban Glass Traditions in the 1st Millennium BCE, Greece: New LA-ICP-MS Data and Their Archaeological Implications." Heritage 6, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010038.

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Thebes, located in Boeotia in central Greece, is archaeologically and historically attested to have been an important centre ever since the Early Bronze Age. Regularly sustained glass working, testified by numerous finds in burial and settlement contexts, must have taken place since the Mycenaean times. In the current study, 35 samples of glass beads (30) and vessels (5), dating roughly from the 7th to 1st cent. BCE (Archaic to the Hellenistic/Early Roman era) are the subject of research. The aim was to assess some technological aspects of the assemblage, provide a chemical fingerprint for it and suggest a likely provenance, in an attempt to discuss issues of glass consumption and trade at a given era and culture. A combination of quasi-destructive techniques was applied, namely LA-ICP-MS and SEM-EDS for the identification of the major, minor and trace element composition. The results have provided evidence for different technological choices, reflected in the choice of raw materials and different origins are suggested for the subgroups identified in the course of the study.

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Yin, Hanyun. "Identification model of surface composition of glass relics based on K-means clustering and boosting learning strategy." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 22 (December 7, 2022): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v22i.3401.

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As one of the main commodities circulated on the Silk Road, glass is valuable material evidence of early trade, but glass is vulnerable to external factors leading to weathering, so this paper establishes a comprehensive identification model to study the chemical composition of the surface of glass cultural relics. In this paper, the Chi-square independence test and fuzzy function are used to analyze the relationship between the type of glass, weathering degree and chemical composition. Then the principal component analysis is used to extract the principal components, and the clustering and algorithm analysis is carried out to identify the unknown glass cultural relics. Finally, the variance test method was used to test the difference between the correlation coefficients of glass types and chemical elements, and the correlation and difference between the chemical components of different types of glass cultural relics were analyzed.

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Li, Zeyao, Yanlin Zeng, and Weiting Zhang. "Analysis and identification of the composition of ancient glass products based on regression models." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 22 (December 7, 2022): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v22i.3397.

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The Silk Road was an important channel for economic exchanges between China and foreign countries in ancient times, and glass products were an important physical evidence of trade exchanges. Early glass was introduced to China in the form of bead-shaped products, and on this basis, craftsmen improved it to form the unique ancient Chinese glass. Glass products are important physical evidence of the ancient Silken Road, but they are vulnerable to weathering due to the influence of the burial environment. In this paper, we use a batch of ancient glass artifacts as the research object, and build a machine learning classification model and a clustering model based on the different chemical composition content to analyze the classification basis and the relationship between the chemical composition content of the glass artifacts and optimize the research.

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Paquette, James R., and Heather Walder. "Glass Trade Beads from the Goose Lake Outlet #3 Site (20MQ140), Marquette County, Michigan." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 42, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 137–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26599954.

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Abstract This article describes analyses of the glass trade-bead assemblage of the Goose Lake Outlet #3 (GLO#3) site (20MQ140), a probable short-term winter campsite located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Based on typological and attribute analysis of the beads, which employed the Kidd and Kidd classification system and comparison with published “glass bead periods” or GBPs developed for assemblages in Ontario, the GLO#3 bead assemblage is assigned a date within the 1630s. Comparison with other midwestern protohistoric assemblages further supports this interpretation. Situated within a protohistoric period of intercultural interaction and exchange, the material culture from the site provides archaeological evidence for some of the earliest arrivals of European-made trade items in the Midwest.

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Zhang, Liwen, Huaikun Xiao, and Yuxiang Su. "Analysis of different glass compositions based on Spearman's correlation coefficient." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3153.

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Glass is a valuable physical evidence of our early trade exchanges, and the analysis and identification of the composition of ancient glass products is of great significance to the study of our ancient history. However, ancient glass is highly susceptible to weathering by the burial environment, and during the weathering process, the internal elements of the glass and the environmental elements inevitably exchange in large quantities, resulting in changes in its composition ratio and color, thus affecting the correct judgment of its category. In this paper, Fisher's linear discriminant analysis is established to predict, analyze and identify the composition of ancient glass using mathematical and statistical methods. The study of this problem is important for the research and identification of ancient historical relics in China.

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King Dempsey, Meggan, and Gary J. Laughlin. "Tricks of the Trade | An Alternative to the Traditional Coverslip Gripper, Particle Disperser, and Crusher." Microscope 69, no. 3 (2022): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59082/vrnt5648.

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When using glass slides, glass coverslips, and liquid mounting media for sample preparation in light microscopy, it is essential to have well-dispersed particles in order to facilitate the characterization and identification of individual particles. The traditional way to disperse or redistribute particles under the coverslip and flatten the mounting medium is by using the eraser end of an ordinary pencil as a means to “grip” the glass coverslip and move it around by hand pressure in a controlled manner using the pencil shaft as a handle. By pressing the eraser on the coverslip and sliding the coverslip in a circular pattern, particles are dispersed individually and the mounting medium is more easily flattened and spread throughout the underside of the coverslip.

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Zhong, Yijing, and Yuhang Pei. "Composition analysis and identification of ancient glass products based on K-Means clustering analysis algorithm." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 44 (April 13, 2023): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v44i.7338.

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Ancient glass is a valuable physical evidence of early trade exchanges, and it is very susceptible to weathering caused by the environmental impact of burial. Therefore, the establishment of a glass cultural relics identification model and the analysis of the chemical composition of glass cultural relics are extremely important for the classification and protection of cultural relics in our country. In this paper, we first use differential analysis to find out the chemical composition with significant differences before and after weathering, and obtain the classification laws of high potassium glass and lead-barium glass. Then the 14 chemical components of high potassium glass and lead-barium glass were analyzed by K-Means clustering, and finally 8 subclasses were divided. After testing, the model has low sensitivity, strong stability and good robustness. On this basis, the improved PYH-Topsis solution distance method is used to construct a judgment matrix, analyze the chemical composition of glass cultural relics of unknown categories, and identify the types to which they belong.

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Yang, Nian. "Study on Composition Analysis and Identification of Ancient Glass Products." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3193.

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Glass is the precious material evidence of the early trade of the ancient Silk Road, but the ancient glass is easily weathered by the influence of burial, and its composition ratio changes, which affects the correct judgment of its category. The study of the composition analysis and identification of ancient glass products is of great help to understand the social culture and foreign trade civilization at that time. This paper mainly studies the composition analysis and identification of ancient glassware, to evaluate, predict and classify the ancient glassware, this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation model, using the chi-square test, K-means clustering model, decision tree model, Lasso regression and grey correlation degree test. It helps archaeologists to analyze and predict the correlation between the weathering degree of cultural relics and their attributes and chemical composition content, and according to the existing classification standards of cultural relics. A labelled subclassification scheme is formulated to identify the types of unknown cultural relics. At the same time, the correlation between the chemical components of different types of cultural relics was analyzed.

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Nie, Jiayi, Ke Xu, and Yifan Chen. "A glass classification model for glass artifacts based on PCA and SVM." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 42 (April 7, 2023): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v42i.7107.

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The Silk Road was an important channel for trade and commerce between East and West in ancient times, and an important link for cultural exchange between East and West, playing an important role in the development of ancient civilization and history. Glass was one of the important goods carried on the Silk Road in ancient times. In this paper, focus on the problem of component analysis and type identification of ancient glass products. This paper extracted the important factors of the data by PCA principal component analysis, reduced the 14-dimensional data to two dimensions, then built a data point distribution map by visualization, and established a linear classification model based on SVM support vector machine. After that, the model is used to identify the type of samples based on the underlying data. The sensitivity indices of each factor were solved by using Sobol method for the sensitivity analysis of the results.

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Billeck, William T. "A Diagnostic Early Seventeenth-Century Glass-Bead Assemblage from New Lenox, Illinois: Building a Midwestern Glass-Bead Chronological Sequence." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23274271.46.3.03.

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Abstract An assemblage of 33 glass beads dates the protohistoric component at the New Lenox site in Illinois to within Glass Bead Period 2 (1600–1625/1630). All the white glass beads had been opacified with tin and lead, as determined by pXRF, resulting in a chemical composition indicative of a pre-1625 date. The New Lenox beads likely derived from indirect trade primarily with the French in northeast North America. Since it falls within a tightly dated time frame of circa 1609–1625, the New Lenox assemblage provides an important building block for a regional bead sequence for the Midwest.

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Liu, Chengyi. "Study on the ancient glass composition based on the multivariate statistical analysis method." Theoretical and Natural Science 19, no. 1 (December 8, 2023): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/19/20230610.

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The Silk Road was a channel of cultural exchange between China and the West, and glass was the precious material evidence of early trade. The study of the relationship between the weathering of ancient glass products and glass types and chemical composition contributes to the preservation of ancient cultural relics and promotes the further study of the history of the Silk Road. Based on this, this paper analyzed the surface weathering of cultural relics, and the type, ornamentation, color, and chemical composition of cultural relics, and it was finally found that there is a significant correlation between glass type and surface weathering. Then, discriminant analysis and systematic cluster analysis were applied to establish the classification function for the glass type variables and the chemical composition variables. Finally, gray correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between each chemical component, and found that SiO2-Al2O3 was the most associated with each other in lead-barium glass, and K2O-CaO was the highest in high potassium glass.

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Helliwell, John F. "Canada: Life Beyond the Looking Glass." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.1.107.

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Canada's population, a tenth that of the United States, is perched close to the U.S. northern border, tightly but asymmetrically tied to U.S. information networks. However, trade, capital and population mobility remains an order of magnitude tighter among provinces than between provinces and states. This separating effect of the national border is not primarily due to barriers, but to networks of contacts, trust and institutions that make it efficient to concentrate economic activity within national borders. This separation combines with quite different histories to explain why Canadian economic, social, education and health care policies remain distinct from U.S. policies, often closer to those in Northern Europe.

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Kunz, Michael L., and Robin O. Mills. "A Precolumbian Presence of Venetian Glass Trade Beads in Arctic Alaska." American Antiquity 86, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.100.

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Excavation at three Late Prehistoric Eskimo sites in arctic Alaska has revealed the presence of Venetian glass trade beads in radiocarbon-dated contexts that predate Columbus's discovery of the Western Hemisphere. The bead variety, commonly known as “Early Blue” and “Ichtucknee Plain,” has been confirmed by expert examination and comparative Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The beads are present in sites throughout the Caribbean, the eastern coast of Central and North America, and the eastern Great Lakes region, where they are commonly found in sites dating between approximately AD 1550 and 1750, although a diminishing presence continues into the early 1800s. Beads of this variety have not previously been reported from Alaska. Ascribed to Venetian production by their precolumbian age, the beads challenge the currently accepted chronology for the development of their production methodology, availability, and presence in the Americas. In the absence of trans-Atlantic communication, the most likely route these beads traveled from Europe to northwestern Alaska is across Eurasia and over the Bering Strait. This is the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the Western Hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the Eurasian continent.

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Laird, Sam. "The WTO’s Trade Policy Review Mechanism – From Through the Looking Glass." World Economy 22, no. 6 (August 1999): 741–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00230.

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ABE, Yoshinari, and Madoka MURAKUSHI. "Provenance and Trade of Ancient Glass Revealed by X-ray Analysis." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 95, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.95.370.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Glass trade'

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