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1

Mahapatra, Krushna Chandra. "The determinants of global tropical deforestation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63047.pdf.

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2

Mueller, Rebecca. "The Effects of Global Changes on Fungal Communities: Measuring Biodiversity Belowground." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12951.

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Global changes resulting from human activities, including elevated levels of greenhouse gases, enrichment of nitrogen and land use changes, have led to substantial losses in biodiversity of macroscopic organisms, such as plants and animals, but whether these changes will have similar impacts on microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is less clear. I examined the impact of three of these global changes, including elevated carbon dioxide, increased soil nitrogen availability and large-scale deforestation, on the biodiversity of soil fungi in three separate ecosystems. The responses of fungi to global changes were variable across ecosystems and the experimental system and were not readily predicted by observed changes in the plant community. However, subtle shifts in the community composition of fungi were observed in response to all global changes. Whether these shifts will impact the ecosystem function of these systems in unclear, but previous studies suggest that even small changes in community dynamics can have large effects on important processes, such as nitrogen cycling and carbon storage. These findings indicate that soil fungi do respond to global changes, but additional research must be undertaken to examine the effects of these shifts.<br>10000-01-01
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Nora, Elói Lennon Dalla. "Modeling the interplay between global and regional drivers on amazon deforestation." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2014. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2014/05.23.11.59.

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Tropical deforestation is historically one of the largest drivers of biodiversity loss and carbon emissions globally. The growing demand for food, fiber and biofuels along with market's globalization is expected to add further pressure on tropical deforestation in the coming decades. In this sense, a number of models have been proposed to explore future deforestation trends, particularly in the Amazon. However, none of these models plausibly captured the general trajectory of land cover change that has been observed in this region. This thesis provides evidence that previous modeling approaches were not able to consistently represent the forces that shape land use dynamics in the Amazon. In general they are restricted by either global or regional drives of land cover change. Therefore, an alternative modeling approach should be taken to explore cross-scale interactions such as the world demand for resources and land use regulations. The main objective of this thesis is to explore an innovative modeling approach for the Amazon which allows simulating how the global demand for agricultural commodities and different regional land use policies could affect future deforestation trends inside and outside the Brazilian Amazon, paying special attention to leakage effects over the Cerrado. A global economic model was taken to integrate supply and demand factors at both global and regional scales. Then a spatially explicit land-use model is used to explore future patterns of land cover change over the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biome. Leakage effects are simulated in two different ways, regarding land demand and land allocation. In the first case, leakage effects are determined by changes on the relative land rents of different land use types mediated by changes on regional land use policies. In the second case, leakage effects are simulated based on Spatial Lag technique for land demand allocation which accounts for the spatial dependence of the deforestation. Based on this approach six contrasting multi-scale scenarios are explored focusing on deforestation rates and spatial pattern analysis for both Amazon and Cerrado. Our results revealed that Amazon conservation might not be the end of deforestation in Brazil once it can lead 43\% increase over the Cerrado cleared area up to 2050. Massive land cover changes would be expected throughout the Cerrado biome, especially on the Midwest region and over the emerging agricultural frontier of MATOPIBA (acronym formed by the first letters of the Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia Brazilian states). Biofuels targets compliance can further press land cover changes over this region revealing that productivity gains will be decisive for both Amazon and Cerrado conservation. In summary, biodiversity conservation and emissions reduction in Brazil will depend on broader land use policies and land use efficiency. Otherwise, managing a transition towards a more sustainable land use can become utopian.<br>O desmatamento nos trópicos é historicamente uma das maiores causas da perda de biodiversidade e emissões de carbono em nível mundial. A crescente demanda por alimentos, fibras e biocombustíveis, juntamente com a globalização dos mercados, deve pressionar ainda mais o desmatamento nos trópicos durante as próximas décadas. Neste sentido, uma série de modelos tem sido proposta para explorar tendências futuras de desmatamento, especialmente na Amazônia. Entretanto, nenhum destes modelos conseguiu capturar de forma plausível a trajetória geral de mudança da cobertura da terra observada nesta região durante a última década. Esta tese fornece evidências de que as abordagens de modelagem anteriores não foram capazes de representar de forma consistente as forças que moldam a dinâmica de uso da terra na Amazônia. Em geral, estas abordagens são limitadas ou por fatores determinantes globais ou fatores regionais de mudança. Neste caso, uma abordagem de modelagem alternativa deveria ser adotada para explorar interações entre escalas como a demanda mundial por recursos e as regulamentações de uso da terra. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é explorar uma abordagem de modelagem de uso da terra inovadora para a Amazônia, que permita simular como a demanda mundial por commodities agrícolas e diferentes políticas regionais de uso da terra podem afetar as tendências futuras de desmatamento dentro e fora da Amazônia, com especial atenção para os efeitos de deslocamento de demanda sobre o Cerrado. Um modelo econômico global foi adotado para integrar fatores de oferta e demanda em escala global e regional. Então, um modelo de uso da terra espacialmente explícito é utilizado para explorar padrões futuros de mudança da cobertura terra sobre a Amazônia Brasileira e o Cerrado. Mudanças indiretas de uso da terra são simuladas de duas maneiras diferentes, em relação à demanda e alocação de terras. No primeiro caso, os deslocamentos são determinados por alterações na renda relativa (land-rents) dos diferentes tipos de uso mediados por mudanças em políticas regionais de uso da terra. No segundo caso, os efeitos de deslocamento são simulados com base em regressão espacial (Spatial-Lag) para alocação de demanda por terra a qual captura a dependência espacial do desmatamento. Com base nesta abordagem seis cenários contrastantes de multi-escala são explorados com foco em taxas de desmatamento e análise de padrões espaciais para Amazônia e Cerrado. Os resultados revelaram que a conservação da Amazônia pode não ser o fim do desmatamento no Brasil, uma vez que isso pode levar a um aumento de 43\% sobre a área desmatada no Cerrado até 2050. Extensas modificações no padrão de cobertura da terra seriam esperadas ao longo deste bioma, especialmente na região Centro-Oeste e sobre a fronteira agrícola emergente MATOPIBA (sigla formada pelas primeiras letras dos estados do Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia). O cumprimento de metas para biocombustíveis pode pressionar ainda mais as mudanças de cobertura da terra sobre esta região revelando que ganhos de produtividade serão decisivos para a conservação da Amazônia e do Cerrado. Em síntese, a conservação da biodiversidade e redução de emissões no Brasil dependerá de políticas de uso da terra mais amplas, além de melhoria na eficiência do uso da terra. Caso contrário, a gestão de uma transição para um uso da terra mais sustentável pode se tornar utópica.
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Doi, Yumiko. "Communities, malaria culture and the resurgence of highland malaria in Western Kenya : a KAP study." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367711.

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5

Gallemore, Caleb Tyrell. "Glocalizing Forests: Transnational Networks and the Geography of Global Climate Policy." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365703741.

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6

Näsström, Rickard. "Reaching the 2014 UN New York Declaration on Forests Goals, using satellites to monitor global value chains." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128585.

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This master thesis in geography investigates how remote sens- ing can be used in Transnational Corporations (TNC) global Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. The study aims to delineate an accurate method in remote sensing to be used to monitor deforestation in global value chains. Research questions asked are 1) What are the current monitoring practises used by TNCs to monitor global value chains? 2) Which is the most user-friendly and accurate remote sensing technique to map deforestation? 3) How can remote sensing successfully be implemented in TNCs CSR-initiatives? The study is approached from two perspectives, building on theories of value chains, and qualitative methods to answer the first research question. While the second question is a method study, investigating how well a spectral approach versus a contextual approach can map deforest- ation in Landsat scenes. The results are compared with Global Forest Watch (GFW), and the highest accuracy were acquired from the WICS (Window Indipendent Context Segmentation) technique. Conclusions includes that remote sensing can be used in CSR initiatives, to establish a baseline level or as a fifth dimen- sion in a score sheet approach. However, inconclusive mapping of value chains are a big hinder today.
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Bowker, Jenna. "Using real-time forest loss alerts and global deforestation maps to assess the effectiveness of Africa's tropical protected areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15579.

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Tropical rainforests harbor a significant portion of the world's remaining biodiversity. Having undergone rapid changes in forest cover over the last two decades, a large amount of irreplaceable biodiversity has been lost. The establishment of protected areas has been a key strategy to hinder the loss of tropical forests and biodiversity. However, the effectiveness of designating protected areas has been called into question, particularly in regions such as tropical Africa where widespread conditions of poverty, rapid population growth and political instability are evident. Quantitative measurements of park effectiveness for forest conservation are urgently needed, however accurate inferences concerning park effectiveness across broad regions is difficult. Whilst remote sensing techniques have been proposed as a practical solution, the intensity of data processing has made it untenable until recently. Here, I use remote-sensing methods to analyze high-resolution satellite imagery of tropical forest loss (as a proxy for tropical deforestation) within and outside 224 parks across 23 countries in Africa. I compare the extent of tropical forest loss inside parks to outside of them to show that the majority of African parks in the Subtropical and Tropical Moist Broadleaf forest biome are effective in curbing forest loss within park boundaries. However, certain parks were more effective in forest conservation than others. Whilst smaller parks were less effective at preventing forest loss inside park boundaries than larger parks, older parks were less effective than younger parks. Furthermore, parks of varying IUCN management categories exhibited negligible differences in forest loss between one another. Lastly, significant geographical variations in park effectiveness existed: West African parks exhibited the most forest loss within park boundaries and Central African parks exhibited the least. My results demonstrate the complexity of factors which influence a park's ability to curb forest loss within its boundaries. Furthermore, this study is the first bioregional-wide assessment of park effectiveness using remote sensing. These results supplement scarce literature on tropical deforestation in Africa and demonstrate the potential of using remote satellite imagery for measuring the relative impact of park establishment on forest conservation in this region.
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Khatri, Priyadarshini A. "Global Discontents." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1146.

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My creative project explores toys as means to express economic issues of globalization. By exploiting the educational and imaginative aspects of toys for adults and children, I intend to reflect on the impact and pressures of globalization on employment, technology and environment. In creating these toys I hope to make a visual statement concerning critical issues of human survival, sustainability and the divisive side of globalization.
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Tang, Yong. "Maintenance and Dynamics of Rainforest Edges." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367442.

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Deforestation and fragmentation of rainforest has become one of the major threats to global biodiversity and the massive loss of rainforest during the past decades has pushed the global biota to the edge of the global species extinction crisis. Despite the increasing public awareness and tremendous efforts made internationally to save the remaining rainforest, the deforestation rate continues to accelerate in many rainforest areas. This trend is due mainly to increasing human population and local or regional economical or political crises creating increased needs and demands on land use and rainforest products. In addition to the loss of large areas of wildlife habitat, a direct consequence of rainforest fragmentation is the increase in the extent of edges, through which “hostile” edge effects can have a profound impact on the dynamics of remaining rainforests. There is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive the dynamics of the rainforest edges and more important, the subsequent long-term impact on the local and regional rainforest. The main objective of the study described in this thesis has been to compare the patterns with which rainforest plants respond to the edge environment at different types of edges involving rainforests. The study was conducted within a fragmented subtropical rainforest complex in Lamington National Park, Southeast Queensland. Rainforest trees, lianas, seedling banks and soil seed banks were investigated at eucalypt forest/ rainforest, pasture/ rainforest and roadside rainforest edges. For each edge type, nine 100 m transects were established from the edge to rainforest interior and transects were extended 50 m into eucalypt forest and pasture for additional sampling of surrounding matrices. Vegetation surveys were conducted along the edge transects for the study of trees, lianas and seedlings. Soil seed banks were investigated by germination experiments conducted in a shade house, using soil samples collected along the edge transect. The results from the edge studies were compared with corresponding studies in a 1 ha rainforest reference plot located in a relatively undisturbed area within the rainforest interior...<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Environment<br>Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering<br>Full Text
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Wieland, Fernandini Patrick, Franciskovic Juan Manuel Casalino, and Bendezú Alexandra Carranza. "How to create solid rights for forest carbon transactions: Challenges for the implementation of the REDD+ program in Peru." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107659.

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Over time, forests have played an important role in the ecosystems’ balance.   They store and retain a large amount of carbondioxide, preventing it to be released into the atmosphere. However, in recent years, deforestation and forest     degradation endanger their continuity in the provision of such service.In this article, the authors explain the program called “Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation” (REDD+), which seeks to combat such problems. In that way, they introduce  which  are  the  challenges  for its implementation in our country.<br>A lo largo del tiempo, los bosques han desempeñado un rol importante en el equilibrio delos ecosistemas. Éstos almacenan y retienen una gran cantidad de dióxido de carbono, evitando así que este gas se libere a la atmosfera.A pesar de ello, en los últimos años, la deforestación y degradación forestal ponen en peligrosu continuidad en la provisión de ese servicio.En este artículo, los autores explican el programa denominado “Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de bosques” (REDD+) que busca combatir los problemas descritos. Asimismo, plantean cuáles son losretos para su implementación en nuestro país.
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Stephan, Benjamin [Verfasser], and Anita [Akademischer Betreuer] Engels. "Not seeing the Forest for the Carbon in the Trees? : The role of fighting tropical deforestation in global climate governance / Benjamin Stephan. Betreuer: Anita Engels." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064524737/34.

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Fagua, José Camilo. "Geospatial Modeling of Land Cover Change in the Chocó-Darien Global Ecoregion of South America: Assessing Proximate Causes and Underlying Drivers of Deforestation and Reforestation." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7362.

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The Chocó-Darien Global Ecoregion (CGE) in South America is one of 25 global biodiversity hotspots prioritized for conservation. I performed the first land-use and land-cover (LULC) change analysis for the entire CGE in this dissertation. There were three main objectives: 1) Select the best available imagery to build annual land-use and land-cover maps from 2001 to 2015 across the CGE. 2) Model LULC across the CGE to assess forest change trends from 2002 to 2015 and identify the effect of proximate causes of deforestation and reforestation. 3) Estimate the effects of underlying drivers on deforestation and reforestation across the CGE between 2002 and 2015. I developed annual LULC maps across the CGE from 2002 to 2015 using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer) vegetation index products and random forest classification. The LULC maps resulted in high accuracies (Kappa = 0.87; SD = 0.008). We detected a gradual replacement of forested areas with agriculture and secondary vegetation (agriculture reverting to early regeneration of natural vegetation) across the CGE. Forest loss was higher between 2010-2015 when compared to 2002-2010. LULC change trends, proximate causes, and reforestation transitions varied according to administrative authority (countries: PanamanianCGE, Colombian CGE, and Ecuadorian CGE). Population growth and road density were underlying drivers of deforestation. Armed conflicts, Gross Domestic Product, and average annual rain were proximate causes and underlying drivers related reforestation.
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Lisboa, Carolina Cardoso. "Vulnerabilidade da matéria orgânica do solo ao aumento de temperatura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-15102008-081023/.

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Durante o processo de decomposição da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) ocorre a formação de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) que são liberados para a atmosfera contribuindo para o aquecimento global. Acredita-se que este aquecimento global possa retroagir na taxa de decomposição da MOS potencializando a liberação de carbono (C) do solo. A MOS está distribuída em frações com sensibilidades diferentes à temperatura. Pesquisas anteriores sugerem que a fração de C mais velha e mais recalcitrante é menos sensível à temperatura (C-recalcitrante). Além disso, alguns mecanismos de proteção física, química e bioquímica podem agir para reduzir a sensibilidade da MOS ao aumento de temperatura. Possíveis modificações na estrutura da comunidade microbiológica, provocadas pelo aumento de temperatura, podem interferir no processo de decomposição da MOS através de alterações nos seus mecanismos de proteção. A mudança do uso da terra é um dos principais responsáveis pela emissão dos GEE no Brasil. A substituição da vegetação original (floresta) por pastagem promove uma modificação no sinal 13C do C do solo, dando um indício sobre a origem do C liberado na forma de CO2. Com o objetivo de avaliar a vulnerabilidade da MOS ao aumento de temperatura foram realizadas incubações de solos, oriundos de floresta e pastagens, em duas temperaturas 25 e 35 ºC. Avaliou-se a sensibilidade dos compartimentos C-lábil e C-recalcitrante da MOS à temperatura e, como as possíveis alterações nos mecanismos de proteção da MOS podem contribuir com a liberação de CO2 à atmosfera.<br>Soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition emits greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and this may contribute to global warming. Global warming can promote a positive feedback on SOM decomposition rate and it can increase soil C losses. The SOM has different pools with inherent temperature sensitivity. Some researches suggest that resistant soil C is less sensitive to temperature increase. Moreover, there are some physical, chemical and biochemical mechanisms that protect SOM against decomposition. The global warming may change the soil microbial structure and it can modify SOM decomposition. In Brazil, the greenhouse gas emissions are basically driven by the land use change. The substitution of native vegetation (forest) to pasture changes soil C signature - 13C and this fact enable us to study the source of soil C emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SOM vulnerability to temperature increased. Forest and pastures soil samples were incubated under 25 and 35 ºC. The labile-C versus resistant-C temperature sensitivity was evaluated and the SOM protection mechanisms were studied to understand how they can protect SOM against decomposition.
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Shcherbak, V. V. "The influence of fuel and energy companies to environment." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45219.

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Today’s changes in the environment are the negative result of human activities. Deforestation, drying ponds, construction the plants - leaded to global changes in our ecology. Energy sector consists ofextractive, convertible, transportablecompaniesand influences badlyhydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere andlithosphere. Energy efficiency, energy saving and resource saving are explored as a step to better environment. Consequently, modern fuel and energy companies should be reconstructed.
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Martinsson, Erik, Emil Martinsson, and Sören Säf. "IWESS, an integrated water, energy and sanitation solution : A holistic approach to reach sustainability trough organic waste management for the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-566.

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<p>The process of allocating necessary resources like clean water, fuel/energy and food have resulted in an unsustainable use of natural resources causing problems with Soil erosion, soil fertility, desertification, deforestation, eutrophication and global warming. The purpose of this study was to gain information on the functional design of a waste management system enabling the organic components of domestic waste to be processed as useful resources while at the same time allow them to be re-circulated. The main part of this study was carried out at the Kendu SDA Hospital in the Rachyonyo district in western Kenya. For the case of this study two main objectives where chosen. The first was to develop a principal technological solution using three classed “appropriate technologies” found suitable for the purpose namely biogas, ecological water treatment systems and slow sand filtration. The second was to further analyse each included technology to further develop their potential to fit the concept. Results from the pilot facilities where then to be retrieved from the actual component selection and construction process itself, with performance analysis left for future studies.</p><p>The main purpose of the biogas system study has been to evaluate the original ideas of overall concept, details, materials and construction methods. The 1 m3 biogas system has improved significantly during the development process and is today not far from an implementation, i.e. construction on a slightly larger scale. The biogas system developed during the project has proven to have potential for digestion of both latrine and kitchen waste. Using the two as fuel for the process does not only remove a problem – it grants several benefits.</p><p>The ecological waste water treatment system main objective was to design and construct a pilot SSF-wetland. Results show that the construction process for smaller scaled SSF systems is simple and does not require trained personnel or specialized equipment and that significant cost reduction can be made by using locally available materials.</p><p>The slow sand filtration sub system concept is called PT SCX and though still in the stage of development proved to have great potential concerning both efficiency and sustainability. The PT SCX comprises the advantages of slow sand filtration with further development of individual system solutions. It was adapted to enable both integration to the IWESS solution and stand alone installations purifying even highly turbid surface water sources to drinking water quality.</p><p>The result from the study confirms the suitability of the three included technologies, ecological waste water treatment, biogas and slow sand filtration to work in an integrated system called IWESS- Integrated Water Energy and Sanitation Solution. The combined subsystems can together with source separated sewage offer full resource recovery enabling recirculation of both nutrients and water. In addition the system can be designed as a net producer of renewable and emission free energy.</p>
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Jagadesh, Soushieta. "Biogeography of Emerging Infectious Diseases In search for the hotspots of Disease X: A biogeographic approach to mapping the predictive risk of WHO’s Blueprint Priority Diseases Emerging human infectious diseases of aquatic origin: a comparative biogeographic approach using Bayesian spatial modelling Global emergence of Buruli Ulcer Spatial variations between Leishmania species: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of Leishmania species in French Guiana Mapping priority neighborhoods: A novel approach to cluster identification in HIV/AIDS population." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0007.

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La récente pandémie de Covid19 nous rappelle, si cela était encore nécessaire, que la propagation des maladies infectieuses ignore les frontières géographiques. Les changements combinés de biodiversité locale et l’utilisation des terres, l’augmentation de la connectivité internationale par le transport et le commerce ainsi que la menace imminente du changement climatique a accru le risque d’émergence et de réémergence des maladies infectieuses (EMI). Jusqu’à présent la réponse des politiques de santé publique a été la surveillance passive sans toutefois s’avérer réellement efficace dans la prévention et le contrôle des épidémies. Le choix qui a été fait ici est celui d’une nouvelle approche anticipative, par identification des zones à haut risques d’EMI en se basant sur la détection des facteurs environnementaux les plus favorisant. Parmi ces facteurs on trouve la conversion des terres, la diminution drastique de la biodiversité ou encore le changement climatique. Ainsi la méthode biogéographique a permis d’étudier et d’analyser les EMI à travers différents groupes de taxons de pathogènes comme les bactéries, les virus, les protozoaires et les champignons. L’étude a été portée globalement, ainsi que localement, en Guyane Française, un territoire français d’outre-mer situé en Amérique du Sud. Dans les deux cas, à travers les différents groupes de pathogènes, les risques d’inondation, les récentes conversions de parcelles de forêts en terres agro-minières et l’augmentation du minimum de température due au changement climatique se sont avérés être des facteurs significatifs dans l’émergence globale et locale des maladies infectieuses étudiées. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse sont les suivantes :1. Une approche biogéographique de modélisation de la distribution des EMI en utilisant les bases de données existantes sur les cas cliniques, l’imagerie satellite et un modèle statistique non conventionnel est efficace pour détecter précocement les régions à risque, permettre d’améliorer la prévention, et contrôler leur diffusion.2. Il est possible d’anticiper les EMI en identifiant et en gérant précocement les facteurs favorisant ayant un lien direct avec l’anthropisation de l’environnement<br>The COVID-19 pandemic highlights that the spread of infectious diseases goes beyond geographical boundaries. Simultaneous changes in local biodiversity and land use, the increasing international connectivity through human transport and trade and the imminent threat of climate change have increased the risk of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. The current public health response to emerging infectious diseases (EID) by passive surveillance has proven largely ineffective in preventing and controlling disease outbreaks. The way toward is to “get ahead of the curve” by identifying potential hotspots of disease emergence and detecting the environmental triggers such as land transformation, biodiversity loss and climate change. I used a biogeographic approach to study and analyze disease emergence across different taxonomic pathogen groups such as bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal, globally and in French Guiana, a French Overseas territory located in South America. I found that regions at risk of floods, recent conversion of forest to agricultural lands and increasing minimum temperature (i.e. temperature at night) caused by cli mate change were drivers for disease emergence locally and globally across the different pathogen groups. The main findings of the PhD thesis are the following:1. Biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of EIDs with using existing human cases data, remote sensing imagery and unconventional statistical models is effective to “get ahead of the curve” in the detection of regions at risk and the management of EIDs.2. EIDs are not unprecedented but predictable by identifying and managing the triggers of disease emergence, which have a direct link with the anthropization of the environment
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Lamarca, Junior Mariano Rua. "O valor econômico do carbono emitido pelo processo de desmatamento da Amazônia como instrumento de conservação florestal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9317.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano Rua Lamarca Junior.pdf: 1290492 bytes, checksum: e6240c75f20575d90a5be2b3b05d364c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-27<br>We analyse in the this work the causes of deforestation of the Legal Amazonia and the environment subject present in the public policies for the region, including the Public Forests Management Law (Law 11.284/06), approved with the goal of regulating public forests management in Brazil and promoting the sustainable development. We discuss the Kyoto Protocol´s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) problem regarding forest conservation. Through a hypothetical scenario of zero deforestation and 100% of the not emitted carbon linked to forest conservation projects, we calculate that an economic revenue equivalent to the logging activities could be obtained, contributing to the maintenance of the climatic equilibrium because of the reduced Greenhouse Gases emissions, as well as keeping preserved the biodiversity and environment services values related to the standing forest. Nevertheless, appropriate regulations should be planned and implemented to achieve the desired goal, and the solution proposed in this work is in the convergence of the international laws regulating carbon markets and the native tropical forests protection laws<br>Analisamos neste trabalho as causas de desmatamento da Amazônia Legal e a questão ambiental presente nas políticas públicas para a região, incluindo a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (Lei 11.284/06), sancionada com o objetivo de regulamentar a gestão de florestas públicas no Brasil e promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Discutimos o problema do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Kyoto na questão da conservação florestal. Através de um cenário hipotético de desmatamento zero e 100% do carbono não emitido vinculado a projetos de conservação florestal, calculamos que uma receita econômica equivalente à da exploração madeireira poderia ser obtida, contribuindo para a manutenção do equilíbrio climático pela reduzida emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa, bem como mantendo preservados os valores da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientais relacionados à floresta em pé (não derrubada). Entretanto, marcos regulatórios adequados devem ser planejados e implementados para atingir o objetivo desejado, e a solução proposta neste trabalho situa-se na convergência das leis internacionais de regulação dos mercados de carbono e das leis de proteção das florestas tropicais nativas
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18

Greenhill, Susan Heather. "Maps for the lost: A collection of short fiction And Human / nature ecotones: Climate change and the ecological imagination: A critical essay." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1701.

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The thesis comprises a collection of short fiction, Maps for the Lost, and a critical essay, “Human / Nature Ecotones: Climate Change and the Ecological Imagination.” In ecological terms, areas of interaction between adjacent ecosystems are known as ecotones. Sites of relationship between biotic communities, they are charged with fertility and evolutionary possibility. While postcolonial scholarship is concerned with borders as points of cross-cultural contact, ecocritical thought focuses upon the ecotone that occurs at the interface between human and non-human nature. In their occupation of the liminal zones between human and natural realms, the characters and narratives of Maps for the Lost reveal and nurture the porosity of conventional demarcations. In the title story, a Czech artist maps the globe by night in order to find his lover. The buried geographies of human landscapes coalesce with those of the non-human realm: the territories of wolves and the scent-trails of a fox mingle imperceptibly with nocturnal Prague and the ransacked villages of post-war Croatia. In “Seeds,” a narrative structured around the process of biological growth, the lost memories of an elderly woman are returned to her by her garden. “The Skin of the Ocean” traces the obsession of a diver who sinks his yacht under the weight of coral and fish, while in “Drift,” an Iranian refugee writes letters along the tide-line of a Tasmanian beach. The essay identifies the inadequacy of literature and literary scholarship’s response to the threat of climate change as a failure of the imagination, reflecting the transgressive dimension of the crisis itself, and the dualistic legacy which still informs Western discourse on non-human nature. In order to redress this shortfall, which I argue the current generations of writers have an urgent moral responsibility to do, it is critical that we learn to understand the natural world of which we are a part, in ways that cast off the limitations of conventional representation. Paradoxically, it is the profoundly disruptive (apocalyptic?) nature of the climate crisis itself, which may create the imaginative traction for that shift in comprehension, forcing us, through loss, to interpret the world in ways that have been forgotten, or are fundamentally new. By analysing Alexis Wright’s The Swan Book, and Les Murray’s “Presence” sequence, the essay explores the correlation between imaginative and ecological processes, and the role of voice, embodiment, patterning and story in negotiations of nature and place. In the context of the asymptotical essence of the relation between text and world, and the paradox of phenomenological representation, it calls for a deeper cultural engagement with scientific discourse and indigenous philosophy, in order to illuminate the multiplicity and complexity of human connections to the non-human natural world
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Maguire, Rowena. "The international regulation of sustainable forest management : doctrinal concepts, governing institutions and implementation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41688/1/Rowena_Maguire_Thesis.pdf.

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The overarching objective of the research was to identify the existence and nature of international legal principles governing sustainable forest use and management. This research intended to uncover a set of forest legal considerations that are relevant for consideration across the globe. The purpose behind this, is to create a theoretical base of international forest law literature which be drawn upon to inform future international forestry research. This research will be of relevance to those undertaking examination of a particular forest issue or those focusing on forests in a particular region. The thesis explains the underlying legal issues in forest regulation, the dominant international regulatory approaches and makes suggestions as to how international and national forest policy could be improved.
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Hartman, Carol M. "Local reporting on global issues how Western media cover Latin American deforestation /." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36966912.html.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1997.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-115).
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van, Vliet Lisette. "Tropical forests in the global political economy : the International Tropical Timber Organisation, carbon offsets and political processes addressing deforestation." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147918.

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22

Ahunamure, Solomon Eghosa. "An assessment of household energy use, emissions and deforestation in the Thulamela Local Municipality." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/360.

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MENVM<br>Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences<br>Fuel wood is regarded as a major source of energy around the world, particularly in developing nations. Most rural communities around the world, consider forests as the repository of stored energy. The high dependence on forests as a source of fuel wood has a major impact on vegetation because trees take a long time to regenerate to maturity, hence high dependence leads to deforestation. Fuel wood is used for household needs, such as cooking and heating and its uses contribute to the emissions of Green House Gases (GHG) such as CO2, CH4, and Black Carbon amongst others. The study assesses household energy use, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the combustion of fuel wood, the extent of de-vegetation and strategies to ensure sustainable energy provisions in the case study areas. Primary and secondary methods were used to collect data. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 21.0), showing the frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and chi-square to determine the extent of fuel wood used in relation to electricity. The primary data were collected through personal observations, field surveys, interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data included the 2011 South Africa Census data and remote sensing images, which with the aid of GIS, were used in mapping the vegetation change.
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"Green Economy Governance: Transforming States and Markets through the Global Forest Carbon Trade in California and Chiapas." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.35978.

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abstract: This dissertation explores the intersection of two major developments in global environmental governance: the vision for a Green Economy and the growing influence of non-state actors. The work draws on multi-sited thick description to analyze how relationships between the state, market, and civil society are being reoriented towards global problems. Its focus is a non-binding agreement between California and Chiapas to create a market in carbon offsets credits for Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). The study draws on three bodies of scholarship. From the institutionalist study of global environmental politics, it uses the ideas of orchestration, civil regulation, and private entrepreneurial authority to identity emerging alignments of state and non-state actors, premised on an exchange of public authority and private expertise. From concepts borrowed from science and technology studies, it inquires into the production, certification, and contestation of knowledge. From a constitutionalist perspective, it analyzes how new forms of public law and private expertise are reshaping foundational categories such as territory, authority, and rights. The analysis begins with general research questions applied to California and Chiapas, and the international space where groups influential in these sites are also active: 1) Where are new political and legal institutions emerging, and how are they structured? 2) What role does scientific, legal, and administrative expertise play in shaping these institutions, and vice versa? And 3) How are constitutional elements of the political order being reoriented towards these new spaces and away from the exclusive domain of the nation-state? The dissertation offers a number of propositions for combining institutionalist and constructivist approaches for the study of complex global governing arrangements. It argues that this can help identify constitutional reconfigurations that are not readily apparent using either approach alone.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Science and Technology Policy 2015
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Chretien, Jonathon. "Potential for synthesis between REDD+ and community forest management as understood through the lens of global political ecology." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7783.

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Global climate change is one of the defining issues of the 21st century. The phenomenon of natural climate variation being pushed beyond normal ranges has been fueled largely by industrial activities and those which support them (i.e. land-use change and the over-exploitation of natural resources). The urgency is well established with reports demonstrating an increased occurrence of rare, highly damaging weather events, and shifts in the natural range of species. The necessity of action on climate change has resulted in the development of novel global initiatives designed to address the problem across global and regional scales. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) is emblematic of this new wave of conservation strategy. It brings together parties which are often seen as opposed on environmental issues in collaborative environmental practise. This thesis explores the development of REDD+ as an effective and equitable solutions to this problem. REDD+ is a policy architecture designed for global deployment, the success of which will depend largely upon the engagement and involvement of local community groups. Community forest management (CFM) may inform the REDD+ design process, and enhance both land-use strategies by way of synergy. The pathway to that point is, however, uncertain and marred with potential pitfalls. This thesis uses the instructive and critical lens of political ecology to assess the potential for integrating greater CFM elements into the REDD+ policy structure. It explores how the narratives of CFM and REDD+ clash at discursive levels, while also identifying elements of each which may make them mutually beneficial. The thesis finds that much of the conflict between positions on REDD+ are the result of contrasting environmental understandings, some of which are informed by negative experiences with past environmental conservation initiatives. Greater community-centric attributes may assist in improving the local and regional acceptability of REDD+ projects by appealing to the “alternative” values of forest-dependent peoples. Some suggested policy modifications are made to improve the overall design of REDD+ to be inclusive of the concerns of forest user groups, and potential areas for future research projects are discussed.<br>Thesis (Master, Environmental Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-28 14:57:55.951
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Mutale, Oswald Levy. "Climate change mitigation: an analysis of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative domestic energy source to charcoal in Zambia." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25775.

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This study analyses the possibility of introducing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative domestic energy source to charcoal in Zambia to mitigate climate change. The study, conducted in Lusaka, used questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews and literature study to collect data. The study revealed that the introduction of LPG is possible. However, some challenges need to be addressed in order to actualise the change. Lack of knowledge about LPG; non-availability of LPG in most parts of the country; perceived danger of LPG; high prices of LPG and accessories; changing people‟s mind-sets about charcoal; social inequity and lack of government initiative, were the main challenges identified. Social-Ecology and sustainable livelihoods were used as theoretical frameworks to ground the study and analyse the results. The study recommends that government takes the lead to make the change possible and that further research be done on sustainable livelihoods for charcoal producers and traders.<br>Development Studies<br>M. A. (Development Studies)
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Müller, Robert. "Policy options to reduce deforestation in the Bolivian lowlands based on spatial modeling of land use change." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F07E-4.

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