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1
Bair, Jennifer. "Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward." Competition & Change 9, no. 2 (June 2005): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/102452905x45382.
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This paper assesses the achievements and limitations of commodity chain research as it has evolved over the last decade. The primary objectives are two-fold. First, I highlight an important but generally unacknowledged break between the original world-systems-inspired tradition of commodity chain research and two subsequent chain approaches, the global commodity chain (GCC) and global value chain (GVC) frameworks. Second, I argue that contra the macro and holistic perspective of the world-systems approach, much of the recent chains literature, and particularly the more economistic GVC variant, is increasingly oriented in its analytical approach towards the meso level of sectoral logics and the micro level objective of industrial upgrading. I conclude that closer attention to the larger institutional and structural environments in which commodity chains are embedded is needed in order to more fully inform our understanding of the uneven social and developmental dynamics of contemporary capitalism at the global-local nexus.
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Beckers, Anna. "The Invisible Networks of Global Production: Re-Imagining the Global Value Chain in Legal Research." European Review of Contract Law 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0006.
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AbstractReviewing the burgeoning legal scholarship on global value chains to delineate the legal image of the global value chain and then comparing this legal image with images on global production in neighbouring social sciences research, in particular the Global Commodity Chain/Global Value Chain and the Global Production Network approach, this article reveals that legal research strongly aligns with the value chain image, but takes less account of the production-centric network image. The article then outlines a research agenda for legal research that departs from a network perspective on global production. To that end, it proposes that re-imagining the law in a world of global production networks requires a focus in legal research on the legal construction of global production and its infrastructure and a stronger contextualization of governance obligations and liability rules in the light of the issue-specific legal rules that apply to said infrastructure.
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Brewer, Benjamin D. "The commercial transformation of world football and the North–South divide: A global value chain analysis." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 410–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217721176.
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This paper takes a world-systemic perspective on global football seen through the lens of the Global North–South political–economic divide that has long motivated development studies. After synthesizing an historical account of the commercial transformation of world football since the mid-1970s, the paper considers the organization and operation of the world football economy using the analytical construct of the “global value chains” perspective. The analysis identifies two distinct football governance structures that broadly correspond to the “producer-driven” and “buyer-driven” governance structures long identified by commodity/value chain scholars, and that imply different flows of resources across world football’s North–South divide. The paper concludes by considering implications of the value chain governance structures for both the value chains and sports studies literatures.
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Chand, Anand. "Proposing a Framework to Extend the Global Commodity Chain Theory: A Case Based Study with Evidence from Garment Supply Chain." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 11 (October 21, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n11p34.
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The traditional Supply Chain Management Theory has been around for few decades. In addition, between 1994 and 2000, another theory by the name of the ‘Global Commodity Chain’ (GCC) theory was developed by Gary Gereffi from North Carolina University (USA) which is more broader than the Supply Chain Management Theory. The aim of this paper is to revisit and critically examine Gereffi’s (1994) GCC theory and attempt to expand its analytical framework from the perspective of a small island country in the Pacific. The research findings highlight some of the limitations which GCC theory and suggest that a full understanding of global commodity chains needs to be reframed and embedded in the context of a country’s national social, economic and political environment. The paper argues that GCC theory need to incorporate variables such a as of ‘national economic policies’, ‘role of state’ and ‘labor’ in order to fully account for the complexity of modern supply chains. The paper concludes by arguing that the GCC theory is limited in explaining the true picture in developing small island countries. The paper contributes literature on GCC theory.
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Olivares Tenorio, Mary Luz, Stefano Pascucci, Ruud Verkerk, Matthijs Dekker, and Tiny A. J. S. van Boekel. "What does it take to go global? The role of quality alignment and complexity in designing international food supply chains." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 26, no. 4 (February 1, 2021): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-05-2020-0222.
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Purpose In this paper, a conceptual and methodological framework based on empirical evidence derived from the case of the Colombian Cape gooseberry (CG) supply chain is presented. Using this case study, this paper aims to contribute to the extant literature on the internationalization of food supply chains by explicitly considering the alignment of quality attributes and supply chain complexity as key elements to understand the process. Design/methodology/approach This research has been designed to be qualitative, inductive and exploratory, thus involving multiple data gathering methods and tools. More specifically, during the first stage of the empirical analysis, this study has mapped and analysed preferences and perceptions of product quality at both the consumer and supply chain levels. Then, this paper has analysed the degree of alignment and complexity in the supply chain and finally, this study has derived scenarios for the internationalization of the supply chain. Findings The results indicate tensions between supply chain actors related to quality attribute alignment and complexity, which have the potentials to impact the internationalization scenarios of the CG supply chain. Particularly the findings highlight how alignment and complexity of sourcing and product quality attributes can affect supply chain design strategies in different internationalization pathways of a niche food commodity. Research limitations/implications The findings have implications in terms of supply chain design perspectives. In fact, while an approach, which would consider only a transactional or governance perspective would have tackled the problems of misalignment – for example, between farmers and wholesalers or wholesalers and international traders/retailers – it would have ignored the problem of alignment caused at the retailing and consumption stage. In the attempt to internationalize the CG supply chain, farmers, processors and traders are misaligned in relation to the preferences of the targeted final consumers, Dutch/Western European consumers in the case. Practical implications Given the misalignment issues, this paper identifies a step by step approach as the most suitable pathway to design an internationalized supply chain because it allows the CG commodity supply chain to develop the potential market of credence quality-attribute by supporting the health-promoting compounds of the fruit. In this way, the CG supply chain could also progressively scale up and work on solving its misalignment issues by building a coordination structure of the chain, with quality control and logistics likely led by large retailers. Social implications The study indicates that a process of internalization related to a scenario of a “globalized commodity” can only emerge through processes of coordination and integration at the production level, likely led by forms of producers (farmers) associations or a network of producers and traders, leading to strong marketing activities and scale up in terms of volumes. This has profound social implications and calls for rethinking how this study designs the internationalization of niche commodity supply chains. Originality/value Through the application of a mixed methodology approach, in which conceptual, qualitative and quantitative methods have been combined, this paper has been able to identify alternative scenarios to the internationalization and the scale-up of a niche food commodity supply chain, with implications for its design and governance. More specifically in the conceptual model, the different scenarios have been related to the risk of misalignment. The model also identifies alternative pathways of internationalization which may or may not arise according to the way complexity unfolds. In the approach, this study has unpacked complexity by looking into two key dimensions: transactional complexity and quality-attribute complexity.
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PINHEIRO-MACHADO, ROSANA. "Rethinking the informal and criminal economy from a global commodity chain perspective: China-Paraguay-Brazil." Global Networks 18, no. 3 (January 16, 2018): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/glob.12187.
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Gereffi, Gary. "Global Commodity Chains: New Forms of Coordination and Control among Nations and Firms in International Industries." Competition & Change 1, no. 4 (December 1996): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949600100406.
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This article builds on Whitley's comparison of the business systems and global commodity chains approaches to the study of economic organization within and across nations and regions. My objective is to provide a fuller exposition of the logic and evidence underlying the emergence, evolution, and variation in buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains. While there are clearly national differences within commodity chains, the idea that nations matter more than industrial sectors in generating contrasting forms of economic organization in global capitalism remains debatable. One of the central propositions of the commodity chains perspective is that globalization tends to diminish the influence of national origins on business systems. The way firms do business in the international economy thus is determined to an increasing extent by their position in global commodity chains, not their national origins. Nonetheless, because they highlight different units and levels of analysis, the business systems and commodity chains approaches are best viewed as complementary (rather than competing) theoretical frameworks.
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Shitu, Sidikat, and Rohaya Mohd Nor. "Rural Women Entrepreneurs Enrolment into Sustainable Supply Chain Networks: From Actor Network Theory Perspective." Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan 4, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jbk.916.2018.
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Rural women entrepreneurs in the West African sub-region are focal actors at the bottom of many commodity supply chains. The positions that they occupy in supply chain are susceptible to many forms of sustainability challenges that can obstruct and discourage them from efficiently participating in global supply chains. Despite the critical role of rural women entrepreneurs in the West African subregion has been acknowledged by many, yet the majority of them have not been participated in responsible and sustainable supply chains. In view of these issues, multi-stakeholders are required to collaborate and intervene by developing processes of enrolling rural women entrepreneurs into sustainable supply chain networks. This study presents a case study related to an exploration of the enrolment process utilizing the four moments of translation of the Actor Network Theory (ANT) in the context of the shea butter industry with a cross-border supply chain network. The research found that the enrolment process is shaped by the collaborative relationships within the external context which comprises of several influential stakeholders. Sustainability standards are found to have great potential to serve as an obligatory passage point to transmit sustainability principles to the women within and outside the traditional supply chain networks.
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Bair, Jennifer, and Marion Werner. "Commodity Chains and the Uneven Geographies of Global Capitalism: A Disarticulations Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 5 (May 2011): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a43505.
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Fishwick, Adam. "Beyond and beneath the hierarchical market economy: Global production and working-class conflict in Argentina’s automobile industry." Capital & Class 38, no. 1 (February 2014): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816813513090.
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This paper argues that the hierarchical market economy (HME) category does not provide an adequate starting point for addressing capitalist diversity in Latin America. Building from a critical perspective on the global commodity chain (GCC) and global production network (GPN) approaches, it instead considers the impact of firms’ transnational relations and the often neglected role of working-class struggles. It will argue that capitalist diversity can only be understood at the nexus of these ostensibly global and local phenomena; and by specifying the strategic decisions taken by firms in Argentina’s automobile industry, it will account for the failure of that sector. Finally, it examines the role of working-class struggles in the industry in Córdoba, Argentina, arguing that these were vital in shaping the specific and unstable form of capitalist diversity in Argentina, as well as potential alternatives to it.
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Bosma, Ulbe. "Communism, Cold War and Commodity Chains: Southeast Asian Labor History in a Comparative and Transnational Perspective." International Labor and Working-Class History 97 (2020): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000022.
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The geographical term “Southeast Asia” dates from the 1930s, and came to denote a topic for academic studies in the early days of the Cold War. As such, it includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indochina, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. Southeast Asia has become thoroughly incorporated in the global economy over the past 150 years; first, as a producer of commodities, and later, as a supplier of cheap garments and electronic components. Under Dutch colonialism and British hegemony—the latter established by the conquest of Burma and the imposition of free trade on Siam and the Philippines in the 1850s—Southeast Asia was turned into a key provider of commodities for the industrializing countries. During high colonialism, from 1870 to 1930, the region became increasingly intertwined, via Singapore as the central port and through the role of mainland Southeast Asia as the rice basket for the plantations of maritime Southeast Asia. After the Second World War, the region was the world's most violent frontier of containment for communist expansion. In recent decades, Southeast Asia has become integrated in global commodity chains as a producer of cheap industrial goods, often as a subcontractor for more advanced economies, such as those of Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and later on, Southeast China.
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Manzenreiter, Wolfram. "Playing by Unfair Rules? Asia's Positioning within Global Sports Production Networks." Journal of Asian Studies 73, no. 2 (February 5, 2014): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813002386.
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The link between global sports brands and the violation of workers' rights in Asia has been a mainstream issue for many years. A ceaseless flow of news reports on the infringement of workers' rights in Asia suggests that neocolonialist dependencies and the ruthless exploitation of sweatshop labor are endemic in the industry. However, Asian corporations standing in the shadow of global brands have recently taken the lead in coordinating global sports commodity chains. Asia's rise within the industry is having manifold impacts on development opportunities for workers, companies, and countries, first of all in the Asian region, but also beyond. Putting these transformations into the historical perspective of industrialization, this essay questions the taken-for-granted assumption about agency and compliance behind the new international division of labor.
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Heron, R. L., G. Penny, M. Paine, G. Sheath, J. Pedersen, and N. Botha. "Global supply chains and networking: A critical perspective on learning challenges in the New Zealand dairy and sheepmeat commodity chains." Journal of Economic Geography 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/1.4.439.
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Dickler, Shira, and Meidad Kissinger. "Analyzing the biophysical inputs and outputs embodied in global commodity chains – the case of Israeli meat consumption." Journal of Natural Resources and Development 4 (November 6, 2014): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v4i0.11.
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The prevailing global livestock industry relies heavily on natural capital and is responsible for high emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). In recent years, nations have begun to take more of an active role in measuring their resource inputs and GHG outputs for various products. However, up until now, most nations have been recording data for production, focusing on processes within their geographical boundaries. Some recent studies have suggested the need to also embrace a consumption-based approach. It follows that in an increasingly globalized interconnected world, to be able to generate a sustainable food policy, a full systems approach should be embraced. The case of Israeli meat consumption presents an interesting opportunity for analysis, as the country does not have sufficient resources or the climatic conditions needed to produce enough food to support its population. Therefore, Israel, like a growing number of other countries that are dependent on external resources, relies on imports to meet demand, displacing the environmental impact of meat consumption to other countries. This research utilizes a multi-regional consumption perspective, aiming to measure the carbon and land footprints demanded by Israeli cattle and chicken meat consumption, following both domestic production and imports of inputs and products. The results of this research show that the “virtual land” required for producing meat for consumption in Israel is equivalent to 62% of the geographical area of the country. Moreover, almost 80% of meat consumption is provided by locally produced chicken products but the ecological impact of this source is inconsequential compared to the beef supply chain; beef imports comprise only 13% of meat consumption in Israel but are responsible for 71% of the carbon footprint and 83% of the land footprint. The sources of Israel’s meat supply are currently excluded from environmental impact assessments of Israeli processes. However, they constitute a significant fraction of the system’s natural capital usage, so they must be included in a comprehensive assessment of Israel’s consumption habits. Only then can policy be created for a sustainable food system, and inter-regional sustainability be achieved.
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Farinella, Domenica, and Giulia Simula. "Land, sheep, and market: how dependency on global commodity chains changed relations between pastoralists and nature." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 47 (June 28, 2021): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2021.47.005.
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In this article, we present a historical analysis on how Sardinian pastoralism has become an integrated activity in global capitalism, oriented to the production of cheap milk, through the extraction of ecological surplus from the exploitation of nature and labour. Pastoralism has often been looked at as a marginal and traditional activity. On the contrary, our objective is to stress the central role played by pastoralism in the capitalist world-ecology. Since there is currently little work analysing the historical development of pastoralism in a concrete agro-ecological setting from a world-ecology perspective, we want to contribute to the development of the literature by analysing the concrete case of Sardinian pastoralism. To do so, we will use the analytical framework of world-ecology to analyse the historical dialectic of capital accumulation and the production of nature through which pastoralism -understood as a socio-cultural system that organises nature-society relations for the reproduction of local rural societies- became an activity trapped in the production of market commodities and cheap food exploiting human (labour) and extra-human factors (e.g. land, water, environment, animals etc.). Looking at the exploitation of extra-human factors, the concept of ecological surplus allows us to understand how capital accumulation and surplus was possible thanks to the exploitation of nature, or rather the creation of cheap nature and chap inputs for the production of cheap commodities. We analyse historical pastoralism to understand how geopolitical configurations of global capitalism interact with the national and local scales to change pastoral production, nature and labour relations. We will pay particular attention to the role of land and the relationship between pastoralists and animals. The article is based on secondary data, historical material and primary data collected from 2012 to 2020 through qualitative interviews and ethnographic research. We identify four main cycles of agro-ecological transformation to explore the interactions between waves of historical capitalist expansion and changes in the exploitation of agroecological factors. The first two phases will be explored in the first section of the paper: the mercantilist phase during the modern era and the commodification of pastoralist products, which extend from the nineteenth century to the Second World War. In the mercantilist phase, the expansion of pastoralism finds its external limits in the trend of international demand (influenced by international trade policies that may favour or hinder exports) and its internal limits in the competition/complementarity with agriculture for the available land that results in a transhumant model of pastoralism. In this phase, the ecological surplus needed for capitalist accumulation is produced by nature as a gift, or nature for free, which results in the possibility of producing milk at a very low cost by exploiting the natural pasture of the open fields. The second cycle, “the commodification of pastoralist products”, started at the end of the nineteenth century, with the introduction on the island of the industrial processing of Pecorino Romano cheese, and which was increasingly in demand in the North American market. This pushed pastoralism towards a strong commodification. Shepherds stopped processing cheese on-farm and became producers of cheap milk for the Pecorino Romano processing industry. Industrialists control the distribution channels and therefore the price of milk. Moreover, following the partial privatisation of land and high rent prices, shepherds progressively lose the ecological surplus that was guaranteed by free land and natural grazing, key to lower production costs and to counterbalance the unequal distribution of wealth within the chain. At the beginning of the twentieth century, although the market for Pecorino Romano was growing, these contradictions emerged and the unfair redistribution of profits within the chain (which benefited industrialists, middlemen and landowners to the detriment of shepherds) led to numerous protests and the birth of shepherds' cooperatives. The second section of the paper will explore the third agro-ecological phase: the rise of the “monoculture of sheep-raising” through the modernisation policies (from the fifties until 1990s). The protests that affected the inland areas of Sardinia, as well as the increase in banditry, signal the impossibility of continuing to guarantee cheap nature and cheap labour, which are at the basis of the mechanism of capitalist accumulation. On the basis of these pressures, the 1970s witnessed a profound transformation that opened a new cycle of accumulation: laws favouring the purchase of land led to the sedenterization of pastoralism, while agricultural modernisation policies pushed towards the rationalisation of the farm. Land improvements and technological innovations (such as the milking machine and the purchase of agricultural machinery) led to the beginning of the “monoculture of sheep raising”: a phase of intensification in the exploitation of nature and the extraction of ecological surplus. This includes a great increase of the number of sheep per unit of agricultural area, thanks to the cultivated pasture replacing natural grazing and the production and purchase of stock and feed. Subsidised agricultural modernisation and sedentarisation can once again "sustain" the cost of cheap milk that is the basis of the industrial dairy chain. However, agricultural modernisation results in the further commodification of pastoralism, which becomes increasingly dependent on the upstream and downstream market, making pastoralists less autonomous. Moreover, given the impossibility of further expanding the herd, the productivity need of keeping low milk production costs has to be achieved through an increase in the average production per head. Therefore, there are higher investments in genetic selection to increase breed productivity, higher investments to improve animal feeding and a more intensive animal exploitation to increase productivity. These production strategies imply higher farm costs. In this context, the fourth phase, the neoliberal phase (analysed in the third section of the paper) broke out in Sardinia in the mid-1990s. With the end of export subsidies and the opening of the new large-scale retail channel in which producers are completely subordinate, it starts a period of increased volatility in the price of milk. In order to counter income erosion and achieve the productivity gains needed to continue producing cheap milk, pastoralists have intensified the exploitation of both human (labour) and non-human (nature) factors, with contradictory effects. In the case of nature, the intensive exploitation of land through monocultural crops has reduced biodiversity and impoverished the soil. In the case of labour, pastoralists have intensified the levels of self-exploitation and free family labour to extreme levels and have also resorted to cheaply paid foreign labourers. Throughout the paper, we reconstruct the path towards the production of "cheap milk" in Sardinia, processed mainly into pecorino romano for international export. We argue that the production of ecological surplus through the exploitation of nature and labour has been central to capital accumulation and to the unfolding of the capitalist world ecology. However, we have reached a point of crisis where pastoralists are trapped between rising costs and eroding revenues. Further exploitation of human (cheap labour) and extra-human (nature and animals) factors is becoming unsustainable for the great majority, leading to a polarization between pastoralists who push towards further intensification and mechanisation and pastoralists who increasingly de-commodify to build greater autonomy.
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Davis, John-Michael, and Yaakov Garb. "Extended responsibility or continued dis/articulation? Critical perspectives on electronic waste policies from the Israeli-Palestinian case." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 368–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619841275.
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Extended producer responsibility policies and interventions propose a template for electronic waste management with considerable and growing discursive and policy traction worldwide. Originating in the global North, they increasingly implicate countries and sites in the global South, in particular, people working in informal electronic waste hubs that process Northern electronic waste. This paper examines the implications of extended producer responsibility in one such place through the lenses of critical waste studies and the dis/articulations approach to global commodity chains, which can usefully be extended to analyze the afterlife of commodities. From Israel and the Palestinian Authority's perspectives, recently activated extended producer responsibility legislation is a common-sense way to rationalize the management of electronic waste. But from the cluster of Palestinian villages that has processed the bulk of Israel's electronic waste for more than a decade, extended producer responsibility constitutes the most recent in a series of external driving forces that have disarticulated and rearticulated their landscapes and livelihoods from external economies over the last half century. The restricted scope of reformist extended producer responsibility policies notion of “responsibility” combined with the asymmetrical terms of dis/articulation between North and South is likely to result in outcomes that not only downgrade the informal sector's position in the value chain, but also undermine their ability to upgrade the electronic waste sector in a way that could avoid further pollution. We consider the options at this junction using the heuristic of suggesting what a more temporally, geographically, and sectorally conceived “extension of responsibility” might mean for extended producer responsibility.
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Blitzer, Hannah. "Is the Grass Greener in a Post-Pandemic World? (Re)Connecting Humanity with Nature for a Just Recovery." Excursions Journal 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/exs.11.2021.285.
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This article assesses the potential for reconnecting human and non- human nature in global post-COVID-19 recovery plans. The article utilises a critical perspective on the neoliberalisation of nature as a framing, as well as the case of sustainability and deforestation in forest risk commodity supply chains, to assess whether sustainable development initiatives and neoliberal environmental governance adequately protect the interests of vulnerable human and non- human nature. It finds that existing approaches to sustainable development in international governance prioritise liberalised global markets and the neoliberalisation of nature through commodification, privatisation and marketisation, thus furthering an unjust human-nature dichotomy by placing humans separate from nature and removing the intrinsic value of non-human materiality. It identifies a synergy between the global campaign to ‘build back better’ after COVID-19, environmental regulation and principles of Wild Law. The article concludes by recommending that a just post- pandemic economic recovery must realign the human experience as a part of the wider whole of the non-human natural world.
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Akbar, Arif. "PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MEMAKSIMALKAN MINYAK NILAM." Al-Ijtima`i: International Journal of Government and Social Science 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jai.v5i2.551.
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Aceh Patchouli is an export commodity product that has a high value on the global market. In fact, this great potential can increase the income of farmers and will also indirectly have an effect on the economy of the community, but this has not yet happened, many problems have arisen, ranging from rent issues, unilateral monopoly prices to the continuity of patchouli production. Therefore the role of the government as a facilitator for the development of regional potential is very much needed.
Moving on from these problems, this study aims to see how the role can be done by local governments in increasing the selling value of patchouli by using Global Value Chains or GVC glasses. The election of the GVC perspective in seeing this case is certainly inseparable from the swift influence of globalization on the local government that is now happening. The government should be able to capture the current of globalization as an opportunity to improve the people's economy.
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LYSYUK, V. M., T. P. BUYUKLI-TARAN, and V. O. DIORDIEV. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF REVERSELOGISTICS AS A PERSPECTIVE WAY FOR THE FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE LOGISTICS OF COMMODITY MARKETS." Economic innovations 23, no. 1(78) (March 20, 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.1(78).126-134.
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Topicality. The purposes of constant development determined by General Assembly of the United Nations have led the emergence of different modifications and models of economic development, such as: the model of economy of closed loop, where the value of goods, materials and resources is stored in the economy, for as long as possible. That is, what in a traditional economy is considered redundant or wastes, in the economy of closed loop becomes an asset or resource. Such an economy is essentially reproductive and regenerative due to the preservation and improvement of the natural capital and resources. In the economy of a constant loop, the goal is to loosen the biding between global economic development and the rational consumption of limited resources. However, herewith each country should seek its own means and resources for the realization of these purposes, use available mechanisms, attract technology and additional resources, both material and financial. Aim and tasks. . In the background of the researched new theories of social and economic development of the society, the most attractive is the theory of constant development, according to which the UN General Assembly in 2015 proclaimed the goals of constant development. By these purposes, the United Nations established the countries of the world large-scale global duties to the necessity of making efforts in certain areas for economic development, that on the whole should protect the planet and the population from famine, poverty and ecological shocks. In order to determine effective ways of economic development, made the analysis of existing economic theories, of which our attention is drawn to the theory of circular economy, which in terms of resource opportunities and principles can be applied in Ukraine. And the mechanisms of its application can be involved in the methodology of market logistics and its components � reversible logistics. During the research it is necessary to solve the following tasks: - to research: modern theories of economic development in the context of defining their purposes and objectives, and also the possibilities of their application in Ukraine; - to identify and distinguish from the existing methodology of circular economy and its principles, prerequisites; - substantiate the connections between the principles of circular economy and reverse logistics and the directions of their implementation; Research results. The analysis of these principles gave grounds to propose an additional principle R4 - responsible consumption and R5 - reproduction or the principle of reproduction. These principles should be the basis for developing approaches to the evaluation of any measures for economic development(transformations) from the standpoint of reversible logistics and based on the realities of Ukraine. Conclusion. The conducted researches allowed to reconsider approaches to an estimation of functioning of economic systems at various levels and to offer the own approach, which is based not on corporate, and object market approach, thus as objects of an estimation should act programs of all levels, markets in the course of their functioning and their logistics systems, and also individual logistics chains. But the most important object of evaluation should become logistics projects, that affect the development of commodity markets and the entire market system.
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Hinkley, James T. "A New Zealand Perspective on Hydrogen as an Export Commodity: Timing of Market Development and an Energy Assessment of Hydrogen Carriers." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 4876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164876.
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Hydrogen is currently receiving significant attention and investment as a key enabler of defossilised global energy systems. Many believe this will eventually result in the international trade of hydrogen as a commodity from countries with significant renewable energy resources, for example New Zealand and Australia, to net energy importing countries including Japan and Korea. Japan has, since 2014, been actively exploring the components of the necessary supply chains, including the assessment of different hydrogen carriers. Public/private partnerships have invested in demonstration projects to assess the comparative merits of liquid hydrogen, ammonia, and organic carriers. On the supply side, significant projects have been proposed in Australia while the impending closure of New Zealand’s Tiwai Point aluminium smelter at the end of 2024 may provide an opportunity for green hydrogen production. However, it is also evident that the transition to a hydrogen economy will take some years and confidence around the timing of supply and demand capacity is essential for new energy infrastructure investment. This paper reviews the expected development of an export market to Japan and concludes that large scale imports are unlikely before the late 2020s. Comparative evaluation of the energy efficiency of various hydrogen carriers concludes that it is too early to call a winner, but that ammonia has key advantages as a fungible commodity today, while liquid hydrogen has the potential to be a more efficient energy carrier. Ultimately it will be the delivered cost of hydrogen that will determine which carriers are used, and while energy efficiency is a key metric, there are other considerations such as infrastructure availability, and capital and operating costs.
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Korgun, I. A., and G. D. Toloraya. "The Impact of Sanctions on North Korea’s Foreign Trade from the Perspective of the Comparative Advantage Theory." Economics and Management, no. 6 (August 28, 2019): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2019-6-4-15.
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The presented study analyzes the opportunities for North Korea to capitalize on its competitive advantages in foreign trade in the context of sanctions.Aim. The study aims to identify mechanisms that allow North Korea to engage in foreign trade in circumvention of UN sanctions and to analyze their impact on the national economy.Tasks. The authors analyze the structure of North Korea’s national economy, its initial competitive advantage, identify the specific features of North Korea’s foreign trade in the context of sanctions, and determine the consequences of illicit trade in circumvention of sanctions for the national economy.Methods. This study uses an interdisciplinary approach that combines the classical theory of competitive advantage with the concept of rent seeking, with the concept of rent seeking and analysis of trade flows.Results. The study shows that, despite the restrictions imposed by sanctions, North Korea strives to make the most of its advantages, such as resource availability and cheap labor, in global trade. The country builds its own export-import chains in circumvention of sanctions. These chains are rather mobile, flexible, and controlled by the elite. As a result, benefits from trade that could be evenly distributed among the population are concentrated in the hands of a narrow segment of society. ‘Rent seeking’ makes it possible to formulate the negative consequences of these processes for the North Korean economy and the international community.Conclusions. Solving the North Korean issue requires an economic transformation in the country through the replacement of restrictive sanctions with more constructive ones. The exclusion of North Korea from open global trade leads to the country’s marginalization and impairs the transparency of international commodity flows.
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Guo, Xuezhen, Jan Broeze, Jim J. Groot, Heike Axmann, and Martijntje Vollebregt. "A Worldwide Hotspot Analysis on Food Loss and Waste, Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Protein Losses." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 7488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187488.
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Reducing food loss and waste (FLW) is prioritized in UN sustainable development goals (SDG) target 12.3 to contribute to “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”. It is expected to significantly improve global food security and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Identifying “hotspots” from different perspectives of sustainability helps to prioritize the food items for which interventions can lead to the largest reduction of FLW-related impacts. Existing studies in this field have limitations, such as having incomplete geographical and food commodity coverage, using outdated data, and focusing on the mass of FLW instead of its nutrient values. To provide renewed and more informative insights, we conducted a global hotspot analysis concerning FLW with its associated GHG emissions and protein losses using the most recent data (the new FAO Food Balance Sheets updated in 2020). The findings of this research are that there were 1.9 Gt of FLW, 2.5 Gt of associated GHG emissions, and 0.1 Gt of associated protein losses globally in 2017. The results of the FLW amounts, GHG emissions, and protein losses per chain link are given on the scale of the entire world and continental regions. Next to this, food items with relatively high FLW, GHG emissions, and protein losses are highlighted to provide the implications to policymakers for better decision making. For example, fruits and vegetables contribute the most to global FLW volumes, but the product with the highest FLW-associated GHG emissions is bovine meat. For bovine meat, FLW-associated GHG emissions are highest at the consumer stage of North America and Oceania. Oil crops are the major source of protein losses in the global food chain. Another important finding with policy implications is that priorities for FLW reduction vary, dependent on prioritized sustainability criteria (e.g., GHG emissions versus protein losses).
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Temper, Leah, Daniela Del Bene, and Joan Martinez-Alier. "Mapping the frontiers and front lines of global environmental justice: the EJAtlas." Journal of Political Ecology 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v22i1.21108.
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This article highlights the need for collaborative research on ecological conflicts within a global perspective. As the social metabolism of our industrial economy increases, intensifying extractive activities and the production of waste, the related social and environmental impacts generate conflicts and resistance across the world. This expansion of global capitalism leads to greater disconnection between the diverse geographies of injustice along commodity chains. Yet, at the same time, through the globalization of governance processes and Environmental Justice (EJ) movements, local political ecologies are becoming increasingly transnational and interconnected. We first make the case for the need for new approaches to understanding such interlinked conflicts through collaborative and engaged research between academia and civil society. We then present a large-scale research project aimed at understanding the determinants of resource extraction and waste disposal conflicts globally through a collaborative mapping initiative: The EJAtlas, the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice. This article introduces the EJAtlas mapping process and its methodology, describes the process of co-design and development of the atlas, and assesses the initial outcomes and contribution of the tool for activism, advocacy and scientific knowledge. We explain how the atlas can enrich EJ studies by going beyond the isolated case study approach to offer a wider systematic evidence-based enquiry into the politics, power relations and socio-metabolic processes surrounding environmental justice struggles locally and globally.Key words: environmental justice, maps, ecological distribution conflicts, activist knowledge, political ecology
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Lencucha, Raphael, Takondwa Moyo, Ronald Labonte, Jeffrey Drope, Adriana Appau, and Donald Makoka. "Shifting from tobacco growing to alternatives in Malawi? A qualitative analysis of policy and perspectives." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 7 (June 11, 2020): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa057.
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Abstract Tobacco is the primary export commodity in Malawi and an important contributor to foreign earnings. The entrenchment of tobacco interests within government has partly explained why Malawi has lagged in its efforts to address the health consequences of tobacco and has been a vocal opponent of global tobacco control. Despite the extensive historical and entrenched relationship between the economy of Malawi and tobacco production, there have been important shifts at the highest policy levels towards the need to explore diversification in the agricultural sector. There is explicit recognition that alternatives to tobacco production must be pursued. This study provides an analysis of the policies and perspectives that characterize contemporary government approaches to tobacco and alternatives in Malawi by interviewing key government officials working on tobacco policy and reviewing recent policy documents. This research finds that there is openness and movement towards reducing tobacco growing in Malaw, including efforts to reduce tobacco dependency. Rather than a singular tobacco policy discourse in the country, there is a somewhat conflictual set of policies and perspectives on the future of tobacco in Malawi. Informing these policies and perspectives is the interplay between the economics of agricultural production (tobacco vs other crops), global markets (ranging from the ability to generate export earnings to the inability to compete with wealthier countries’ non-tobacco crop subsidies) and the lack of developed supply and value chains other than those created by the transnational tobacco industry. The implications for government policy supporting a move away from tobacco dependence are not straightforward: there is a need to fill the supply chain gap for alternative crops, which requires not only strong intersectoral support within the country (and some challenge to the residual pro-tobacco narratives) but also international support.
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Landsteiner, Erich, and Ernst Langthaler. "Global Commodities." Commodity Frontiers, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/cf.2021a18076.
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Focusing on coca, coffee, gold, soy, sugar, and tea, articles in a special issue of the Austrian Journal of Historical Studies 30/3 (2019) on Global Commodities aim at tracing the emergence of commodity chains through the expansion and contraction of commodity frontiers. Frontier shifts imply complex – and potentially conflicting – interactions shaped by as well as shaping socio-natural systems. Thus, the contributions reveal commodity chains and their frontiers to be subject to negotiations between multiple actors, both human and non-human. Each of the contributions concentrates on one or more world region(s) of frontier shifts, while taking into account the transregional, transnational, and transcontinental connections via commodity chains. Thereby, these commodity-focused histories reveal the benefit of combining global with regional or even local perspectives (Joseph, 2019).
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Hunga, Arianti Ina R. "A Road to the Recognition of Home-Workers: Transformation of POS Production Modes and Roles of Home-workers in Batik Industry in Central Java (Case Study in Cluster Batik in Central Java)." SALASIKA: Indonesian Journal of Gender, Women, Child, and Social Inclusion's Studies 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36625/sj.v1i1.2.
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Home-work (HW) in the putting-out system (POS)-based industry is the real proof of global capitalism existence in domestic space. It utilizes house resources and manipulates the domestic area to keep production costs low in order to compete in the global market. POS and HW become paradoxical as they are widely employed and categorized as strategic commodity production, market their products to the global market, and involve certain skills, creativity and technology. Nevertheless, the facts are obscured from public eyes. Efforts to uncover the obscured facts have been done through POS and HW transformation strategies, which are described in this paper. The paper aims at promoting POS and HW into public areas. The data used were gathered through participatory action research on batik industry based on "putting-out" system in cluster batik in Central Java from gender perspectives. The transformation model was used to promote POS and HW and to seek recognition of the facts that were based on system advantages and capacity enhancement of home-workers while enhancing product values through “fair trade” market. The implemented model has four components, namely: 1) development of innovation and technology that focused on product development, production, and marketing on the alternative market; 2) innovation and technological transfer in product development for better value chain and value added; 3) engineering and strengthening of production institutionalization, which is based on POS clusters; 4) engineering and strengthening of marketing institutionalization of alternative market; and 5) development and strengthening of vocal points that are related to and in support of the implementation. This model gave out positive impact on supporting the implementation of POS and POS roles and promoting this reality. As a model, however, this transformation model needed to be developed that it might be disseminated to a larger scale.
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Araki, Hitoshi. "Global Commodity Chain Approach and Geography." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 59, no. 2 (2007): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg.59.2_151.
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Choi, Wai Kit, and David A. Smith. "China and the Global Apparel Commodity Chain." Peace Review 22, no. 4 (November 18, 2010): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2010.524567.
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Gibbon, Peter. "Upgrading Primary Production: A Global Commodity Chain Approach." World Development 29, no. 2 (February 2001): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00093-0.
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Judd, Dennis R. "Commentary: Tracing the Commodity Chain of Global Tourism." Tourism Geographies 8, no. 4 (November 2006): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616680600921932.
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Jernigan, David H. "Implications of Structural Changes in the Global Alcohol Supply." Contemporary Drug Problems 27, no. 1 (March 2000): 163–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090002700107.
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Commodity chain analysis provides a means of diagramming and analyzing changes in the global supply of alcohol in a developing-country context over time and beginning to theorize about the implications of those changes for health and development. A new ideal type of commodity chain, the “marketing-driven” chain, is proposed to describe the emerging pattern of supply of globalized beer brands, and evidence is presented from Malaysia to illustrate how the commodity chain operates. What distinguishes marketing-driven commodity chains is their reliance on the downstream activities of marketing and brand establishment. Such a chain has two important implications: It places substantial power over the alcohol supply in the hands of transnational brand owners, and it relies on an intentional process of cultural change directed by the brand owners to alter and embed exogenous patterns of drinking in developing societies.
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Belke, Ansgar, and Jonas Keil. "Financial integration, global liquidity and global macroeconomic linkages." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2015-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of financial integration on several macroeconomic variables from a global perspective. Design/methodology/approach – The authors apply a cointegrated vector autoregression model using quarterly data for 1980-2009. Analysing the interactions of globally aggregated measures capturing cross-border financial transactions, monetary liquidity, output, consumer and commodity prices, the authors focus on the dissection of short-run and long-run dynamics. Findings – The authors find that increasing financial integration has a positive impact driving GDP. The authors also find evidence of two-way causality between commodity prices and financial flows. The results suggest that commodity prices are driven by financial integration and the gap between the dynamics of commodity prices and financial flows is closed by global liquidity injected by central banks. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the empirical literature by analysing the overall impact of global financial integration and of global liquidity on global macroeconomic variables in a unified framework.
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Skov, Lise. "The Return of the Fur Coat: A Commodity Chain Perspective." Current Sociology 53, no. 1 (January 2005): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392105048286.
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Ransom, Elizabeth. "Botswana’s beef global commodity chain: Explaining the resistance to change." Journal of Rural Studies 27, no. 4 (October 2011): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.07.002.
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MAYE, DAMIAN. "REAL ALE MICROBREWING AND RELATIONS OF TRUST: A COMMODITY CHAIN PERSPECTIVE." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 103, no. 4 (April 4, 2012): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00716.x.
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REIMER, SUZANNE, and DEBORAH LESLIE. "Design, National Imaginaries, and the Home Furnishings Commodity Chain." Growth and Change 39, no. 1 (March 2008): 144–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.2007.00409.x.
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Kill, Jutta. "The role of voluntary certification in maintaining the ecologically unequal exchange of wood pulp: the Forest Stewardship Council's certification of industrial tree plantations in Brazil." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20247.
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Voluntary certification schemes have grown in popularity since the late 1980s. Today, a large number of consumer items from coffee and chocolate to oil palm and soya products carry labels that supposedly attest their contribution to promoting fair trade or a reduction of negative environmental impacts. Many printed books, magazines and other paper products carry a label promising 'environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable' management of the tree plantations that deliver the raw material for the pulp and paper from which these products are made. This article explores the role that one such voluntary certification scheme used by the pulp and paper sector plays in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange. Would ecologically unequal exchange in a certified product cease to exist if the voluntary certification schemes available for pulp and paper products were to become the norm, instead of just catering to a niche market? If the answer to that hypothetical question is 'no' – which it is – then the question that arises is: what role does the voluntary certification scheme play in upholding ecologically unequal exchange? This article explores the role of one particular voluntary certification scheme – by the Forest Stewardship Council – in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange in the trade of pulp products between industrialised countries with a relatively high per-capital consumption of pulp and paper products and the global South, in this case Brazil. It shows how, from the perspective of communities who bear the ecological, social and economic cost of industrial tree plantations and who oppose further expansion of these plantations, voluntary certification schemes have (inadvertently?) helped tilt the balance of power even further in favour of corporate interests for expansion. An unacknowledged imbalance of power between corporations and the certification schemes, on the one hand, and communities and their allies, on the other, has become manifest and aids further expansion of industrial tree plantations for production of pulp for export, thus contributing to maintaining ecologically unequal exchange.Key words: certification; commodity chains; conflicts; consumption; ecologically unequal exchange; environmental justice; Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), industrial tree plantations; pulp and paper; resistance struggles
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Klein, Alan. "Chain reaction: Neoliberal exceptions to global commodity chains in Dominican baseball." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47, no. 1 (February 21, 2011): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690210390426.
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Widmaier, Wesley. "Lawyers, Gender, and Money: Consensus, Closure, and Conflict in the Global Financial Crisis." Politics & Gender 11, no. 02 (May 29, 2015): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000033.
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How did the interplay of intellectual overconfidence, gender, and professional socialization limit economic policy debate over the subprime boom and global financial crisis? In this article, I integrate historical institutionalist and feminist institutionalist insights to make sense of the interplay of gender and professional socialization in limiting the scope for precrisis regulation and postcrisis reform. First, drawing on historical institutionalist perspectives, I highlight the scope for inefficiency in the use of information, arguing that policy success over time can engender tendencies to misplace confidence and intellectual closure. Secondly, drawing on feminist institutionalist perspectives, I stress the role of professional and gender socialization in enabling agents to resist such inefficiencies and so limit the scope for intellectual closure. In empirical terms, I then advance three case studies addressing the roles of Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chair Brooksley Born, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Chair Sheila Bair, and Troubled Asset Relief Program Congressional Oversight Panel Chair Elizabeth Warren in challenging the precrisis deregulatory consensus. In the conclusion, I address theoretical and policy implications, stressing the social dynamics that may spur women toward increased professional and intellectual risk taking.
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Kano, Liena. "Global value chain governance: A relational perspective." Journal of International Business Studies 49, no. 6 (June 16, 2017): 684–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0086-8.
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Kot, Sebastian, Adnan Haque, and Akhtar Baloch. "Supply Chain Management in Smes: Global Perspective." Montenegrin Journal of Economics 16, no. 1 (March 2020): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2020.16-1.6.
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Pellegrino, Roberta, Nicola Costantino, and Danilo Tauro. "Supply Chain Finance: A supply chain-oriented perspective to mitigate commodity risk and pricing volatility." Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management 25, no. 2 (March 2019): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2018.03.004.
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Kapfhammer, Wolfgang, and Gordon M. Winder. "Slow Food, Shared Values, and Indigenous Empowerment in an Alternative Commodity Chain Linking Brazil and Europe." Sociologus: Volume 70, Issue 2 70, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/soc.70.2.101.
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This article explores governance and power relations within the guaraná (Paullinia cupana) global commodity chain (GCC) of the Sateré-Mawé, an Indigenous group of the Lower Amazon, Brazil. The paper draws on ethnographic work and joint field research in Pará, Brazil and pursues an interdisciplinary approach combining economic geography and anthropological interest in ontological diversity. It describes the guaraná value chain in commodity chain terms, and discusses issues of narrative, transformation, and power in the community of values associated with the chain. Guaraná is a ritual beverage of central importance to Indigenous cosmology and is now a commodity traded within the global Fair Trade network. We found that the commodity chain is the result of not only economically, but also politically motivated Indigenous and European actors. It has a simple organization and is based on inter-personal business relations, with neither retailers nor producers controlling the chain. In this context, diverse actors, including Indigenous and non-Indigenous agents, cooperate in a joint project despite their, at times, differing values. These values are discernable in the narratives and discourses braided around the chain. This paper identifies the values at work and the tensions and dissonances produced as they rub against each other. It argues that, far from making the chain unmanageable, the tensions are creative and help the chain’s participants to bridge between Brazil and Europe.
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Barter, Shane J. "Coffee: An Indian Ocean Perspective." International Journal of Area Studies 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijas-2016-0005.
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Abstract Studies of coffee production and consumption are dominated by emphases on Latin American production and American consumption. This paper challenges the Atlantic perspective, demanding an equal emphasis on the Indian Ocean world of Eastern Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. A geographical approach to historical as well as contemporary patterns of coffee production and consumption provides an opportunity to rethink the nature of coffee as a global commodity. The Indian Ocean world has a much deeper history of coffee, and in recent decades, has witnessed a resurgence in production. The nature of this production is distinct, providing an opportunity to rethink dependency theories. Coffee in the Indian Ocean world is more likely to be produced by smallholders, countries are less likely to be economically dependent on coffee, farmers are more likely to harvest polycultures, and countries represent both consumers and producers. A balanced emphasis of Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds allows us to better understand coffee production and consumption, together telling a more balanced, global story of this important commodity.
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Raikes, Philip, Michael Friis Jensen, and Stefano Ponte. "Global commodity chain analysis and the French filière approach: comparison and critique." Economy and Society 29, no. 3 (January 2000): 390–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085140050084589.
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Johnson, Jennifer Lee. "From Mfangano to Madrid: The global commodity chain for Kenyan Nile perch." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13, no. 1 (February 26, 2010): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980903584694.
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Le Heron, Kiri, and David Hayward. "The Moral Commodity: Production, Consumption, and Governance in the Australasian Breakfast Cereal Industry." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 12 (December 2002): 2231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34262.
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This paper examines the Australasian breakfast cereal commodity chain and the processes of value creation in the industry. The paper has two points of entry to the commodity chain; first, a productionist perspective aimed at revealing how the material commodity is constituted, and, second, a consumptionist viewpoint, intended to show the construction of symbolic elements of the commodity. The value of the breakfast cereal commodity includes both its utility (food) value, and the semiotic and moral narratives associated with it—its symbolic value. To maintain these value dimensions the breakfast cereal companies have fashioned relationships with other organisations to legitimise prod-ucts in the eyes of the consumers. Both governmental and nongovernmental organisations are drawn into the commodity chain, and along with consumers, they actively participate in the recreation and redescription of the commodity's value. Through adhering to the analytical strategy of delineating both production and consumption dimensions the case study was able to establish the multiple layering of meanings that are associated with breakfast cereals—meanings that continue to be aligned with the industry's founding principles.
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Nizam, Derya. "Place, food, and agriculture: the use of geographical indications in olive oil production in western Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 57 (November 2017): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2017.31.
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AbstractThis study concerns how olive oil producers and local bureaucrats in western Turkey use geographical indications (GIs) as a localist strategy to strengthen their position in global markets by challenging conventional agricultural practices. The study employs the disarticulation approach of global commodity chain analysis in order to understand which factors delink people and places from conventional commodity chains/industrial chains and link them instead to GI chains. The results of the study indicate that regional disadvantages—e.g., high production costs due to land characteristics—are the main factor delinking local actors from the conventional olive oil commodity chain. Furthermore, certain dynamic rent opportunities that are related to characteristics of territorial quality and to local cultural characteristics also contribute to the linking of the region and producers to GI chains.
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Pelupessy, Wim, and Luuk Van Kempen. "The Impact of Increased Consumer-Orientation in Global Agri-Food Chains on Smallholders in Developing Countries." Competition & Change 9, no. 4 (November 2005): 357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/102452905x70870.
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The economic position of small-scale developing country farmers has been observed to weaken in many global agri-food chains. Several studies in the global commodity chain tradition suggest that recent consumer trends in developed country markets are the ultimate cause. However, these studies have not come up with a conceptual framework in which the effects of changing consumer preferences on farmer earnings can be explicitly analysed. This paper makes a first attempt towards building such a framework by drawing mainly on Lancaster's product characteristics approach. Within this framework it is shown how enhanced consumer-orientation in the global food system leads to adverse power shifts for small farmers in low-income countries. As signalled by previous global commodity chain studies, smallholders in developing countries will face growing inequality in intra-chain surplus distribution as well as a higher risk of exclusion from global agri-food chains. We discuss how thinking in terms of product characteristics may also help smallholders to reap a larger share of the surplus in the chain.
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TAYLOR, MARCUS. "Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research - Edited by Jennifer Bair." Journal of Agrarian Change 10, no. 4 (September 16, 2010): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00266.x.
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