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Pacini, Rocco Anthony. "GlassHouse." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211913.
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ABSTRACT A31EXA - VT 2017 Funktion, gestaltning och enkelheten har varit mina värderingar under kandidat projektet. Dessa värderingar lag grunden i strukturens form och riktningen, som är en fortsättning av denna K-märkt före detta marknadshallen hus 48. Öppenhet och okomplicerad formar har varit min generatorn för att driva fram alla programmets krav. En okomplicerad form var min projektets syftet, därför att jag tror att det finns ett komplexitet i det enkla och jag skulle vilja forska hur detta tänkande sätt skulle påverkar processen i sin helhet. Jag testade med att bryter upp programmet med att delar upp verksamheten i två delar genom att lägga till ett annexhus för att aktiverar flödet mellan hus 48 och denna nya lärocenter. Min vision var att bibehåller ett okomplicerad tänkande sätt likväl ett formulerar ett hållbart och sund struktur. Jag tror på minimalistiska arkitektur ,det finns någonting humanistiska i det enkla formen, vart livet spelar ut sig emellan. Rocco Anthony PaciniABSTRACT A31EXA - VT 2012 Function, formality and simplistic form were the key values in candidate exam project. These said values composed a creative foundation allowing for shape and direction of the structure, which is primarily a continuation of building 48, an officially classified historical architectural building. Transparency and uncomplicated forms served as the generator, allowing me to progress forward within the program’s requirements. Creating a straightforward, uncomplicated form was the sole purpose of my project as I do believe that there are many complexities within the simplistic. I tested breaking up the program by dividing the program into two separate parts by adding an annex building to activate a flow between building 48 and the new learning center. In practicing i.e. testing and researching this type of mindset was a function that ultimately affected the entire creative process. My vision was to maintain an uncomplicated mindset, whilst formulating a sustainable and healthy structure. I believe in minimalist architecture, there is something humanistic in the simple form, where life is interspersed. Rocco Anthony Pacini
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McDaniel, Thomas Robert. "Novel integrated pest management components for the control of the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on glasshouse-grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4018.
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The glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) is one of the most important U.K. pests. This phloem-feeding insect is a particular threat to glasshouse-grown crops, including the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involves applying a range of biological, cultural, physical and chemical control measures, with monitoring, to reduce pest and pathogen numbers on commercial crops below acceptable economic thresholds, with minimal environmental damage. Different IPM tools are used together to achieve an acceptable control level. Whilst IPM has been effectively utilised to control the glasshouse whitefly, greater knowledge of individual IPM components is still needed to continue to effectively protect greenhouse-grown tomatoes in the future, particularly with increasing pesticide resistance levels in whitefly populations. Therefore, this PhD thesis sought to advance knowledge of existing and novel IPM components for whitefly control on tomatoes. Several distinct IPM methods were investigated. A wild tomato species, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill, was assessed for enhanced whitefly resistance, with a novel dual method of resistance discovered, one pre- and one post-phloem penetration, which may be introduced into modern tomato cultivars to enhance whitefly resistance. The ‘push-pull’ method of intercropping tomatoes with whitefly-repellent species, and surrounding them with attractive host species, was investigated in a large scale glasshouse trial, with French marigolds revealed to be an effective intercrop plant to reduce whitefly numbers on tomatoes. The potential of whitefly-induced plant volatiles to enhance whitefly resistance in uninfested tomatoes was examined, with plant-plant communication shown to be an effective method at reducing settling and oviposition in volatile-exposed tomatoes, potentially by priming defences against a subsequent whitefly infestation. It is anticipated that these IPM tools could be combined to achieve control of the glasshouse whitefly in glasshouse-grown tomatoes, contributing to environmentally sustainable food production and reduced synthetic pesticide use, whilst managing whitefly pesticide resistance.
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Gillespie, Colin. "Potential effects of ozone on glasshouse-grown crops." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289092.
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Tingle, Colin Charles Drummond. "Biological control of the glasshouse mealybug using parasitic Hymenoptera." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8004.
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Schoenefeldt, Henrik. "Transformation of the horticultural glasshouse prototype for human habitation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609812.
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Ponsonby, David John. "Biocontrol of glasshouse scale insects using the coccinellid predator 'Chilocorus nigritus'." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11496.
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Hag, Ahmed Saif Eldin Mohamed Kheir. "Biological control of glasshouse Myzus persicae (Sulzer) using Aphidius matricariae Haliday." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46324.
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Karatolos, Nikolaos. "Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3350.
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The whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious pest of protected vegetable and ornamental crops in most temperate regions of the world. Neonicotinoids, pymetrozine (a feeding blocker), spiromesifen (a tetronic acid derivative), bifenthrin (a pyrethroid), and pyriproxyfen (a juvenile hormone mimic) are among the most important insecticides used to control this species. Bioassays were used to quantify responses of recently-collected strains of T. vaporariorum to three neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid), pymetrozine, spiromesifen, bifenthrin, and pyriproxyfen. 454 pyrosequencing was exploited to generate the first transcriptome for this species. PCR-sequencing was used to identify mutations in the target proteins of spiromesifen and bifenthrin potentially associated with resistance to these compounds. Microarray sequencing technology was employed to investigate differences in gene expression associated with pyriproxyfen resistance. Resistance to neonicotinoids was age-specific in expression and consistently associated with resistance to pymetrozine, supporting a hypothesis of metabolic resistance analogous to that in the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Bioassays also showed moderate to high level resistance to spiromesifen, bifenthrin and pyriproxyfen in some strains. Analysis of the transcriptome identified genes encoding enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics (cytochrome P450s, carboxyl/cholinesterases, and glutathione-s transferases) and ones encoding insecticide targets: acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACCase), the target of spiromesifen and the voltage-gated sodium channel protein targeted by pyrethroids. PCR-sequencing revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism in the ACCase gene, which was consistently associated with spiromesifen resistance. Three amino-acid substitutions in the sodium channel of pyrethroid-resistant T. vaporariorum were found in positions previously implicated in pyrethroid resistance in B. tabaci. Microarray sequencing disclosed that a cytochrome P450 gene (CYP4G61) was overexpressed in a strain selected for increased pyriproxyfen resistance. The implications of these results and opportunities for further work are discussed.
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Newell, A. J. "Control of inflorescence development in the glasshouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381263.
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Awang, Yahya B. "Physiological responses of glasshouse strawberry to salinity : a basis for crop management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385936.
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Gorman, Kevin James. "Resistance to conventional and novel insecticides in the glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622017.
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The incidence, influencing factors and mechanisms of resistance to insecticides from a range of chemical groups were examined in UK and European populations of the glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Toxicological assessments of populations from a range of plant production glasshouses and comparisons with the responses of a laboratory susceptible strain disclosed levels of resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate, insect growth regulator (IGR) and neonicotinoid insecticides. Responses to conventional compounds indicated varying levels of resistance, potentially reflecting disparate usage between collection sites. All strains examined possessed resistance to the IGR, buprofezin; some populations were virtually immune to this commonly used control agent. Selection experiments demonstrated reciprocal crossresistance between buprofezin and a further IGR, teflubenzuron, both of which are frequently incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes for this species. Results for the leading neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, revealed resistance in both UK and European strains, representing the first documented cases of neonicotinoid resistance in this species worldwide, and the first in any insect species within the UK. The lethal effects of vapour emitted by applications of buprofezin and the anti-feedant effects of imidacloprid were demonstrated in T. vaporariorum for the first time. The potential consequences of these factors for both the control and selection of resistance were highlighted. Mechanistic studies using electrophoresis and kinetic spectrophotometer readings showed that neither non-specific esterases nor modified acetylcholinesterases were involved with resistance to either pyrethroid or specific organophosphate insecticides.
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Mauney, J. R., and D. L. Hendrix. "Responses of Glasshouse-Grown Cotton to Irrigation with Carbon Dioxide-Saturated Water." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204461.
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Chiang, Stephen Fei. "Energy conservation in protected agriculture and the future of the UK glasshouse industry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37661.
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Boampong, James Kwadwo. "Solar thermal heating of a glasshouse using phase change material (PCM) thermal storage techniques." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12863.
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The Royal Botanic Gardens (RGB) is used as an umbrella name for the institution that runs Kew and Wakehurst Place gardens in Sussex The RBG has a large number of glasshouses at Kew and Wakehurst sites that consume lots of heating energy which is a major concern and the group is looking for an alternative heating system that will be more efficient and sustainable to save energy, cost and reduce CO2 emissions. Glasshouse due to greenhouse effect trap solar energy in the space with the slightest solar gains but the energy trapped in the space most often is vented through the roof wasted to keep the space temperature to the required level. An environmental measurement was carried out in twenty one zones of the glasshouse to establish the temperature and humidity profiles in the zones for at least three weeks. The investigation established that large amount of heat energy is vented to the atmosphere wasted and therefore need a heating system that could absorb and store the waste thermal energy. Phase change material (PCM) thermal energy storage technique was selected to be the best options compared to the others. It has been established that active and passive solar systems could provide enough thermal energy to meet the glasshouse heating requirements. PCM filled heating pipes will be installed to absorb the heat energy trapped in the glasshouse and use it when needed. The research analysis established that 204 MWh of the trapped energy wasted could be saved. The space temperature of the glasshouse could be maintained through melting and freezing of the PCM filled in the heating pipes. The site CHP waste heat could be useful. The research results have shown that nearly zero CO2 emission heating system could be achieved and the project is technically, economically and environmentally viable.
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Larentzaki, Eleni. "Evaluation of 'Franklinothrips vespiformis' (Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) as a natural enemy of glasshouse pests." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415969.
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Jackson, Nancy A. "A glasshouse to bridge the centuries : nineteenth century "winter garden" to twenty first century "green"." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314219.
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This creative project develops a conceptual plan for a "green", Ball State University Field Study Environmental Education Center, LandLab and Dormitory. The proposed design is ecologically responsible in construction and operation, relying upon natural qualities and resources of the site, as sources of renewable energy.In addition to enabling formal environmental education, the proposed facility is intended to foster within its students and guests, a love of life and nature, and an environmental ethic. Strategic and environmentally responsible use and placement of facility systems, variously composed of infrastructure, building, winter garden, and landscape components, results not only in interdisciplinary, experiential learning opportunities, and in replications of natural biomes; but, inherently provides healthy living conditions, in an interior environment ideally suited for human occupancy, with lush vegetation, gushing, gurgling, and splashing water, naturalistic scenery, fresh air, abundant sunlight, and warm temperatures.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Choudhury, Dewan Ali Monsur. "Laboratory studies on the glasshouse leafhopper Hauptidia maroccana (Melichar) and its egg parasitoid Anagrus atomus (Linnaeus)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11283.
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Priestley, Rosalind. "Improving the biological control of Tetranychus urticae on edible glasshouse crops using the predator Feltiella acarisuga." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405995.
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Gowling, G. R. "Field and glasshouse studies of aphids on the interaction of partial plant resistance and biological control." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329101.
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Summerhays, Jeffrey Sean Christian. "Effectiveness of Phosphorus Fertilizers in Hydroponics and Glasshouse Settings with Moderate and High Organic Matter Soils." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3754.
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Phosphorus (P) is poorly soluble in most soils and, thus, has poor plant uptake efficiency. AVAIL® and Carbond P (CBP) are new fertilizer products shown to increase P use efficiency (PUE) and increase crop yields when grown in P limiting soils. Carbond P has specifically been seen to increases P uptake and crop yields in soils low in P, although effectiveness in regards to soil organic matter is unknown. The objectives of these studies were to determine if the mode of action for these products is related to physiological response, to determine if Carbond P is toxic to plant roots when in direct contact at high rates, and determine the limitations of Carbond P in regards to biomass (yield), P uptake and concentration. We used a hydroponic study to compare CBP to AVAIL in evaluating plant toxicity and plant philological response. AVAIL and CBP were also compared to ammonium polyphosphate (APP) at pH 6 or 8 for hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.). Additionally, a glasshouse study evaluated the PUE of CBP with soil in which maize was grown. Soils were moderate or high in organic matter, with 0, 5, 15, 45, or 135 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied as either APP or CBP. Both studies showed that CBP is a suitable PUE enhancing fertilizer. In the greenhouse study, the high organic matter soil revealed that both CBP and APP fertilization resulted in similar increases in biomass yield and P concentration and uptake. However, in the moderate organic matter soil, biomass and total P uptake was significantly greater for CBP than APP at the two lowest P rates of fertilization and significantly higher for APP than CBP at the highest P application rate. In the hydroponic study, neither AVAIL nor CBP had any positive or adverse effects on the plants as compared to APP. These results, coupled with this and previous soil-based greenhouse and field studies with AVAIL and CBP, show that the increase in PUE is not a physiological growth stimulant response, but rather likely the result of impacts on P solubility in the soil. However, the presence of high organic matter in the soil seemed to negate the effects of the organic acid bonded P used in Carbond P. We conclude that CBP, and possibly other organic acid based fertilizers, can assist in furthering agricultural goals, as well as environmental responsibility with these known limits.
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Asif, Mohammad, of Western Sydney Macarthur University, and Faculty of Business and Technology. "Comparative study of production, infectivity, and effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produced by soil-based and soil-less techniques." THESIS_FBT_XXX_Asif_M.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/510.
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The present study was firstly aimed at producing the AM fungal inocula by using soil-based and soil-less culture techniques, including the in-vitro axenic technique, and secondly to assess the infectivity and effectiveness of the inocula so produced in glasshouse and field conditions. Indigenous AM fungi from 5 different sites of New South Wales were successfully propagated and multiplied using the pot-culture and atomizing disc aeroponic culture techniques, and their infectivity was measured using the MPN bioassay method. The coarse and fine sand mix was proven to be very effective for the production of AM fungal inocula. The findings indicated that aeroponic culture technique is far superior to that of conventional pot-culture technique, and could possibly substitute the most commonly used pot-culture technique of AM fungal inoculum production. The ultra-sonic nebulizer technology could possibly be an alternative to conventional aeroponic systems for producing AM fungal isolates in commercial quantities. The introduction of the sheared-root inoculum of Glomus intraradices, produced by the ultra-sonic nebulizer technique, into agricultural soils can substantially reduce the intake of P-fertilizers as much as 50% of the recommended level. The study also indicated that soil phosphorus is a critical factor in limiting mycorrhizal colonization, possibly limiting mycorrhizal responses.The research suggests that various commercially produced single or 'cocktail' inocula may work on mycorrhiza dependent plants in soils where the indigenous AM flora is either not abundant and/or efficient. Furthermore, ecophysiology of the same AM species have different effects on plant growth.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Stadler, Christina. "Nitrogen release and nitrogen use efficiency of plant derived nitrogen fertilisers in organic horticultural soils under glasshouse conditions." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980532159.
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Soko, Misheck Mica Mafeni. "Evaluation of transgenic RNAi banana and plantain lines for resistance to banana bunchy top disease." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228515/1/Misheck%20Mica%20Mafeni_Soko_Thesis.pdf.
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This project evaluated genetically modified Cavendish bananas and plantains for field and glasshouse resistance to banana bunchy top virus in Malawi in Africa, over a three-and-a-half-year period. The study identified several GM lines with significant resistance to the virus and provided a rare insight into virus-vector relations and the climate. The research showed that rigorous field assessment of GM plants for disease resistance is critical and that immunity to this virus will likely only be achieved using a multi-faceted resistance strategy.
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Tilley, Luke Anthony Nigel. "Assessing the prospects for biological control of the shore fly, scatella tenuicosta, by the parasitoid, aphaereta debilitata, in glasshouse horticulture." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535055.
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Scott, Brown Alison Sarah. "Interactions of thrips and their control agents on host plants within a glasshouse containing a diverse collection of plant species." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398082.
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Bogahawatte, Chitra N. L. "Glasshouse and field studies of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on host plant resistance in Brassica and biological control." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259920.
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Hatherly, Ian Stuart. "Establishment potential of non-native glasshouse biological control agents, with emphasis on 'Typhlodromips montdorensis' (Schicha) (Acari : Phytoseiidae) in the UK." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/107/.
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Typhlodromips montdorensis is a non-native predatory mite used for control of red spider mite and thrips, but is not yet licensed for use in the UK. Current legislation requires that non-native glasshouse biological control agents may not be introduced into the UK without a risk assessment of establishment potential outside of the glasshouse environment. This work focuses on the application of a recently developed protocol to assess the establishment potential of T. montdorensis in the UK. Further, the use of alternative prey outside the glasshouse by, Macrolophus caliginosus is examined, and interactions between Neoseiulus californicus, Typhlodromus pyri and T. montdorensis are investigated. Laboratory results demonstrate that T. montdorensis has a developmental threshold of 10.7°C, lacks cold tolerance and is unable to enter diapause when tested under two different regimes. Field studies indicate that no reproduction occurs within the field in winter (November to March) and 100% mortality of eggs, larvae and adults occurs within two weeks of release during this period. It is suggested that T. montdorensis would be a ‘safe candidate’ for introduction as a glasshouse biological control agent in the UK as outdoor establishment is unlikely to occur. Macrolophus caliginosus is able to feed and reproduce on Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Myzus persicae and Aleyrodes proletella although performance (lower fecundity and longevity) is reduced on the latter prey source. Both N. californicus and T. pyri were able to feed on larval stages of each other but when given a mixed diet, showed a preference for Tetranychus urticae over their phytoseiid prey. Neoseiulus californicus showed a preference for T. urticae over T. montdorensis, whereas the latter species showed no preference between T. urticae and N. californicus. This work has identified a robust experimental protocol for predicting the establishment potential of non-native biological control agents outside the glasshouse and has begun to develop a further experimental system for assessing the possibility of non-native biological control agents feeding on alternate hosts outside the glasshouse.
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Beverley, Claire Victoria. "Use of the coccinellid, Stethorus pinctillum Weise (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) to control the glasshouse red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae)." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409158.
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Hunter, Fioan Jane. "The ecology and mechanisms of host choice and the capsid bugs Lygus rugulipennis and Liocoris tripustulatus associated with glasshouse salad crops." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268360.
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Ehsan-Ul-Haq. "Interaction of cultural control with biological control of rose grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Aphididae: Hemiptera) on wheat : the potential of glasshouse simulations." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387770.
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Adaramola, Rhoda Fiyinfoluwa. "Relationship between Aspalathus linearis (Burm. F.) R. Dahlgren (rooibos) growth and soil moisture in a glasshouse and in the DSSAT-CSM crop model." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33623.
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Climate change and drought pose a major threat to agriculture and water resources globally and for rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. F.) R. Dahlgren) production in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Rooibos is adapted to the coarse, nutrient poor, acidic, well-drained, deep sandy soil of the Fynbos biome. The region has a Mediterranean climate, which is characterised by wet cold winters, with an average annual rainfall of about 375 mm, and dry summers. The growth of rooibos peaks in the summer months, implying a reliance on soil moisture. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between rooibos growth and soil moisture. The objectives of the study were: 1) to determine the effect of soil moisture on growth and evapotranspiration in rooibos under glasshouse conditions, 2) to adapt the CROPGRO model in DSSAT to simulate the shoot biomass yield of rooibos, using the rooibos CROPGRO model, 3) to investigate the effect of rooibos growth on soil moisture, and 4) to determine the effect of different levels of mulching and irrigation on rooibos yield and soil moisture. Some of the results obtained in the glasshouse study in Objective 1 and observational field data from the literature were used in the adaptation of the CROPGRO model. The glasshouse study was carried out at the University of Cape Town, using soils from Clanwilliam and Citrusdal sites to grow rooibos seedling for 16 weeks in pots before exposing them to drought treatments. The pots were arranged on trays in the glasshouse using a completely randomized design. Two drought treatments were used: moderate drought stress (MDS), set at 20% FC, and severe drought stress (SDS), during which watering was completely withdrawn, were applied to 10 pots per treatment per site. Data on plant growth, root morphology, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaves to determine chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration were collected from the plants in the glasshouse after 10 days of these drought treatments. The SDS plants were re-watered for 8 weeks for recovery, and together with the MDS and control plants were transferred into a growth chamber for measurement of gas exchange parameters and biomass. The CROPGRO model in DSSAT was adapted for rooibos by changing some parameters in a pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) CROPGRO model. The adapted rooibos model was used to set up an experiment that compared the cumulative evapotranspiration and soil moisture from the rooibos field and bare soil under rainfed conditions. Also, in a simulation experiments, the model was used to determine the effect of three levels of mulching by means of wheat residue at 8000 kg/ha, 4000 kg/ ha and 2000 kg/ha and drip irrigation at 25.4mm and at 12.5mm once a week from December to March, both separately and in combination, on rooibos shoot biomass and soil moisture. The results from the glasshouse study showed a 40% decrease in biomass under MDS conditions for 12 weeks, while SDS plants could not survive beyond 10 days in the glasshouse. Root morphological features changed under severe drought stress, resulting in longer and thinner roots relative to the control plants. The reduced biomass accumulation under drought conditions was followed by reduced photosynthesis, stomata conductance, transpiration, and concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Changes in both maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and fluorescence quantum yield (Fq'/Fm') were observed in the later stages of the SDS plants (days 9 and 10) compared to the control plants but were unaltered in the MDS plants. The soil moisture correlated negatively with evapotranspiration and stomata conductance in control plants, while these relationships were absent in MDS plants. Changes in temperature in the glasshouse correlated positively with stomata conductance and transpiration in the control plants, but these correlations were also absent in MDS plants. However, changes in temperature correlated negatively with soil moisture in both the control plants and the MDS treated plants. The CROPGRO model in DSSAT was successfully adapted to simulate shoot biomass in rooibos under field conditions and the rooibos model had an agreement of 94% with observational shoot biomass under field conditions. Furthermore, the model simulated cumulative evapotranspiration in rooibos plants in the field, with an agreement of 56%. The simulated experiments showed that cumulative evapotranspiration from the rooibos field was 33% higher than that of bare soil, and showed that rooibos plants extract moisture from deep soil layers to a depth of about 2 m. Furthermore, rooibos growth in deep soil, and in mulched or irrigated treatments, produced higher shoot biomass than control plants. In deep soil, the simulated irrigated rooibos plants, which received 25.4 mm water weekly from December to March, produced a higher biomass yield than only rainfed or mulched plants. However, the combined treatments of mulching at 8000 or 4000 kg/ha and irrigation at 12.5 mm was similar to irrigation at 25.4mm. The average extractable soil moisture was greater in deep soil for all the treatments and control plants compared to shallow soil. Overall, the rooibos crop model shows that an increased supply of soil moisture enhances the production of biomass yield in rooibos in the field. Also, rooibos extracts moisture from a deeper soil layer, which enables it to hydrate its leaves and to transpire during the summer period for better growth and biomass production. Water loss through evapotranspiration was high in rooibos fields, and thus mulching of the plants would be beneficial for increased biomass production. However, even better rooibos yields were obtained when mulching was combined with irrigation. The glasshouse experiments showed a yield decrease of rooibos biomass by about 40% when the moisture supply was reduced by about 50% of the adequate conditions. The thinner and longer roots of rooibos, among other drought tolerance traits, most likely enable it to cope with low rainfall and drought conditions, which are prevalent in the Cederberg region of the Western Cape. The production of rooibos in the farms is prone to water loss through evapotranspiration, and thus soil moisture conservation technologies such as mulching would greatly enhance its biomass yield.
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Challinor, Paul Francis. "An evaluation of pumice, unloaded clinoptilolite and nutrient-loaded clinoptilolite zeolites, as plant growth substrates in the intensive production of long season glasshouse crops." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2625.
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Annual losses of nitrogen from existing glasshouse crop production substrate systems could be as high as 600 kg ha 1, using an average of 30% drainwater containing a nitrate-nitrogen concentration of 200 mg 1". The use of nutrient recirculation systems such as nutrient film technique (NFT) helped to reduce nutrient losses to the environment but the commercial area of NFT has decreasedd ue to high initial capital costs, concernso ver diseaset ransmissionw ithin the system and an absence of recent research and development. Most substrate systems rely on the provision of liquid nutrient feeds at every watering. This study examines clinoptilolite which is able to selectively store, supply and exchange cations with plant roots. The use of the naturally-occurring volcanic aluminosilicates pumice and clinoptilolite zeolite in the intensive production of edible and ornamental protected crops, tomatoes, sweet peppers and standard carnations was studied. Pumice from Sicily, Italy and clinoptilolite (84-87%) from Beli Plast, Bulgaria were used in the experiments. The management of the pumice and unloaded clinoptilolite systems involved provision of all the plant growth nutrients via a drip irrigation system. In comparison, the nutrient-loaded clinoptilolites were examined using only water in the irrigation cycles which allowed relatively unimpeded cation exchange to take place between the clinoptilolite and the surrounding solution, thus providing nutrients for plant roots. The total cation exchange capacity of clinoptilolite was measured as 132.0-158.3 meq 100g'', compared with 1.8 meq 100g-' for pumice. Unloaded clinoptilolite irrigated with nutrient-balanced liquid feeds gave yields and quality equivalent to those of tomatoes, peppers and standard carnations grown on rockwool, pumice and peat / peat alternatives. For the first nine months of an eighteen month experiment, the yield and quality of standard carnation flowers from high nutrient-loaded clinoptilolite matched those from pumice receiving liquid feeds at every watering. Thereafter, lower concentrations of available nitrogen and, to a lesser extent phosphorus, limited production by up to 25%. Drainwater nutrient concentrations were, however, extremely low and reduced the potential pollution risk to the surrounding environment. Drainwater nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of below 10 mg 1'' were measured, compared with 100-300 mg 1.1 for pumice. Drainwater potassium concentrations were also comparatively low at < 20 mg 1'' for clinoptilolite and 200 mg 1" for pumice. Phosphorus concentrationsi n the drainwater did not exceed1 2 mg 1.1c, omparedw ith a maximum of 70 mg 1'1 in drainwater from pumice. The inclusion of phosphate rock (apatite) in with the clinoptilolite provided a source of phosphorus available to plants and the dissolution of apatite was regulated by the rate of absorption of phosphorus and calcium by plants. In all the experiments, clinoptilolite adsorbed ammonium-nitrogen and potassium, releasing calcium and sodium. However, concentrations of sodium released into the root zone were not harmful to plant growth. The average nitrate-nitrogen concentration of new, fully-expanded carnation leaves was 51.7% lower than the target levels. The nutrient loading of nitrogen and phosphorus regulated the overall yield of the crops evaluated in the experiments. The use of nutrient-loaded clinoptilolite to produce commercial crops and reduce environmental pollution by regulating the concentration of nutrients in the drainwater over long periods of time is further explored in the study.
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Davidson, Robert A. "Folio of compositions with critical commentary." Thesis, University of Queensland, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/6034/1/6034_v1.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Folio of original music compositions and critical commentary. Thesis PhD completed 2001: University of Queensland, School of Music. The thesis is contained within 2 volumes: [v.1] Folio of compositions and critical commentary -- [v.2] Folio of compositions.
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Karnam, Venkatachalapathy Hariprasad. "Effect of plant resistance in glasshouse and field grown brassicas to Plutella xylosta and its larval endoparasitoid Cotesia plutellae, with special reference to insecticide tolerance." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288729.
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Guy, Andrew Cleveland. "An Improved Germination Protocol for Pinus radiata, Applicable for Investigation into the Effects of Exogenously Supplied Amino Acids on Seedling Growth, Under Glasshouse and Lab Conditions." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8711.
Full textAbstract:
The two main goals in this research were: (i) to investigate Pinus radiata seed germination methods, identifying areas where improvements could be made and developing a germination protocol applicable for studies under sterile and glasshouse conditions, and (ii) to investigate the potential of L-amino acids as nitrogen fertilisers or growth regulating substances, specifically during early seedling growth of P. radiata.
There is a lack of a standard protocol for seed germination of radiata pine. Therefore, a systematic approach was undertaken to develop a germination protocol which was applicable for both commercial and scientific use. It was found that a high percentage of P. radiata seed germination was observed without the need for nutrient-rich plant tissue culture media, stratification, scarification, or elaborate surface sterilisation of the seed. This led to the development of an improved protocol that was simple and relatively inexpensive, resulting in a high percentage of rapid and uniform germination. The main features of this improved germination protocol include: (i) a single-step surface sterilisation with ethanol for 30 seconds, (ii) pre-sowing, imbibition and drying of seeds overnight, and (iii) use of autoclaved moist vermiculite as a germination substrate.
L-amino acids are commonly used as organic nitrogen sources for plant nutrition. There is also evidence that exogenously supplied L-amino acids can have effects on plant growth beyond a nitrogen nutrition effect and that these effects are plant species dependent. Since these L-amino acid effects have not previously been investigated in P. radiata, the effects of each of the 20 commonly occurring protein L-amino acids on radiata pine growth were investigated. Five L-amino acids (Arginine, Aspartic acid, Proline, Lysine and Serine) were identified as having nitrogen nutrition independent effects. Under laboratory conditions these effects were determined to be concentration dependent and could therefore be of physiological significance. Under glasshouse conditions, the L-amino acid effects were subject to the influences of soil factors. The L-amino acid effects identified in this research can be considered novel and warrant further investigation.
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White, Nicola. "Thermal biology of three potential glasshouse biocontrol agents (Euseius spp.) and the target pest, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae), whilst assessing public understanding of pest control methods." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6614/.
Full textAbstract:
The world population is continually growing with an increasing food demand to match whilst pests represent a major loss to agricultural production. The aim of this thesis was to assess the overwintering survival and activity potential of three candidate biological control agents, \(Euseius\) \((Amblyseius)\) \(ovalis\) Evans; \(Euseius\) \(stipulatus\) Athias-Henriot and \(Euseius\) \(gallicus\) Kreiter and Tixier (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Cold tolerance assessments indicated that both \(Euseius\) \(ovalis\) and \(Euseius\) \(stipulatus\), as non-native species, were physiologically ill-adapted to UK winter temperatures. \(Euseius\) \(gallicus\), as a species native to temperate European countries, was found to have an acclimation and diapause trait, being well-adapted to survive a UK winter. Thermal activity thresholds supported all three Euseius spp. as efficient agents against \(Tetranychus\) \(urticae\) under low temperature conditions, with \(Euseius\) \(gallicus\)’ acclimated lower activity threshold supporting its use in open-field releases of native countries. The data from the cold tolerance of \(Euseius\) spp. and \(Tetranychus\) \(urticae\) have further enhanced the reliability of the winter survival regression (LTime\(_50\) at 5°C) as an essential component of arthropod cold survival assessments. Finally, this thesis presents a study on the role of the media in public understanding and awareness of pest control strategies; discussed with regards to food security.
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Křídová, Nikola. "Revitalizace zámku v Uherčicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401822.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma project deals with architectural study and functional use of the Uherčice castle grounds with regard to its character, location in the countryside and in the village, preservation of monuments and requirements of the inserted functions, as well as the creation of new opportunities for visitors and the reconnection to life of the inhabitants of the Uherčice village. And as a place of rest, education, employment and as a re-center of the area. A proposal of modification of the selected part of the castle and the park with the restoration of the French garden in its original place is a part of the project. The reconstruction of the former orangery and the new greenhouse building are proposed. Re-build greenhouse is attached with an apartment for the gardener. The second greenhouse complements one of the castle's axes and is designed for the world's largest water lily, Victoria Amazonica. In the selected part of the chateau, I mainly dealt with its use for cultural and social events that could take place here and the facilities that would be needed, including an apartment for short-term accommodation of visitors to these events. In addition, the entrance area and the operational facilities of the castle with a castellan apartment and accommodation for tourist guides are also solved.
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Spriggs, AC, and FD Dakora. "Assessing the suitability of antibiotic resistance markers and the indirect ELISA technique for studying the competitive ability of selected Cyclopia Vent. rhizobia under glasshouse and field conditions in South Africa." BMC Microbiology, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001665.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Background: Symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes is constrained by many factors, including the paucity of suitable
soil rhizobia To maximise growth of legume species therefore often requires the application of effective rhizobia
as inoculants. But where native strains out-compete introduced rhizobia for nodule formation, it is important that
the competitiveness of selected strains is tested in the field and glasshouse prior to their recommendation as
commercial inoculants. However the methodology for strain identification inside nodules has often proved
difficult and thus limited this field of research. In this study, the suitability of the antibiotic resistance technique
(both intrinsic low-resistance fingerprinting and high-resistance marking) and the serological indirect ELISA
method were assessed for their ability to detect selected Cyclopia rhizobia under glasshouse and field conditions.
The four rhizobial strains that were used, namely PPRICI3, UCT40a, UCT44b and UCT61a, were isolated from
wild Cyclopia species growing in the Western Cape fynbos of South Africa.
Results: The test strains formed two distinct groups with regard to their intrinsic resistance to the antibiotics
streptomycin sulphate and spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate, making it impossible to use intrinsic
antibiotic resistance to distinguish strains from within the same intrinsic resistance group. The use of strains
marked with double antibiotic resistance was also investigated. A number of these strains lost their antibiotic
marker tags after one plant passage; and some also lost their competitive ability. The indirect ELISA technique
provided a more satisfactory method of identifying selected Cyclopia strains under both field and glasshouse
conditions. The primary antibodies raised against strains UCT40a, UCT61a and UCT44b gave absorbance
readings that were unambiguously negative (0.30 OD405), while those of strain PPRICI3 were ambiguous (0.50
OD405) with many false positive readings (1.0 A405). The indirect ELISA method showed a high level of analytical
sensitivity in glasshouse experiments and there were no cross-reactions between the four test strains. The
method was also suitable for detecting three of the four test strains in competition studies under field conditions,
and can also be used to identify some strains under field conditions.
Conclusion: The antibiotic marker method was found unsuitable for identifying Cyclopia rhizobia in competition
experiments in both glasshouse and field conditions. However, the indirect ELISA technique was found suitable
for identifying these strains in glasshouse studies. The method was also appropriate for identifying strains UCT40a,
UCT44b and UCT61a, but not strain PPRICI3, in field competition studies.
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Sejbalová, Kateřina. "Skleník." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392179.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis deals with design of a load-bearing steel structure, i tis located in ZOO Zlín areal. The building serves as a glasshouse. It is a single-storey building with circle plan, 39,04 m diameter and 15,63 m height. Space construction follows spherical cap of a sphere with diameter 40 m. Variant A building is design as a fuller dome. Variant B building consists of hexagons, which are getting smaller with height, at the upper part is the hexagonal geometry cancelled and geometry made from triangles follows. This thesis contains design of a pedestrian bridge, which carries all technical loads. The thesis contains static report of the beams a design of main joints.
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Hazara, Altaf Hussain. "Studies of the distribution of the European red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nal) (Acarina: Euriophyidae) : in an experimental glasshouse and a commercial orchard." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290365.
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Reichrath, Sven. "Convective heat and mass transfer in glasshouses." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391213.
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Jacobson, Robert John. "Implementing integrated pest management in glasshouses : challenges and solutions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414951.
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Asif, Mohammad. "Comparative study of production, infectivity, and effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produced by soil-based and soil-less techniques." Thesis, [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/510.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was firstly aimed at producing the AM fungal inocula by using soil-based and soil-less culture techniques, including the in-vitro axenic technique, and secondly to assess the infectivity and effectiveness of the inocula so produced in glasshouse and field conditions. Indigenous AM fungi from 5 different sites of New South Wales were successfully propagated and multiplied using the pot-culture and atomizing disc aeroponic culture techniques, and their infectivity was measured using the MPN bioassay method. The coarse and fine sand mix was proven to be very effective for the production of AM fungal inocula. The findings indicated that aeroponic culture technique is far superior to that of conventional pot-culture technique, and could possibly substitute the most commonly used pot-culture technique of AM fungal inoculum production. The ultra-sonic nebulizer technology could possibly be an alternative to conventional aeroponic systems for producing AM fungal isolates in commercial quantities. The introduction of the sheared-root inoculum of Glomus intraradices, produced by the ultra-sonic nebulizer technique, into agricultural soils can substantially reduce the intake of P-fertilizers as much as 50% of the recommended level. The study also indicated that soil phosphorus is a critical factor in limiting mycorrhizal colonization, possibly limiting mycorrhizal responses.The research suggests that various commercially produced single or 'cocktail' inocula may work on mycorrhiza dependent plants in soils where the indigenous AM flora is either not abundant and/or efficient. Furthermore, ecophysiology of the same AM species have different effects on plant growth.
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Manlove, John Derek. "An investigation into the suitability for the inclusion of botanical insecticides in an IPM system in glasshouses." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406611.
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Di, Hong J. "Application of isotopic dilution methods to the study of the dissolution of phosphate fertilisers of differing solubility in the soil." Lincoln University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1792.
Full textAbstract:
An injection technique, in which undisturbed soil cores are labelled with ³²P to study dissolution of phosphate fertilisers in the soil, was evaluated in field and glasshouse trials. When ³²P was injected between 0-150 mm depths of the undisturbed soil columns and fertilisers applied at the surface, the amounts of fertiliser P dissolved, as measured by the increases in the exchangeable P pools, were overestimated. Three possible reasons were suggested: (i) the interaction between surface-applied fertiliser, ³²P injected through the whole soil column, and the vertical decline in root density, (ii) the decline of specific activity in the exchangeable P pool due to losses of ³²P to nonexchangeable P pools and continuous addition of P from fertiliser dissolution, and (iii) non-uniform distribution of ³²P vis-a-vis ³¹P phosphate. The injection technique may be employed to assess the effectiveness of phosphate fertilisers by introducing a concept, the fertiliser equivalent (FE). The FE is a measure of the amounts of soil exchangeable P that the fertilisers are equivalent to in supplying P to plants, when applied at the specific location. Soluble single superphosphate (SSP) applied at the surface of undisturbed grassland soil cores (Tekapo fine sandy loam), was much more effective than surface-applied unground North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and 30% acidulated NCPR with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR) within the 56 day period of plant growth. An isotopic dilution method, based on tracer kinetic theory, was developed to study the rates of dissolution (F in) and retention (F out) of phosphate fertilisers in the soil in growth chamber experiments. The estimation of F in and F out required labelling of the soils with carrier-free ³²P and determination of the corresponding values of the specific activities of the exchangeable P pools, SA₁ and SA₂, and the sizes of the exchangeable P pools, Q₁ and Q₂, at times t₁ and t₂. Most of the phosphate in the monocalcium phosphate (MCP) solution entered the exchangeable P pool immediately after addition to the soils (Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam), and there was little further phosphate input. With increasing periods of incubation, the phosphate was quickly transformed to less rapidly exchangeable forms. In the soils treated with ground North Carolina phosphate rock (<150 µm, NCPR) or partially acidulated (30%) NCPR with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR), the initial exchangeable P pools were not as large as those in the soils treated with MCP, but were maintained at relatively stable concentrations for extended periods, due to the continuous dissolution of PR materials and to lower rates of pretention. An increase in P-retention caused a slight rise in the rate of PR dissolution, but also a rise in the rate of P-retention by the soil. The rate of dissolution was higher at a lower application rate in relative terms, but smaller in absolute terms. The trends in the changes of plant-available P in the soils, measured by the water extractable P, Bray I P and Olsen P, correspond to those predicted by the F in and F out values. The average rates of dissolution between 1-50 and 50-111 days estimated by the F in, however, were higher than those estimated by extractions with 0.5 M NaOH followed by 1 M HCl, and with 0.5 M BaCl₂/TEA. This is partly because the Fin values reflect a plant growth effect on PR dissolution. The relative agronomic effectiveness of NCPR and NCPAPR with respect to MCP was higher after 50 and 111 days of incubation than after 1 day. The F in values were included in all the two-variable models constructed by stepwise regression to describe the relationship between plant P uptake and soil measurements. The amounts of variation in plant P uptake accounted for by the regression model was significantly improved by including F in in the model. This indicates the importance of fertiliser dissolution rates in affecting soil P supply, when phosphate fertilisers differing in solubility are applied.
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Chromec, Frank Winchester. "Evaluation of productivity decline due to soil loss using glasshouse and laboratory methods." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9261.
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Ochieng, Ezekiel Owigo. "Drought and salinity responses of two provenances of Acacia holosericea - a glasshouse study." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147396.
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Stadler, Christina [Verfasser]. "Nitrogen release and nitrogen use efficiency of plant derived nitrogen fertilisers in organic horticultural soils under glasshouse conditions / Christina Stadler." 2006. http://d-nb.info/980532159/34.
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Titshall, Louis William. "The characterisation of some South African water treatment residues and glasshouse pot experiments to investigate the potential of two residues for land disposal." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4574.
Full textAbstract:
Water treatment residues (WTRs) are the by-product from the production of potable water.
They consist mainly of the precipitated hydrous oxides of the treatment chemicals, and
materials removed from the raw water. This study investigated the range of treatment
processes and residues produced in South Africa, and two WTRs were selected for testing on
selected soils and mine materials.
A questionnaire was developed and sent to water treatment authorities across South Africa.
Information on the treatment chemicals, dosages, volumes and current disposal practices, and
a sample of WTR from each treatment plant were requested. Eleven, of 21 authorities,
returned completed questionnaires, representing 37 water treatment facilities. Organic
polymers were the most commonly used treatment chemical, with most plants also using lime.
Other less frequently used chemicals and additives were Alz(S04)3.14I-hO, Fe2(S04)3, FeC!),
sodium aluminate, activated silica, activated charcoal, CO2 and bentonite. Information given
regarding residue thickening and disposal was poor. Samples from Rand Water, Umgeni
Water (Midmar), Midvaal Water Company, Amatola Water and Cape Metropolitan Council
(Faure) were received or collected. An additional sample from Faure was also received,
representing a change in the treatment process. These samples were analysed for a range of
chemical and physical characteristics. These analyses showed that the WTRs had the potential
to supply some plant nutrients (Ca, Mg, Fe, S) but that metal toxicity may be a problem, in
particular Mn in the Faure WTR, and that P adsorption may be severe. The samples selected
to test the potential for land disposal were from Rand Water and Faure.
A pot experiment tested the growth of Eragrostis tefJ, Cenchrus ciliaris and Digitaria
eriantha in mixtures of Rand WTR and material from a coal mine i.e., a sandy soil material,
spoil material and coal combustion ash, at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g kg" with a
uniform fertiliser treatment applied to all mixtures. The grass was harvested on three
occasions and the mean total yield (dry mass) determined, as well as nutrient uptake. The pots
were leached after each harvest and the pH and electrical conductivity determined. The soil,
spoil and ash were characterised and pH, EC and water retention characteristics of the
mixtures determined. Growth of the grasses in the ash treatments was poor and these were
terminated. Eragrostis tefJ grown in the soil showed a decrease in mean total yield with
increasing WTR application rate, but yield was good up to the 200 g kg" treatment at the first harvest, declining substantially by the second harvest. In general C. ciliaris and D. eriantha
grown in the soil showed a decrease in mean total yield for all harvests with increasing WTR
application. The yield of E. /ejJ, grown in the spoil, increased up to 100 g kg,l WTR
addition, but decreased thereafter. Digitaria eriantha showed a decrease in yield, and C.
ciliaris an increase, with increasing WTR application rate , but for all treatments the
differences were non-significant. The pH and EC of the leachates generally increased with
increasing WTR addition. The concentration of nutrients in the grasses did not indicate any
deficiencies or toxicities.
As the growth of grass was poor in the ash treatments, another pot experiment was established
to test the growth of two creeping grass species grown in the Rand WTR as a cover over the
ash material. Cynodon dactylon and Stenotaphrum secundatum were grown in 20, 40 and 60
mm layers of Rand WTR, with and without a fertiliser treatment. Both species performed best
in the 60 mm layer with fertiliser, and C. dactylon performed better than S. secundatum. The
former species was more tolerant of the high pH, but both have potential as cover vegetation
on the ash dumps when these are covered with Rand WTR.
A further glasshouse study investigated the effect of Faure WTR mixed with a nutrient poor
sandy soil on the nutrient uptake and seed yield of common dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
The WTR was added to the soil at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g kg" each with five levels of
fertiliser (0, 25, 50, 100 (recommended optimum) and 150 %). Bean pods were harvested
once the plants had senesced. The number of pods and mass and number of seeds per
treatment were determined. The seeds were analysed for nutrient uptake. Interveinal chlorosis
and necrotic lesions were evident on cotylendonous and new leaves in the WTR treated soils,
the severity of the symptoms increasing with increasing rate of WTR. Additional pots were
established at the 400 g kg" rate (without fertiliser) and leaf material collected for chemical
analysis. This showed that Mn toxicity was the cause, with leaf concentrations about 12 times
the recommended 100 mg kg" upper limit. However, mass of bean seed was highest in the
400 g kg" Faure WTR treatment with 150 % fertiliser. Nutrient translocation to the seed
seemed to be relatively consistent regardless of treatment, with little accumulation ofMn.
The data collected illustrated the range of conditions and types of WTRs produced in South
Africa, and that in some instances these residues have favourable characteristics for land
application. The use of the Rand WTR showed that it could be applied to the spoil medium at
relatively high concentrations without severely negatively impacting on grass growth, but more caution should be used when applying this material to the soil medium. While the grass
did not grow in the ash treatments, it would seem that with suitable species the Rand WTR
could be beneficially applied to ash material as a cover layer. The use of the Faure WTR on a
sandy soil seemed to potentially improve the yield of the indicator crop, but caution should be
exercised due to the possibility of Mn toxicity. The use of additional fertiliser would seem to
be essential. Further research would require that field scale investigation of both WTRs be
conducted, as well as further studies of applicat ion rates and techniques in laboratory and
glasshouse investigations.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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Nelwamondo, Aluwani Mutanwa. "Assessment of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium Japonicum and Bacillus subtilis on yield and metabolic profile of Bambara groundnut and cowpea under glasshouse conditions." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27023.
Full textAbstract:
Text in English with abstracts in isiVenda and SepediBambara groundnut and cowpea are essential legumes that are well adapted to unfavourable environmental conditions and have high dietary values for humans. However, they are under-researched and under-utilised. Thus, there are limited records on yields and metabolic profiling of these leguminous crops co-inoculated with B. japonicum and Bacillus subtilis. Generally, very few studies have reported on the effects of co-inoculation of other plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and rhizobia strains on leguminous plants. This study therefore assessed the effects of B. subtilis (strain BD233) on germination of Bambara groundnut under different temperature regimes, and evaluated the effects of co-inoculation of B. japonicum and B. subtilis on yields of cowpea under glasshouse conditions. The study also assessed the metabolite profile of the crops using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The data showed that inoculation of Bacillus subtilis on Bambara groundnut landraces under different temperatures enhanced germination (germination percentage, germination rate indices and plumule length). Furthermore, co-inoculation with B. japonicum and Bacillus subtilis (strain BD233) improved plant yield of cowpea plants. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed distinct separations between treatments (co-inoculation of B. japonicum and Bacillus subtilis, inoculation of B. japonicum, uninoculated plus NO3 and zero inoculation) on Bambara groundnut and cowpea plants. The VIP score revealed that co-inoculation with B. japonicum and Bacillus subtilis (strain BD233) resulted in low concentrations of metabolites in Bambara groundnut plants and in contrast, high concentrations of metabolites in cowpea plants. Co-inoculation with B. japonicum and Bacillus subtilis (strain BD233) has a potential of improving yield of both Bambara groundnut and cowpea in sustainable agriculture. The metabolic profile of Bambara groundnut and cowpea subjected to co-inoculation has shown that both crops metabolic composition and profile are highly dependent on co-inoculation.
Phonda na ṋawa ndi mangaṋawa a ndeme ane a kona u tea zwavhuḓi kha nyimele dza vhupo vhune ha si vhe havhuḓi na ndeme ya nṱha ya pfushi kha vhathu. Naho zwo ralo, a hu athu u itwa ṱhoḓisiso dzo linganaho nga hadzo na u sa shumiswa Nga zwenezwo hu na rekhodo dzo pimiwaho nga ha khaṋo na u ela tshileme tsha molekulu ṱhukhu dza methaboḽiki dza zwiliṅwa izwi zwa mangaṋawa u khetha na B. japonicum na Bacillus subtilis. Nga u angaredza, ndi ngudo dzi si nngana dzo no vhigwaho nga ha masiandaitwa a khetha nyaluwo ya zwimela zwine zwa ṱuṱuwedza bakitheria dzine dza baḓekanywa na midzi na bakitheria dzine dza shandukisa naiṱirodzheni u vha amonia kha zwimela zwa mangaṋawa. Ngudo heyi nga zwenezwo yo asesa masiandaitwa a B. subtilis (tshiliṅwa tsha BD233) kha mumelo wa phonda nga fhasi ha ndaulo ya thempheretsha dzo fhambanaho, na u ela masiandaitwa a u khetha B. japonicum na B. subtilis kha khaṋo dza phonda na ṋawa nga fhasi ha nyimele ya fhethu hune ha ṱavhiwa zwimela nga fhasi ha tsireledzo kana ndangulo. Ngudo dzo dovha dza ela tshileme tsha molekulu ṱhukhu dza methaboḽiki dza zwiliṅwa hu tshi shumiswa 1H maanḓa a u tzwonzwiwa ha nyukiḽia nga eḽekiṱhironiki maginethe (NMR) nga u ṱanganelana ha radiesheni ya eḽekiṱhironiki maginethe. Data yo sumbedza u ḓivhadzwa ha Bacillus subtilis kha tshiliṅwa tshapo tsha phonda fhasi ha thempheretsha dzo fhambanaho u khwinisa mumelo (phesenthedzhi ya mumelo, zwisumbi zwa phimo ya muelo na vhulapfu ha pulumule). U isa phanḓa, u ḓivhadzwa hafhu ha B. japonicum na Bacillus subtilis (tshiliṅwa tsha BD233) khaṋo yo khwiniswaho ya tshiliṅwa kha zwimela zwa ṋawa. Musaukanyo wa u khethekanya zwitatisiṱika (Partial least squares-discriminant analysis) (PLS-DA) wo sumbedza khethekanyo dzo fhambanaho vhukati ha kushumisele (u ḓivhadzwa hafhu ha B.japonicum na Bacillus subtilis, u ḓivhadzwa ha B. japonicum, i songo ḓivhadzwaho hafhu na NO3 na ziro i songo ḓivhadzwa hafhu) kha phonda na zwiliṅwa zwa ṋawa. Tshikoro tsha VIP tsho wanulusa uri u ḓivhadzwa hafhu ha B. japonicum na Bacillus subtilis (kha tshiliṅwa tsha BD233) zwo bveledza mutzwonzwo wa fhasi wa methobolaithisi kha zwiliṅwa zwa phonda na phambano, ya mutzwonzwo wa nṱha wa methobolaithisi kha zwiliṅwa zwa ṋawa. U khetha ha B. japonicum na Bacillus subtilis (kha tshiliṅwa tsha BD233) zwo vha na ndeme ya u khwinisa khaṋo ya vhuvhili hazwo phonda na ṋawa kha vhulimi vhu sa nyeṱhi. U ela tshileme tsha molekulu ṱhukhu dza methaboḽiki dza phonda na ṋawa tenda u ḓivhadzwa hafhu ho sumbedza uri vhuvhili ha kubveledzele kwa methaboḽiki ya zwiliṅwa na muelo zwo ḓitika nga maanḓa nga u khetha.
Ditloo tša Bambara ke dipeu tše bohlokwa tšeo di kgonago go phela gabotse go maemo a tikologo yeo e sego ya loka e bile di na le boleng bja godimo bja dijo tšeo di lekanego go batho. Le ge go le bjalo, gona le dinyakišišo tša fase ka tšona le gore ga di šomišwe kudu. Ka gona, go na le direkhoto tše dinnyane ka ga pego ya mehola le tšhomišo ya yona ka ga dibjalo tše tša go dira dipeu tšeo di kopantšhwago le B. japonicum le Bacillus subtilis. Ka kakaretšo, dinyakišišo tše dinnyane kudu di begile ka ga dikhuetšo tša kopantšho ya mehlare e mengwe ya go huetša go gola ga pakteria ya medu (rhizobacteria) le dingangego tša pakteria ya ka gare ga medu (rhizobia) go dibjalo tša dipeu. Nyakišišo ye ka gona e lekotše dikhuetšo tša B. subtilis (strain BD233) go melo ya ditloo tša Bambara ka fase ga maemo a dithempereitšha tša go fapana, le go lekola dikhuetšo tša kopantšho ya B. japonicum le B. subtilis go mehola ya ditloo tša Bambara le dinawa ka fase ga maemo a ntlo ya digalase. Nyakišišo gape e lekotše pego ya tšhomišo ya dibjalo go šomišwa sedirišwa sa go laetša maatlakgogedi sa 1H (NMR). Tshedimošo e bontšhitše gore tsenyo ya Bacillus subtilis go ditloo tša Bambara tša tlwaelo ka fase ga dithempereitšha tša go fapana go kaonafaditše go mela (phesente ya go mela, lebelo la dikelo tša melo le botelele bja kutu ya sebjalo). Gape, kopantšho le B. japonicum le Bacillus subtilis (strain BD233) go kaonafaditše mehola ya dibjalo tša mehlare ya dinawa. Tshekatsheko ya go hwetša tswalano ya dithišu tše pedi (PLS-DS) e utollotše ditlogelano tša go fapana magareng ga mekgwa (kopantšho ya B. japonicum le Bacillus subtilis, tsenyo ya B. japonicum, yeo e sego ya tsenywa le NO3 le tsenyo ya lefeela) go ditloo tša Bambara le dibjalo tša dinawa. Dipoelo tša VIP di utollotše gore kopantšho ya B. japonicum le Bacillus subtilis (strain BD233) e tlišitše dipoelo tša fase tša ditšweletšwa tša dimolekule tša dibjalo tša ditloo tša Bambara e bile gape ge re dira phapanyo, bontšhi bjo bo lego godimo bja ditšweletšwa tša dimolekule ka go dibjalo tša dinawa. Kopantšho ya B. japonicum le Bacillus subtilis (strain BD233) e na le kgonagalo ya go kaonafatša mehola ya bobedi ditloo tša Bambara le dinawa ka go temo ya sa ruri. Seemo sa ditšweletšwa tša ditloo tša Bambara le dinawa tšeo di dirilwe kopantšho se bontšhitše gore bobedi tlhamotšweletšo le seemo sa dibjalo tše di ithekgile kudu mo go kopantšho.
Agriculture and Animal Health
M. Sc. (Agriculture)