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Olsson, Lars, and Gustav Dahlberg. "Svenska företag i the Global Compact : Har the Global Compact en roll på den svenska företagsmarknaden?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206889.
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CSR har kommit att bli centralt i många företags strategier. Vissa akademiker hävdar att företag söker sig till intresseorganisationer som arbetar med CSR för att förbättra sitt CSR-arbete medan andra påstår att det endast är ett sätt att framhäva sitt företag i ett positivt ljus. Till skillnad från de många artiklar som skrivits om vad företag kan vinna på medlemskap i intresseorganisationer fokuserar denna uppsats istället likt Knudsen (2011) på vilka företag som har något att vinna på engagemang i intresseorganisationen The Global Compact. Undersökningen utgår från Knudsens påståenden och prövar om dessa stämmer för svenska företag, via intervjuer med fyra företag av varierande storlek. Våra resultat pekar mot att påståendena i huvudsak stämmer men att de bakomliggande orsakerna varierar när man jämför vår geografiska begränsning mot Knudsens mer globala fokus. I våra slutsatser väcker vi även frågan om vilket roll The Global Compact spelar på den svenska marknaden och om företag som är aktiva inom Sverige faktiskt har något att vinna på att engagera sig i initiativet.
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Carlsson, Maria, and Lois Lindqvist. "GRI and Global Compact : For what?" Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1227.
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<p>With sustainability means taking responsibility for the reality that you live and operate in. The concept sustainable development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present world without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Elkington, 1999, p, 55).</p><p>Sustainable reporting means to extend the ordinary financial reporting to include both the environmental and social/ethical impacts that the organisation have, so called triple bottom line. We are in our essay discussing the element of sustainability reporting and how to perform one. Today there are an increased pressure from stakeholders on companies to express their values and ethical responsibility. This forces the organisations to extend their ordinary financial reporting to include environmental and social impacts that their operations have.</p><p>We have in our essay looked at the global ethical guidelines for sustainability reporting, the Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative and from these tried to examine how companies can establish a sustainability report. Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative are two voluntary codes that companies can draw inspire from when creating a sustainability report.</p><p>Our purpose with this essay is to examine the concept of sustainability reporting on the basis of observing three financial institutions and their sustainability reports. We have chosen to look at the three different banks, Rabobank Group, the Co-operative Financial Services and Swedbank, to compare how they have constructed their sustainability reports, and to see how they have drawn inspiration from the Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative.</p><p>The investigation is of a qualitative approach where the examined source is the companies’ sustainability reports. The reports have been analyzed and from the analysis have conclusions been drawn to try and interpret how the companies have acted towards the guidelines. Mainly we have been looking at the organisations and the existing balance between the economical, social and environmental aspects. Further we have also been looking at the organisational structure and the management’s attitude towards Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, and the progress to implement it within the organisations. Finally we have tried to observe the relationship between the organisations and stakeholders and the transparency in communicating about the measures being taken.</p><p>We have come to the conclusion that both Rabobank and Co-operative Financial Services, CFS, have a more developed sustainability report compared to Swedbank.</p><p>We believe the reason why can be found in many different aspects, since there is not just one component that makes a sustainability report. Both Rabobank and CFS are co-operative organisations that are being owned and controlled by its members, compared to Swedbank who is a public company that have obligations towards its shareholders. The managements’ attitude towards sustainability also has an effect of the outcome of the reports as well as attitudes from the society in which the company is operating.</p>
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Häusler, Michele. "Global Governance and Global Public Policy Networks An Assessment of the UN Global Compact /." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/03603735001/$FILE/03603735001.pdf.
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Gregoratti, Catia. "The UN Global Compact : A Critical Appraisal." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512195.
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This thesis reconstructs and critically appraises the historical evolution, power relationships, discursive and distributional outcomes of the United Nations (UN) Global Compact (Compact) -a high profile public-private partnership which aims to embed global markets with ten universal principles in the areas of labour rights, human rights, the environment and corruption. In 1999, the Compact's intellectual architects and the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan justified the creation of the initiative on two grounds: the Compact's potential ability to foster more inclusive supranational and local spaces of governance, and to effectively buttress responsible corporate conduct. These two assumptions are interrogated theoretically and empirically. Conceptually, the thesis appraises Robert W. Cox's notion of international organisations as 'mechanisms of hegemony'. Drawing from Cox's critical theory and the insights of scholars who have employed Cox's framework within studies on global governance and new forms of complex multilateralism, the thesis proposes a critical framework to discern the reasons for public-private partnerships creation, their punctuated and contested evolution, structures, and the ideas and practices they produce. Empirically, the thesis provides a much richer empirical narrative than academic accounts which have examined the UN Global Compact to date. Relying on primary documentation and qualitative research techniques the thesis appraises, in turn, the Compact's history, inception, evolution, executive leadership, bureaucracy, local structures in both the developed and developing world, and scrutinises the way in which its four main engagement mechanism operate. It moves beyond analyses which have solely scrutinised the Compact's ethos, and demarcates the disjuncture between the official claims emanating from the Compact's Office and the Compact's actual practices within its structures, deliberation forums and decentralised initiatives. The thesis finds that the Compact has not engendered inclusive spaces of governance. Furthermore, despite a series of internal reforms it continues to lack the capacity to harness corporate behaviour. The overarching argument transpiring from the thesis is that the Compact can be conceived as a hegemonic public-private partnership -a product of the Post-Washington Consensus - that continues to be contested from within the United Nations and by counter-hegemonic social forces
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Zugliani, Giuliano Angelo. "Global solvability of systems on compact surfaces." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55135/tde-29092014-155847/.
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We are interested in studying an involutive system defined by a closed non-exact 1-form on a closed and orientable surface. Here we present a necessary condition for the global solvability of this system. We also make some particular constructions of globally solvable systems that motivate the equivalence between the global solvability and the necessary condition, for two cases involving 1-forms of the Morse type, namely, when the surface is the bitorus or when the 1-form is generic<br>Nosso interesse é estudar um sistema involutivo definido por uma 1-forma fechada e não-exata em uma superfície fechada e orientável. Apresentamos aqui uma condição necessária para a resolubilidade global desde sistema. Nós também construímos exemplos de sistemas globalmente resolúveis que nos permitiram fornecer a equivalência entre a resolubilidade global e a condição necessária, para dois casos envolvendo 1-formas do tipo Morse: quando a superfície é o bitoro ou quando a 1-forma é genérica
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Hamm, Brigitte I. "Der Global Compact und der Schutz der Menschenrechte." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_verlag/2012/6103/.
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Inhalt:
- I. Einleitung
- II. Was ist der Global Compact?
- III. Wie funktioniert der Global Compact?
- IV. Der Global Compact will kein Verhaltenskodex sein.
- V. Der Global Compact als Bestandteil von „global governance“
- VI. Der Global Compact und der Schutz der Menschenrechte
- VII. Ausschau
- Literatur
- Teilnehmer des Global Compact
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Breding, Josefine, and Elin Hartmeier. "Hållbarhetsstrategi : Implementering och påverkan från FN:s Global Compact." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66952.
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In 1972, the United Nations (UN) held its first international environmental conference in Stockholm with 113 participating countries and during the conference, participants agreed that the environmental issue is as important to humanity as peace and development. The concept of sustainable development arose in the 1980s and gained global spread in 1987 when the World Commission launched its report on environment and development and defined sustainable development as "A development that satisfies today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs." During the 2000s, the United Nations has highlighted the importance of companies taking responsibility for their activities and contributing to sustainable development through two initiatives. This has led to companies wanting to take responsibility for their business but do not know how to proceed. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge of how sustainability strategy can be formulated using the UN Global Compact and the UN Sustainable Development Goal and how the Sustainability Strategy can be implemented. The theoretical framework is based primarily on a model that is clearly focused on implementing sustainability strategies, but also research that addresses difficulties with implementing sustainability strategies. The study also contains an attachment with important concepts. The method is based on qualitative interviews with employees at BillerudKorsnäs and is supplemented by a documentary study. The results of the interviews and the document study are described in the study section. The analysis connects results and theory to study how BillerudKorsnäs handled implementation of sustainability strategy and difficulties with this. The study shows that BillerudKorsnäs has dealt with the implementation of the sustainability strategy and has formulated a sustainability strategy that can clearly be linked to the UN Sustainable Development Initiative.
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Zeiter, Martin. "Transnationale Unternehmen und Menschenrechte Unternehmerische Selbstbindung vs. rechtsstaatliche Fremdbindung? : Kritische Analyse und Lösungsansätze /." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02213270001/$FILE/02213270001.pdf.
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Weiß, Norman. "Transnationale Unternehmen : weltweite Standards? : eine Zwischenbilanz des Global Compact." Universität Potsdam, 2002. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4062/.
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Chantereau, Fanny, and Cecilia Thibblin. "BP´s CSR-arbete utifrån Global Compact : - En kartläggande studie." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102516.
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Detta arbete har kartlagt att BP har ett CSR-arbete utifrån Global Compact’s tio principer, men med brister. Den främsta bristen gällande deras CSR-arbete är inom miljö, men företaget är klar med att företagets huvudsyfte är att hitta, utvinna och generera vinst till sina aktietagare - vilket följaktligen inte är en miljövänlig handling för ett oljeföretag. Arbetet har även jämfört det CSR står för med Global Compact´s tio principer, som utvecklades av FN 1999. Global Compact innefattar fyra områden; Mänskliga rättigheter, Arbetsrätt, Miljö samt Bekämpning av korruption. En konsekvens av företagets inte helt fungerade verksamhet var oljekatastrofen i Mexikanska golfen 2010, som tvingade BP att ta ansvar för restorationen i det drabbade området. Positivt för BP är att de trots sitt bristande arbete för miljön investerar pengar i forskning kring mer miljövänliga och förnyelsebara energikällor. Organisationen Greenpeace har även fått dela sin åsikt inom vissa av de fyra områden som Global Compact innefattar. BP själva stoltserar med sitt ansvarsfulla arbete medan Greenpeace anser att BP är ett extremt dåligt exempel på hur ett företag kan arbeta med CSR och tar avstånd ifrån det mesta företaget gör och verkar för. Då BP inte följer alla utav Global Compact’s tio principer kan slutsatsen dras att BP inte är ett företag att se upp till när det kommer till CSR. Dock kan frågan ställas om hur mycket ett företag ska behöva lägga ned på frågor som rör CSR, då allmänheten ändå är så beroende av olja.<br>This essay has identified that BP has an existing CSR-work examined from Global Compact´s ten principles, but with flaws. This is mostly shown regarding the environmental CSR-work, but it is clear that the company's main objective is to find, extract and generate profit for their stock holders - and it´s obvious that it´s nothing environmental friendly about that. The essay has also compared what CSR stands for with Global Compact´s ten principles, which was developed by FN 1999. Global Compact includes four areas; Human rights, Labour, Environment and Anti-Corruption. One consequence of the company´s not fully functional activity was the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, which forced BP to take responsibility for the restoration in the affected area. Positive for BP is that despite its lack of commitment to the environment, the company invests money in research with the aim to find more environmentally friendly and renewable alternatives. The organization Greenpeace has shared its opinions concerning some of the four areas that are included in Global Compact. BP itself think the company take responsible and apply CSR as a work frame while Greenpeace believes that BP is an extremely bad example of how a company can work with CSR and disagree with most things the company does and promotes. Since BP doesn´t follow all of Global Compact´s ten principles, the conclusion can be made that BP isn’t a company to look up to when it comes to CSR. However, the question can be asked how much work a company is ought to spend on issues related to CSR, when the public is so dependent on oil.
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Pauly, Nadine. "Analyse des globalen interorganisationalen Netzwerks 'Global Compact' als Instrument von Corporate Social Responsibility : Legitimitäts- und Effektivitätsaspekte bezüglich der Durchsetzung sozialer und umweltpolitischer Normen und Standards /." Hamburg : Diplomica Verl, 2008. http://www.diplom.de/katalog/arbeit/10642.
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Rieth, Lothar. "Global Governance und Corporate Social Responsibility : welchen Einfluss haben der UN Global Compact, die Global Reporting Initiative und die OECD Leitsätze auf das CSR-Engagement deutscher Unternehmen? /." Opladen : Budrich UniPress, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017751200&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Pérez-Rocha, Bertha Guadalupe. "Adoption of voluntary CSR initiatives : tales of the UN Global Compact." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33268.
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This thesis consists of three empirical studies investigating, from various perspectives, the corporate motivations to join one of the largest voluntary initiatives promoting sustainability: the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). I employ three different statistical techniques, logistic regression analysis, event history analysis and structural equation modelling. The first study provides evidence from a field experiment on shareholder engagement effectiveness in general and on which tactics are more effective in engaging publicly traded firms. The experiment consists of an invitation letter sent by the Principles for Responsible Investment Clearinghouse, one of the largest worldwide coalition of investors, to encourage companies to sign up the United Nations Global Compact. I use a theoretical model for investor salience in order to understand the impact of the engagement. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first large-scale research on engagement using randomized controlled trials in the academic literature and in practice. The aim of the second study is three fold. First, most academic literature focuses on how the adoption of the UNGC impacts on the implementation of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) performance; this study addresses how ESG performance shapes the CSR strategy, namely, the UNGC. Next, I explore to what extent the ESG performance of firms adopting the UNGC change over time. Finally, this paper investigates whether the existence of controversies is a determinant for joining the initiative. Results show that, in all cases, ESG performance is significant and positively related to the adoption of the Ten Principles. Furthermore, results show that ESG performance differs across different points in time. Contrary to my expectations, controversies have no influence on UNGC membership. The third and final study examines the effect of the characteristics of the board of directors on the adoption of the UNGC/GRI by US-based firms. I investigate whether and how a CSR oriented board chooses the UNGC/GRI as part of their firms reporting strategy. I also consider the level of environmental and social performance as a mediator for such a decision. Results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the board and environmental and social performance, and between environmental and social performance and the adoption of voluntary CSR initiatives. This relationship is stronger for social performance and for the GRI. Overall, this thesis provides further evidence about motivations to join the UNGC. The outcomes of this thesis are of relevance for shareholders and investor coalitions, policy makers, and other groups of stakeholders. Theoretically, this thesis adds to the literature on shareholder engagement, strategy and corporate governance.
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Pauly, Nadine. "Analyse des globalen interorganisationalen Netzwerks "Global Compact" als Instrument von corporate social responsibility Legitimitäts- und Effektivitätsaspekte bezüglich der Durchsetzung sozialer und umweltpolitischer Normen und Standards." Hamburg Diplomica-Verl, 2007. http://www.diplom.de/katalog/arbeit/10642.
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Bonatto, Heitor. "The United Nations global compact : estudo de caso na Ericsson do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/27502.
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Em 2000, a Organização das Nações Unidas lançou a iniciativa denominada “Pacto Global”, com o objetivo de dar uma face mais humana ao processo da globalização. Esta iniciativa estabeleceu dez princípios que as empresas, entre outros participantes, devem seguir para implementá-los no dia a dia de suas operações. A Ericsson foi uma das empresas fundadoras da iniciativa e, até hoje, faz parte do grupo. A presente dissertação, portanto, busca analisar como a Ericsson do Brasil está implementando os princípios do Pacto Global das Nações Unidas em sua esfera de influência. Para compreender a forma como está ocorrendo, neste estudo foi realizado um estudo de caso da subsidiária brasileira, baseando-se na análise de documentos institucionais, na observação e entrevista realizada com o Gerente da empresa. Conclui-se que a Ericsson do Brasil ainda está em processo de implementação dos princípios, destacando-se no que concerne ao gerenciamento da cadeia de fornecedores estar em avançado estágio de implementação.<br>In 2000 the United Nations launched the Global Compact initiative for the purpose of giving a more human face to globalization. This initiative sets out ten principles that companies and other participants should proceed to implement in the day to day operations. Ericsson was one of the founders of the initiative and today is part of the group. This dissertation aims to analyze how the Ericsson in Brazil is implementing the principles of the UN Global Compact in its sphere of influence. To understand how, the dissertation was based on case study of the Brazilian subsidiary and the analysis was made by institutional documents, observation and interviews with the manager of the company. The conclusion demonstrates that Ericsson in Brazil is still in the process of implementing the principles emphasizing that when it comes to managing the supply chain is in the advanced stage of implementation.
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Huckvale, Benedict James. "Studying anomalous WWγ couplings and developing the global calorimeter trigger control system for the CMS experiment". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505753.
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The rate of decay of the process W -> Wγ is well-defined by the Standard Model, so measured deviation is a strong but indirect indicator of non-Standard Model physics. Deviations of this coupling strength can be parameterized, in a model independent, general sense, into two parameters, Δk and λ.
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Iwaki, Yukinori. "Global justice from outside-the-box." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31146.
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We live in a severely unequal world. Pressing questions are, then, what changes the global advantaged should bring about to improve the situation of the global disadvantaged, and why they should do so in the first place. Chapters 1, 2 and 3 answer the latter question whereas chapters 4 and 5 answer the former. Chapter 1 considers Peter Singer’s ‘non-relationist’ and Thomas Pogge’s ‘relationist’ approaches to global justice. The chapter argues that Pogge’s argument is more compelling than Singer’s, but that it is incomplete. To make a relationist argument more plausible, the chapter draws on two critical social theorists: Alf Hornborg and David Harvey. Based on their analyses, and employing the perspectives of ‘human time’ and ‘ecological space’, the chapter concludes that the advantaged are in violation of a stringent negative duty by being complicit in the harmful global system. The chapter also introduces two kinds of debt – ‘temporal debt’ and ‘ecological debt’ – that the advantaged may owe the disadvantaged. Chapter 2 argues that the global system is not only harmful but severely harmful: it is likely to reproduce ‘absolute harm’ (a harm that infringes upon minimum human well-being). Chapter 3 discusses what positive action the advantaged ought to take because of the negative-duty violation and the problem-solving ability they have. Focusing on two kinds of action – reparation and remedy – the chapter argues that achieving reparation may face practical problems, but that the advantaged should act immediately to provide remedy – in particular, institutional remedy – for the disadvantaged. In doing so, the chapter commends the ‘advantaged remedy’ principle. Chapters 4 and 5 consider remedial institutions which the advantaged should strive to create and uphold. Chapter 4 focuses on one which we already have: the UN Global Compact. The chapter argues that this institution is necessary in the light of present global circumstances and also advances a set of principles appropriate to protect minimum human well-being. But it concludes that this reformist institution may turn out to be insufficient. Based on this conclusion, chapter 5 supports a more radical proposal: a market-socialist proposal offered by Leslie Sklair. Sklair’s account, however, does not explain why it is market socialism, rather than a non-market alternative, that should be pursued. Neither does it show how market-socialist institutions would remedy the global-systemic problems that are likely to afflict the disadvantaged. The chapter offers answers to these questions by drawing on David Miller (for the first question) and David Schweickart (for the second question). The chapter then argues that market socialism, if accompanied by an appropriate ethos, would serve to remedy the situation of the global disadvantaged. Meanwhile, the shift to market socialism would, and should, take time. So, this project concludes by considering a supplementary institution that may need to be implemented in the meantime: an ecological space tax.
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Ilag, Greg M. "An examination of the entity participants' collaborative partnerships within the United Nations Global Compact." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3736712.
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<p> The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine the factors that influence the collaborative partnership effectiveness (CPE) among entity participants of the UN Global Compact (Global Compact). A survey hosted in the internet SurveyMonkey website was used to collect the data from 90 Global Compact participants. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software Version 21.0 for Windows. A combination of statistical tests such as multiple linear regressions (MLR) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to provide answers to the three research questions: (a) to what extent collaboration readiness scores predict willingness and ability to collaborate, (b) to what extent differences in CPE scores exist in participant’s job title or position, and (c) to what extent differences in CPE scores exist in entity’s amount of experience. Research results showed statistical evidence that collaboration readiness is a significant predictor of participants’ willingness and ability to collaborate effectively. Other findings of the study indicated that job title or position had no significant difference in CPE. CEOs and other positions showed statistically similar readiness, as well as willingness and ability to collaborate effectively. Additional findings indicated that experience was not a significant factor in CPE. Participants with lesser number of collaboration experiences were equally ready, willing, and able to collaborate compared to those participants who had greater number of collaboration experiences. </p>
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Testa, Valentina <1985>. "Analisi degli indici di bilancio GRI e Global Compact, con attenzione agli stakeholder interessati." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4884.
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In funzione della sostenibilità, la trasparenza è diventata l'imperativo di ogni organizzazione che
opera nei mercati nazionali ed internazionali: i clienti, gli utenti, gli operatori finanziari, gli
investitori, le Istituzioni e più in generale la collettività si aspettano informazioni sempre più chiare,
integrate, complete e tempestive, in merito all'attività svolta e al contributo delle aziende allo
sviluppo sostenibile.
Il sottolineare come i diversi indici di bilancio interessino i diversi stakeholder risulta
indispensabile per dimostrare quanto essi siano utili e necessari per comprendere il reale
contributo della sostenibilità nella sua interezza e, quindi, nelle variabili sociali, ambientali ed
economiche.
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Morère, Olivier André Luc. "Deep learning compact and invariant image representations for instance retrieval." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066406.
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Nous avons précédemment mené une étude comparative entre les descripteurs FV et CNN dans le cadre de la recherche par similarité d’instance. Cette étude montre notamment que les descripteurs issus de CNN manquent d’invariance aux transformations comme les rotations ou changements d’échelle. Nous montrons dans un premier temps comment des réductions de dimension (“pooling”) appliquées sur la base de données d’images permettent de réduire fortement l’impact de ces problèmes. Certaines variantes préservent la dimensionnalité des descripteurs associés à une image, alors que d’autres l’augmentent, au prix du temps d’exécution des requêtes. Dans un second temps, nous proposons la réduction de dimension emboitée pour l’invariance (NIP), une méthode originale pour la production, à partir de descripteurs issus de CNN, de descripteurs globaux invariants à de multiples transformations. La méthode NIP est inspirée de la théorie pour l’invariance “i-theory”, une théorie mathématique proposée il y a peu pour le calcul de transformations invariantes à des groupes au sein de réseaux de neurones acycliques. Nous montrons que NIP permet d’obtenir des descripteurs globaux compacts (mais non binaires) et robustes aux rotations et aux changements d’échelle, que NIP est plus performants que les autres méthodes à dimensionnalité équivalente sur la plupart des bases de données d’images. Enfin, nous montrons que la combinaison de NIP avec la méthode de hachage RBMH proposée précédemment permet de produire des codes binaires à la fois compacts et invariants à plusieurs types de transformations. La méthode NIP+RBMH, évaluée sur des bases de données d’images de moyennes et grandes échelles, se révèle plus performante que l’état de l’art, en particulier dans le cas de descripteurs binaires de très petite taille (de 32 à 256 bits)<br>Image instance retrieval is the problem of finding an object instance present in a query image from a database of images. Also referred to as particular object retrieval, this problem typically entails determining with high precision whether the retrieved image contains the same object as the query image. Scale, rotation and orientation changes between query and database objects and background clutter pose significant challenges for this problem. State-of-the-art image instance retrieval pipelines consist of two major steps: first, a subset of images similar to the query are retrieved from the database, and second, Geometric Consistency Checks (GCC) are applied to select the relevant images from the subset with high precision. The first step is based on comparison of global image descriptors: high-dimensional vectors with up to tens of thousands of dimensions rep- resenting the image data. The second step is computationally highly complex and can only be applied to hundreds or thousands of images in practical applications. More discriminative global descriptors result in relevant images being more highly ranked, resulting in fewer images that need to be compared pairwise with GCC. As a result, better global descriptors are key to improving retrieval performance and have been the object of much recent interest. Furthermore, fast searches in large databases of millions or even billions of images requires the global descriptors to be compressed into compact representations. This thesis will focus on how to achieve extremely compact global descriptor representations for large-scale image instance retrieval. After introducing background concepts about supervised neural networks, Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) and deep learning in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 will present the design principles and recent work for the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which recently became the method of choice for large-scale image classification tasks. Next, an original multistage approach for the fusion of the output of multiple CNN is proposed. Submitted as part of the ILSVRC 2014 challenge, results show that this approach can significantly improve classification results. The promising perfor- mance of CNN is largely due to their capability to learn appropriate high-level visual representations from the data. Inspired by a stream of recent works showing that the representations learnt on one particular classification task can transfer well to other classification tasks, subsequent chapters will focus on the transferability of representa- tions learnt by CNN to image instance retrieval…
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SOUZA, NADJA VALERIA DE. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND TRANSNATIONALIZATION: A CRITICAL READING OF THE UN GLOBAL COMPACT IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20306@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>Os últimos 40 anos propiciaram a difusão, ao redor do mundo, de idéias e
práticas de responsabilidade social corporativa, nas quais empresas e organizações
empresariais (principalmente, mas não só) atuam de forma voluntária na solução
de problemas tidos como globais e, portanto, compartilhados. Estas empresas,
vistas como agentes próprios da globalização, contribuem para a multiplicação de
mecanismos de convencimento de opinião por meio da formação de
subjetividades coletivas e de processos de negociação que se dão em contextos de
poder desiguais, e que, portanto, implicam tensões hegemônicas entre atores
sociais com pesos políticos, econômicos e interesses distintos. Este estudo busca,
então, verificar como se dão estas tensões no seio do Estado e da sociedade civil
brasileira em torno da ideologia do capitalismo global socialmente responsável,
tendo por base a análise da criação Pacto Global da ONU e da sua atuação no
Brasil. Partimos do pressuposto de que os atores nacionais e locais são agentes
eficientes para a globalização que vinculam o desenvolvimento do capitalismo
global à implantação de uma agenda social e, simultaneamente, possibilitam a
criação de um espaço de negociações, conflitos, resistências e (re)adaptações em
torno da formulação de estratégias e diretrizes de atuação para o capital
transnacional e para as empresas que se pretendem socialmente responsáveis.<br>The last 40 years fostered the dissemination around the world of ideas and
practices of corporate social responsibility, in which companies and business
organizations (mainly but not only) act voluntarily in the solution of problems
considered as global, and therefore shared. These companies, seen as agents of
globalization, contribute to the proliferation of mechanisms of persuasion through
the formation of collective subjectivities and through negotiation processes that
take place in contexts of unequal power, and consequently, involve competition
for hegemony between social actors with different interests and political and
economic weights. This research seeks, then, to verify how this process of
struggle over the ideology of socially responsible global capitalism takes place
within the Brazilian state and the Brazilian civil society, based on the analysis of
the creation of the United Nations Global Compact and its performance in Brazil.
Our initial assumption is that the national and local actors are effective agents for
globalization that link the development of global capitalism to the implementation
of a social agenda and, simultaneously, allow the creation of a space for
negotiation, conflict, resistance and (re) adaptation around the formulation of
strategies and guidelines for transnational capital actions and companies who want
to be considered as socially responsible enterprises.
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Morère, Olivier André Luc. "Deep learning compact and invariant image representations for instance retrieval." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066406.
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Nous avons précédemment mené une étude comparative entre les descripteurs FV et CNN dans le cadre de la recherche par similarité d’instance. Cette étude montre notamment que les descripteurs issus de CNN manquent d’invariance aux transformations comme les rotations ou changements d’échelle. Nous montrons dans un premier temps comment des réductions de dimension (“pooling”) appliquées sur la base de données d’images permettent de réduire fortement l’impact de ces problèmes. Certaines variantes préservent la dimensionnalité des descripteurs associés à une image, alors que d’autres l’augmentent, au prix du temps d’exécution des requêtes. Dans un second temps, nous proposons la réduction de dimension emboitée pour l’invariance (NIP), une méthode originale pour la production, à partir de descripteurs issus de CNN, de descripteurs globaux invariants à de multiples transformations. La méthode NIP est inspirée de la théorie pour l’invariance “i-theory”, une théorie mathématique proposée il y a peu pour le calcul de transformations invariantes à des groupes au sein de réseaux de neurones acycliques. Nous montrons que NIP permet d’obtenir des descripteurs globaux compacts (mais non binaires) et robustes aux rotations et aux changements d’échelle, que NIP est plus performants que les autres méthodes à dimensionnalité équivalente sur la plupart des bases de données d’images. Enfin, nous montrons que la combinaison de NIP avec la méthode de hachage RBMH proposée précédemment permet de produire des codes binaires à la fois compacts et invariants à plusieurs types de transformations. La méthode NIP+RBMH, évaluée sur des bases de données d’images de moyennes et grandes échelles, se révèle plus performante que l’état de l’art, en particulier dans le cas de descripteurs binaires de très petite taille (de 32 à 256 bits)<br>Image instance retrieval is the problem of finding an object instance present in a query image from a database of images. Also referred to as particular object retrieval, this problem typically entails determining with high precision whether the retrieved image contains the same object as the query image. Scale, rotation and orientation changes between query and database objects and background clutter pose significant challenges for this problem. State-of-the-art image instance retrieval pipelines consist of two major steps: first, a subset of images similar to the query are retrieved from the database, and second, Geometric Consistency Checks (GCC) are applied to select the relevant images from the subset with high precision. The first step is based on comparison of global image descriptors: high-dimensional vectors with up to tens of thousands of dimensions rep- resenting the image data. The second step is computationally highly complex and can only be applied to hundreds or thousands of images in practical applications. More discriminative global descriptors result in relevant images being more highly ranked, resulting in fewer images that need to be compared pairwise with GCC. As a result, better global descriptors are key to improving retrieval performance and have been the object of much recent interest. Furthermore, fast searches in large databases of millions or even billions of images requires the global descriptors to be compressed into compact representations. This thesis will focus on how to achieve extremely compact global descriptor representations for large-scale image instance retrieval. After introducing background concepts about supervised neural networks, Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) and deep learning in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 will present the design principles and recent work for the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which recently became the method of choice for large-scale image classification tasks. Next, an original multistage approach for the fusion of the output of multiple CNN is proposed. Submitted as part of the ILSVRC 2014 challenge, results show that this approach can significantly improve classification results. The promising perfor- mance of CNN is largely due to their capability to learn appropriate high-level visual representations from the data. Inspired by a stream of recent works showing that the representations learnt on one particular classification task can transfer well to other classification tasks, subsequent chapters will focus on the transferability of representa- tions learnt by CNN to image instance retrieval…
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Jonasson, Isabelle, and Mikaela Gustafsson. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY : Vilken information lämnas i årsredovisningen av svenska företag?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8823.
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<p>ÄMNE</p><p>Vilken information om Corporate Social Responsibility lämnas i årsredovisningen av svenska företag? Hur följer företagen riktlinjerna Global Reporting Initiative och UN Global Compact? Vilka motiv kan företagen ha för att lämna information om CSR i årsredovisningen?</p><p>SYFTE</p><p>Syftet är att rekapitulera studien ”Corporate Social Responsibility - vilken information lämnas i årsredovisningen av företagen på Stockholmsbörsens A-lista”, Göteborgs Universitet 2005, genom att kartlägga och jämföra CSR-redovisningen hos de företag från den dåvarande A- listan som idag är noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Utifrån en utarbetad checklista skall undersökas vilken information som företag lämnar samt vilka skillnader som finns mellan företag och över tiden.</p><p>GENOMFÖRANDE</p><p>Undersökningen bygger på kvantitativ och kvalitativ innehållsanalys av årsredovisningar. Årsredovisningarna har analyserats efter en utarbetad checklista som bygger på indikatorer och principer från GRI och UN Global Compact.</p><p>SLUTSATSER</p><p>Studien visar att det råder stora skillnader mellan företag och den mängd CSR-information de publicerar i sin årsredovisning. Sedan 2004 har en svag ökning skett av mängden information som redovisas, denna ökning återfinns främst inom branschen industri.</p><p>NYCKELORD</p><p>Corporate Social Responsibility, Global Reporting Initiative, UN Global Compact, årsredovisning</p>
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Ullisch, Nicola, and Astrid Radunski. "Auswertiges Amt ; KFW: „Der Global Compact: public responsibility oder public relations?" <2003, Berlin> / [Tagungsbericht]." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5573/.
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Tagungsbericht:
Auswertiges Amt ; KFW: „Der Global Compact: public responsibility oder public relations?" <2003, Berlin> / veranstaltet vom Auswärtigen Amt und der Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) am 9. September 2003.
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Mey, Jan. "Law and the extension of the human presence with Moon 2.0 - update to Global Compact 2.0?" Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21973.
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In 1969, humans set foot on the lunar surface for the first time. The space race of the cold war era was at its peak with Moon 1.0. Almost four decades later, there is renewed interest in returning to the Moon and going beyond. This time, the extension of the human presence into outer space is meant to be permanent and sustainable. Space exploration is to be brought into the economic sphere with Moon 2.0. The activities of the public sector mainly represented in the Global Exploration Strategy and those of the private sector, which have been highlighted by the Google Lunar X PRIZE are surveyed and contrasted against the core international legal framework. Arguing that the private sector can play a unique role in reconciling inclusive social interests for the benefit of mankind with their current exclusive economic priorities, the United Nations Global Compact is offered as a suitable gateway.<br>C'est en 1969 que l'homme a mis pieds sur la lune pour la première fois. La course vers l'espace à l'époque de la guerre froide était a son apogée avec Lune 1.0. Près de quatre décades plus tard, l'intérêt de retourner vers la lune et d'aller même encore plus loin est de nouveau réveillé. Cette fois-ci, on a l'intention d'assurer l'extension de la présence humaine dans l'espace de façon permanente et durable. L'exploration spatiale doit gagner une dimension économique avec Lune 2.0. Les activités du secteur public représentées surtout par la Stratégie mondiale d'exploration et celles secteur privé qui ont été mises en évidence par le concours Google Lunar X PRIZE, sont examinées et comparées au principes fondamentales du droit international. Invoquant l'argument que le secteur privé peut jouer un rôle unique en conciliant les intérêts sociaux pour le bienfait de l'humanité et les priorités économiques actuelles excluantes, le Pacte Mondial des Nations Unies est proposé comme moyen d'accès approprié.
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Gustafsson, Jessica, and Herta Sjöstrand. "Vilka faktorer kan förklara att svenska noterade SME:s frivilligt hållbarhetsrapporterar? : -En kvantitativ studie om förklarande faktorer." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26106.
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Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka faktorer som kan förklara att svenska noterade SME frivilligt hållbarhetsrapporterar. Metod: Den här studien utgår från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi och tillämpar en deduktiv ansats. För att besvara syftet i studien har en kvantitativ metod tillämpats genom en innehållsanalys och hypotesprövningar via en logistisk regressionsanalys. Data inhämtas från räkenskapsåret 2016 och består av både primärdata från företags årsredovisningar samt sekundärdata från databasen Retriever. Populationen i studien är 188 stycken noterade SME:s på segmenten Small- och MidCap på Nasdaq Stockholm varav det är 49 antal företag som hållbarhetsrapporterar. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att storlek spelar en viss roll till SME:s benägenhet att frivilligt hållbarhetsrapportera. Studien fann att det råder ett svagt positivt samband med statistisk signifikans mellan storlek och frivillig hållbarhetsrapportering bland företagen på segmentet SmallCap. Dessvärre fann inte denna studie någon statistisk signifikans för de oberoende variablerna tillväxt, lönsamhet och skuldsättningsgrad samt kontrollvariabeln bransch mellan dem och frivillig hållbarhetsrapportering. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens praktiska bidrag ger företagsledare hos noterade SME:s i Sverige en utökad kunskap om området och en insikt i hur olika faktorer kan ge en förklaring till att SME:s hållbarhetsrapporterar. Det teoretiska bidraget delger ett svar på syftet i studien och visar på att faktorn storlek till viss del kan förklara att noterade SME:s i Sverige frivilligt hållbarhetsrapporterar. Faktorerna tillväxt, lönsamhet och skuldsättningsgrad kan till skillnad från storlek inte förklara något då inga samband visats denna studie. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: En begränsning är att det enbart var 49 stycken som hållbarhetsrapporterar av studiens population om 188 stycken företag från år 2016. Denna studie kodade sin beroende variabel med 1 om ett företag hållbarhetsrapporterar och med 0 om det inte gör det. En begränsning blir att det enbart går att se om de hållbarhetsrapportar eller inte efter de kriterier som studien har vid kodningen. Det vill säga att det inte går att urskilja hur mycket företagen hållbarhetsrapporterar. Förslag till vidare forskning är att göra en ny studie när lagändringarna gällande stora företags tvång till hållbarhetsrapportering har fått effekt på dem som inte ställs under lagen, det vill säga mindre företag som frivilligt hållbarhetsrapporterar. Förhoppningsvis blir det fler företag på segmenten Small- och MidCap som frivilligt hållbarhetsrapporterar. Ett förslag är att utforma ett index med hjälp av en innehållsanalys för att kunna gradera dem efter hur mycket de hållbarhetsrapporterar. Dessutom gick denna studie till största del inte i linje med de utformade hypoteserna eller till stor del med vad den tidigare forskningen har visat, vilket sig bland annat att kan bero på hur variablerna blivit mätta. Ytterligare förslag till den vidare forskningen är att eventuellt välja andra faktorer utifrån den tidigare forskningen eller att använda sig av samma faktorer men mäta dem på annat sätt.<br>Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate determinant factors that can explain why some Swedish listed SME:s sustainability reports voluntary. Method: This study is based on positivist research philosophy and applies a deductive approach. In order to respond to the purpose of the study a quantitative method has been used through a content analysis and hypothesis tests through a logistic regression analysis. The collection of data was from 2016 and consists of both primary data from company annual reports and secondary data from the database Retriever. The population of the study is 188 listed SME:s in the Small- and MidCap segment of Nasdaq Stockholm. Result & Conclusions: The result of the study shows that size plays a certain role in SME:s inclination to report sustainability voluntarily. The study found that there was a positive correlation with statistical significance between size and sustainability reporting voluntary among the companies in the SmallCap segment. Unfortunately, this study did not find any statistical significance for the independent variables growth, profitability and debt ratio as well as the control variable business sector between them and sustainability reporting voluntary. Contribution of the thesis: The practical contribution from this study gives business leaders in Swedish listed SME:s an expanded knowledge of the area and an insight into how different determinant factors can explain that SME:s sustainability reports voluntary . The theoretical contribution gives an answer to the purpose of the study and shows that the size partly can explain that Swedish listed SME:s sustainability reports voluntary. The determinant factors growth, profitability and debt ratio, unlike to size do not explain anything since no relationship has been found. Suggestions for future research: One limitation is that there were only 49 out of 188 companies from 2016 that sustainability reports voluntarily. This study encoded its dependent variable by 1 point if companies sustainability reports or with 0 point if it did not. A further limitation is that it is only possible to see the sustainability reports or not, according to the criteria during the encoding process. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish how much companies report sustainability. Suggestions for further research is to undertake a new study when the changes in the law regarding large companies compulsion to sustainability reporting have impacted on those not subject to the law, that is smaller companies as voluntary sustainability reports. Hopefully, there will be more companies in the Small- and MidCap segments who sustainability reports voluntary. One suggestion is to design an index by using a content analysis to grade them according to the amount of sustainability reports. In addition, this study was largely not in line with the assumptions or largely based on what the previous research has shown, which may be due to how the variables have been measured. Additional suggestions for the further research to possibly choose other factors or choose the same but measure them differently.
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Pekkarinen, Topi, and Rickard Ålund. "CSR : Företagens motiv och effekten på anseendet." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6247.
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<p><strong>Bakgrund och Problem</strong></p><p>CSR står för "<em>Corporate Social Responsibility</em>" och innefattar företags sociala, etiska och miljömässiga arbete. Då CSR och särredovisningen av CSR är juridiskt frivilligt för företag uppkom frågor gällande bakomliggande motiv. Eftersom CSR- arbete kostar pengar väcktes ett intresse för att studera konceptets förtjänst. Utifrån förförståelse grundades en uppfattning om att det kan vara så att anseendet påverkas. Om inte så skulle företag i större utsträckning ta ansvaret i det tysta, och inte ta på sig de merkostnader som tillkommer med särredovisningen. Dessa tankar gav upphovet till studiens frågeställningar.</p><p><strong>Frågeställningar</strong></p><p>Vilka företagsstrategiska motiv ligger till grund för CSR- satsningar och hur förmedlas dem samt vilka är effekterna av konceptet CSR?</p><p><strong>Syfte</strong></p><p>Syftet med studien är att beskriva vad utvalda företag förmedlar med sin CSR- redovisning, och vilka motiv som ligger till grund för dessa. Studien syftar även till att försöka förstå och utvärdera det företagen förmedlar samt hur varumärket och samhället påverkas av effekterna.</p><p><strong>Fokus</strong></p><p>Studien har en tydlig fokusering på redovisning. Alltså redovisning av CSR och de företag som redovisat sina CSR- satsningar. Det finns företag som jobbar med sociala, etiska och miljömässiga program i det tysta. Dessa företag är svårstuderade och vi har därför medvetet valt bort att studera dem. </p><p><strong>Metod</strong></p><p>Detta är en kvalitativ undersökning som börjar i teorin och testas genom dokumentstudier och intervjuer med fyra företag, som alla aktivt arbetar med CSR. Då studien är baserad på det företagssociala, har även en enkätundersökning med 70 respondenter utförts för att se hur CSR påverkar ett företags anseende. </p><p><strong>Slutsatser</strong></p><p>CSR- arbete är ofta baserat på långsiktiga strategier. Motiven är sällan sådana att de kan uppfattas som altruistiska eller filantropiska. Förtjänsten är svår att mäta men kostnaderna bör ses som investeringar i varumärket såsom marknadsföring. För ett välfungerande CSR- arbete krävs integrering i hela verksamheten. Studien visar på att en skandal som är motsatsen till ett företags uttalade positiva profil, gör stor skada. </p>
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Frauenkron, Katrin, and Bernd Krippner. "MRZ ; DGVN: „Global Compact - Wirksame Selbstregulierung der Konzerne oder Ausverkauf der UNO? <2004, Potsdam> / [Tagungsbericht]." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5600/.
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Tagungsbericht:
Frauenkron, Katrin ; Krippner, Bernd: „Global Compact - Wirksame Selbstregulierung der Konzerne oder Ausverkauf der UNO? <2004, Potsdam> / Podiumsdiskussion vom MRZ und DGVN am 23. Juni 2004.
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Rimber, Kimberly Wangeci. "Unbearing burden of the refugee crisis on developing countries: Is the global compact on refugees the solution?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32543.
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This research analyses the Global Compact on Refugees("GCR"), adopted in 2018 by the United Nations General Assembly. It aims to discuss whether the document, a non-legal document offers durable solutions to developing countries who host more than 80% of the world´s refugees and asylum seekers population. The paper does this by outlining the key components of the GCR, doing a comparative study of Kenya and Jordan, and looking at what impact the GCR might have had on the programs already running in Kenya and Jordan. The two countries were chosen as they were part of the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework countries, which greatly influenced the development of the GCR. The paper comes to the conclusion that the GCR has great potential in dealing with the Refugee crisis in the world, but this is hinged on the political will of the developed countries and international cooperation. The research underlines topical issues in international refugee protection such as "accidents of geography" that leads to most refugees seeking refuge in neighbouring countries, which more often are not are developing countries. The research paper further gives the strengths of the GCR, critiques it and gives recommendations based on the comparative studies.
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Steffan, Joerg. "Gesellschaftspolitische Mitverantwortung von multinationalen Unternehmen in Entwicklungsländern - Leitideen, praktische Ansatzpunkte und Grenzen." St. Gallen, 2004. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01654409001/$FILE/01654409001.pdf.
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Wimby, Schmidt Johanna. "Blueberries of Wrath : An examination of the complexity in the Swedish berry industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31376.
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In the early 21st Century Sweden’s daily press was full of articles of Asian migrant workers that was picking berries in the north of the country. It was reported that the pickers was exploited by the industry and that it was complete chaos in the berry forests and that no one wanted to take responsible for the situation. As one measurement the Swedish Board of Migration adopted guidelines of how to import work force. The guidelines had a positive effect. The guidelines, however, also created a new problem a now shifted focus to another group of pickers: migrant workers from poor member-states of the European Union. This research partly aims to find out who is the responsible for the situation and who can do something that can improve the situation. Further, the research aim to find out why so many Easter European chose Sweden as country to work in, and then if the Swedish Board of Migrations guidelines actual effect of the migration flow. As a part of a solution for the berry pickers a few organization stands out, namely the ones that a company can use to clean their name with if they connect themselves to. This research then also aim to understand to find out if those organizations can make a positive impact of the situation. Mainly daily press has been used as the main source to create a framework over the situation. The analysis is made from the statements found in the large share of different sources available, but also through Swedish rules, politicians and the workers and theories of migration. In order to put the situation in Sweden in a larger context, a comparison with Austria is made. The final conclusion of the research is somehow devastating. There is still a hassle to understand who can be put in charge of the wheel, but the aftermath is that in the end the actor with most power in the industry might be the consumer of the berries.
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Mboya, Meshack Kathama. "Implementing the UN Global Compact: role of the law of contract in promoting sustainability in international supply chains." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28029.
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This paper analyses the need for multinationals to adopt and fully implement the UN Global Compact principles in their operations by influencing sustainability down their international supply chains. This analysis is premised on the various theories supporting the adoption of sustainable business practices by businesses in terms of labour, human rights, environmental responsibility and anti-corruption. The objective of the analysis is to propose the applicable law of contract tools that the multinationals can use to implement their sustainability commitments down international supply chains. Since the supply chain partners of these multinationals are distinct entities operating independently and only dealing with the multinationals through contracts, the paper proposes that sustainability can be influenced through the use of such contracts. In this, the paper appraises conditions precedent and express contractual terms as the law of contract tools that can best be utilized by multinationals in influencing supply chain sustainability. The paper shows that these tools can be utilized to guarantee that supply chain partners operate sustainably and in a manner that implements the sustainability commitments of the focal firm - the multinational. Against the background of the already existing systems, this study illustrates that the proposed tools can be used to strengthen the existing systems and especially the use of supplier codes of conduct. It also demonstrates that the effective use of these tools guarantees the adoption of sustainable practices and systems that eventually make the entire supply chain sustainable. The paper concludes that the use of these tools will guarantee the implementation of sustainability commitments, as based on the UN Global Compact, in international supply chains.
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Kayhan, Merve, and Ivana Stevanovic. "Hållbarhet inom företagsförvärv : En jämförelse av påverkan på abnormal avkastning inom förvärvande företag vid tillkännagivande av företagsförvärv inom tre branscher." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41278.
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This study examines whether there is a difference in the impact on the cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) when announcing merger and acquisitions for companies that are members and companies that are non-members of UN Global Compact. Furthermore, the study examines the development of CAAR by dividing the acquiring companies in the financial-, industrial-, and high-technology industries. To examine this, a quantitative method with an event study is applied. In total, CAAR is examined for 204 acquisitions where 102 acquisitions are announced by companies that are connected to UN Global Compact 10 principles. All of the acquisitions have been announced between the period 2009-01-01 to 2019-12-31. The hypotheses regarding differences in abnormal returns in the financial, industrial and high-technology industry have been tested in a significance tests and presented in tables and graphs. The results of the study shows that companies that are members, regardless of industry, are negative affected by the announcement of merger and acquisitions. Furthermore, there is differences in how CAAR for members and non-members are affected by the announcement of acquisitions depending on the industry in which the companies are located. The conclusion is that non-members present the highest values of CAAR in all industries but significance can only be showed in the industrial industry. Significance can be showed for members in all industries.<br>Denna studie undersöker om det föreligger skillnad i påverkan på den genomsnittliga kumulativa abnormala avkastningen (CAAR) vid tillkännagivande av företagsförvärv för företag som är medlemmar respektive icke medlemmar i UN Global Compact. Vidare undersöker studien utvecklingen i CAAR genom att dela in de förvärvande företagen inom finans-, industri- och högteknologiska branschen. Metoden som valts ut är en kvantitativ metod där en eventstudie tillämpas. Totalt undersöks CAAR för 204 stycken förvärv, där 102 stycken förvärv är utannonserade av företag som är anslutna till UN Global Compacts tio principer. Alla förvärv har utannonserats mellan perioden 2009-01-01 till och med 2019-12-31. För att undersöka ställda hypoteser har tabeller och diagram upprättats där signifikans har blivit säkerställd genom ett signifikanstest. Resultaten av undersökningen visar att företag som är medlemmar, oberoende av bransch, påverkas negativt med anledning av tillkännagivande av förvärv, där påverkan även statistiskt kan säkerställas med en signifikans på 90%. Vidare påvisas skillnader i hur medlemmar respektive icke medlemmars CAAR påverkas av tillkännagivande av förvärv beroende på vilken bransch företagen befinner sig inom. Slutsatsen blir att icke medlemmar uppvisar högst värden av CAAR inom samtliga branscher men signifikans kan endast påvisas inom industribranschen. För medlemmar kan signifikans påvisas inom samtliga branscher.
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Galindo, Abarca Maria Fernanda. "Neo-institutionalism and corporate responsibility initiatives : the case of cement corporations in Mexico adopting the United Nations Global Compact." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/63681/.
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This study adds to institutional theory. It addresses the paradox of embedded agency, which has been central in the study of institutions and organizations, i.e. how can actors change institutions when they are conditioned by the same institution they are trying to change? This debate is addressed by analyzing the process organizations follow when adopting the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). The research is based on theory generation from case study evidence. It is an interpretative study based on four cases of adoption of the UNGC in the cement industry in Mexico. The study takes into account the interaction between three levels of analysis: field; organizational; and individual. Early neo-institutional studies neglected intra-organizational phenomena. However, this study shows how individual behavior provides the micro-foundations necessary to address the paradox of embedded agency. The study relates theory to practice. It offers insight to the principle- and reporting-based Corporate Responsibility Initiatives (“CRIs”) phenomenon; there is no prior research on the process organizations follow when adopting these initiatives. This research constructs a model, showing how principle- and reporting-based CRIs are translated, not diffused, when incorporated by organizations. The process of translation explains how initiatives are reshaped and reinvented when taken-up by individuals in organizations. However the diffusion model is more accepted among managers, mainly because it offers the illusion of control, while the translation model shows the uncertainty and ambiguity of the adoption process (Czarniawska, 2008). At the individual-level, this study shows the active role of individuals in change processes. It explains how the recursive relationship between the actions of translators intending to change institutionalized practices, and the resistance they encounter, feeds the translation process. Translators are embedded in the organization and are reproducing established activities. But they use their embeddedness to overcome resistance and change the taken-for-granted way of working. At the organizational-level, this empirical study shows how change is a way of achieving the substantive implementation of newly adopted initiatives, and how resistance promotes change. The study shows how institutional pressures are influential; they result in processual isomorphism. The four organizations, despite their different governance structures, are following the same translation process. However, this study links the macro-processes of isomorphism to the microprocesses explaining intra-organizational phenomena; it finds that homogeneous processes also result in heterogeneous actions. The specific activities implemented by each organization are idiosyncratic. These heterogeneous actions are the result of the interaction between the institutional environment and the resistance encountered by translators within the organization. In this way, this study shows how the UNGC is impacting organizational practices. How much organizations benefit from joining the UNGC depends on the level of development of their CSR programs and strategies at the time of the UNGC's adoption.
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Johansson, Emma. "Flying Carpets from East to West : An Examination on Corporate Social Responsibility within the Indian Carpet Industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-22020.
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Corporate social responsibility is a concept widely discussed by businesses and has come to describe the relationship between business and society. For some it means the idea o legal responsibility, an ethical behaviour and some equate it with charitable contribution. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (Hopkins, 2007: 25) defines CSR as follows: "Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large." The relationship is increasingly striving to counteract a variety of problems that are associated with the contemporary globalization, such as violation of human and labour rights along with environmental challenges and is well-mentioned both by academics and businessmen. Within the Indian carpet industry, child labour has become a hot topic due to major scandals on the issues in the 1990s. Though, the meaning of corporate social responsibility is less common. The purpose of this study is to examine the Indian carpet industry’s awareness and use of the international agenda of corporate social responsibility, hence how the carpet export houses approach the responsibility. Also, the purpose is to examine how the carpet weavers are affected by the policies and actions of the export houses. A field study with an ethnographical approach has been conducted through the use of interviews and observations in the district of Bhadohi, state of Uttar Pradesh in India. The interviewees consisted of workers working with the finishing processes of carpets at two export houses’ factories as well as carpet weavers at the looms in the villages. The findings from the interviews were analyzed through the use of parts of the Sustainable Livelihood Framework and with this approach the weavers’ access to assets is analyzed in relation to the export houses’ applying of the international agenda of CSR, more precise in this study, the UN Global Compact’s principles of CSR. The main findings from this study show that the CSR principles of the UN Global Compact were followed to different extents by the export houses since they are prioritizing some principles before others. The distribution of responsibilities differs depending on the management of the export house, mainly because of how the demands from the buyers and consumers look like. Also, the prioritizing of the export houses has become to affect the weavers’ socio-economic situation and for some the access to assets has increased. Furthermore, the study reveal that corporate social responsibility to a large extent is directed and influenced by the buyers’ and consumers’ (mainly stationed abroad in Western countries) demand. Thereby, through the complex system of sub-contracting, carpet weavers are affected differently since CSR is interpreted and used in various ways that are considered as most “suitable” to the export house.
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Gezelius, Moa, and Johanna Heimer. "Frivilliga regleringar i den svenska byggindustrin-hur påverkar de företagen? : En studie om hur den svenska byggindustrin integrerar den frivilliga regleringen Global Compact och huruvida nyinstitutionell teori kan förklara detta fenomen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217902.
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Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur företag inom den svenska byggindustrin integrerar Global Compact samt huruvida detta fenomen kan förklaras med delar av nyinstitutionell teori. Tidigare studier har påvisat svårigheter kring integreringen av frivilliga regleringar, såsom Global Compact, då de i stor utsträckning är utformade på ett övergripande och flexibelt sätt. Inom byggindustrin återfinns denna problematik, samtidigt som branschen de senaste åren gett hållbarhet ett ökat fokus. För att undersöka studiens syfte har vi gjort en fallstudie som inkluderar de tre största byggföretagen i Sverige. Resultatet visar att integreringen av Global Compact inom den svenska byggindustrin sker främst via uppförandekoder samt genom uttalade visioner och hållbarhetsaktiviteter, främst inom miljöområdet. Vidare tyder resultatet på att Global Compact har blivit en institutionaliserad norm bland de stora byggföretagen.
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Frauenkron, Katrin, and Bernd Krippner. "MRM ; DGVN: Podiumsdiskussion zum Thema „Global Compact - Wirksame Selbstregulierung der Konzerne oder Ausverkauf der UNO?" <2004, Potsdam> / [Tagungsbericht]." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5588/.
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Tagungsbericht:
Frauenkron, Katrin ; Krippner, Bernd: Podiumsdiskussion zum Thema „Global Compact - Wirksame Selbstregulierung der Konzerne oder Ausverkauf der UNO?" <2004, Potsdam> / veranst. vom MRZ Potsdam und DGVN am 23. Juni 2004.
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Nissim, Donata, and Tatenda Mugwira. "Sustainability reporting and the related challenges of the United Nations Global Compact signatories : A qualitative study in the Nordic region." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149361.
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Abstract Sustainability has been one of the most discussed topics among the business world and society for the last decade. The globally growing concern about sustainability related issues has led to businesses and non-businesses meet the demand of their stakeholders by producing a sustainability report to demonstrate their work and development in sustainability and how they have measured it. There has been a fast-growing trend of sustainability reporting in few years and there are a number of different initiatives and requirements that define what kind of sustainability reports are produced. From the different sustainability initiatives, the largest principle-based initiative is the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) with almost 13 000 signatories and the largest reporting-based initiative is the Global reporting initiative (GRI). These two initiatives entered in to a partnership in 2010 with the aim of the GRI providing guidance for the signatories on how to disclose information from different areas in sustainability in their sustainability reports. There has been previous research that criticized the UNGC to be too broad and the principles difficult to translate in to sustainability reporting despite the existing partnership with the GRI. These previous studies expressed the lack of qualitative studies about the subject especially from the signatories’ perspective and the importance of approaching the topic from a practical point of view. The purpose of our research study was to create an understanding of the practicalities in UNGC signatories’ sustainability reporting, the challenges they face in the progress and how are they approaching those challenges. The thesis focuses on the Nordic region and the two research questions are: How are the UNGC signatories practically translating the 10 principles into their sustainability reporting? What challenges do UNGC signatories find in sustainability reporting in general and how have they approached these challenges? To answer these research questions the authors conducted a qualitative study by semi-structured interviews with company representatives from different Nordic UNGC signatories. The research study identified how do they practically identify what to report about the principles which is determined by materiality assessment provided by the GRI framework. This determines what is material for the company and its industry and focus on those areas in their sustainability report. Legal requirements, internal regulations and other commitments were also identified guiding sustainability reporting. The main challenges related to the sustainability reporting were mainly about data related issues, satisfying the stakeholders and the high number of different frameworks and regulations that are not necessarily interrelated. Majority of the participants approached these challenges by carrying out the materiality assessment as accurate and clear as possible in order to avoid data related difficulties. Some participants offer their different stakeholders with sustainability related information by different forms in order to make the sustainability reporting easier to read and understand. For the high number of frameworks and regulations, the participants have expectations for alignment among them in the future in order to make the reporting easier for everyone involved with sustainability reporting. The results of our findings were supported by theories and concepts such as the stakeholder’s theory, signalling theory and the CSR concept. Previous studies about sustainability reporting and UNGC were also compared to our findings in the analysis.
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Tekleab, Tsehainesh. "Hållbart företagande : Analys av tre svenska bolags inkluderingsarbete." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323704.
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In this essay I analyse how three Swedish companies with different types of governance carry out work aimed at promoting inclusion with focus on gender and ethnicity. There are three study questions: How does the type of governance affect the inclusion work in terms of national and international law? How do the companies operate within the framework of social sustainability in order to combat a homogeneous composition in relation to promotion to higher positions? Do the implementation strategies of the studied companies differ? The conclusions are that the implementation strategies differ between the studied companies and that the type of governance exerts has significant influence on the implementation strategies to promote and enhance inclusion to higher positions. Successful implementation strategies are guided by the principal’s intentions as well as the agenda of the company management.<br>I uppsatsen analyserar jag hur tre svenska företag med skilda bolagsformer, inom ramen för sitt sociala ansvarstagande, bedriver inkluderingsarbete med fokus på kön och etnicitet. Studien har tre frågeställningar: Hur påverkar bolagsformen inkluderingsarbetet i förhållande till nationell rätt och folkrätt? Hur arbetar företagen inom ramen för sitt sociala hållbarhetsarbete i sitt försök att motverka eventuell homogen sammansättning vid befordran till högre positioner? Finns det skillnader mellan de studerade företagens implementeringsstrategier? Denna studie visar att bolagsformen och ägarstrukturen har en signifikant påverkan av val på implementeringsstrategier för att främja en ökad inkludering bland anställda i ledande positioner. Framgången med implementeringsstrategier styrs av såväl uppdragsgivares intentioner som bolagsledningens agenda.
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Unabia, Oliver. "The ''Petro Violence '' in the Oil rich Niger Delta of Nigeria : A Moral Accessment of the Conflict between Shell and Its Host Communities." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15668.
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<p><strong> ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>Niger Delta of Nigeria is a region characterized with conflict commonly conceptualized as ‘‘petro-violence’’. This violence between Shell and its host communities has lasted over four decades. While the activities of Shell and other oil companies destroy the ecology of the region , the oil producing communities demand improved explorative and exploitative activities of the companies, improved welfare for the people and compensation for the harm done to the ecology of the region. This work examines whether Shell can really be blamed for contributing to the conflict in the region and whether it is morally permissible for Business Corporation like Shell to engage in Corporate Social Responsibility.</p><p> </p>
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Ferreira, Débora Vargas. "Atitude socialmente responsável ou estratégia comercial: o caso do pacto global." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/3906.
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Previous issue date: 2008<br>The discussion about corporate obligations toward the various stakeholders began in the postindustrial era and developed to culminate in the creation of rules, regulations, programs and projects focusing on the dissemination and promotion of what we know today as corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this context, satisfying this new demand and adopting social policies emerge as a determining factor in defining organizational strategies. Nevertheless, some questions are raised when we examine the subject, such as: To what extent should organizations intervene in society? Is the decision for the organizations to adopt a socially responsible attitude really linked to promoting social well being, or is it only a commercial strategy? How does social marketing relate to CSR projects? The study herein, based on the concept and understanding of CSR theories, stakeholders and social marketing, has sought to find evidence of this relationship, in the light of the Global Compact (GC). It was decided to use the multi-case study methodology, considering the possibility of explaining the reasons why the decisions were taken, how they were implemented and what was the outcome. Interviews, supported by previously prepared scripts, were held with CSR managers, employees from other areas of the organizations, and specialists on the subject. Complementary research studies were made in various sources, such as the website of companies under analysis, their sustainability reports, and the GC websites in Brazil and the United Nations (UN). The results obtained show that the organizations have worked increasingly with CSR projects, but the efforts have not been focused. Special mention is given to the programs that create major impact on the company¿s image and reputation, such as projects competing for prizes and participating in the formation of rankings or socially responsible organizations. From the view of Carroll¿s Pyramid (1991) for CSR, it is found that the projects are predominantly focusing on ethical and philanthropic issues. The driving power of the GC, action based on learning, dialogue and partnership, is not to be found. This factor contributes to the statement that social marketing tools are used to build an ethical and socially responsible image, in detriment to effective action by the organizations to meet the social requirements of their stakeholders. The social marketing has as an objective to transform the way a specific public sees a social question and promotes behavior changes, but what has been seen is the use of marketing tools exclusively to promote the company's image.<br>A evolução do debate a respeito das obrigações das firmas com seus stakeholders, iniciada na era pós-industrial, culminou na criação de normas, padrões, programas e iniciativas com foco na disseminação e na promoção do que hoje se conhece por responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC). Neste contexto, o atendimento a essa demanda e a adoção de políticas sociais surgem como fatores determinantes na definição das estratégias organizacionais. Todavia, até que ponto as organizações devem intervir na sociedade? A decisão de assumir uma postura socialmente responsável está realmente ligada à promoção do bem-estar social ou é uma estratégia comercial? Como se dá a relação do marketing social com as iniciativas de RSC? O presente estudo buscou, a partir da conceituação e do entendimento das teorias de RSC, dos stakeholders e de marketing social, identificar evidências dessa relação, à luz do Pacto Global (PG). Optou-se pela utilização da metodologia de estudo de caso múltiplo em três empresas concessionárias do setor elétrico brasileiro, pela possibilidade de esclarecer os motivos pelos quais as decisões de participação no PG foram tomadas, como foram implementadas e com quais resultados. Foram realizadas entrevistas junto aos gestores de RSC, funcionários de outras áreas das empresas e especialistas no assunto, além de pesquisas em websites das empresas analisadas, seus relatórios de sustentabilidade e websites do PG no Brasil e na Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Os resultados mostram que as organizações têm trabalhado em iniciativas de RSC sem um foco definido, destacando-se os programas com maior impacto na imagem e na reputação da empresa, que concorrem a premiações e formação de rankings, e que sob a ótica da Pirâmide de Carroll (1991) são predominantemente voltados a questões éticas e filantrópicas. A atuação sob as bases do aprendizado, diálogo e parceria, proposta pelo PG, não é encontrada, o que contribui para afirmativa da utilização das ações de RSC na construção de uma imagem ética e socialmente responsável, em detrimento da atuação efetiva na superação das necessidades sociais de seus stakeholders. O marketing social tem como objetivo transformar a maneira pela qual um determinado público percebe uma questão social e promover mudanças comportamentais, mas o que se tem visto é a utilização das ferramentas de marketing exclusivamente para a promoção da imagem da organização.
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Viklund, Johan. "Corporate Responses to the Global Compact and the UN norms: A difference in preference? : A Case-study on corporations` response to voluntary and legally binding initiatives." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1460.
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<p>This paper examines corporate responses to the voluntary UN initiative; the Global Compact and the legally binding UN Norms initiative that are attempts, at the urging of the international community, at different types of regulation of corporate activity in international socio-economic settings. This examination is done within the framework of the Modern World-Systems theory and both questions of the paper are therefore grounded in the MWS theory`s possibility to predict and explain the corporations` response to the two initiatives. The two hypotheses used in this paper are corresponding to the questions and they state that the MWS theory can answer the two questions. The paper therefore employs an overreaching congruence method that uses the MWS theory to predict and explain the outcome of the case study and a complementary descriptive argumentation analysis. This is conducted in order to attain the data needed and to elucidate what the differences and similarities are between the two initiatives and what aspect can be attributed most explanatory value to understand the possible differences in attitude by the corporations. The outcome of the case study shows that corporations are more in favor of the Global Compact then they are concerning the UN norms which they opposes vehemently. This difference in reaction is attributed to the latter’s legally binding principle and this is in accord with the logic of the MWS theory which is granted high predictable and explanatory value concerning the corporations` response to the Global Compact and the UN norms.</p>
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Hößle, Ulrike [Verfasser]. "Der Beitrag des UN Global Compact zur Compliance internationaler Regime : Ein Vergleich von Unternehmen aus den USA, Mosambik, den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Deutschland / Ulrike Hößle." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/111005629X/34.
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Axelson, Elisabeth. "How the Nordic countries approach CSR and MSI : A study of firms’ CSR actions. The Nordic model." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232002.
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There is an increasing demand for the private sector to include corporate social responsibility in their business and everyday work. This thesis has studied the corporate responsibility of firms in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden), compared with firms in 18 other OECD countries. The results are then analysed by referring to the institutional framework that firms operate in; national and international institutions. In particular, the thesis aims at examining whether there is a distinctive Nordic approach towards CSR. The Nordic countries are argued to operate in a specific national business system, influenced by the welfare state model which also impact firms’ approach towards CSR. Furthermore, the role of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) is emphasized. National institutions are, due to increased globalization and awareness of global governance gaps, increasingly challenged by international institutions. To address this issue variables are collected from the MSI UN Global Compact (UNGC) Implementation Survey from 2017, the main variable being overall CSR actions the companies take, and more specifically with regard to human rights (HR), labour rights (LR), environment (EN) and anti-corruption (AC). A simple OLS with robust standard errors was performed to define the relationship between the variables. The result show both similarities and differences between the Nordic and OECD companies, but also differences to a larger extent than expected between the Nordic countries. The main contribution of this study is thus to highlight factors that influences companies’ CSR, with possible implications for policy makers as well as managers on a national and international level. Further research should elaborate and expand the CSR actions and compare on a cross-country level instead of a Nordic and OECD level and include companies in other MSIs.<br>Det finns ett ökat krav på den privata sektorn att inkludera CSR (corporate social responsibility = företags samhällsansvar) i deras verksamhet och dagliga arbete. Detta arbete har studerat de nordiska ländernas (Danmark, Finland, Norge och Sverige) företags hållbarhetsarbete och jämfört med företag i 18 OECD länder. Resultatet är sedan analyserat genom att referera till vilka institutionella ramverk som företag verkar inom; nationella och internationella institutioner. Framförallt, detta arbete har studerat om det finns ett distinkt nordiskt förhållningssätt till CSR. De nordiska länderna är omtalade av att verka i en speciell nationell struktur (national business system), påverkad av välfärdsmodellen och som i sin tur påverkar förtagens förhållningssätt till CSR. Följande, vilken roll multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) har är diskuterat. De nationella institutionerna är i dagenens kontext, med ökad globalisering och medvetenhet om globala problem som kräver globala lösningar, konfronterade med internationella institutioner. För att undersöka detta hämtades variablerna från MSI UN Global Compact (UNGC) Implementation Survey 2017 och huvudvariabeln är CSR aktiviteter inom hela CSR arbetet, men framförallt inom mänskliga rättigheter (human rights, HR), arbetsrättigheter (labour rights, LR), miljö (environment, EN) och anti-korruption (anti-corruption, AC). En vanlig OLS med robust standard errors användes för att bestämma sambandet mellan variablerna. Resultatet visar både likheter och skillnader mellan de nordiska och OECD länderna, men däremot visar resultatet mer skillnader mellan de nordiska länderna än förväntat. Det viktigaste bidraget med denna studie är att uppmärksamma de faktorer som påverkar företagets CSR, med vidare rekommendationer till beslutsfattare och managers på en nationell och internationell nivå. Fortsatta studier kan utveckla CSR aktiviteterna, jämföra på en nationell nivå istället för på en nordiska och OECD nivå, samt inkludera företag från andra MSIs.
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Dambrauskienė, Aelita. "Socialiai atsakingo verslo skatinimas ir įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_183805-94861.
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Atsakingo verslo idėja aktuali tiek viso pasaulio, tiek ir Lietuvos verslininkams, kaip veiksnys, didinantis įmonių konkurencingumą rinkoje. Ji gali padėti gerinti santykius su vartotojais, partneriais, investuotojais bei užtikrinti verslo ilgalaikiškumą ir stabilumą. Šiame darbe buvo stengiamasi, remiantis Lietuvos bei užsienio autorių moksliniais darbais, atskleisti socialinės atsakomybės sampratą, jos svarbą šiuolaikiniam verslui, išskyriau esminius socialinės atsakomybės teiginius ir teikiamą naudą, bei apžvelgiau ĮSA (CSR) taikymo sritis ir jose naudojamus principus. Taip pat darbe yra palyginama Lietuvos situaciją ĮSA kontekste su kitomis valstybėmis: Jungtinėmis Karalystėmis, Olandija, Belgija ir Latvija. Įvertinama kas yra pasiekta mūsų šalyje, skatinant socialinę atsakomybę, ir kokias ĮSA iniciatyvas dar reikia plėtoti ir įgyvendinti, remiantis užsienio šalių patirtimi. Lietuvoje socialinė atsakomybė kol kas nauja sąvoka ir dar gana neįprasti rūpesčiai verslo atstovams. Todėl Lietuvoje yra atlikta ne daug tyrimų apie socialiai atsakingo verslo skatinimą bei jo įgyvendinimą versle. Mano inicijuojamas tyrimo tikslas buvo indentifikuoti pagrindines ĮSA skatinimo priemones ir būdus, įvertinti jų reikšmę ir pritaikymą praktiškai, kartu pateikiant pasiūlymus, kas paspartinų ir sudarytų palankesnes sąlygas ĮSA plėtrai tarp Lietuvos įmonių. Tyrimas parodė, kad Lietuvoje vis dar trūksta supratimo ir informacijos apie socialinę atsakomybę, trūksta kompetetingų ĮSA specialistų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The scale of cultural values of the organizations in the advanced countries has expanded recently significantly in the XX century. The organizations began comprehend clearly that they are the part of the social system and that relations between the organization ant the society, and between different systems (ecosystem, technical) are very important. Therefore, in the scale of the organizational values the new value like social responsibility has appeared. The idea of the responsible business is relevant for Lithuanian businessmen and all the world businessmen as the factor which may increase the competetiveness between the companies. This idea may assist to improve relations with consumers, partners, investors and insure the stability of the business. The author in this work on the grounds of the studies Lithuanian and foreign authors discloses the concept of the social responsibility, its importance to modern business, emphasizes important statements about social responsibility and its benefit and surveys the application areas of ĮSA (CSR) and their principles. The author also compares in this work situation in Lithuania and in other countries (the United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, Latvia) on the subject of ĮSA. The author analyses the achievements in promoting social responsibility and ĮSA initiatives which the organizations need to promote and implement according to foreign practice. It should be mentioned that the social responsibility is quite new concept for Lithuanian... [to full text]
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Miotto, Giorgia. "Business Schools y Legitimidad. Análisis de los Informes de Responsabilidad Social de las Business Schools a partir de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404377.
Full textAbstract:
En els darrers anys, les Business Schools estan vivint una manca d'acceptació i legitimitat per part de la societat.
Una empresa aconsegueix la legitimitat quan actua de manera apropiada i desitjable en relació amb les percepcions i les necessitats del sistema social, i aconsegueix l'acceptació per part de la societat perquè compleix amb els valors, regles i significats del sistema.
Les empreses i, en particular, les Business Schools, han reaccionat a aquesta demanda de legitimitat potenciant el concepte de Responsabilitat Social, comunament conegut com RS.
Cal compartir constantment, amb els stakeholders, una conversa coherent i consistent, perquè "corporate moral legitimacy must be reproduced: by Placing corporations into public communication network" (Palazzo & Scherer, 2006, pàg. 82), especialment sota la influència de l'enorme flux d'informació que circula a les Xarxes Socials.
La nostra hipòtesi és que les Business Schools utilitzen els informes anuals de Responsabilitat Social i Sostenibilitat com una eina útil per establir un diàleg amb els stakeholders i com una manera per comunicar els impactes positius en la societat, en un entorn en el qual la transparència és un valor fonamental. Aquesta conversa té l'objectiu de recuperar l'acceptació i la legitimitat davant de la societat.
El 2015, Nacions Unides va demanar a les empreses convertir-se en "a force for good" per crear un món millor. Les companyies hauran de col·laborar per complir els "17 Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible" (ODS) que defineixen la nova Agenda de Desenvolupament Sostenible per a l'any 2030.
La nostra recerca se centra en l'àrea de la comunicació i mira a descriure les coincidències entre els 17 ODS i les temàtiques incloses en els informes de RS i Sostenibilitat de les millors Business Schools del món.
L'objectiu principal de la investigació és analitzar el relat que les Business Schools fan servir per legitimar el seu treball i la seva raison d'être.
El nostre estudi aplica els 17 ODS com codis d'anàlisi del contingut dels informes de RS de les millors Business Schools del món.
La investigació ha estat elaborada a través de la metodologia de l'anàlisi de contingut assistida pel Software CAQDAS as Atlas.ti.<br>En los últimos años, las Business Schools están viviendo una falta de aceptación y legitimidad por parte de la sociedad.
Una empresa alcanza la legitimidad cuando actúa de manera apropiada y deseable en relación con las percepciones y las necesidades del sistema social, y logra la aceptación por parte de la sociedad porque cumple con los valores, reglas y significados del sistema.
Las empresas y, en particular, las Business Schools, han reaccionado a esta demanda de legitimidad potenciando el concepto de Responsabilidad Social, comúnmente conocido como RS.
Es necesario compartir constantemente, con los stakeholders, una conversación coherente y consistente, porque “corporate moral legitimacy must be reproduced: by placing corporations into public communication network” (Palazzo & Scherer, 2006, p. 82), especialmente bajo la influencia del enorme flujo de información que circula en las Redes Sociales.
Nuestra hipótesis es que las Business Schools utilizan los informes anuales de Responsabilidad Social y Sostenibilidad como una herramienta útil para establecer un diálogo con los stakeholders y como una manera para comunicar los impactos positivos en la sociedad, en un entorno en el cual la transparencia es un valor fundamental. Esta conversación tiene el objetivo de recuperar la aceptación y la legitimidad frente a la sociedad.
En 2015, Naciones Unidas pidió a las empresas convertirse en “a force for good” para crear un mundo mejor. Las compañías tendrán que colaborar para cumplir los “17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible” (ODS) que definen la nueva Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible para el año 2030.
Nuestra investigación se centra en el área de la comunicación y mira a describir las coincidencias entre los 17 ODS y las temáticas incluidas en los Informes de RS y Sostenibilidad de las mejores Business Schools del mundo.
El objetivo principal de la investigación es analizar el relato que las Business Schools emplean para legitimar su trabajo y su raison d'être.
Nuestro estudio aplica los 17 ODS como códigos de análisis del contenido de los informes de RS de las mejores Business Schools del mundo.
La investigación ha sido elaborada a través de la metodología del análisis de contenido asistida por el Software CAQDAS as Atlas.ti.<br>In the last years, Business Schools have experienced a lack of acceptance and legitimacy in the society.
A company acquires legitimacy when it operates in an appropriate and desirable way in relation with the perceptions and needs of the social system and achieves acceptance by society because it fulfills the values, rules and meanings of the system.
Companies, and particularly Business Schools, have responded to this demand for legitimacy by straighten the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, commonly known as CSR.
It is necessary to share constantly, with the stakeholders, a coherent and consistent conversation, because “corporate moral legitimacy must be reproduced: by placing corporations into public communication network” (Palazzo & Scherer, 2006, p. 82), especially because of the influence of the information flow in the Social Networks.
Our hypothesis is that Business Schools use Sustainability and CSR Annual Reports as an instrument to set a dialogue and to engage a conversation with stakeholders and as a way to communicate their positive impact to the society, in an environment where transparency and accountability are required. This conversation has the aim to regain acceptance and legitimacy.
In 2015, the UN made a strong “Call to action” to companies “to be a force for good” for creating a better world, setting the 2030 agenda for a Sustainable World through the accomplishment of the 17 SDGs.
Our focus of interest is in the area of communication and would like to explore coincidence between the 17 SDGs and the topics included in the Social and Sustainability Reports of the best Business Schools of the world.
The main objective of this research is analysing the narrative that Business Schools use to legitimise their work and raison d'être.
Our study is using the above mentioned “17 Sustainable Development Goals” as coding of narrative among the most relevant Business Schools’ Social and Sustainability Reports. The research will be done through a content analysis assisted by a Software CAQDAS as Atlas.ti.
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Mitchell, Samantha Laura. "Environmental, social and corporate governance reporting : perspectives from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and an international metals and mining sample." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95862.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MComm) – Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global interest in responsible investing has grown in recent years. To make effective
decisions, responsible investors require listed companies to report on financial and nonfinancial
performance, giving particular attention to environmental, social and corporate
governance (ESG) considerations. This study was undertaken to address the paucity of
academic research on ESG reporting in South Africa. A number of local studies had focused
on environmental and governance reporting, but no studies had taken a holistic view of ESG
reporting. Nor had any studies focused on the metals and mining industry in particular. This is
a very important industry from an economic and ESG perspective, both in South Africa and
internationally.
The primary objective of this study was two-fold. Firstly, it was to investigate the extent of
ESG reporting (both in South Africa and in a sample of international Metals and Mining
companies). The second objective was to evaluate the factors that could potentially influence
ESG reporting in these two samples.
A positivistic research methodology was adopted as this approach allowed the researcher to
test the stated research hypotheses. Quantitative secondary data were thus collected and
analysed. The data collection process consisted of three phases: the first phase involved an
extensive literature review of the key constructs; the second phase dealt with the collection of
data for the dependent variable (Overall ESG score) from MSCI ESG Research’s database;
and the third phase entailed collecting data for the 12 independent variables from Bureau van
Dijk and selected websites. MSCI ESG Research’s universe was used to establish the two samples used in this study. The
JSE sample consisted of 110 listed companies, whereas the international Metals and Mining
sample consisted of 173 companies. Because MSCI ESG Research had completed only one
year of ESG research when this study commenced, only data for 2012 were available.
Descriptive and inferential statistics were completed to analyse the data.
The empirical findings of the JSE sample show that the Governance pillar mean score was
significantly higher than the Social pillar mean score and the Environmental pillar mean
score. ESG reporting was found to be positively associated with companies which were
included in the Nedbank Green Index. Companies included in the JSE Socially Responsible Index produced significantly better ESG reports than those excluded from the index.
Significant differences were also noted in the Overall ESG score based on the nature of the
industry in which a company operated.
In the international Metals and Mining sample, two statistically significant relationships were
found: larger companies had higher ESG score than smaller companies; and the greater the
ownership concentration in a company, the better the ESG reporting on average. Four
statistically significant differences were observed. Companies included in the FTSE4Good
Index Series had better ESG scores than companies excluded from the index. Companies in
developed countries had better ESG reporting than companies in emerging markets. The third
difference related to companies which used the Global Reporting Initiative’s guidelines.
These companies had higher Overall ESG scores than those which did not use the guidelines.
The same applies to companies which were participants of the UN Global Compact and those
who were not.
It was concluded that investors who favour sound ESG reporting (and hence ESG
management) should ideally focus on larger companies, those which are included in an
responsible investing index, use the Global Reporting Initiative’s guidelines, and are
participants of the UN Global Compact. Listed companies, particularly those in the Metals
and Mining industry, should give more attention to environmental and social considerations,
to the overall quality of their ESG reports, and should make more use of available initiatives
to aid non-financial reporting.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die afgelope jare het belangstelling in verantwoordelike beleggings wêreldwyd toegeneem.
Ten einde verantwoordelike beleggers in staat te stel om doeltreffende besluite te neem, moet
genoteerde maatskappye oor hul finansiële én nie-finansiële prestasie verslag doen, met
bepaalde klem op omgewings-, maatskaplike en korporatiewe beheer (OMB) kwessies.
Hierdie studie is onderneem om ’n leemte in akademiese navorsing oor verslagdoening in
Suid-Afrika te vul. ’n Aantal plaaslike studies het al op omgewings- en beheerverslagdoening
gekonsentreer, maar geen navorsing tot dusver het OMB-verslagdoening holisties beskou nie.
Ook het geen studies nog die soeklig op die metaal- en mynboubedryf in die besonder gewerp
nie. Hierdie is ’n baie belangrike bedryf uit ’n ekonomiese en OMB-oogpunt, in Suid-Afrika
sowel as internasionaal.
Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie studie was tweeledig. Eerstens wou die studie ondersoek instel
na die omvang van OMB-verslagdoening (by ’n Suid-Afrikaanse steekproef sowel as ’n
steekproef van internasionale metaal- en mynboumaatskappye). Tweedens wou die navorsing
die faktore bepaal wat ’n moontlike invloed op die OMB-verslagdoening van hierdie twee
steekproewe kan hê.
’n Positivistiese navorsingsmetodologie is gebruik, aangesien hierdie benadering die navorser
in staat gestel het om die navorsingshipoteses te toets. Kwantitatiewe sekondêre data was dus
ingesamel en ontleed. Die data-insamelingsproses het uit drie fases bestaan: In die eerste fase
was ’n omvattende literatuurstudie oor die hoofkonstrukte onderneem; die tweede fase het uit
data-insameling oor die afhanklike veranderlike (algehele OMB-telling) uit die databasis van
MSCI ESG Research bestaan, terwyl die derde fase data-insameling oor die 12 onafhanklike
veranderlikes uit Bureau van Dijk en op uitgesoekte webtuistes behels het. Die universum van MSCI ESG Research is gebruik om die twee steekproewe in hierdie studie
te bepaal. Die Suid-Afrikaanse steekproef het uit 110 genoteerde maatskappye bestaan, terwyl
die steekproef van internasionale metaal- en mynboumaatskappye 173 entiteite ingesluit het.
Aangesien MSCI ESG Research met die aanvang van hierdie studie nog net een jaar van
OMB-navorsing onderneem het, was data slegs vir 2012 beskikbaar. Beskrywende en
inferensiële statistieke is ontwikkel om die data te ontleed. Die empiriese bevindinge van die Suid-Afrikaanse-steekproef lewer ’n beduidend hoër
gemiddelde telling vir beheerverslagdoening as vir maatskaplike en
omgewingsverslagdoening op. OMB-verslagdoening blyk ’n positiewe korrelasie te toon met
maatskappye wat by Nedbank se groen-indeks ingesluit is. Maatskappye wat ingesluit was in
die Johannesburg Effektebeurs se indeks vir maatskaplike verantwoordelikheid het op hulle
beurt aansienlik beter OMB-verslae opgestel as dié buite die indeks. Beduidende verskille in
algehele OMB-tellings is ook opgemerk op grond van die aard van die bedryf waarin ’n
maatskappy funksioneer.
In die internasionale metaal- en mynbousteekproef is twee statisties beduidende
verwantskappe aangetref: Groter maatskappye het ’n hoër OMB-telling as kleiner
maatskappye getoon, en hoe hoër die eienaarskapskonsentrasie in ’n maatskappy, hoe beter
die OMB-verslagdoening oor die algemeen. Vier statisties beduidende verskille is boonop
waargeneem. Maatskappye wat deel was van die FTSE4Good-indeksreeks het beter OMBtellings
opgelewer as maatskappye buite die indeks, en maatskappye in ontwikkelde lande het
beter gevaar met OMB-verslagdoening as dié in ontluikende markte. Die derde verskil hou
verband met maatskappye wat die riglyne van die Globale Verslagdoeningsinisiatief (GRI)
volg, wat algeheel hoër OMB-tellings gehad het as diegene wat nié die riglyne gebruik nie.
Dieselfde geld vir maatskappye wat aan die Verenigde Nasies (VN) se wêreldverdrag
(“Global Compact”) deelneem en diegene wat nie deelneem nie. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat beleggers wat goeie OMB-verslagdoening (en dus goeie
OMB-bestuur) verkies, behoort te konsentreer op groter maatskappye, maatskappye wat by ’n
indeks vir verantwoordelike belegging ingesluit is, wat die riglyne van die Internasionale
Verslagdoeningsinisiatief volg, en wat aan die VN se wêreldverdrag deelneem. Genoteerde
maatskappye, veral dié in die metaal- en mynboubedryf, behoort ook meer aandag te skenk
aan omgewings- en maatskaplike sake sowel as die algehele gehalte van hul verslae, en
behoort meer gebruik te maak van beskikbare inisiatiewe om nie-finansiële verslagdoening te
ondersteun.
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Nylander, Stina. "Corporate social responsibility issues management at Vattenfall AB : A study of risks related to technology, value chains, and market." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129387.
Full textAbstract:
<p>As one of Europe’s largest-producing actors in the energy sector with a wide energy mix, Vattenfall has a great responsibility to contribute to sustainable development of society. To do so, economical, environmental and social aspects need to be balanced in a responsible way. This is done through acting social responsible or in other terms, addressing corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the company’s business activities. Electricity and heat constitute one of the prerequisites for a modern society. However, it has always been a highly debated industry due to its inevitable impact on the environment and society. This makes it crucial for Vattenfall and its operations to act as responsible as possible and listen to the stakeholders and take their expectations into account in the business decisions process. Vattenfall has a long history of being criticised for its activities by NGOs and media. However, Vattenfall´s main task is to deliver electricity and heat to the society, which means that Vattenfall must continue to deliver secure energy supply to its markets, but with as little negative impact on the environment and society as possible.</p><p> </p><p>Vattenfall is through its operations, its value chain, its use of technology and the markets on which it operates, exposed to risks associated with the areas human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption. These “CSR risks” can harm the reputation, brand and image if they are not managed in a proactive and effective way. In order to manage CSR risks and emerging CSR issues, the company needs to catch and respond quickly to new trends and expectations raised by opinion formers, which often are expressed through the media and the Internet. The aim of this study is to provide Vattenfall with a tool to do so. Through identifying the main CSR risks related to its operations, awareness about Vattenfall’s vulnerability areas are created. The result shows that the largest CSR risks for Vattenfall are technology related, i.e., connected to the fuels used in Vattenfall’s power plants and their value chain. This knowledge can be used when addressing CSR in the organization.</p><p>Still, a direct solution to manage CSR risks and emerging CSR issue is needed. The second purpose of this study is to propose a process for a CSR issues management at Vattenfall. The aim of such an issues management is to provide the company with a tool to identify, analyse and manage emerging issues. A CSR issues management will provide Vattenfall with a tool to respond to emerging issues before they become public knowledge. It should scan and collect external and internal information, identify relevant information for Vattenfall, monitor ongoing and emerging CSR issues/concerns/debates and report to relevant functions in the Vattenfall organization.</p>
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Ogliari, Carlos Eduardo do Nascimento. "A orientação das pessoas em relação à diversidade da força de trabalho: um estudo de caso na volvo do Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/4244.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by paulo junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-03-10T17:18:36Z
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Carlos Ogliari.pdf: 2686878 bytes, checksum: 344e88e8e77dbc9a4e284335cf5e1920 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-05-10<br>Este trabalho discute a orientação, no sentido de inclinação, de tendência, do indivíduo a reagir diante da diversidade da força de trabalho. Parte-se do pressuposto da inevitabilidade da diversidade e do potencial que dela advém para a geração de ganhos ou perdas à organização. Ou seja, cabe à gestão empresarial buscar a maximização dos efeitos positivos e a minimização das conseqüências negativas da diversidade. Observa-se, contudo, que as empresas estão investindo em programas de promoção da diversidade da força de trabalho sem conhecer a tendência de reação de seus empregados e dos seus times em relação à diversidade. Nesta situação, isto é, sem a identificação de quais dimensões da diversidade devem ser priorizadas e trabalhadas, não há como customizar ações, no âmbito dos programas organizacionais, com eficiência suficiente para preparar e estimular as pessoas para melhor reagirem diante do diverso. A questão que se traduz no problema de pesquisa é: como medir o grau com que os empregados da unidade paranaense da Volvo do Brasil estão inclinados a reagir, positiva ou negativamente, em relação à diversidade da força de trabalho, de forma a gerar informações para a gestão? Busca-se identificar os significados da diversidade da força de trabalho na Volvo. Dos debates e ensinamentos de Oracy Nogueira, Florestan Fernandes, Costa Pinto e Guerreiro Ramos, exploram-se as diferentes perspectivas sociológicas atribuídas aos determinantes do preconceito e da discriminação no Brasil. Discute-se a diversidade sob a ótica da teoria da contingência e do poder das organizações e, em contraponto, examina-se a questão com base na teoria substantiva da vida humana associada e no conceito de homem parentético, de Guerreiro Ramos. Quanto aos fins, esta pesquisa é exploratória, descritiva e metodológica. Quanto aos meios é uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, de campo, experimental e um estudo de caso. Utilizam-se procedimentos qualitativos e quantitativos. Conclui-se que o RTDI (reaction to diversity inventory), de De Meuse e Hostager (2001), ajustado, é um instrumento com o qual se pode medir o grau com que as pessoas estão propensas a reagir diante da diversidade da força de trabalho, de forma a gerar importantes informações para a gestão.
50
Cook, Andrew. "Succession Planning in a Global Electronics Company." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1963.
Full textAbstract:
Leaders of U.S. companies are unprepared to address a shortage of qualified leaders caused by changing workforce demographics. Despite organizational leaders realizing the importance of talent management to company strategy, there still exists a gap in knowledge regarding its application in practice. The purpose of this case study was to explore what succession planning organizational leaders use to adequately replace departing leaders with qualified new leaders. The findings demonstrated support for Shields' practical ideal type conceptual framework adapted to succession planning, which holds that succession planning requires various elements working together to achieve succession goals. Data were obtained through semistructured interviews of 5 organizational leaders who are responsible for succession planning at a global electronics company. Upon analysis of the semistructured interview data using triangulation with company succession planning matrix documents, 4 primary themes emerged: employee development activities that support effective succession planning; practices and processes critical for effective succession planning; the relationship between succession planning, talent management strategy, and organizational strategy; and barriers and challenges to effective succession planning. Recommendations from the study include developing effective ways to replace departing leaders by succession planning and considering investing in resources that focus on succession planning. The findings may lead to social change by providing employees with goals of achieving higher positions within their organizations, which may motivate employees to excel in their workplaces and contribute to their communities.