To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Global 2000 Study.
Journal articles on the topic 'Global 2000 Study'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Global 2000 Study.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Karisiddappa, C. R., B. M. Gupta, and Ashok Kumar. "Bibliometric study of global information literacy research during 2000-2019." International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology 10, no. 2 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5576.2020.00018.7.
Full text
2
Saunois, Marielle, Philippe Bousquet, Ben Poulter, et al. "The global methane budget 2000–2012." Earth System Science Data 8, no. 2 (2016): 697–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-697-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (∼ biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003–2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 540–568. About 60 % of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50–65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon-intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 596–884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 64 % of the global budget, < 30° N) as compared to mid (∼ 32 %, 30–60° N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90° N). Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China (∼ 58 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 51–72, −14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 73–108, +19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models. The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30–40 % on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1) and the Global Carbon Project.
3
Shegaze, Mulugeta, Tadele Adal, Dereje Mesfin, and Tamiru Shibiru. "The burden of cancer in Ethiopia, 2000–2016: analysis of evidence from the Global Burden of Disease study and Global Health Estimate." Medical Studies 36, no. 2 (2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ms.2020.96786.
Full text
4
Üstün, T. B., J. L. Ayuso-Mateos, S. Chatterji, C. Mathers, and C. J. L. Murray. "Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000." British Journal of Psychiatry 184, no. 5 (2004): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.5.386.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe initial Global Burden of Disease study found that depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 3.7% of total disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in the world in 1990.AimsTo present the new estimates of depression burden for the year 2000.MethodDALYs for depressive disorders in each world region were calculated, based on new estimates of mortality, prevalence, incidence, average age at onset, duration and disability severity.ResultsDepression is the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 4.4% of total DALYs in the year 2000, and it causes the largest amount of non-fatal burden, accounting for almost 12% of all total years lived with disability worldwide.ConclusionsThese data on the burden of depression worldwide represent a major public health problem that affects patients and society.
5
Jiborn, Magnus, Viktoras Kulionis, and Astrid Kander. "Consumption versus Technology: Drivers of Global Carbon Emissions 2000–2014." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020339.
Full textAbstract:
This study utilizes recently published environmental extensions to the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) to compare production-based, consumption-based and technology-adjusted carbon emissions for 44 countries and country groups for the period 2000 to 2014. Results show some significant shifts in global emission trends compared to similar studies of the period before 2009. For 20 European Union (EU) countries and the US, emissions decreased over the period regardless of measure, and the same was true for the EU. Since GDP grew in 18 of these countries, the results provide unambiguous evidence for absolute, albeit modest, decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions. The large increase in global emissions that nevertheless occurred during the period was driven almost entirely by increasing consumption in China and developing countries.
6
Neng, Shi, Chen Luwen, and Xia Dongdong. "A preliminary study on the global land annual precipitation associated with ENSO during 1948–2000." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 19, no. 6 (2002): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-002-0060-6.
Full text
7
Han, Chunlei, Rongbin Xu, Yajuan Zhang, et al. "Air pollution control efficacy and health impacts: A global observational study from 2000 to 2016." Environmental Pollution 287 (October 2021): 117211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117211.
Full text
8
Alonso-González, Esteban, and Víctor Fernández-García. "MOSEV: a global burn severity database from MODIS (2000–2020)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 5 (2021): 1925–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1925-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. To make advances in the fire discipline, as well as in the study of CO2 emissions, it is of great interest to develop a global database with estimators of the degree of biomass consumed by fire, which is defined as burn severity. In this work we present the first global burn severity database (MOSEV database), which is based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance and burned area (BA) products from November 2000 to near real time. To build the database we combined Terra MOD09A1 and Aqua MYD09A1 surface reflectance products to obtain dense time series of the normalized burn ratio (NBR) spectral index, and we used the MCD64A1 product to identify BA and the date of burning. Then, we calculated for each burned pixel the difference of the NBR (dNBR) and its relativized version (RdNBR), as well as the post-burn NBR, which are the most commonly used burn severity spectral indices. The database also includes the pre-burn NBR used for calculations, the date of the pre- and post-burn NBR, and the date of burning. Moreover, in this work we have compared the burn severity metrics included in MOSEV (dNBR, RdNBR and post-burn NBR) with the same ones obtained from Landsat-8 scenes which have an original resolution of 30 m. We calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficients and the significance of the relationships using 13 pairs of Landsat scenes randomly distributed across the globe, with a total BA of 6904 km2 (n=32 163). Results showed that MOSEV and Landsat-8 burn severity indices are highly correlated, particularly the post-burn NBR (R=0.88; P<0.001), and dNBR (R=0.74; P<0.001) showed stronger relationships than RdNBR (R=0.42; P<0.001). Differences between MOSEV and Landsat-8 indices are attributable to variability in reflectance values and to the different temporal resolution of both satellites (MODIS: 1–2 d; Landsat: 16 d). The database is structured according to the MODIS tiling system and is freely downloadable at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4265209 (Alonso-González and Fernández-García, 2020).
9
Zheng, Yanting, Wanting Xu, and Lizhu Dai. "Urban growth in a post‐2000 central Chinese urban agglomeration: Case study of the Changzhutan region." Growth and Change 51, no. 1 (2020): 464–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12360.
Full text
10
Aili Mari Tripp and Alice Kang. "The Global Impact of Quotas." Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 3 (2007): 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414006297342.
Full textAbstract:
Quotas have become an important mechanism through which women today are entering legislatures worldwide. This study shows that the introduction of quotas has helped overcome constraints on women's representation posed by economic underdevelopment, cultural influences, and even electoral systems. This study also demonstrates that the introduction of quotas offers the most explanatory power for women's representation today, together with electoral systems that allow for greater candidate turnover (i.e., party-list proportional representation systems). The majority of studies explaining women's legislative representation prior to 2000 focused on electoral systems, cultural considerations, and the strength of leftist political parties. Since the mid-1990s, however, an increasing number of countries have introduced gender quotas, which this article incorporates into older models in cross-national multivariate analysis.
11
BARROS, JANAÍNA GALDINO DE, and Ana Eleonora Almeida Paixão. "Comparative Study of Innovation Ecosystems Inducing Success of Startups in The World (Cutting 2000-2017)." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 8 (2020): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2573.
Full textAbstract:
Global Innovation Ecosystems are the result of creating drive-driven locations driven by their local entrepreneurial and innovative characteristics. This article aims to bring to light important information from three of the largest successful start-up ecosystems in the world. As a goal, this article aims to draw a comparison between the Startup-inducing global innovation ecosystems. The adopted methodology had a descriptive classification and a qualitative method. The study was made through a chronological cut - 2000 to 2017 - disseminating information about Silicon Valley ecosystems - USA; Tel Aviv - Israel and Beijing China. As a result, it was found that even some actions and activities seen in these ecosystems can be performed, but it is necessary to take into consideration the local characteristics and their abilities for the ecosystem to succeed.
12
Sandra, S. "A Study of Indian Derivatives Market and its Current Position in Global Financial Derivatives Market." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2021.437.
Full textAbstract:
Derivatives emerged as hedging instruments out of the need to control price risk. Earlier commodity prices were the sole concern of business community, and therefore, the derivatives on commodities were the first ones to emerge. The introduction of derivatives in India can be traced out in 1875, when the Bombay Cotton Trading Association Ltd was set up for futures trading in cotton. At present the markets for derivatives have been growing at a phenomenal pace. This paper traces the growth and current position of Indian derivatives market. Since its inception in June 2000, derivatives market has exhibited exponential growth both in terms of volume and number of contract traded. The market turnover has grown from Rs.24bn in 2000-01 to Rs. 2376tn in 2018-19. The present study is an effort to demonstrate the growth and expansion of derivatives in India during the time period 2010-11 to 2018-19. It also encompasses the scope, history, concept, types and growth of financial derivatives in India and the status of Indian derivatives market vis-à-vis global derivative market.
13
Hoffman, Steven J., Elliot Gunn, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, and Stephanie Nixon. "Systematic analysis of global health research funding in Canada, 2000–2016." Canadian Journal of Public Health 111, no. 1 (2019): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00247-8.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Considering recent shifts in global funding landscapes, this study analyzes Canada’s long-term global health research funding trends in the hope of informing a new Canadian global health research strategy. Examining past investments can help prioritize limited future resources to either build on Canada’s existing strengths or fill gaps where needed, while simultaneously informing the investments of research funders in other countries. Methods Administrative data were analyzed covering all 1584 global health research grants awarded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to 927 unique principal investigators from 2000 to 2016, totalling C$341 million. Existing metadata associated with each grant was supplemented by additional qualitative coding. Descriptive time-series analyses of global health research grant data were conducted using various measures related to each grant’s recipient (e.g., province, university, sex, distribution) and subject matter (e.g., research theme, area, focus). Results CIHR’s total annual global health research funding increased sharply from $3.6 million in FY2000/2001 to $30.3 million in FY2015/2016, with the largest share of research funding now focused on health equity—representing nearly 50% of CIHR’s global health research funding. Past grants have concentrated on infectious disease and public health research. One third of CIHR’s global health grant funding went to 20 principal investigators. Only 42.2% of global health research funding came from CIHR’s open investigator-driven competitions, with the rest coming from strategic priority-driven competitions. Conclusion Global health research has seen steady increases in funding from CIHR’s open competitions when preceded by investment in strategic competitions, which suggests the level of a national research funding agency’s strategic investments in global health research may determine the size of the field in their country. The greatest concentration of past investment lies in health equity research, followed by infectious disease research. Future analyses of research funding would benefit from an internationally accepted keyword classification scheme and more granular administrative data.
14
Anthony, Dorothy, Patricia Bederman Miller, and Karen K. Yarrish. "An Analysis Of Initial Global Citizenship In A Liberal Arts College In Northeastern Pennsylvania." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 10, no. 1 (2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v10i1.8346.
Full textAbstract:
There are an increasing number of organizations conducting business in the global environment (Hill, 2011). Expatriate employees are frequently used and are critical for success in these assignments (Carpenter, Sanders, & Gregersen, 2000). Adjusting to a foreign culture is one reason for high failure rates of expatriates (Garonzik, Brockner & Siegel, 2000). According to Morais and Ogden (2010), there is a need to measure global citizenship in a way that can validate the outcomes of a study abroad experience, specifically, and the development of a global citizen, generally. College and University Study Abroad programs introduce students to global cultures and citizenship; however, college graduates are not prepared to enter the global workforce (Hunter, 2011). This article analyzes and measures initial global citizenship in a liberal arts college in Northeastern Pennsylvania. This study utilizes the Global Citizenship Scale to explore the initial levels of social responsibility, global competence and global civic engagement (Morais & Ogden, 2010). The researchers will discuss the implications for educators, administrators, and researchers. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations will be presented.
15
Xu, Xia. "Study on Spatial Distribution of Surface Water Resources in Lhasa Based on RS and GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.417.
Full textAbstract:
Surface water resources study has vital function for Lhasa and whole Tibet. TM images in 2000 and 2010, GIS and landscape ecological theory are applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of Lhasas surface water resources. The results show: there are 6662 patches in 2000 and 6340 patches in 2010, which means there have disappeared 322 patches, while the area have increased 20.95km2. The lakes class is the main surface water resources with 41.11% in 2000 and 41.03% in 2010. Tibetan Plateau is very sensitive to global cliamte change, espectially in water resouces. The areas of ice and glaciers, forested swamps, shrub swamps have no change. While other kinds of classs area shows increasing trend, especially rivers area, which increased 12.20 km2.
16
Kultgen, Candace Mehaffey. "Ethnography Study." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 4 (2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss4.167.
Full textAbstract:
Culture is cumulative; culture is found in groups of more than one, is passed from generation to generation, and experiences change. Harrison and Huntington (2000) posit culture is the “values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society” (p. xv). Culture is one of the driving forces that determine the success of a society (Berger & Huntington, 2002). Understanding different cultures can become a diverse and challenging endeavor under the best of circumstances. Research capabilities have added volumes of knowledge about how cultures are realized and understood amongst the multitude of different cultures existing and changing in today’s global world. In particular, ethnographic studies (found in qualitative research methods) have provided valuable tools in this quest to understand the variety, shapes and sounds of culture around the world. Chinese culture has proven to be no exception. According to Gao and Ting-Toomey,(1998) culture varies within societies and within communities, but one consistent cultural aspect found in Chinese culture are the teaching styles, which have remained remarkably the same for 2000 years. The purpose of this narrative ethnography study is to provide avenues in which teachers and professors can effectively communicate the valuable information contained in his or her lectures to Chinese students in China.
17
Phypers, Melissa D., Linda Panaro, and Penny Nault. "Tuberculosis drug resistance in Canada, 1998 to 2000." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 3 (2001): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/148487.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB) is a global threat to TB prevention and control efforts. A recent study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease found strains of TB resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs in all countries surveyed (1). The WHO estimates that 50 million people are infected with strains of drug-resistant TB (2).
18
Wolf, Julie, Min Chen, and Ghassem R. Asrar. "Global Rangeland Primary Production and Its Consumption by Livestock in 2000–2010." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (2021): 3430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173430.
Full textAbstract:
Livestock grazing occupies ca. 25% of global ice-free land, removing large quantities of carbon (C) from global rangelands (here, including grass- and shrublands). The proportion of total livestock intake that is supplied by grazing (GP) is estimated at >50%, larger than the proportion from crop- and byproduct-derived fodders. Both rangeland productivity and its consumption through grazing are difficult to quantify, as is grazing intensity (GI), the proportion of annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) removed from rangelands by grazing livestock. We develop national or sub-national level estimates of GI and GP for 2000–2010, using remote sensing products, inventory data, and model simulations, and accounting for recent changes in livestock intake, fodder losses and waste, and national cropland use intensities. Over the 11 study years, multi-model average global rangeland ANPP varied between the values of 13.0 Pg C in 2002 and 13.96 Pg C in 2000. The global requirement for grazing intake increased monotonically by 18%, from 1.54 in 2000 to 1.82 Pg C in 2010. Although total global rangeland ANPP is roughly an order of magnitude larger than grazing demand, much of this total ANPP is unavailable for grazing, and national or sub-national deficits between intake requirements and available rangeland ANPP occurred in each year, totaling 36.6 Tg C (2.4% of total grazing intake requirement) in 2000, and an unprecedented 77.8 Tg C (4.3% of global grazing intake requirement) in 2010. After accounting for these deficits, global average GI ranged from 10.7% in 2000 to 12.6% in 2009 and 2010. The annually increasing grazing deficits suggest that rangelands are under significant pressure to accommodate rising grazing demand. Greater focus on observing, understanding, and managing the role of rangelands in feeding livestock, providing ecosystem services, and as part of the global C cycle, is warranted.
19
Taj, Saud Al. "The Royal Bank of Scotland and Its Reputational Decline: A Case Study." Business and Management Horizons 3, no. 2 (2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v3i2.7974.
Full textAbstract:
After decades of success in the global banking industry, the Royal Bank of Scotland fell to the brink of its collapse in 2008 owing to the recent global financial crisis that entirely shook the financial sector of the United Kingdom. The man whose leadership was once acknowledged for the remarkable success of the bank, former CEO Sir Fred Goodwin, was held entirely responsible for the collapse owing to his decisions of hostile acquisition of the ABN-Amro bank and pushing the banking industry into ‘filthy’ executive pay and bonus culture. The case study will review the evidence from 2000-2009 to discuss the rise and fall of the royal bank in the light of the corporate governance failures during the difficult times of global recession.
20
AlHares, Aws, Ahmed A. Elamer, Ibrahem Alshbili, and Maha W. Moustafa. "Board structure and corporate R&D intensity: evidence from Forbes global 2000." International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 28, no. 3 (2020): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-11-2019-0127.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of board structure on risk-taking measured by research and development (R&D) intensity in OECD countries. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a panel data of 200 companies on Forbes global 2000 over the 2010-2014 period. It uses the ordinary least square multiple regression analysis techniques to examine the hypotheses. Findings The results show that the frequency of board meetings and board size are significantly and negatively related to risk-taking measured by R&D intensity, with a greater significance among Anglo-American countries than among Continental European countries. The rationale for this is that the legal and accounting systems in the Anglo American countries have greater protection through greater emphasis on compliance and disclosure, and therefore, allowing for less risk-taking. Research limitations/implications Future research could investigate risk-taking using different arrangements, conducting face-to-face meetings with the firm’s directors and shareholders. Practical implications The results suggest that better-governed firms at the firm- or national-level have a high expectancy of less risk-taking. These results offer regulators a resilient incentive to pursue corporate governance (CG) and disclosure reforms officially and mutually with national-level governance. Thus, these results show the monitoring and legitimacy benefits of governance, resulting in less risk-taking. Finally, the findings offer investors the opportunity to build specific expectations about risk-taking behaviour in terms of R&D intensity in OECD countries. Originality/value This study extends and contributes to the extant CG literature, by offering new evidence on the effect of board structure on risk-taking. The findings will help policymakers in different countries in estimating the sufficiency of the available CG reforms to prevent management mishandle and disgrace.
21
Hatzianastassiou, N., C. Matsoukas, A. Fotiadi, et al. "Global distribution of Earth’s surface shortwave radiation budget." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 4 (2005): 4545–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-4545-2005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The monthly mean shortwave (SW) radiation budget at the Earth's surface (SRB) was computed on 2.5-degree longitude-latitude resolution for the 17-year period from 1984 to 2000, using a radiative transfer model accounting for the key physical parameters that determine the surface SRB, and long-term climatological data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP-D2). The model input data were supplemented by data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction – National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) and European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Global Reanalysis projects, and other global data bases such as TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) and Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS). The model surface radiative fluxes were validated against surface measurements from 22 stations of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) covering the years 1992–2000, and from 700 stations of the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA), covering the period 1984–2000. The model is in very good agreement with BSRN and GEBA, with a negative bias of 14 and 6.5 Wm-2, respectively. The model is able to reproduce interesting features of the seasonal and geographical variation of the surface SW fluxes at global scale, which is not possible with surface measurements. Based on the 17-year average model results, the global mean SW downward surface radiation (DSR) is equal to 171.6 Wm−2, whereas the net downward (or absorbed) surface SW radiation is equal to 149.4 Wm−2, values that correspond to 50.2 and 43.7% of the incoming SW radiation at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. These values involve a long-term surface albedo equal to 12.9%. Significant increasing trends in DSR and net DSR fluxes were found, equal to 4.1 and 3.7 Wm−2, respectively, over the 1984–2000 period (equivalent to 2.4 and 2.2 Wm−2 per decade), indicating an increasing surface solar radiative heating. This surface SW radiative heating is primarily attributed to clouds, especially low-level, and secondarily to other parameters such as total precipitable water. The surface solar heating occurs mainly in the period starting from the early 1990s, in contrast to the commonly reported decreasing trend in DSR through the late 1980s, found also in our study. The computed global mean DSR and net DSR flux anomalies were found to range within ±8 and ±6 Wm−2, respectively, with signals from El Niño and La Niña events, and the Pinatubo eruption, whereas significant positive anomalies have occurred in the period 1992–2000.
22
Brunnabend, S. E., H. A. Dijkstra, M. A. Kliphuis, et al. "Changes in extreme regional sea level under global warming." Ocean Science 13, no. 1 (2017): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-47-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. An important contribution to future changes in regional sea level extremes is due to the changes in intrinsic ocean variability, in particular ocean eddies. Here, we study a scenario of future dynamic sea level (DSL) extremes using a high-resolution version of the Parallel Ocean Program and generalized extreme value theory. This model is forced with atmospheric fluxes from a coupled climate model which has been integrated under the IPCC-SRES-A1B scenario over the period 2000–2100. Changes in 10-year return time DSL extremes are very inhomogeneous over the globe and are related to changes in ocean currents and corresponding regional shifts in ocean eddy pathways. In this scenario, several regions in the North Atlantic experience an increase in mean DSL of up to 0.4 m over the period 2000–2100. DSL extremes with a 10-year return time increase up to 0.2 m with largest values in the northern and eastern Atlantic.
23
Tian, Hua, Haifeng Liu, Yuanyuan Zhu, Dan Xing, and Bin Wang. "The Trends of Single-Cell Analysis: A Global Study." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7425397.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. The field of single-cell analysis has rapidly grown worldwide, and a bibliometric analysis and visualization of data and publications pertaining to such single-cell research has the potential to offer insights into the development of this field over the past two decades while also highlighting future avenues of research. Methods. Single-cell analysis-related studies published from 2000-2019 were identified through searches of the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, and corresponding bibliometric data were systematically compiled. Extracted data from each study included author names, country of origin, and affiliations. GraphPad Prism was used to analyze these data, while VOSviewer was used to perform global analyses of bibliographic coupling, coauthorship, cocitation, and co-occurrence. Results. In total, 4,071 relevant studies were included in this analysis. The number of publications increased substantially with time, suggesting that single-cell analyses are becoming increasingly more prevalent in recent years. Studies from the USA had the greatest impact in this field, with higher H -index values and numbers of citations relative to other countries, whereas Israel exhibited the highest average number of citations per publication. Bibliographic coupling, coauthorship, cocitation, and co-occurrence analyses revealed that Analytical Chemistry was associated with the highest number of publications in this field, and the University of Stanford contributed the most to this field. The most cited study included in this analysis was published by Macosko et al. in 2015 in Cell. Co-occurrence analyses revealed that the most common single-cell research topics included “mechanistic studies,” “in vitro studies,” “in vivo studies,” and “fabrication studies.” Conclusions. Single-cell analyses are a rapidly growing area of scientific interest, and higher volumes of publications in this field are expected in the coming years, particularly for studies conducting fabrication and in vivo single-cell analyses.
24
Klein, Eili Y., Thomas P. Van Boeckel, Elena M. Martinez, et al. "Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 15 (2018): E3463—E3470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717295115.
Full textAbstract:
Tracking antibiotic consumption patterns over time and across countries could inform policies to optimize antibiotic prescribing and minimize antibiotic resistance, such as setting and enforcing per capita consumption targets or aiding investments in alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the trends and drivers of antibiotic consumption from 2000 to 2015 in 76 countries and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption, expressed in defined daily doses (DDD), increased 65% (21.1–34.8 billion DDDs), and the antibiotic consumption rate increased 39% (11.3–15.7 DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The increase was driven by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rising consumption was correlated with gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) growth (P = 0.004). In high-income countries (HICs), although overall consumption increased modestly, DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day fell 4%, and there was no correlation with GDPPC. Of particular concern was the rapid increase in the use of last-resort compounds, both in HICs and LMICs, such as glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones, carbapenems, and polymyxins. Projections of global antibiotic consumption in 2030, assuming no policy changes, were up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015. Although antibiotic consumption rates in most LMICs remain lower than in HICs despite higher bacterial disease burden, consumption in LMICs is rapidly converging to rates similar to HICs. Reducing global consumption is critical for reducing the threat of antibiotic resistance, but reduction efforts must balance access limitations in LMICs and take account of local and global resistance patterns.
25
Fuller and Dwivedi. "Assessing Changes in Inequality for Millennium Development Goals among Countries: Lessons for the Sustainable Development Goals." Social Sciences 8, no. 7 (2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070207.
Full textAbstract:
In 2000, the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of eight global development goals to be achieved between 2000 and 2015. We estimated the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index for determining any changes in inequality at the global level with countries as a unit of analysis for eight development indicators (proportion of population undernourished, school enrollment rates, the percentage of women in parliament, infant mortality rates, maternal mortality rates, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) rates, access to improved water sources, and access to a cellular device), representing one MDG each. All of the selected indicators improved on average between 2000 and 2015. An average improvement in an indicator does not necessarily imply a decrease in inequality. For instance, the average infant mortality rate decreased from 39.17 deaths per 1000 births in 2000 to 23.40 in 2015, but the Gini Index remained almost stable over the same period, suggesting no reduction in inequality among countries. For other indicators, inequality among countries decreased at varying rates. A significant data gap existed across countries. For example, only 91 countries had data on primary school enrollment rates in 2000 and 2015. We emphasize developing a global data collection and analysis protocol for measuring the impacts of global development programs, especially in reducing inequality across social, economic, and environmental indicators. This study will feed into currently enacted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for ensuring more inclusive and equitable growth worldwide.
26
Zhang, Zhaoming, Tengfei Long, Guojin He, et al. "Study on Global Burned Forest Areas Based on Landsat Data." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 86, no. 8 (2020): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.86.8.503.
Full textAbstract:
Forests are an extremely valuable natural resource for human development. Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used in global and regional forest monitoring and management. Accurate data on forest degradation and disturbances due to forest fire is important to understand forest ecosystem health and forest cover conditions. For a long time, satellite-based global burned area products were only available at coarse native spatial resolution, which was difficult for detecting small and highly fragmented fires. In order to analyze global burned forest areas at finer spatial resolution, in this study a novel, multi-year 30 meter resolution global burned forest area product was generated and released based on Landsat time series data. Statistics indicate that in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 the total area of burned forest land in the world was 94.14 million hm2, 96.65 million hm2, 59.52 million hm2, 76.42 million hm2, and 83.70 million hm2, respectively, with an average value of 82.09 million hm2. Spatial distribution patterns of global burned forest areas were investigated across different continents and climatic domains. It was found that burned forest areas were mainly distributed in Africa and Oceania, which accounted for approximately 73.85% and 6.81% of the globe, respectively. By climatic domain, the largest burned forest areas occurred in the tropics, with proportions between 88.44% and 95.05% of the world's total during the study period. Multi-year dynamic analysis shows the global burned forest areas varied considerably due to global climate anomalies, e.g., the La Niña phenomenon.
27
Mucha-Leszko, Bogumiła. "Causes of the European Union's Decreasing Position in the Global Economy in 2000-2016." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (2018): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.15.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of the paper is an analysis of the economic results of the main factors affecting GDP growth in the European Union in 2000-2016. The aim is to evaluate the global position of the EU as well as to identify the main factors affecting growth of the EU’s economic potential and effectiveness. The analysis also includes the long-term development gap in the EU-15/EU-28 versus the U.S.A. Quantitative and qualitative criteria were used in the assessment. Quantitative criteria include: growth rates of GDP, investments and exports, the EU’s share in global GDP, and global exports of goods and services. The qualitative criteria are: labour productivity and total factor productivity TFP. The results of the study are as follows: 1) evaluation of the EU position in the global economy (quantitative indicators) show a decline in the EU's share in global GDP, and trade and FDI were not greater than in the U.S.A.; 2) pertaining to the qualitative criteria the United States ranks better; 3) factors contributing the most to the weakening of the global economic position of the EU are: lower investment in the ICT sector compared to the U.S., differentiation of EU members in terms of their ability to grow, socio-economic divergence and a crisis in the eurozone.
28
Zheng, Bo, Frederic Chevallier, Yi Yin, et al. "Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000–2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 3 (2019): 1411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1411-2019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations have been decreasing since 2000, as observed by both satellite- and ground-based instruments, but global bottom-up emission inventories estimate increasing anthropogenic CO emissions concurrently. In this study, we use a multi-species atmospheric Bayesian inversion approach to attribute satellite-observed atmospheric CO variations to its sources and sinks in order to achieve a full closure of the global CO budget during 2000–2017. Our observation constraints include satellite retrievals of the total column mole fraction of CO, formaldehyde (HCHO), and methane (CH4) that are all major components of the atmospheric CO cycle. Three inversions (i.e., 2000–2017, 2005–2017, and 2010–2017) are performed to use the observation data to the maximum extent possible as they become available and assess the consistency of inversion results to the assimilation of more trace gas species. We identify a declining trend in the global CO budget since 2000 (three inversions are broadly consistent during overlapping periods), driven by reduced anthropogenic emissions in the US and Europe (both likely from the transport sector), and in China (likely from industry and residential sectors), as well as by reduced biomass burning emissions globally, especially in equatorial Africa (associated with reduced burned areas). We show that the trends and drivers of the inversion-based CO budget are not affected by the inter-annual variation assumed for prior CO fluxes. All three inversions contradict the global bottom-up inventories in the world's top two emitters: for the sign of anthropogenic emission trends in China (e.g., here -0.8±0.5 % yr−1 since 2000, while the prior gives 1.3±0.4 % yr−1) and for the rate of anthropogenic emission increase in South Asia (e.g., here 1.0±0.6 % yr−1 since 2000, smaller than 3.5±0.4 % yr−1 in the prior inventory). The posterior model CO concentrations and trends agree well with independent ground-based observations and correct the prior model bias. The comparison of the three inversions with different observation constraints further suggests that the most complete constrained inversion that assimilates CO, HCHO, and CH4 has a good representation of the global CO budget, and therefore matches best with independent observations, while the inversion only assimilating CO tends to underestimate both the decrease in anthropogenic CO emissions and the increase in the CO chemical production. The global CO budget data from all three inversions in this study can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4454453.v1 (Zheng et al., 2019).
29
Girum, Tadele, Dereje Mesfin, Jemal Bedewi, and Misgun Shewangizaw. "The Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Ethiopia, 2000–2016: Analysis of Evidence from Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and Global Health Estimates 2016." International Journal of Chronic Diseases 2020 (February 20, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3679528.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The continuing rise in the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is a key global health agendum due to the fact that NCDs cause more deaths than all other causes combined together. Although measuring the burden of NCD is very important to improve the existing health care systems and to monitor the progress of the program, a comprehensive estimate is lacking in Ethiopia. Hence, we aimed to systematically analyze the existing evidence to bring a solution. Methods. The research used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2016) and Global Health Estimates 2016 that originally collected the information through vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveys, reports, and modeling. Results. In 2016, NCD caused an estimated 274998.8 (95% CI: 211290.2–362882.1) deaths among all ages and both genders with a crude death rate of 268.5/100000 and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of 554.7/100000 population. It contributed to 39.3% of the total death, 53% of ASDR, and 34% of DALYs. The number of deaths and DALYs from NCD has increased by 38% and 31.5%, respectively, whereas CDR and ASDR from NCD have declined by 10.3% and 12.5%, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurological conditions were the leading level 2 causes of ASDR due to NCD, while ischemic heart disease, stroke, other circulatory diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, and COPD were the top 5 causes of ASDR from NCD at level 3 causes. Conclusion and Recommendation. The burden of NCD was remarkably increased between 2000 and 2016. It carries the highest burden of ASDR. Cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms were the two most common causes of mortality and DALYs. Therefore, the existing disease prevention strategies should be strengthened by incorporating strategies addressing noncommunicable diseases.
30
Bani Bili, Yunita Reny. "The Case of East Timor Education beyond Independence 2000-2008." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 11 (2020): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.11.18.
Full textAbstract:
The strong motive of East Timor government to establish a national identity through education had brought serious issues. This writing primarily discusses about the drawbacks regarding to East Timor language policy in education sector during the period of 2000 – 2008. Spolsky’s framework was employed to analyze the sociolinguistics situation, working of national/ethnic/other identity within the community, minority language rights and English role as a global language. The study was done by thorough library research in the related fields. The results show that while community language practice was ignored, the top-down language policy put more emphasis on Portuguese as the national identity language, Tetun Dili and English as the global language. As a result, the teachers and students were disadvantaged due to the inability to speak Portuguese, Tetun Dili and English. Second, the strong socio-historical context and political affinity to Portugal and its language had given little role to local languages in Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education.
31
Carson, Elizabeth. "Industry Specialization by Global Audit Firm Networks." Accounting Review 84, no. 2 (2009): 355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.2.355.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: This study investigates the role of global audit firm networks in the market for audit services. Underlying theory suggests that there are benefits from the use of network structures, which enable these firms to expand efficiently into the global audit market and to develop global industry specializations. I identify global and national industry specialist auditors via market share metrics based on client assets audited, and use a large sample of 15,583 clients from 62 countries in 2000 and 14,628 clients from 60 countries in 2004. I find in both periods that audit fee premiums are consistently associated with global specialist auditors, irrespective of whether those audit firms are or are not national specialists.
32
Leopoldino, Amanda Aparecida Oliveira, Fabricio Melo Bertolini, Juliano Vilela Dalia Mesquita, Ewerton Cousin, and Valéria Maria de Azeredo Passos. "Increasing burden of osteoarthritis in Brazil from 2000 to 2017-- results from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), 2017." Acta Fisiátrica 27, no. 2 (2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v27i2a169409.
Full textAbstract:
Worldwide, osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disease and the second cause of work-related disability among adult men. There are few Brazilian population-based studies on OA, none investigating the national burden. Objective: To investigate the burden of OA among Brazilian people (50+ years old), from 2000 to 2017. Method: Descriptive study on the estimates of OA obtained in collaboration with the study Global Burden of Disease 2017. Since OA is not a cause of death, we described the prevalence and the years lived with disability (YLDs), representing the burden of disease (DALYs). We compare the metrics for Brazil with a developing country in Latin America (Chile) and two developed countries, with or without public health system (England and United States). Results: The number of cases in Brazil almost doubled from 2000 to 2017. All countries showed increasing age-standardized prevalence. Brazil presented the smallest rates and increase (9%) in the period. OA raised from 14th to the 12th cause of disability from 2000 to 2017 in those aged 50 to 69 and in 2017. The YLD rates of 100,000 inhabitants increased more than three times, in men and women, among those aged 50 to 54 years and in individuals over 80 years old. Aging was associated with a clear gradient increase in disability for both sexes and years analyzed. Conclusion: Estimate of the burden of OA in Brazil highlight the importance of this cause of disability to health policymakers and call attention to the need for more research investments.
33
Tomaszewski, Timothy, Richard L. Boyce, and Herman Sievering. "Canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen and new growth nitrogen requirement at a Colorado subalpine forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (2003): 2221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-147.
Full textAbstract:
A field study at a Rocky Mountain sprucefirpine forest was undertaken to obtain canopy N uptake (CNU), N reallocation, and foliar N requirement. Wet deposition, dry deposition, and throughfall fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were measured during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. Estimation of CNU, for both ammonium and nitrate, was obtained by subtracting throughfall (TF) flux from the sum of wet deposition (WD) and dry deposition (DD): CNU = WD + DD - TF. CNU efficiency (CNU/(WD + DD)) for ammonium (0.9) was consistent across 2000 and 2001. For nitrate, this efficiency was 0.8 and 0.7 for 2000 and 2001, respectively. Foliar N requirement for growth in 2000 and 2001 was about 19 and 22 kg N·ha1·year1, respectively. Growing season estimates of CNU for 2000 and 2001 were approximately 2 and 3 kg N·ha1, respectively. Thus, CNU may contribute 10%-15% of the foliar N requirement for canopy growth. Mountain upslope winds bring substantial amounts of anthropogenic N to this forest during the growing season, thereby contributing to CNU. Given that a sizable fraction of CNU is anthropogenic in origin, the forest's N cycle has likely undergone substantial changes on a decadal time scale.
34
Battle, Katherine E., Tim C. D. Lucas, Michele Nguyen, et al. "Mapping the global endemicity and clinical burden of Plasmodium vivax, 2000–17: a spatial and temporal modelling study." Lancet 394, no. 10195 (2019): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31096-7.
Full text
35
Weiss, Daniel J., Tim C. D. Lucas, Michele Nguyen, et al. "Mapping the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of Plasmodium falciparum, 2000–17: a spatial and temporal modelling study." Lancet 394, no. 10195 (2019): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31097-9.
Full text
36
Slogrove, Amy L., Kathleen M. Powis, Leigh F. Johnson, John Stover, and Mary Mahy. "Estimates of the global population of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected, 2000–18: a modelling study." Lancet Global Health 8, no. 1 (2020): e67-e75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30448-6.
Full text
37
De Sarkar, Partha, Surendra S. Yadav, and D. K. Banwet. "Integration of Indian Capital Markets with Global Markets: An Empirical Study." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 6, no. 2 (2002): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290200600207.
Full textAbstract:
From 1997 onwards, the effect of globalization is becoming evident in the Indian capital markets. The stock prices of Indian companies and the stock market indices have been driven not just by the macro and micro factors of the Indian economy. Events in other parts of the world have also increasingly started having an impact. This is in stark contrast to the situation in the insular days prior to 1991, when major policy changes were made by the Indian government to open up the economy. The increased volatility of stock markets and reduction in controls over capital movements across borders has reflected in the stock prices in India. This paper aims at validating that indeed globalization has found its way into the Indian capital markets. It estimates the extent of correlation between the major world stock markets in USA, UK, Japan and Hong Kong with the Indian Stock Market Index like the BSE Sensex and also how portfolio fund flows have affected its movement. The study restricts itself to the period between January 1997 and June 2000. In brief, this paper seeks to: establish the relationship between the Bombay 30 Stock Sensitivity Index (SENSEX) and the global indices mentioned above like Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite of USA, FTSE100 of UK, Nikkei 225 of Japan and the Hang Seng of Hong Kong. look at how portfolio funds flows have been affecting the Indian stock market.
38
Bichet, A., M. Wild, D. Folini, and C. Schär. "Global precipitation response to changing external forcings since 1870." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 3 (2011): 9375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-9375-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Predicting and adapting to changes in the hydrological cycle is one of the major challenges for the twenty-first century. To better estimate how it will respond to future changes in climate forcings, it is crucial to understand how it has evolved in the past and why. In our study, we use an atmospheric global climate model with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to investigate how changing external climate forcings have affected global land temperature and precipitation in the period 1870–2005. We show that prescribed SSTs (encapsulating other forcings) are the dominant forcing driving the decadal variability of land temperature and precipitation since 1870. On top of this SSTs forcing, we also find that the atmosphere-only response to increasing aerosol emissions is a reduction in global land temperature and precipitation by up to 0.4 °C and 30 mm year−1, respectively, between about 1930 and 2000. Similarly, the atmosphere-only response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is an increase in global land temperature and precipitation by up to 0.25 °C and 10 mm year−1, respectively, between about 1950 and 2000. Finally, our results also suggest that between about 1950 and 1970, increasing aerosol emissions had a larger impact on the hydrological cycle than increasing greenhouse gases concentrations.
39
Wibun, Anuchit, and Pipat Chaiwiwatworakul. "An Estimation of Thailand's Hourly Solar Radiation Using Markov Transition Matrix Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 839 (June 2016): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.29.
Full textAbstract:
To estimate global solar radiation from easy available weather forecast data (sky condition), Markov model is used for this estimation. The five-year (1996-2000) global radiation data that are taken at an hour intervals from Nakhon Pathom station, Thailand (latitude 13.81ºN and longitude 100.04ºE) are used to construct the Markov transition matrices. The global radiation sequences in 2000 will be generated by based on the characteristic probability of moving global radiation values which were observed from the obtained data during 1996-1999. The autocorrelation function is used for checking the order of probability of moving obtained data. In this study, the five first and five second-order Markov transition matrices (MTMs), which are selected from the autocorrelation functions, are constructed, each MTMs will be used for generating global radiation values in each day with different sky conditions (clear, partly cloudy, mostly cloudy, cloudy and overcast). From the results of comparison between the statistical characteristics of observed and two synthetic generated data, global radiation data behavior slightly improved by the second order Markov model.
40
Araújo, Valdelaine Etelvina Miranda de, Juliana Maria Trindade Bezerra, Frederico Figueiredo Amâncio, Valéria Maria de Azeredo Passos, and Mariângela Carneiro. "Aumento da carga de dengue no Brasil e unidades federadas, 2000 e 2015: análise do Global Burden of Disease Study 2015." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 20, suppl 1 (2017): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700050017.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever as principais métricas sobre dengue geradas pelo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015, para o Brasil e suas 27 unidades federadas, nos anos de 2000 e 2015. Métodos: As métricas descritas foram: taxas de incidência e de mortalidade por dengue, padronizadas por idade, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) e disability adjusted life years (DALY) (frequência absoluta e taxas padronizadas por idade). As métricas estimadas foram apresentadas com intervalos de incerteza (II 95%) para 2000 e 2015, acompanhadas da variação relativa percentual. Resultados: Verificou-se aumento de 232,7% no número de casos e de 639,0% no número de mortes entre os anos de 2000 e 2015 no país. A taxa de incidência variou 184,3% e a taxa de mortalidade mostrou-se baixa, mas com aumento de 500,0% no período avaliado. As taxas de YLL, YLD e DALY aumentaram 420,0, 187,2 e 266,1%, respectivamente. Em 2015, DALY foi semelhante entre mulheres e homens (21,9/100.000). O DALY aumentou mais que o dobro em todas as unidades da federação. Conclusão: O aumento acentuado de dengue ao longo dos anos associa-se à introdução e/ou circulação de um ou mais sorotipos do vírus e crescente proporção de pacientes acometidos pela forma grave da doença. Apesar da baixa taxa de mortalidade, a dengue contribui para considerável perda de anos saudáveis de vida no Brasil por acometer elevado número de pessoas, de todas as faixas etárias, ocasionando algum grau de incapacidade durante a infecção sintomática, e em razão dos óbitos, principalmente, em crianças.
41
Schultz, M., N. E. Tsendbazazr, M. Herold, M. Jung, P. Mayaux, and H. Goehman. "Utilizing the Global Land Cover 2000 reference dataset for a comparative accuracy assessment of 1 km global land cover maps." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-503-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Many investigators use global land cover (GLC) maps for different purposes, such as an input for global climate models. The current GLC maps used for such purposes are based on different remote sensing data, methodologies and legends. Consequently, comparison of GLC maps is difficult and information about their relative utility is limited. The objective of this study is to analyse and compare the thematic accuracies of GLC maps (i.e., IGBP-DISCover, UMD, MODIS, GLC2000 and SYNMAP) at 1 km resolutions by (a) re-analysing the GLC2000 reference dataset, (b) applying a generalized GLC legend and (c) comparing their thematic accuracies at different homogeneity levels. The accuracy assessment was based on the GLC2000 reference dataset with 1253 samples that were visually interpreted. The legends of the GLC maps and the reference datasets were harmonized into 11 general land cover classes. There results show that the map accuracy estimates vary up to 10-16% depending on the homogeneity of the reference point (HRP) for all the GLC maps. An increase of the HRP resulted in higher overall accuracies but reduced accuracy confidence for the GLC maps due to less number of accountable samples. The overall accuracy of the SYNMAP was the highest at any HRP level followed by the GLC2000. The overall accuracies of the maps also varied by up to 10% depending on the definition of agreement between the reference and map categories in heterogeneous landscape. A careful consideration of heterogeneous landscape is therefore recommended for future accuracy assessments of land cover maps.
42
Ma, Jin, Ji Zhou, Frank-Michael Göttsche, Shunlin Liang, Shaofei Wang, and Mingsong Li. "A global long-term (1981–2000) land surface temperature product for NOAA AVHRR." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 4 (2020): 3247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) plays an important role in the research of climate change and various land surface processes. Before 2000, global LST products with relatively high temporal and spatial resolutions are scarce, despite a variety of operational satellite LST products. In this study, a global 0.05∘×0.05∘ historical LST product is generated from NOAA advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data (1981–2000), which includes three data layers: (1) instantaneous LST, a product generated by integrating several split-window algorithms with a random forest (RF-SWA); (2) orbital-drift-corrected (ODC) LST, a drift-corrected version of RF-SWA LST; and (3) monthly averages of ODC LST. For an assumed maximum uncertainty in emissivity and column water vapor content of 0.04 and 1.0 g cm−2, respectively, evaluated against the simulation dataset, the RF-SWA method has a mean bias error (MBE) of less than 0.10 K and a standard deviation (SD) of 1.10 K. To compensate for the influence of orbital drift on LST, the retrieved RF-SWA LST was normalized with an improved ODC method. The RF-SWA LST were validated with in situ LST from Surface Radiation Budget (SURFRAD) sites and water temperatures obtained from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC). Against the in situ LST, the RF-SWA LST has a MBE of 0.03 K with a range of −1.59–2.71 K, and SD is 1.18 K with a range of 0.84–2.76 K. Since water temperature only changes slowly, the validation of ODC LST was limited to SURFRAD sites, for which the MBE is 0.54 K with a range of −1.05 to 3.01 K and SD is 3.57 K with a range of 2.34 to 3.69 K, indicating good product accuracy. As global historical datasets, the new AVHRR LST products are useful for filling the gaps in long-term LST data. Furthermore, the new LST products can be used as input to related land surface models and environmental applications. Furthermore, in support of the scientific research community, the datasets are freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3934354 for RF-SWA LST (Ma et al., 2020a), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3936627 for ODC LST (Ma et al., 2020c), and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3936641 for monthly averaged LST (Ma et al., 2020b).
43
DOWNES, ANDREW S. "The trade environment and small countries." World Trade Review 3, no. 3 (2004): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745604002009.
Full textAbstract:
With rapid changes taking place in the global trading environment, there has been concern within several international arenas and academia about the future of small developing countries (SDCs). Although the discussion relating to the effects of country size on economic growth and development began in the early 1960s with the publication of Kuznets' (1960) article and Demas' (1965) monograph, there has been a recent flurry of writings on small developing countries in the context of the new global order. For example, the World Bank in collaboration with the Commonwealth Secretariat (2000) undertook a major study of small states and their ability to meet the challenges of a changing global economic environment. Kennes (2000) and Salvatore et al. (2001) have also analyzed the challenges and opportunities facing small countries in the global marketplace. The Commonwealth Secretariat had previously arranged two expert panels to examine the vulnerability of small states in a global society and also the future of small states in overcoming their vulnerability (see Commonwealth Secretariat, 1985, 1997).
44
Greene, Margaret E., and Manahil Siddiqi. "Detailed study protocol for systematic scoping review of research on child marriage, 2000–2019." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (2021): e043845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043845.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionThe global development agenda reflects greater attention to ending child marriage and supporting adolescent girls than ever before. Limited understandings of the evidence base on child marriage, however, make it challenging to assess gaps in the literature and inform policy and programming to respond to the needs of adolescent girls. The goal of this project is to systematically identify, evaluate and synthesise the global evidence on child marriage.Methods and analysisWe will include articles with a thematic focus on child marriage from all geographic settings, two decades of research (2000–2019) and in four languages (English, Spanish, French and Portuguese). We will search 18 electronic academic databases (7 in English and 4 each in French, Spanish and Portuguese, with 1 overlapping database) and for the grey literature, conduct targeted hand-searches of organisations engaged in work to prevent child marriage. The databases for studies in English are PubMed, PsychINFO, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Popline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library; for studies in French, the databases will be DialNet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Science Direct and Biblioteca CCG-IBT database; in Spanish, DialNet, La Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea, Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico and Jstor and in Portuguese, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Biblioteca Científica Eletrônica On-line and Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações. We will also review reference lists of select articles and seek input from key authors, field practitioners and participants in international convenings. We will collect and analyse data on publication characteristics, including type of document, institutional affiliation, publication year, language, focus country and region, study objective, specific focus, research method, key findings and recommendations of the material offered for future work. The database searches for publications in English were conducted in January 2020 and we plan to complete the searches in French, Spanish and Portuguese in early 2021.Ethics and disseminationAs a systematic review of already-published data, this study does not raise ethical or safety concerns. The authors plan to publish the results of the scoping review in a relevant international journal as well as present the results widely following publication. Building on this foundational work, the authors plan to conduct analyses that make use of the rich data.Registration detailsThe study design adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Our protocol was registered with Open Science Framework on 14 January 2020 (https://osf.io/awh8v).
45
Hall, B. D., G. S. Dutton, D. J. Mondeel, et al. "Improving measurements of SF<sub>6</sub> for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 11 (2011): 2441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2441-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas and useful atmospheric tracer. Measurements of SF6 on global and regional scales are necessary to estimate emissions and to verify or examine the performance of atmospheric transport models. Typical precision for common gas chromatographic methods with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is 1–2%. We have modified a common GC-ECD method to achieve measurement precision of 0.5% or better. Global mean SF6 measurements were used to examine changes in the growth rate of SF6 and corresponding SF6 emissions. Global emissions and mixing ratios from 2000–2008 are consistent with recently published work. More recent observations show a 10% decline in SF6 emissions in 2008–2009, which seems to coincide with a decrease in world economic output. This decline was short-lived, as the global SF6 growth rate has recently increased to near its 2007–2008 maximum value of 0.30±0.03 pmol mol−1 (ppt) yr−1 (95% C.L.).
46
Hall, B. D., G. S. Dutton, D. J. Mondeel, et al. "Improving measurements of SF<sub>6</sub> for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 4 (2011): 4131–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-4131-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas and useful atmospheric tracer. Measurements of SF6 on global and regional scales are necessary to estimate emissions and to verify or examine the performance of atmospheric transport models. Typical precision for common gas chromatographic methods with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is 1–2 %. A method for improving measurement precision is described. We have modified a common GC-ECD method to achieve measurement precision of 0.5 % or better. Global mean SF6 measurements were used to examine changes in the growth rate of SF6 and corresponding SF6 emissions. Global emissions and mixing ratios from 2000–2008 are consistent with recently published work. More recent observations show a 10 % decline in SF6 emissions in 2008–2009, which seems to coincide with a decrease in world economic output. This decline was short-lived, as the global SF6 growth rate has recently increased to near its 2007–2008 maximum value of 0.30 ± 0.03 pmol mol−1 (ppt) yr−1 (95 % C.L.).
47
Montenegro, Marisela, Karla Montenegro, Laura Yufra, and Caterine Calaz. "MDGs in a Global World." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 1 (2009): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100104.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we reflect upon the relationship between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) formulated by the United Nations (2000) and the migration phenomena that is characteristic of the present globalised society. First, we argue that the Millennium Goals have not sufficiently considered migration processes as a structural phenomenon. Development goals must take in account this emergent phenomenon in post-industrial societies in order to achieve human rights and social equity and to promote the well-being of all people in their origin and host societies. Second, by interpreting the results of an ethnographic study carried out in social services aimed at migrant women in the city of Barcelona, while focusing on the 3rd Millennium Goal: gender equity and the empowerment of women, we reflect on the limits and possibilities of these intervention practices in advancing towards the goal in host societies. We conclude that changes in public policy and social services are necessary in order to advance towards the achievement of the gender equity goal and empowerment of women, a transformation that aims at the achievement of citizenship for all people in this global society.
48
Bauer, S. E., S. Menon, D. Koch, T. C. Bond, and K. Tsigaridis. "A global modeling study on carbonaceous aerosol microphysical characteristics and radiative effects." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 15 (2010): 7439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7439-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Recently, attention has been drawn towards black carbon aerosols as a short-term climate warming mitigation candidate. However the global and regional impacts of the direct, indirect and semi-direct aerosol effects are highly uncertain, due to the complex nature of aerosol evolution and the way that mixed, aged aerosols interact with clouds and radiation. A detailed aerosol microphysical scheme, MATRIX, embedded within the GISS climate model is used in this study to present a quantitative assessment of the impact of microphysical processes involving black carbon, such as emission size distributions and optical properties on aerosol cloud activation and radiative effects. Our best estimate for net direct and indirect aerosol radiative flux change between 1750 and 2000 is −0.56 W/m2. However, the direct and indirect aerosol effects are quite sensitive to the black and organic carbon size distribution and consequential mixing state. The net radiative flux change can vary between −0.32 to −0.75 W/m2 depending on these carbonaceous particle properties at emission. Taking into account internally mixed black carbon particles let us simulate correct aerosol absorption. Absorption of black carbon aerosols is amplified by sulfate and nitrate coatings and, even more strongly, by organic coatings. Black carbon mitigation scenarios generally showed reduced radiative fluxeswhen sources with a large proportion of black carbon, such as diesel, are reduced; however reducing sources with a larger organic carbon component as well, such as bio-fuels, does not necessarily lead to a reduction in positive radiative flux.
49
Facskó, G., Z. Németh, G. Erdős, A. Kis, and I. Dandouras. "A global study of hot flow anomalies using Cluster multi-spacecraft measurements." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 5 (2009): 2057–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2057-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Hot flow anomalies (HFAs) are studied using observations of the magnetometer and the plasma instrument aboard the four Cluster spacecraft. We study several specific features of tangential discontinuities on the basis of Cluster measurements from the time periods of February–April 2003, December 2005–April 2006 and January–April 2007, when the separation distance of spacecraft was large. The previously discovered condition (Facskó et al., 2008) for forming HFAs is confirmed, i.e. that the solar wind speed and fast magnetosonic Mach number values are higher than average. Furthermore, this constraint is independent of the Schwartz et al. (2000)’s condition for HFA formation. The existence of this new condition is confirmed by simultaneous ACE magnetic field and solar wind plasma observations at the L1 point, at 1.4 million km distance from the Earth. The temperature, particle density and pressure parameters observed at the time of HFA formation are also studied and compared to average values of the solar wind plasma. The size of the region affected by the HFA was estimated by using two different methods. We found that the size is mainly influenced by the magnetic shear and the angle between the discontinuity normal and the Sun-Earth direction. The size grows with the shear and (up to a certain point) with the angle as well. After that point it starts decreasing. The results are compared with the outcome of recent hybrid simulations.
50
Butler, Timothy M., and Mark G. Lawrence. "The influence of megacities on global atmospheric chemistry: a modelling study." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2009): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08110.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental context. Over half of the population of the world now live in urban areas, and the number of so-called ‘megacities’, with populations of ~10 million or more, is growing at a tremendous rate. We show how these patterns of urbanisation have the potential to influence the atmospheric chemical environment on a global scale, particularly through the effects of emissions from megacities on the reactive nitrogen cycle. With the growing worldwide interest in the study of the effects of megacities at all spatial scales, such as current European Union projects MEGAPOLI and CityZen, our study represents the first of many future studies that examine the effects of megacities on atmospheric chemistry on the global scale. Abstract. We present the first study of the effects of megacities on global atmospheric chemistry using a global three-dimensional chemical transport model. The effects on air quality, radiative forcing and atmospheric oxidation capacity are disproportionately smaller than the proportion of anthropogenic emissions due to megacities. Disproportionately large effects of megacities are modelled for reactive nitrogen compounds, in particular PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate), which has increased in abundance globally by 9% due to megacities under year 2000 conditions, with 23% of the Earth experiencing an increase of 10% or more. These influences decrease under two very different future emission scenarios. Under a low-emission future scenario, the influence of megacities is generally reduced, and under a high-emission future scenario, although the local influence of megacities is increased, the geographical extent of the influence becomes smaller. In our model, the individual grid cells that contain megacities respond to the megacity emissions differently depending on their latitude. Tropical megacity grid cells generally show increased ozone year-round, while northern extratropical megacities generally show reduced ozone year-round. Better parameterisation of the sub-grid effects of megacities is an important issue for future work.