Dissertations / Theses: 'Global diseases'

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Mableson, Hayley Elizabeth. "The disease-scape of the new millennium : a review of global health advocacy and its application." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17855.

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The global disease scape is constantly shifting, influenced by demographic transitions, altering the balance of the burden of infectious and non‐communicable diseases. The epidemiological transitions can be divided into three stages: the first, an increase in infectious disease burden as populations settled, then grew into towns and cities providing conditions for infectious agents to maintain spread; the second transition follows industrialisation, changes in lifestyle, diet and improved sanitation whereby infectious diseases are reduced and non‐communicable disease (NCD) prevalence increases; the third transition describes the re‐emergence of infectious diseases as the AIDS epidemic and other emerging and re‐emerging disease outbreaks lead to an increasing burden of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Analysis of the disease‐scape has been carried out using WHO Global Burden of Disease data and correlation to demographic factors calculated using World Bank Development Indicators. The balance of chronic NCDs and infectious diseases can be represented numerically as the unit rate of infectious to non‐communicable diseases. The rate, which indicates at which end the continuum lies can then be correlated to these demographic development indicators to assess the factors which are influential to the continuum. As the balance of infectious and non‐communicable diseases around the world alters, the focus of the advocacy at the global health level has been examined to assess if the trends follow that of the shifting continuum. This has been carried out through an assessment of the WHO World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions adopted annually between 1948 and 2013 on the subject of infectious and/or non-communicable diseases. The principle of International health stemmed from the need to contain the international spread of communicable diseases, so it is not surprising that in the first decade of the WHO, 88% of the resolutions adopted for infectious and non‐communicable disease were adopted for infectious diseases. In the latest ten years of the WHO, 72% of the Assembly resolutions for infectious and non‐communicable diseases were focused on infectious diseases; this indicates that while there has been a shift in the balance, the adopted resolutions still focus heavily on infectious diseases. An example of how advocacy can elevate diseases to a higher position on the global health agenda is that of the Neglected Tropical Diseases. Following the Millennium Development Goals, this group of seventeen diseases has been highlighted as being “neglected” in terms of funding, research and political will. A review of the campaign to highlight this shows how global health advocacy can elevate diseases to a prominent position on the global health agenda. With this in mind, the advocacy for a sub‐group of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases has been examined at the WHA level. The results highlight the sporadic nature of support to control these diseases, and that activism for control of some of the major zoonotic diseases remains lacking. Rabies is explored as an example of a disease for which there are recommendations and support at the global level for the control and elimination of the disease, but for which barriers to control exist locally in endemic countries. The advocacy for diseases at the global health level has the possibility to impact the priorities of health care within individual nations. However the advocacy at this level may take time to reflect the changes within the disease‐scape. The impact of such advocacy is also limited by local political will, availability of resources and local cultural implications. Therefore there is a need to ensure that efforts to control diseases are tailored to specific populations and that resources are made available to support the advocacy.

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Pearson, Georgina. "Global health, local realities : neglected diseases in northwestern Uganda." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3303/.

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This thesis explores the everyday realities of neglected diseases among people living and working along the River Nile in Moyo and Adjumani Districts, northwestern Uganda. It is based on ethnographic-epidemiological fieldwork carried out over sixteen months during 2013 and 2014. The fieldwork included participant-observation, in-depth interviews and a parasitological survey with structured questionnaire. This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach in studying global health, contributing to literature at the intersection between medicine and anthropology. The neglected tropical diseases are a group of diverse diseases framed in global health around common socio-economic-political features, persisting in poverty. They affect neglected populations, neglected by public health policy. Current approaches to their management are largely a collection of technical, diseasefocused programmes that disregard the politics of poverty. Contemporary debates surround the side-lining of social science literature, and the evidence behind the biomedically focussed disease control programmes. Fisherfolk are said to be vulnerable to a number of these diseases. Diseases such as intestinal schistosomiasis (one of the neglected tropical diseases) persist in fishing areas despite a global public health programme. However, as this study demonstrates, in northwestern Uganda levels of schistosomiasis infection appear to have reduced. This study situates the success of the global health control programme within the local biosocial context. Furthermore, it shows that while one neglected tropical disease is controlled, other diseases persist and emerge. These other diseases explored in this research were Buruli ulcer and Hepatitis B, diseases that challenged the global health concept of neglected tropical diseases. This thesis contributes methodologically to the growing interdisciplinary field of global health. It provides empirically-based biosocial evidence of the local realities of neglected diseases. In taking this approach, it argues that this concept is misleading. While it has illuminated particular problems in global health, the restrictive gaze disregards local public health concerns.

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Carinelli, Soledad. "Biomarkers detection of global infectious diseases based on magnetic particles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667765.

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Las enfermedades infecciosas suponen una gran amenaza para la salud mundial debido a la rápida diseminación y adaptación de los patógenos. El papel principal del diagnóstico clínico es identificar de forma fehaciente una enfermedad en un paciente. Los dispositivos de diagnóstico rápido permiten detectar enfermedades y monitorearlas de forma confiable en cualquier centro sanitario. Entre estos dispositivos, los biosensores electroquímicos presentan una alta sensibilidad y especificidad así como una instrumentación sencilla, pudiendo expandirse fácilmente a plataformas de detección múltiple. Además, la integración de partículas magnéticas (MPs) en métodos de diagnóstico rápido incrementa la sensibilidad y especificidad debido su capacidad para aislar y preconcentrar una molécula diana cuando éstas son modificadas con elementos de bioreconocimiento específico. Así, las MPs modificadas pueden unirse específicamente a biomarcadores y concentrarlos de muestras complejas bajo la actuación magnética, eliminando posibles interferencias. En esta tesis se presenta el desarrollo de estrategias de diagnóstico basados en tecnologías emergentes, asequibles y que requieren un entrenamiento mínimo de los usuarios finales, tales como los biosensores electroquímicos con accionamiento magnético. Primero, se presentan dos tipos de pruebas diagnósticas para la cuantificación de linfocitos CD4 en sangre entera, usando MPs, para el seguimiento rápido de pacientes con HIV en entornos de bajos recursos. Se describen dos formatos, uno en formato tipo ELISA con detección óptica y otro usando electrodos de grafito-epoxi con biosensado electroquímico. En ambos casos la estrategia involucra a) el aislamiento de células CD4 usando MPs-antiCD3 y su marcación utilizando anticuerpos antiCD4 biotinilados; b) la marcación enzimática con estreptavidina-peroxidasa; y c) la detección basada en la actividad enzimática. Esta doble marcación (a través de los receptores CD3 yCD4) no sólo evita interferencias de otras células que expresan alguno de estos receptores, sino que aumenta la especificidad del ensayo. Segundo, se describe un ensayo de liberación de interferon-basado en la detección electroquímica de dicho trascripto producido por linfocitos T previamente aislados de sangre. Este test utiliza MPs para el aislamiento y preconcentración de tres dianas diferentes (linfocitos T, mRNA y ADN doblemente marcado) en el mismo ensayo. Primero, los linfocitos T se aislan usando MPs-antiCD3. En segundo lugar, el mRNA de los linfocitos se preconcentra sobre MPs modificadas con polidT mediante unión a la cola de poli(A). Posteriormente se retrotranscribe el mRNA y se amplifica el cDNA mediante PCR múltiplex con marcación doble para la amplificación de IFN- y GAPDH. Finalmente, se inmovilizan los amplicones biotinilados en MPs-estreptavidina, y se realiza el genosensado electroquímico para la detección de IFN- a través del otro marcador del cebador. Esta estrategia se propone como alternativa a los ensayos de liberación de IFN- que se usan en la actualidad para la identificación de la Tuberculosis. Por último, se presenta el diseño de un test de diagnóstico rápido, específico y altamente sensible basado en la amplificación isotérmica sobre MPs con detección electroquímica. Las técnicas de amplificación isotérmicas han surgido como una alternativa a la PCR para la identificación de microorganismos infecciosos, debido a la barrera que éstos últimos muestran para su implementación en entornos de bajos recursos. El último capítulo presenta la detección electroquímica de ADN usando sondas candado con amplificación isotérmica de círculo rodante y amplificación círculo a círculo. Esta estrategia ha demostrado ser una poderosa herramienta para la detección específica y sensible de ácidos nucleicos para su aplicación en el diagnóstico clínico. Los biosensores desarrollados en esta tesis representan una gran promesa para la detección de forma más rápida, simple y económica comparado con los métodos tradicionales de diagnóstico de enfermedades infecciosas. Además, las estrategias desarrolladas en esta tesis demuestran un gran potencial para su aplicación en entornos de bajos recursos.
Infectious diseases are becoming a major threat worldwide due to the fast dissemination and adaptation of pathogens favored by the unrestricted globalization. The primary role of diagnostics is to identify a disease. The rapid identification of a disease allows the patient to be placed on a specific antimicrobial therapy and avoid prolonged management on empiric, potentially inappropriate drug. Therefore, point-of-care (POC) devices that can reliably detect and/or monitor diseases would result in an improved care, and minimization of patient and societal cost of illness. Among them, electrochemical biosensors have the advantage of high sensitivity/specificity as well as simplicity of instrumentation, and can be easily expanded to multiplex detection platform. Furthermore, the integration of magnetic particles (MPs) in POC tests provides an even increased sensitivity and specificity due to the isolation and preconcentration of the target, whether MPs are modified with a specific recognition biomolecule. Modified-MPs can thus specifically bind the biomarkers and preconcentrate them from the complex specimen under magnetic actuation, preventing interferents before testing. Affordable emerging technologies requiring minimal training for final users, such as magnetic actuated electrochemical biosensors, are presented in this dissertation. Firstly, two simple diagnostic tests for CD4+ T lymphocytes quantification, directly in whole blood, and based on magnetic particles are presented. The assay is performed in an ELISA-like format for the optical detection or using graphite-epoxy electrodes for the electrochemical biosensing strategy. In both cases, the strategy has involved three main steps: a) immunomagnetic separation of CD4+ cells by antiCD3-MPs and labeling by using biotinylated antiCD4 antibody; b) enzymatic labeling; and c) detection based on the peroxidase activity. The dual labeling (CD3 and CD4 receptor) not only avoids interferences of other cells, but also increases the specificity of the assay. Thus, the development and evaluation of magnetic-actuated rapid HIV diagnostic platforms appropriate for their use in low resource settings for the following-up of patients under treatment is demonstrated. Secondly, an interferon- release assay based on electrochemical detection for interferon- transcript detection produced by isolated T lymphocytes is described. This approach also involves the integration of MPs for the isolation and preconcentration of three different targets (including whole T lymphocytes, mRNA transcripts and double-tagged DNA) in the same test. Accordingly, T lymphocytes are isolated from whole blood using antiCD3-MPs. Secondly, mRNA presenting poly(A) tail is preconcentrated on polydT-MPs from T lymphocyte. Afterward, mRNA is retrotranscripted and cDNA amplified by multiplex double-tagging PCR for the specific amplification of IFN- and GAPDH. Finally, one of the tags of the primers is used for the amplicons immobilization on streptavidin-MPs as support, while the electrochemical magneto-genosensing for transcript detection is performed using the other tag. This strategy results in an alternative for IFN- release assays, which can be used for identifying infectious states such as Tuberculosis. Finally, the design of a diagnostic test involving a rapid, specific and highly sensitive procedure based on isothermal amplification on MPs with electrochemical readout is presented. Isothermal amplification techniques are emerging as good candidates to replace PCR for the identification of infectious microorganism, since PCR-based method can be a critical barrier in low resource settings. An electrochemical DNA detection using padlock probes and the subsequent amplification with rolling circle and circle to circle amplification is presented in Chapter 6. This strategy has demonstrated to be a powerful combination for highly specific and sensitive nucleic acid detection that can be applied in clinical diagnosis. The electrochemical biosensors developed in this dissertation, offers considerable promise for obtaining information in a faster, simpler and cheaper manner compared to traditional methods for infectious disease diagnosis. Moreover, the strategies possess great potential in many applications, in low resource settings.

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Wen, Allisandra. "Global interaction patterns and disease transmission a case study of China /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43786005.

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Brown, J. K. "Diversity and Global Distribution of Whitefly-Transmitted Geminiviruses of Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210399.

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Geminivirus diseases of cotton are on the rise, worldwide, yet few have been studied in adequate detail to permit the implementation of rational approaches to disease control. The rising costs of managing the whitefly vector, coupled with substantial losses caused by geminivirus-incited diseases now hinder cotton production by requiring inputs that are beyond economic feasibility. The need for geminivirus disease resistant cultivars in diverse cotton producting areas and against different viral genotypes presents a new challenge. To meet this need, information about the identity, distribution, and relevant biotic characteristics of cotton -infecting geminiviruses is needed This project addresses this problem through the molecular analysis of the genomes of cotton-infecting geminivirus from cotton throughout the world Here, sequence similarities of the coat protein gene and of the non-coding IR/CR involved in regulating virus replication and transcription were examined by comparative sequence analysis to achieve virus identification. This is the first effort to determine virus identity and to map the distribution of geminiviruses on a global basis. The outcome of this effort will be a data base containing biotic and molecular information that will permit rapid and accurate geminivirus identification, and the selection of relevant viral species for development of cotton cultivars with disease resistance to the geminiviruses specific to individual production areas.

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Manousopoulou, Antigoni. "Development of a global quantitative proteomics methodology and clinical applications in chronic diseases." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/427726/.

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Shotgun proteomics refers to the untargeted and unbiased analysis of the global proteome as this occurs in a biological system. The overarching aim of my research is to develop a proteomics methodology for the in-depth profiling of tissue and cell-lines and apply this novel methodology in mouse model and human samples in order to identify molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The innovative quantitative proteomics methodology we developed for the global, untargeted proteomic profiling of cell lines and tissue has wide applications in different subject areas of biomedical research. Depending on the samples analysed and experimental design, this methodological approach can provide novel insight into physiological processes, the pathophysiology of disease, as well as identify novel therapeutic targets and disease markers.

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Wen, Allisandra, and 溫佩凝. "Global interaction patterns and disease transmission: a case study of China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43786005.

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Guilloux, Alain. "Humanitarianism in national and global governance: a study of Taiwan's responses to diseases anddisasters." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37894237.

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Guilloux, Alain. "Humanitarianism in national and global governance a study of Taiwan's responses to diseases and disasters /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37894237.

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Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M. Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, et al. "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." Elsevier, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625868.

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Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57.6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40.8-75.9 million [7.2%, 6.0-8.3]), 45.1 million (29.0-62.8 million [5.6%, 4.0-7.2]), 36.3 million (25.3-50.9 million [4.5%, 3.8-5.3]), 34.7 million (23.0-49.6 million [4.3%, 3.5-5.2]), and 34.1 million (23.5-46.0 million [4.2%, 3.2-5.3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2.7% (95% UI 2.3-3.1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10.4% (95% UI 9.0-11.8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

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Gaspari, Arthur Fernandes. "Efeito de diferentes protocolos de treinamento sobre o risco cardiovascular global = Effects of different training programs on global cardiovascular risk." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275133.

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Orientador: Mara Patrícia Traína Chacon Mikahil
Texto em português e inglês
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gaspari_ArthurFernandes_M.pdf: 1781023 bytes, checksum: eb796d47581b504c5b0a8a2b854733dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Diferentes trabalhos experimentais e dados epidemiológicos têm comprovado que a prática sistematizada de atividade física regular contribui como fator de prevenção para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). O presente trabalho compara o efeito de treinamento: Aeróbio (TA), com Pesos (TP) e Concorrente (TC), utilizando cargas de treino equivalentes, sobre o risco global para DCVs medido por diferentes escalas multifatoriais. Os participantes foram 49 voluntários não ativos, distribuídos em Grupo Controle (GC, n=12, idade=48,7±5,6 anos), grupo TA (n=13, idade=47,8±4,9 anos), grupo TP (n=12, idade=48,8±5,1 anos) e grupo TC (n=12, idade=49,5±4,7 anos). Os voluntários foram avaliados pré e pósintervenção para verificação de Colesterol Total (CT), HDL-Colesterol (HDL), LDL-Colesterol (LDL), Triglicerídeos (Tg) e Pressão Arterial em repouso. Esses dados foram utilizados para quantificação do risco cardiovascular global através das escalas (algoritmo): Risco Geral de Doenças Cardiovasculares Risco de Doenças Coronarianas em 10 anos (LDL), Risco da Primeira Doença Coronariana em dois anos, Risco de Desenvolvimento de Doenças Coronarianas Graves ou Escore de Risco de Framingham. Também foram avaliados a Força Muscular de membros superiores (supino reto) e inferiores (leg press) através do teste de 1- Repetição Máxima e o Consumo Pico de Oxigênio (VO2pico) por meio de ergoespirometria em esteira rolante. Os treinamentos tiveram duração de 60 minutos, 3 sessões semanais, por um período de 16 semanas, divididas em duas etapas iguais com uma semana de intervalo para o teste utilizado no ajuste das intensidades do TA. O TA foi composto por caminhadas e corridas divididas em zonas de treinamento baseadas na velocidade do Limiar Ventilatório e Ponto de Compensação Respiratória, de modo que, as intensidades variaram entre 50-85% do VO2pico. O TP foi realizado com 10 exercícios em equipamentos específicos, com 3 séries de 10 repetições máximas e 1min de intervalo na primeira etapa e, os mesmos exercícios com 3 séries de 8 repetições máximas e 1min30s de pausa na segunda etapa. O TC foi composto por aproximadamente 50% de cada treinamento sendo TP seguido de TA. Foram observadas reduções significantes (p<0,05) para TP e TC em todas as escalas de risco aplicadas, assim como para o CT e LDL. Além disso, as concentrações de Tg reduziram (p<0,05) no TC. Foram identificados aumentos pós-treinamento (p<0,05): VO2pico para o TA e TC, força de membros superiores para TP e TC e força de membros inferiores (p<0,05) para TA, TP e TC. Esses resultados corroboram com estudos em jovens e mostram a eficácia do CT no aumento da força corporal e VO2pico, melhora de fatores de risco para DCV e principalmente redução do risco global de DCV através de todas as escalas analisadas em homens de meia-idade. Contudo, esse estudo acrescenta evidências científicas sobre o TC como um ótimo protocolo para promoção tanto do aumento de variáveis funcionais quanto para redução do risco cardiovascular global, mesmo quando realizado com volume reduzido quando comparado aos protocolos isolados
Abstract: Different experimental and epidemiological data have shown that the systematic practice of regular physical activities contributes as a preventing factor to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The present study compared the effect of Aerobic training (AT), Resistance training (RT) and Concurrent training (CT) prescribe with equivalent training loads on the Global CVD Risk through different multifactors scores (algorithms). Forty nine healthy and not active volunteers were distributed in: Control Group (CG, n=12, age=48.7±5.6 yr, BMI=25.2±2.9 kg/m2), AT group (n=13, age=47.8±4.9 yr, BMI=25.4±2.3 kg/m2), RT group (n=12, age=48.8±5.1 yr, BMI=28.4±4.4 kg/m2) and CT group (n=12 , age=49.5±4.7 yr, BMI=28.7±4.0 kg/m2). The training lasted 60 minutes, 3 times/wk for 16 weeks, divided in two equal stages with one week apart to adjust the intensity of the AT. The AT consisted in walking and running at 50- 85% of the VO2peak, the session work was divided in training zones based on Ventilatory Threshold and Respiratory Compensation Point. The RT consisted of 10 exercises on specific equipment, with 3 sets of 10 repetitions maximum with 1min rest between sets on the first stage and the same exercises with 3 sets of 8 repetitions maximum and 1min 30sec rest between sets on the second stage. The TC was composed of approximately 50% of each training (RT followed by AT). It was assessed pre and post intervention: Total Cholesterol (TChol), HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, Triglycerides (Tg) and Rest Blood Pressure. These data were used to quantify the overall cardiovascular risk across algorithms: General Cardiovascular Disease Risk, Coronary Heart Disease Risk - 2 years, Hard Coronary Heart Disease Risk. In addition, were verified: Muscle Strength of upper and lower limbs (1-Maximun Repetition test) and Oxygen Peak Consumption (VO2peak) by cardiopulmonary exercise test. No differences were observed between groups for all pre-intervention variables. After 16 wk, the RT and CT showed significant reductions (p <0.05) of all risk algorithms applied and also a decrease in TChol and LDL. Moreover, CT decrease significantly Tg. Increases were also identified post-training (p <0.05) on VO2peak for AT and CT, on upper limb strength for RT and CT and on lower limb strength (p <0.05) for AT, RT and CT. These results have shown the effectiveness of CT in the reduction of Global CVD Risk through all algorithms, as well as the decrease of risk factors and improvement on body strength and VO2peak. Similar results were previously reported by young men study. In summary, this study provides additional scientific evidence on the CT as an optimal training program capable to increase fitness variables as to reduce the Global CVD Risk in middle-aged men; these results were achieved even when CT was performed with reduced volume compared to isolated training programs
Mestrado
Atividade Fisica Adaptada
Mestre em Educação Física

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Manchaiah, Vinaya, and Brenda Louw. "Global Engagement: Problem Solving and Information Exchange." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2140.

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This interactive session provides opportunities (1) to share ideas for infusing global perspectives and goals into CAPCSD projects, conferences, and the work of committees and task forces; (2) to discuss ways to collaborate in an ongoing global engagement projects and help include content for 2017 conference; and (3) to create how-to guides for ethical and culturally attuned translational research, and clinical education, and service learning.

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Söderström, Ida. "One Health projects globally : - a literature overview of scientific publications regarding zoonotic diseases and animal welfare." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363359.

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The concept of One Health is a rather new term that is used to describe the need for collaboration across expert disciplines to ensure health for humans, animals and the environment. The concept of One Health covers many different aspects of problems that pose a threat to a sustainable planet, for example zoonotic diseases, food hygiene, antibiotic resistance and animal welfare. In recent years the interest in One Health issues has expanded in a truly amazing way, therefore, it is in our interest to present an overview of One Health projects globally, regarding the topics of zoonotic diseases and animal welfare. The aim of this literature study is to conduct an overview of published studies, in the areas of zoonotic diseases and animal welfare, from geographically distinct parts of the world, including Europe, Middle East, South America, South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. This will be done by answering questions regarding the analysed publications, to explore similarities and differences between the previously mentioned geographic areas, regarding the two topics of interest. PubMed was used as search engine to identify publications suitable for the aim of this literature overview. 178 publications within the area of zoonotic diseases and 139 publications within the area of animal welfare met the inclusion criteria and were analysed and evaluated according to a question-sheet. Cross-border collaborations appeared to be more common in the field of zoonotic diseases than in the field of animal welfare. Looking at the amount of published papers, there seemed to be an elevation in number of publications focusing on zoonotic diseases from the time interval 2012-2013 to 2014-2015, in contrast to animal welfare, where the publication numbers increased some years later, from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017. Sub-Saharan African and South American publications focused more on vector borne diseases than the other investigated geographic areas. Regarding the most common cause of animal welfare issues, it appeared to be housing and human management in all investigated geographical demarcations.

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Smith, Mylissia Rachelle. "Rabies, a global threat: taking science a step forward." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17400.

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Master of Public Health
Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology
M. M. Chengappa
Rabies is the most deadly disease on earth and has a 99.9% human fatality rate. Rabies kills 61,000 humans annually and results in an economic burden of $124 billion USD annually. Each day 3.3 million people live with the risk of rabies. It is estimated that 95% of human rabies cases are a result of coming in contact with an infected canine, majority of these cases being children 15 years and younger. It is estimated that 1 person every 8 minutes dies of rabies. Rabies is a highly neurotropic disease which attacks the brain and central nervous system. Once clinical symptoms are presented, death is invariably the outcome as no cure exists for rabies. Rabies is 100% preventable in humans by proper wound management and proper administration of prophylaxis. Rabies can be adequately controlled in animal populations by contraception and animal rabies vaccine efforts. Whilst it is known that rabies can be prevented in humans and controlled in animal populations, further scientific efforts are still warranted to fully understand this deadly virus so that a cure can one day be discovered. As human and animal populations continue to grow, so does the cost and burden of this horrific disease. As a result, the importance of prophylaxis and passive immunity are critical in the event of medically managing an exposure, and preventing exposures. The World Health Organization has defined global recommendations for individuals and animals who have received prophylaxis to be adequately protected. Measuring this protection is performed using a variety of approved testing methodologies, virus-neutralizing assays and antigen-binding assays. Whilst the WHO recommendations were defined from clinical studies performed with virus-neutralizing assays, the assumption that these recommendations are suitable for the antigen-binding assays is inaccurate. The testing methodologies, virus-neutralization and antigen-binding, share similarities, as they are measuring an immune response to the rabies virus. However; enough differing characteristics are presented such that exact comparisons cannot be made. Establishing the same standards and recommendations for both testing methodologies will never be sufficient.

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Alshammari, Sultanah. "A Data-Driven Computational Framework to Assess the Risk of Epidemics at Global Mass Gatherings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505145/.

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This dissertation presents a data-driven computational epidemic framework to simulate disease epidemics at global mass gatherings. The annual Muslim pilgrimage to Makkah, Saudi Arabia is used to demonstrate the simulation and analysis of various disease transmission scenarios throughout the different stages of the event from the arrival to the departure of international participants. The proposed agent-based epidemic model efficiently captures the demographic, spatial, and temporal heterogeneity at each stage of the global event of Hajj. Experimental results indicate the substantial impact of the demographic and mobility patterns of the heterogeneous population of pilgrims on the progression of the disease spread in the different stages of Hajj. In addition, these simulations suggest that the differences in the spatial and temporal settings in each stage can significantly affect the dynamic of the disease. Finally, the epidemic simulations conducted at the different stages in this dissertation illustrate the impact of the differences between the duration of each stage in the event and the length of the infectious and latent periods. This research contributes to a better understanding of epidemic modeling in the context of global mass gatherings to predict the risk of disease pandemics caused by associated international travel. The computational modeling and disease spread simulations in global mass gatherings provide public health authorities with powerful tools to assess the implication of these events at a different scale and to evaluate the efficacy of control strategies to reduce their potential impacts.

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Bardosh, Kevin Louis. "Public health at the margins : local realities and the control of neglected tropical diseases in Eastern Africa." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15832.

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Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are both causes and manifestations of poverty in developing countries. Recent advocacy efforts have increased the profile of NTDs, and led to bold new control and elimination targets set for 2020 by the World Health Organisation. However there are multifaceted challenges in effectively implementing NTD interventions in resource-poor contexts that need to be understood and engaged. While there is a growing call by researchers and international agencies for a science of global health delivery to understand these complexities, the exact nature of this science remains contested. This thesis contributes to these debates by advancing a critical social science perspective on the factors that mediate intervention effectiveness for NTD control. Grounded in a social constructivist approach using mixed methods, it critiques prevailing orthodoxies by unpacking the nature, processes and outcomes of three large-scale NTD prevention programmes in Eastern Africa. Focused on different diseases, these case studies represent different types of intervention approaches: top-down, participatory and public-private partnership. The thesis traces the social, technical and environmental processes that mediate the delivery, adoption and use of particular health technologies, such as pit latrines, insecticides and vaccination. Together, these case studies reveal surprisingly similar reasons for why many interventions do not perform according to expectations. Despite new approaches that claim to overcome stereotypical challenges of top-down planning, narrow technocratic perspectives continue to play a defining role in maintaining disjunctions between global aspirations, local realities and intervention outcomes. New perspectives and changes in orientation are needed that emphasise flexibility, learning and adaptability to local contexts. Towards this end, the thesis outlines a conceptual framework based on a comparative analysis of the case studies that highlights five interrelated domains where effectiveness is determined: geographical/livelihood variation, local agency, incentives, the socio-materiality of technology and planning/governance. I argue that addressing the shortcomings of contemporary interventions requires that programme planners actively engage these domains by seeking to “order complexity.” Greater integration of social science perspectives into the management of NTD programmes would provide significant benefit. In these ways, the thesis contributes to wider debates about the nature of global health interventions and the influence of local contexts in mediating efforts to improve the health and wellbeing of the world’s poor and marginalised.

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Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M. Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, et al. "Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016." Elsevier, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625869.

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Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

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Louw, Rehette. "The signaling pathways involved in the cardioprotection offered by insulin to the global low flow ischaemic/reperfused myocardium." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52577.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: It is well documented that insulin offers cardioprotection under ischaemic stress. In the past it was believed that the protective effects of insulin, such as the (a) recruitment of glucose transporters to enhance glucose entry into the cell, (b) stimulation of glycolysis, (c) enhancement of glycogen synthesis, (d) improved protein synthesis, and (e) positive inotropic and chronotropic properties, were metabolic of origin, but lately the emphasis has shifted towards the diverse signal transduction pathways elicited by insulin. Although these beneficial effects of insulin on ischaemia/reperfusion induced injury have been studied for many years, the exact protective mechanism is still not resolved. Aim: To investigate the influence of insulin on the signaling pathways as a possible protective mechanism against ischaemia/reperfusion and therefore to investigate the possible roles and cross signaling of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase B (PKB) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the cardioprotection offered by insulin to the reperfused, ischaemic myocardium. Materials and methods: Isolated rat hearts were perfused retrogradely in accordance with the Langendorff technique (95%02, 5% C02). After 30 min of stabilization, hearts were subjected to 30 min global low flow ischaemia (0,2 ml/min), followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Hearts perfused with standard Krebs Henseleit solution containing 5 mM glucose were compared to hearts perfused with a perfusion solution containing 5 mM glucose and 0,3 IlIU/ml insulin. Wortmannin was added during either ischaemia or reperfusion. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP), tissue cAMP and PKB and p38 MAPK activation were measured. Results: Insulin treated hearts showed improved functional recovery (P<0.05) during reperfusion after ischaemia vs. non-insulin treated hearts (85.5±4.6% vs. 44.8±4.9%). However, the addition of wortmannin (a Pl3-kinase inhibitor) to the perfusion solution during either ischaemia or reperfusion abolished the improved recovery. At the end of ischaemia, cAMP levels of the insulin treated hearts were elevated significantly, while the cAMP content in the non-insulin treated hearts returned to control levels. Addition of wortmannin during ischaemia abolished this rise in cAMP. Wortmannin added during reperfusion only did not alter the levels of cAMP at the end of reperfusion. Activation of p38 MAPK was transient during ischaemia for both insulin and non-insulin treated hearts. Addition of wortmannin during ischaemia did not alter p38 MAPK levels at the end of ischaemia. P38 MAPK was activated significantly (P<0.001) in the non-insulin treated hearts vs. insulin treated hearts during reperfusion. Wortmannin, added at the onset of reperfusion, could partially abolish the effects of insulin to suppress p38 MAPK activation after 30 min of reperfusion. Activation of PKB in insulin treated hearts was significantly higher than non-insulin treated hearts during stabilization and early ischaemia. This activity was depressed by 30 min of ischaemia in both presence and absence of insulin. Wortmannin, when added before induction of ischaemia did not further lower this. The presence of insulin resulted in occurrence of strong PKB activation during reperfusion, peaking at 15 minutes and diminishing at 30 minutes. Wortmannin, added at the onset of reperfusion, abolished PKB activity measured at the end of reperfusion. Conclusion: Insulin exerted a positive inotropic effect and delayed the onset to ischaemic contracture. Inhibition of Pl3-kinase by wortmannin abolished the protective effects of insulin, arguing for an insulin stimulated PKB involvement in cardiac protection. Insulin also increased cAMP production and attenuated activation of p38 MAPK, both associated with improved recovery. This evidence suggested possible cross signaling between different signaling pathways.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Insulin beskerm harte wat aan isgemiese stres blootgestel word. Alhoewel hierdie voordelige effekte van insulien reeds vir verskeie jare bestudeer is, is die presiese meganisme waarmee insulien die hart beskerm steeds nie duidelik nie. Navorsers het die beskermende effekte van insulien aan metaboliese gevolge soos: (a) verhoogde glukose transport d.m.v. inspanning van meer glukose transporters (b), stimulering van glikolise, (c) vebeterde glikogeensintese, (d) verhoogde proteiensintese, en (e) die positiewe inotropiese en chronotropiese eienskappe van insulien toegeskryf. Onlangs het die fokus verskuif na ander diverse seintransduksiepaaie. Doel: Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om die moontlike betrokkenheid van hierdie sientransduksiepaaie asook die interaksie tussen sikliese adenomonofosfaat (cAMP), proteïn kinase B (PKB) en p38 MAPK in die beskerming wat insulien aan die isgemiese, gereperfuseerde miokardium bied, te bestudeer. Materiale en Metodes: Geïsoleerde rotharte is geperfuseer in ooreenstemming met die Langendorff metode. Na 30 min van stabilisasie is harte blootgestel aan 30 min. globale lae vloei isgemie (0,2 ml/min), en daarna is harte vir 30 min. geherperfuseer. Harte wat geperfuseer is met 'n perfusaat wat 5mM glukose bevat is vergelyk met harte wat geperfuseer is met 'n perfusaat wat 5mM glukose en 0,3 ~IU/ml insulien bevat. Sommige harte is geperfuseer met 'n perfusie oplossing waar wortmannin bygevoeg is tydens óf isgemie óf tydens herperfusie. Linker ventrikulêre ontwikkelde druk (LVDP), tempo-druk produk (RPP), weefsel cAMP-vlakke asook PKB en p38 MAPK aktiwiteit is gemeet. Resultate: Insulien-behandelde harte het funksioneel beduidend beter herstel tydens herperfusie na isgemie as harte wat nie met insulien behandel is nie (85.5±4.6% vs. 44.8±4.9%). Byvoeging van wortmannin by die perfusie oplossing tydens óf isgemie óf reperfusie, het die toename in herstel wat gesien is in die insulien-behandelde harte, opgehef. Die cAMP vlakke in die insulienbehandelde harte het aan die einde van isgemie beduidend gestyg (P<0.001), terwyl vlakke in harte wat nie met insulien behandel is nie, na kontrole vlakke teruggekeer het. Die teenwoordigheid van wortmannin in die perfusie oplossing tydens isgemie, het die styging in cAMP voorkom , terwyl die byvoeging van wortmannin tydens herperfusie. nie die cAMP vlakke beïnvloed het nie. Die aktivering van p38 MAPK tydens isgemie was van verbygaande aard in beide die insulien-behandelde harte en harte wat nie met insulien behandel is nie. Die byvoeging van wortmannin tydens isgemie het nie die p38 MAPK aktivering beïnvloed nie. P38 MAPK is beduidend geaktiveer tydens herperfusie in harte wat nie met insulien behandel is nie vergeleke met die insulien-behandelde harte. Die byvoeging van wortmannin tydens reperfusie kon die effek van insulien om p38 MAPK aktivering te onderdruk, gedeeltelik ophef. PKB aktivering tydens die stabilisasie fase en vroeë isgemie was beduidend hoër in die insulien-behandelde harte vs. die harte wat nie met isulien behandel is nie. Die aktiwiteit is onderdruk deur 30 min isgemie ongeag die teenwoordigheid van insulien. Die byvoeging van wortmannin tydens isgemie het PKB aktivering nie verder verlaag nie. Die teenwoordigheid van insulien het 'n sterk aktivering van PKB tydens herperfusie veroorsaak met 'n piek na 15 min en 'n verlaging na 30 min. Wortmannin bygevoeg aan die begin van herperfusie, het PKB aktiwiteit opgehef aan die einde van reperfusie. Opsomming: Insulien het 'n positiewe inotropiese invloed gehad, en het die begin van isgemiese kontraksie vertraag. Die inhibisie van Pl3-kinase deur wortmannin het die beskermende effekte van insulin opgehef, wat 'n insulin gestimuleerde PKB betrokkenheid aandui. Insulien het ook verhoogte cAMP produksie en verlaagde p38 MAPK aktivering tot gevolg gehad, en beide is geassosieer met verbeterde herstel. Hierdie resultate dui dus op moontlike interaksie tussen die verskillende seintransduksiepaaie.

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Aranda, Lozano Diego Fernando. "Modeling of parasitic diseases with vector of transmission: toxoplasmosis and babesiosis bovine." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11539.

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Resumen: En esta tesis doctoral se presentan tres modelos matemáticos que describen el comportamiento de dos enfermedades parasitarias con vector de transmisión; de los cuales dos modelos están dedicados a la Toxoplasmosis donde se explora la dinámica de la enfermedad a nivel de la población humana y de gatos domésticos. Los gatos juegan un papel de agentes infecciosos del Toxoplasma gondii. La dinámica cualitativa del modelo es determinada por el umbral básico de reproducción, R0. Si el parámetro R0 < 1, entonces la solución converge al punto de equilibrio libre de la enfermedad. Por otro lado, si R0 > 1, la convergencia es al punto de equilibrio endémico. Las simulaciones numéricas ilustran diferentes dinámicas en función del parámetro umbral R0 y muestra la importancia de este parámetro en el sector salud. Finalmente la Babesiosis bovina se modela a partir de cinco ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, que permiten explicar la influencia de los parámetros epidemiológicos en la evolución de la enfermedad. Los estados estacionarios del sistema y el número básico de reproducción R0 son determinados. La existencia del punto endémico y libre de enfermedad se expone, puntos que dependen del R0, ratificando la importancia del parámetro umbral en la salud publica. Objetivo: Construir modelos matemáticos epidemiológicos aplicados a enfermedades parasitarias (Toxoplasmosis y Babesiosis) con vector de transmisión. Metodología: Para la construcción de los modelos matemáticos epidemiológicos es necesario representar la enfermedad a partir de modelos de flujo, permitiendo ver la dinámica de la población entre los diferentes estadíos de la enfermedad, dichos movimientos son analizados a partir de sistemas dinámicos, análisis matemático y métodos numéricos; con estas herramientas es posible hacer un estudio detallado del modelo, permitiendo calcular parámetros umbrales que dominan la dinámica de la enfermedad y a su vez simular escenarios reales e hipotéticos.
Aranda Lozano, DF. (2011). Modeling of parasitic diseases with vector of transmission: toxoplasmosis and babesiosis bovine [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11539
Palancia

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Versteynen, Leo. "Improvement of global access to life-saving medicines : facing the future." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5328.

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This research, with the main focus on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, was based on data from the literature, and on questionnaire and interview surveys with the main stakeholders: authorities, drug-developers and NGOs/foundations. It revealed the following determinants, which contributed to the occurrence of drug pricing conflicts in Brazil, Thailand and South Africa: governmental constitutional commitments to supply medicines to poor people, the existence of a local pharmaceutical industry capable of producing generic versions of patented medicines and long histories of disease treatment programmes. The research documented the preferred approaches to increase global access to life-saving medicines for the next decade, which were found to be: public-private-partnerships, prevention measures, dedication of >0.5% of GNP to poor countries, and improvement of national healthcare/insurance systems. Those approaches were integrated into a conceptual framework, which could enable country-level organizations to move beyond the conflict mentality via a 'Public-Private-Partnership for gradual Self-Sufficiency and Sustainability Model,' (P3S3). Within this framework, rich countries should invest >0.5% of their GNP to help to alleviate poverty in poor countries. With these funds, national governments should implement programmes to expand implementation of disease prevention measures and improve national - 4 - healthcare/insurance systems and the quality of the medicines involved. Public-private-partnerships should act as 'steering-and-controlling' organizations to guide the process and to minimise corruption. As a positive message to all who currently lack access to these medicines, the thesis author's conclusion is that the use of this model could help to turn the current unsustainable development policies into sustainable ones, and as a consequence, it would contribute to improvements in the quality of life of millions of people in poor countries.

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DeGomez, Tom, and Gregg Garfin. "Insects, Diseases, and Abiotic Disorders in Southwest Forests and Woodlands (Climate Change and Variability in Southwest Ecosystems Series)." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146954.

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4 pp.
This is part of a series on climate variability and forested ecosystems
Recent events in the forests of the Southwest have prompted scientists to consider the role of climate variability in insect and disease cycles. Over 70 million pine trees along with millions of other conifers died in 2002-03. Average temperature increases of 3°C enabled the MPB at those high elevations to achieve univoltine (having one generation per year) reproduction leading to previously unheard of outbreaks in white bark pine at high elevation sites in Idaho.Aspen defoliation in Arizona and New Mexico averaged ~ 20,375 acres from 1990 to 1997. A series of events has contributed to the decline of aspen since 1997.

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Vittecoq, Marion. "Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269/document.

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L'émergence de maladies telles que le SRAS et le SIDA au cours des dernières décennies a fait prendre conscience des liens étroits existant entre santé animale, santé humaine et santé des écosystèmes. En effet, les pathogènes émergents ont pour la plupart une origine zoonotique (i.e. ils circulaient à l'origine au sein des populations animales). Les risques sanitaires associés à ces émergences sont en constante évolution sous l'influence des changements globaux qui modifient les écosystèmes et les contacts entre les hôtes. La prévention et le contrôle des maladies infectieuses émergentes nécessitent la compréhension de leur dynamique dans l'ensemble des compartiments dans lesquels elles circulent. Le travail présenté ici avait pour objectif d'améliorer cette compréhension au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes en ce concentrant sur deux pathogènes émergents : les virus Influenza A (VIA) et le virus West Nile. Il a été structuré selon trois axes de recherche : i) Utiliser la surveillance épidémiologique de l'avifaune sauvage pour comprendre la circulation du virus West Nile dans le bassin méditerranéen ii) Comprendre la dynamique des VIA au sein des différents compartiments où ils circulent et à leur interface iii) Comprendre le rôle des conditions environnementales dans la dynamique des VIA notamment au sein des populations humaines. Nos résultats mettent en évidence l'intérêt de mener des études multidisciplinaires sur le long terme pour comprendre l'épidémiologie des maladies émergentes. Ils soulignent également le rôle des activités anthropiques et des conditions environnementales dans la dynamique de ces maladies. Nos études apportent des éléments de réflexion pour allier gestion des risques d'émergence et gestion des écosystèmes et des populations. Elles encouragent à développer ce type d'approche afin de relever le défi de la prévention et du contrôle des pathogènes émergents
During the last decades, the emergence of numerous infectious diseases such as SARS and AIDS has raised awareness of the close links that exist between animal health, human health and ecosystem health. Many of the emerging pathogens have a zoonotic origin (i.e. they originally circulated among animal populations). The health risks associated with the emergence of these diseases are progressing under the influence of global changes that affect ecosystems and contacts between hosts. The prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases require an in-depth understanding of their dynamics in all the compartments in which they occur. The aim of the present work is to improve our understanding of these phenomena within the context of Mediterranean wetlands by focusing on two emerging pathogens: Influenza A viruses (IAV) and West Nile virus. The thesis is structured around three research axes i) Using epidemiological surveillance of wild birds to investigate the circulation of West Nile virus in the Mediterranean Basin ii) Exploring IAV dynamics in the different compartments in which they circulate and at their interface iii) Determining the role of environmental conditions in IAV dynamics, especially within human populations. Our results highlight the value of long-term interdisciplinary studies for the understanding of the epidemiology of emerging diseases. They also emphasize the role of human activities and environmental conditions in the dynamics of these diseases. Our studies open up perspectives for combining emerging disease risk management and the management of ecosystems and populations. They also argue in favour of further developing this type of approach in order to meet the challenge of emerging pathogen prevention and control

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Restoy, Enrique. "Global norms-domestic practice : the role of community-based organisations in the diffusion of HIV and human rights norms." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/59591/.

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International norms are central to international relations because they constitute key instruments to influence state behaviour (Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998; Risse and Sikkink, 1999; Acharya, 2004). The process by which international norms, principles and procedures diffuse into national systems is called norm diffusion (Krook and True, 2010; Towns, 2012; Brown, 2014). This thesis contributes to our understanding of the complexities of norm diffusion processes by undertaking the first in-depth analysis of the role that community-based organizations (CBOs) play in such processes. Focusing on the area of global health norms regarding HIV/AIDS, and based on extensive field research undertaken in Honduras, Ukraine, Uganda, and El Salvador, the thesis presents evidence of the CBOs analysed playing various essential roles in the diffusion of international norms domestically. First, they may act as implementers of such norms ensuring their appropriation among the populations they represent and generating local practice, on occasion even bypassing their own governments when these have rejected such norms. Second, CBOs may also be able to influence their governments and other relevant state actors at the later stages of norm diffusion, when states are deemed to implement international norms through their integration into national practice, even to the point of making states change their stated positions on certain international norms. Thirdly, through the simultaneous interaction with and entanglement in multiple norm diffusion processes, CBOs may also be able to alter such processes by tactically interlinking them and affecting their respective outcomes.

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Hastings, Julie Dawn. "Rumours and riots : local responses to mass drug administration for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases among school-aged children in Morogoro region, Tanzania." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7467.

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In August 2008, a biomedical intervention providing free drugs to school aged children to treat two endemic diseases –schistosomiasis haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths - in Morogoro region, Tanzania, was suspended after violent riots erupted. Parents and guardians rushed to schools to prevent their children taking the drugs when they heard reports of children dying in Morogoro town after receiving treatment. When pupils heard these reports, many of those who had swallowed the pills began to complain of dizziness and fainted. In Morogoro town hundreds of pupils were rushed to the Regional Hospital by their parents and other onlookers. News of these apparent fatalities spread throughout the region, including to Doma village where I was conducting fieldwork. Here, protesting villagers accused me of bringing the medicine into the village with which to “poison” the children and it was necessary for me to leave the village immediately under the protection of the Tanzanian police. This thesis, based on eleven months fieldwork between 2007 and 2010 in Doma village and parts of Morogoro town, asks why was this biomedical intervention so vehemently rejected? By analysing local understandings and responses to the mass distribution of drugs in relation to the specific historical, social, political, and economic context in which it occurred, it shows that there was a considerable disjuncture between biomedical understandings of these diseases, including the epidemiological rationale for the provision of preventive chemotherapy, and local perspectives. Such a disjuncture, fuelled by the reports of fatalities and the pupil’s fainting episodes brought about considerable conjecture both locally and nationally, that the drugs had been faulty, counterfeit, or hitherto untested on humans. Among many of the poorer inhabitants of Morogoro town, there was suspicion that this had been a covert sterilization campaign. From an official perspective, such conjecture was dismissed as mere rumour, proliferated by “ignorant” people. However, from an anthropological perspective, these ‘rumours’ reveal profound local anxieties including a pervasive fear that poor Africans are being targeted for covert eugenics projects by governments in the industrialized world. The thesis also shows that many of the assumptions embedded in global policies seeking to control neglected tropical diseases are mistaken. Indeed, it is suggested that it is unlikely that schistosomiasis haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths will be controlled so long as policy makers persist with the idea that one policy, designed by staff working for the World Health Organisation – with minor modifications added in Dar es Salaam - can be rolled out uniformly, irrespective of the political, social and economic context in which the programme occurs.

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Ribeiro, de Oliveira Annabella. "Towards a More Equitable Future: A Single-Dose HPV Vaccine to Reduce the Global Burden of Cervical Cancer." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1292.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection currently stands as the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. With an estimated lifetime probability of disease acquisition of 84.6% for females and 91.3% for males with at least one sexual partner, HPV is an aggressive and ubiquitous virus that affects people from all walks of life. The virus generally resolves on its own within 1 year, but successful disease progression leads to complications ranging from genital warts to anogenital cancers. Globally, there are 530,000 new cases of, and 274,000 deaths caused by, cervical cancer in females each year, 99.7% of which are caused by HPV and 70% of which are caused by HPV types 16 and 18. With high rates of infection and 85% of cervical cancer cases concentrated in developing countries, the virus presents an immense threat to public health and global equity. Prophylactic vaccines demonstrate high efficacy against common HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer, but the high cost and multiple-dose administration of the vaccine limit its full disease-fighting potential. This proposal seeks to determine if a single-dose prophylactic vaccine targeting HPV-16 and -18, when administered in preadolescence, demonstrates long-term efficacy against cervical cancer. Vaccine-induced antibody responses will be measured using geometric mean titers obtained from blood samples, and efficacy of the vaccine will be evaluated by persistent high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection, measured through Pap smears and HPV DNA tests. The study will extend 22 years post-vaccination. The single-dose vaccine is expected to provide protection against HR-HPV infection at rates comparable to those of multiple-dose vaccines currently in practice, with the implications of increasing accessibility of the vaccine and, thus, decreasing the global burden of cervical cancer.

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Omar, Jama Sukri. "Tau phosphorylation on threonine 217 as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-21321.

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Hyperfosforylering av biomarkörproteinet Tau förekommer i flera neurodegenerativa sjukdomar som kallas Taupathies. Proteinets huvudfunktion i människokroppen är att modulera flexibilitet och stabilitet för axonal-mikrotubulin. I Taupathies utlöser hyperfosforyleringen av Tau instabilitet och neurodegenerationen. I dagens läge kan hyperfosforylering av treonin 217 (P217) endast mätas i hjärnan. I den här studien undersöks hyperfosforyleringen av treonin 217 (P217). I syfte att se om nivåerna av P217 är mätbara i cerebrospinalvätska (CSV) och i blodet. Samt för att evaluera hur nivåer av P217 förändras i olika Taupathies, genom att testa hjärnprover från friska kontroller och olika Taupathies. Studien görs för att öka kunskapen om effekten av hyperfosforylering av treonin 217 i Taupathies och för att bidra med en ny provtagningsmetod för P217. Simoa HD-1 Analyzer var instrumentet som användes för analyserna av P217. Det är ett instrument som kan upptäcka onormala nivåer av biomarkörer genom kvantifiering, med hjälp av antikroppar och ett enzym. Enzymet kallas Streptavidin β-galaktosidas och omvandlar en befintlig P217-molekyl i proven till en fluorescerande produkt. Genom Simoa HD-1 Analyzer utvecklades en ultrasensitiv analys med antikropparna P217 och Tau 12, som kunde upptäcka mycket låga nivåer av P217 i hjärnan, CSF och i blod. Förändring av P217-nivåer hittades även i olika Taupathies. De Taupathies med de högsta nivåerna av P217 var Progressiv supranukleär pares, Corticobasal degeneration och Globular glial Taupathies.
Hyperphosphorylation of the biomarker protein Tau occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases called Taupathies. The proteins main function in the human body is to modulate flexibility and stability for axonal microtubules. In Taupathies the hyperphosphorylation of the Tau triggers instability and neurodegeneration. Nowdays hyperphoshorylation on threonine 217 (P217) can only be measured in the brain. In this study the hyperphoshorylation on the phosphorylation site of threonine 217 (P217) is examined. In aim to see if levels of P217 is measurable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in blood. As well to evaluate how P217 variate in different Taupathies, through the use of brain samples from healthy controls and different Taupathies. The study is made for the purpose of enhancing the pure knowledge about the effect of hyperphosphorylation on threonine 217 in Taupathies and to contribute with a new sampling method for P217. Simoa HD-1 Analyzer was the key instrument of the analyses of P217. It’s an instrument which can detect abnormal levels of biomarkers through quantification, with help of antibodies and an enzyme. The enzyme is called Streptavidin β-galactosidase and converts an existing P217 molecule in the samples to a fluoresce product. Through the use of Simoa HD-1 Analyzer an ultrasensitive assay with antibodies P217 and Tau 12 was developed which could detect very low levels of P217 in brain, CSF and in blood. Variation of P217 levels was also found in different Taupathies. The Taupathies with the highest levels of P217 was Progressive supranuclear palsy, Corticobasal Degeneration and Globular glial Taupathies.

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Atal, Ignacio. "Cartographie globale des essais cliniques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB071/document.

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Pour comprendre comment se construisent les connaissances sur l’effet des interventions en médecine, il est nécessaire de savoir où est faite la recherche clinique dans le monde, quelles maladies sont étudiées, et quels acteurs la mettent en place. Une vision globale du système de recherche peut aider à identifier des lacunes dans la production de connaissances et à orienter l’activité de recherche vers les priorités de santé, en particulier dans les régions où les ressources sont limitées. Dans ce travail nous avons construit des cartographies de la recherche clinique, c’est-à-dire des analyses agrégées de ce système complexe visant à extraire de l’information sur l’activité globale de recherche. Nous avons utilisé les registres d’essais cliniques inclus dans l’International Clinical Trials Registry Platform de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour cartographier l’activité de recherche. Dans un premier travail nous avons évalué pour 7 régions l’alignement entre l’effort local de recherche sur 10 ans et le fardeau de 27 groupes de maladies. Ce travail a nécessité le développement d’un algorithme de classification automatique des maladies étudiées dans les essais clinique basé sur des méthodes de traitement automatique du langage. À partir des données de 117,180 essais randomisés, nous avons montré que la recherche faite dans les pays riches était bien alignée avec leurs besoins. Dans toutes les autres régions nous avons identifié des lacunes dans l’effort de recherche. En particulier, en Afrique Subsaharienne, même si des causes majeures de fardeau comme le VIH et le paludisme reçoivent un effort de recherche important, d’autres priorités locales, les maladies infectieuses communes et les pathologies du nouveau-né, ont été négligées par l’effort de recherche. Dans un deuxième travail nous avons évalué l’influence du type de promoteur (industriel ou non-industriel) dans l’utilisation de réseaux de pays pour recruter des patients dans des essais cliniques multi-pays. Nous avons montré que 30% contre 3% des essais à promoteur industriel et non-industriel sont multi-pays, respectivement. Les pays d’Europe de l’Est participent dans leur ensemble de façon surreprésentée dans la recherche multi-pays industrielle. Ceci suggère les grandes capacités des industriels à globaliser leur recherche en s’appuyant sur des réseaux de pays bien définis. À l’échelle de tous les essais clinique enregistrés, nos travaux ont mis en évidence des lacunes majeures dans l’effort de recherche mondial, et montré l’influence des différents acteurs dans la globalisation de celle-ci. Ces travaux forment une brique pour le développement d’un observatoire global de la recherche médicale
By knowing what clinical research is undertaken worldwide, where it is conducted, which diseases are studied, and who is supporting it, we could have a better understanding on how is created the knowledge concerning health interventions. A global landscape of health research may inform policy makers on knowledge gaps and on how to reallocate resources to address health needs, in particular in low-resource settings. In this thesis we mapped clinical research, i.e. we analyzed at a macro-level the complex system of health research to bring information on the global landscape of health research effort. We based our analyses on clinical trial registries included in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from the World Health Organization. In a first project, we evaluated within 7 regions the local alignment between the effort of research and the burden for 27 groups of diseases. This work needed the development of a knowledge-based classifier of clinical trial registries according to diseases studied based on natural language processing methods. We mapped 117,180 randomized controlled trials. For high-income countries, the research effort was well aligned with the needs. In all other regions we identified research gaps. In particular, for Sub-Saharan Africa, where major causes of burden such as HIV and malaria received a high research attention, research was lacking for major causes of burden, especially for common infectious diseases and neonatal disorders. In a second project, we compared the mappings of multi-country trials for industry- and non-industry–sponsored clinical trials, and analyzed the networks of collaboration of countries participating together to the same multi-country trials. We showed that among industry- and non-industry–sponsored trials, 30% and 3% were multi-country, respectively. The collaboration within Eastern European countries was particularly over-represented for industry-sponsored research. Industry sponsors may thus have a greater capacity to conduct globalized research, using well-defined networks of countries. Our large-scale mappings of all registered clinical trials shed light on major gaps in the effort of health research as compared to health needs. In addition, we showed the influence of different sponsors in the globalization of clinical research. These projects are in-line with the development of a global observatory for health research

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Bunner, Kristen Elizabeth. "A Global Snapshot of Sexual Health Education: Insights from International Students at BGSU." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1428940209.

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Reis, António Maria Malta do Carmo. "O contributo da saúde animal no acesso aos mercados, na segurança alimentar global e na luta contra a fome." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3507.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
No Século XXI continuam presentes doenças como o HIV/Sida, a Malária, a vCJD, a Raiva ou o Síndrome Respiratório Agudo Grave. Estas doenças têm em comum, o facto de serem consideradas Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes (DIE). A maioria das DIE são zoonoses (60,3%) sendo que 71,8% têm origem na fauna selvagem. O conceito “Uma Saúde” ganhou uma relevância enorme na compreensão dos factores que estão na origem da emergência e da reemergência sem precedentes das DIE. Nestes factores incluem-se a globalização das viagens e do comércio internacional, as alterações climáticas, o insucesso das medidas de Saúde Pública e o bioterrorismo. Nas últimas décadas, a maioria das DIE ocorreram nos países em desenvolvimento e tiveram impactos graves principalmente nas populações pobres que dependem do gado (70%). Paradoxalmente, nos países em desenvolvimento, o volume de carne e leite produzido ultrapassou há muito a produção realizada nos países desenvolvidos e prevê-se que devido ao crescimento da população mundial e às alterações nos hábitos e preferências alimentares, a procura global de carne e leite aumente cerca de 55%. A maior quota ocorrerá nos países em desenvolvimento, nos quais se prevê que a procura aumente cerca de 95% na carne e de 80% no leite, sendo estes os países com piores índices de Segurança Alimentar e os mais afectados pela fome e pela pobreza. Neste contexto as ocorrências de DIE e a necessidade de aumentar o aporte de proteína de origem animal, demonstram a urgência de reforçar e melhorar a qualidade dos Serviços Veterinários, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação é o resultado do estágio curricular efectuado na Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal (OIE), do trabalho realizado no Programa EDES e de uma pesquisa bibliográfica neste âmbito. Pretende descrever como as DIE e os factores de risco que as determinam podem condicionar o aumento da produção de proteína de origem animal e analisar o contributo da OIE e dos serviços veterinários - no acesso aos mercados, na Segurança Alimentar, no combate à fome e na redução da pobreza – através do impacto da aplicação das normas sanitárias internacionais.
ABSTRACT - The animal health contribution to market access, food security and global fight against hunger - In the XXI Century diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Malaria, vCJD, Rabies and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome remain present. These diseases have in common the fact that they are Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID). The majority of EID are zoonoses (60.3%) of which 71.8% originated in wildlife. The One Health concept has gained great relevance in understanding the factors that promote the unprecedented emergence and reemergence of EID. These include factors such as the global scale of international trade and travel, climate change, breakdown in public health or control measures and bioterrorism. In the last decades, most EID have occurred in developing countries and have had a serious impact especially on the world’s poor livestock farmers (70%). On the other hand, the volume of meat and milk produced in these countries outpaced the production in developed countries and further more it is expected that the global demand for milk and meat will increase »55%, due to the world population growth and change in eating habits. The largest share of this increase will occur in developing countries, where demand increases of 95% for meat and 80% for milk are expected. However, these countries have the highest level of food insecurity and a stick seriously affected by hunger and poverty. Due to issues caused by EID outbreaks and the need for animal protein intake, there is an urgent need to strengthen and improve the quality of veterinary services, in particularly in developing countries. This dissertation is the output of an internship done at the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the work performed with the EDES Programme and a bibliography research. It aims to highlight how EID and determinant risk factors, might influence the increased production of animal protein and to analyze the contribution of OIE and of Veterinary Services to market access, food security, poverty reduction and the global fight against hunger, through the impact of the application of international sanitary measures standards set by the OIE.

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Herrera, Añazco Percy, Holguín Edward Mezones, and Adrian V. Hernández. "Global kidney disease." Elsevier B.V, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/322401.

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We read with interest the Lancet Series on Global Kidney Disease. Valerie Luyckx and colleagues describe the economics and medical management of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa.1 We note clear similarities with patients in Peru. Indeed, in Peru, the Ministry of Health (MINSA)—which covers 70% of the population—does not have a comprehensive programme for the management of patients with chronic kidney disease, including renal replacement therapies. However, the Social Security System (Essalud)—which covers 20% of the population—has a chronic kidney disease programme.
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Christian, Warren J. "Using Geospatial Technologies to Characterize Relationships between Travel Behavior, Food Availability, and Health." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/4.

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Epidemic obesity in the U.S. has prompted exploration of causal factors related to the built environment. Recent research has noted statistical associations between the spatial accessibility of retail food sources, such as supermarkets, convenience stores, and restaurants, and individual characteristics such as weight, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. These studies typically use residential proximity or neighborhood density to food sources as the measure of accessibility. Assessing food environments in this manner, however, is very limiting. Since most people travel outside of their neighborhood on a daily basis, the retail food sources available to individuals residing in the same area could vary widely. This research developed new techniques for describing food accessibility or food environments based upon individuals’ activity and travel patterns, or their activity spaces. Researchers have previously used travel diaries to study activity and travel behavior, but these are burdensome for participants, and are prone to recall error and other inaccuracies. This study explored use of global positioning system (GPS) to identify participants' activity spaces, and employed a geographic information system (GIS) to assess the retail food sources located within these spaces. This produced ‘activity-based’ measures of individual retail food accessibility that do not rely on areal units, nor require travel diaries. Participants included 121 residents of a census tract in Lexington, Kentucky who agreed to carry GPS trackers for three workdays, and complete surveys regarding weight, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and diet and food purchasing habits. The types and relative frequencies of food locations within their activity spaces were compared to those within close proximity to the census tract. Dietary and food purchasing habits were subsequently analyzed in relation to activity-based food environment measures. The results of this study demonstrate substantial potential for misclassification bias in food accessibility research based on residential proximity or neighborhood density. Furthermore, this study observed statistically significant relationships between the new activity-based food accessibility measures and some personal characteristics and food-related behaviors. Despite some limitations, the techniques developed in this research show great potential for future research, which should be explored further in a variety of contexts.

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Jagadesh, Soushieta. "Biogeography of Emerging Infectious Diseases In search for the hotspots of Disease X: A biogeographic approach to mapping the predictive risk of WHO’s Blueprint Priority Diseases Emerging human infectious diseases of aquatic origin: a comparative biogeographic approach using Bayesian spatial modelling Global emergence of Buruli Ulcer Spatial variations between Leishmania species: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of Leishmania species in French Guiana Mapping priority neighborhoods: A novel approach to cluster identification in HIV/AIDS population." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0007.

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La récente pandémie de Covid19 nous rappelle, si cela était encore nécessaire, que la propagation des maladies infectieuses ignore les frontières géographiques. Les changements combinés de biodiversité locale et l’utilisation des terres, l’augmentation de la connectivité internationale par le transport et le commerce ainsi que la menace imminente du changement climatique a accru le risque d’émergence et de réémergence des maladies infectieuses (EMI). Jusqu’à présent la réponse des politiques de santé publique a été la surveillance passive sans toutefois s’avérer réellement efficace dans la prévention et le contrôle des épidémies. Le choix qui a été fait ici est celui d’une nouvelle approche anticipative, par identification des zones à haut risques d’EMI en se basant sur la détection des facteurs environnementaux les plus favorisant. Parmi ces facteurs on trouve la conversion des terres, la diminution drastique de la biodiversité ou encore le changement climatique. Ainsi la méthode biogéographique a permis d’étudier et d’analyser les EMI à travers différents groupes de taxons de pathogènes comme les bactéries, les virus, les protozoaires et les champignons. L’étude a été portée globalement, ainsi que localement, en Guyane Française, un territoire français d’outre-mer situé en Amérique du Sud. Dans les deux cas, à travers les différents groupes de pathogènes, les risques d’inondation, les récentes conversions de parcelles de forêts en terres agro-minières et l’augmentation du minimum de température due au changement climatique se sont avérés être des facteurs significatifs dans l’émergence globale et locale des maladies infectieuses étudiées. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse sont les suivantes :1. Une approche biogéographique de modélisation de la distribution des EMI en utilisant les bases de données existantes sur les cas cliniques, l’imagerie satellite et un modèle statistique non conventionnel est efficace pour détecter précocement les régions à risque, permettre d’améliorer la prévention, et contrôler leur diffusion.2. Il est possible d’anticiper les EMI en identifiant et en gérant précocement les facteurs favorisant ayant un lien direct avec l’anthropisation de l’environnement
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights that the spread of infectious diseases goes beyond geographical boundaries. Simultaneous changes in local biodiversity and land use, the increasing international connectivity through human transport and trade and the imminent threat of climate change have increased the risk of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. The current public health response to emerging infectious diseases (EID) by passive surveillance has proven largely ineffective in preventing and controlling disease outbreaks. The way toward is to “get ahead of the curve” by identifying potential hotspots of disease emergence and detecting the environmental triggers such as land transformation, biodiversity loss and climate change. I used a biogeographic approach to study and analyze disease emergence across different taxonomic pathogen groups such as bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal, globally and in French Guiana, a French Overseas territory located in South America. I found that regions at risk of floods, recent conversion of forest to agricultural lands and increasing minimum temperature (i.e. temperature at night) caused by cli mate change were drivers for disease emergence locally and globally across the different pathogen groups. The main findings of the PhD thesis are the following:1. Biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of EIDs with using existing human cases data, remote sensing imagery and unconventional statistical models is effective to “get ahead of the curve” in the detection of regions at risk and the management of EIDs.2. EIDs are not unprecedented but predictable by identifying and managing the triggers of disease emergence, which have a direct link with the anthropization of the environment

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Gunnarsson, Niklas. "Chronic myeloid leukemia and cancer." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Medicin, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-141144.

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Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a relatively rare hematological malignancy with a constant incidence of approximately 90 new cases each year in Sweden (0.9 cases/100 000 inhabitants). The etiology is largely unknown but high doses of ionizing radiation are a known but rare risk factor. The treatment options were for a long time limited to chemotherapies i.e. hydroxyurea and busulfan, interferon’s and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the median survival were only about four years. Since the beginning of the 21st century a new way of treating CML has been introduced, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), leading to a rapid decrease in leukemic cells and symptoms. Due to the TKIs, the overall 5-year survival is nowadays approximately 85 % and CML patients have time to develop other diseases, including other malignancies. The aims of this thesis was to investigate the present and future prevalence of CML and the prevalence of other malignancies prior and subsequent to the diagnosis of CML, malignancies among first-degree relatives of persons with CML. In addition, the incidence of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases among patients with CML was also investigated. Methods From the Swedish CML register, data over nearly all Swedish CML patients from 2002 and forward were obtained for paper II-IV. For paper I, the Swedish cancer register was used to identify all Swedish CML patients since 1970 and the Swedish cause of death register was used to identify an eventual date of death for these patients. With a constant incidence and the relative survival rates for CML patients between 2006 and 2012 as a model, the present and future prevalence was calculated. For paper II-IV, data from the Swedish cancer register was used to identify other malignancies than CML. For paper II, information about autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases was retrieved from the Swedish national patient register. For paper II and IV, five controls matched for year of birth, gender and county of residence were randomly selected from the Swedish register of the total population. To calculate odds ratio (OR), conditional logistic regression was used. To calculate the risk of a second malignancy for paper III, Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was used. In paper IV, first-degree relatives (parents, siblings and offsprings) for both cases and controls were retrieved from the Swedish multi-Generation Register, where persons born later than 1932 and registered in Sweden at some time since 1961 are registered. Results Prevalence and survival As shown in paper I, the 5-year overall survival for CML patients increased remarkably from 0.18 to 0.82 between 1970 and 2012. The prevalence increased from 3.9 to 11.9 per 100 000 inhabitants in Sweden between 1985 and 2012. By assuming no further improvements in relative survival as compared to the survival rates between 2006 and 2012, the prevalence by 2060 is expected to increase to 22.0 per 100 000 inhabitants. This corresponds to 2 587 CML patients as compared to 1 137 CML patients in 2012. Malignancies, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases prior to CML In study II, more than 45 000 person-years of follow-up were evaluated in 984 CML patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2012. With an OR of 1.47 (95 % CI 1.20–1.82) and 1.55 (95 % CI 1.21–1.98), respectively, the prevalence of prior malignancies and autoimmune diseases were significantly increased as compared to matched controls. On the other hand, no association between CML and chronic inflammatory diseases was shown. Second malignancies In 868 CML patients, diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, 52 malignancies were observed in the Swedish cancer register, as shown in paper III. When compared to expected rates in the background population, a significantly increased risk of second malignancies with a SIR of 1.52 (95 % CI 1.13–1.99) was shown. When looking at specific cancer types, gastrointestinal as well as nose and throat cancer were significantly increased. Familial aggregation of malignancies 984 CML patients were identified in paper IV. However, 184 had a birth date prior to 1932, subsequently only 800 patients were analyzed. Among them, 4 287 first-degree relatives were identified, compared to 20 930 first-degree relatives of the matched controls. 611 malignancies were retrieved; no significant increase of malignancies in first-degree relatives of CML patients was shown (OR 1.06; 95 % CI: 0.96–1.16). Conclusion Since CML patients nowadays have a high survival rate, the calculations in this thesis shows that the prevalence of CML will almost double by 2060. CML patients have an increased risk of developing malignancies prior and subsequent to the diagnosis of CML, suggesting a hereditary or acquired predisposition to develop cancer. Since there is no familial aggregation of malignancies in CML patients, a hereditary predisposition to develop cancer is unlikely to be part of the pathogenesis of CML, leaving an acquired predisposition more likely.

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Mulero, Stephen. "Développement d’outils d’écologie moléculaire pour un suivi intégratif des maladies transmises par les mollusques d’eau douce dans un contexte d’émergences et de changements globaux A Multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR (RD-PCR) approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiases in a One Health context Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts Simultaneous genotyping of gastropods and their trematode parasites using Amplicon Sequencing Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis parasites: from mating interactions to differential gene expression." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0023.

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Les changements globaux, qu’ils soient d’origine climatique ou anthropique ont diverses conséquences en santé humaine et animale, mais aussi sur les écosystèmes mondiaux. L’une des plus importantes est la modification des aires de répartitions géographiques des espèces et de celle des pathogènes qui leurs sont associés. C’est dans ce contexte que nous assistons ces dernières années à une recrudescence des cas d’émergences et de réémergences de maladies infectieuses dans le monde. Alors que les efforts de recherche menés dans ce domaine se focalisent principalement sur les maladies virales, les maladies transmises par les mollusques d’eau douce, qui affectent plus d’un milliard d’individus dans le monde, sont également sujettes à ces évènements d’émergences devenus fréquents. Cependant, l’étude de la dynamique des parasites associés à ces maladies se focalisent essentiellement sur le diagnostic et le traitement des hôtes définitifs, en particulier l’Homme. Toutefois, une telle approche ne permet pas de prévenir de la transmission de ces parasites à l’Homme et encore moins de prévenir d’un évènement d’émergence, et les outils actuels utilisés pour le suivi de ces parasites dans l’environnement sont difficilement applicables à large échelle. Ce travail de thèse se propose donc d’apporter une vision plus environnementale de la dynamique de ces maladies. Avec l’exemple de l’émergence de bilharziose urogénitale en Corse, nous avons analysé cette émergence en intégrant l’étude des traits d’histoire de vie du parasite tropical en cause, notamment sa thermo tolérance, ainsi que le rôle des hôtes intermédiaires mollusques et des hôtes définitifs sauvages et domestiques dans le maintien local du cycle parasitaire. Dans un second temps nous avons développé des outils de diagnostic par ADN environnemental pour la détection de mollusques hôtes dans l’environnement afin d’identifier les zones à risque d’émergence, ainsi que des outils de détection intramolluscal de schistosomes pour identifier les sites de transmission actif, et donc permettre un suivi environnemental des acteurs de ces maladies. Pour compléter ces approches, nous avons développé un outil plus généraliste de metabarcoding environnemental pour caractériser les communautés de mollusques d’eau douce, et initié le développement d’un outil similaire pour la caractérisation des communautés de trématodes, ceci afin d’étudier les interactions entre ces organismes. Enfin nous discutons de l’intégrations de tous ces éléments dans de nouvelles stratégies de contrôle à l’encontre de maladies transmises par les mollusques d’eau douce
Global changes, whether climatic or anthropogenic, have various consequences in human and animal health, as well as for worldwide ecosystems. One of the most important is the modification of geographical ranges of species and those of their associated pathogens. It is in this context that in recent years we have witnessed a resurgence in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases around the world. While research efforts in this field are mainly focused on viral diseases, freshwater snail-borne diseases, that affect more than 1 billion peoples around the world, are also subject to these outbreaks, which have become frequent. However, the study of the dynamics of parasites associated with these diseases focuses primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of the definitive hosts, particularly humans. Such an approach does not prevent the transmission of these parasites to humans and even less prevent an emergence event, and the existing tools used to monitor these parasites in the environment are difficult to apply at large scale. This thesis work, therefore aims to provide a more environmental vision of the dynamics of these diseases. With the example of the emergence of urogenital bilharziasis in Corsica, we analysed this emergence by integrating the study of the life history traits of the tropical parasite in question, particularly its thermo tolerance, as well as the role of mollusc intermediate hosts and wild and domestic definitive hosts in the local maintenance of the parasite lifecycle. In a second step, we have developed environmental DNA diagnostic tools for the detection of molluscs hosts in the environment in order to identify areas at risk of emergence, as well as tools for intramolluscal detection of schistosomes to identify active sites of transmission, and thus allow the environmental monitoring of the actors of these diseases. To complete these approaches, we have developed a more generalised environmental metabarcoding tool to characterise freshwater mollusc communities and initiated the development of a similar tool for the characterisation of trematode communities, in order to study the interactions between these organisms. Lastly, we discuss the integration of all these elements into new control strategies against snail-borne diseases

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Ghosh, Saurav. "News Analytics for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80574.

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Traditional disease surveillance can be augmented with a wide variety of open sources, such as online news media, twitter, blogs, and web search records. Rapidly increasing volumes of these open sources are proving to be extremely valuable resources in helping analyze, detect, and forecast outbreaks of infectious diseases, especially new diseases or diseases spreading to new regions. However, these sources are in general unstructured (noisy) and construction of surveillance tools ranging from real-time disease outbreak monitoring to construction of epidemiological line lists involves considerable human supervision. Intelligent modeling of such sources using text mining methods such as, topic models, deep learning and dependency parsing can lead to automated generation of the mentioned surveillance tools. Moreover, realtime global availability of these open sources from web-based bio-surveillance systems, such as HealthMap and WHO Disease Outbreak News (DONs) can aid in development of generic tools which will be applicable to a wide range of diseases (rare, endemic and emerging) across different regions of the world. In this dissertation, we explore various methods of using internet news reports to develop generic surveillance tools which can supplement traditional surveillance systems and aid in early detection of outbreaks. We primarily investigate three major problems related to infectious disease surveillance as follows. (i) Can trends in online news reporting monitor and possibly estimate infectious disease outbreaks? We introduce approaches that use temporal topic models over HealthMap corpus for detecting rare and endemic disease topics as well as capturing temporal trends (seasonality, abrupt peaks) for each disease topic. The discovery of temporal topic trends is followed by time-series regression techniques to estimate future disease incidence. (ii) In the second problem, we seek to automate the creation of epidemiological line lists for emerging diseases from WHO DONs in a near real-time setting. For this purpose, we formulate Guided Epidemiological Line List (GELL), an approach that combines neural word embeddings with information extracted from dependency parse-trees at the sentence level to extract line list features. (iii) Finally, for the third problem, we aim to characterize diseases automatically from HealthMap corpus using a disease-specific word embedding model which were subsequently evaluated against human curated ones for accuracies.
Ph. D.

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Quinn, Megan, and B. O'Connell. "Water-Borne Disease From a Global Perspective." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6808.

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Hughes, Jacqueline. "After genetics : Huntington's disease, local data, global neuroscience." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54413/.

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A 36 month ethnographic study of a research clinic with a combined role of disease management, included non participant observation of clinic routines, neurological consultations, motor and cognitive research testing of patients, plus interviews with patients, carers, clinicians, researchers and others associated with the clinic. A 'shift' of Huntington's disease into neurology was observed plus standardisation of research activities on an international scale. The clinic acts as a recruitment site for other experimental research. Research questions were - does a neurological instead of genetic framework make a difference to how the disease is regarded, and, what does research participation mean for patients and clinicians A neurological framework appeared to encourage research participation because patients and carers considered it an opportunity for experimental treatment, including stem cell transplantation to the brain. Three analytic themes revealed: 'blurring' in operation of research and care, performances by all clinic actors linked to social and research expectations, plus the neurology framework increased patients' hopes in research aims. Sub themes included biomedicalisation, research translation, emotional work, research limitations, social benefits and transplant hope. Clinic researchers noticed tension in their dual research/care role, patients and carers noticed they were given time but little practical care.

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Rego, Padraig. "Bikesharing as an intervention: Does it increase cycling? : A controlled interrupted time series study from Helsinki, Finland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396564.

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Background Bikesharing is a versatile intervention, that enables cheap and convenient cycling for urban populations, and according to recent literature, has a positive impact on health, safety and the economy. Many of these impacts are based on the assumption of a modal shift induced by bikesharing, i.e. implementing a Bicycle Sharing System (BSS) will increase population cycling. However, the evidence is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the intervention of implementing a BSS increases cycling. The study was conducted using bicycle count data from Helsinki between 2014 to 2018. Methods A controlled interrupted time series design was used in combination with segmented regression as the method. An intervention series and a control series were analysed separately. The slopes (trend) and intercepts (level) of pre-intervention (2014&2015) segments were compared with post-intervention segments (2016-2018). The same analysis was performed in both intervention series and control series. ResultsThe results from the intervention series showed an increase of 105% in the level of the outcome after the implementation of the intervention. Simultaneously, the control series showed that the underlying trend of cycling remained largely unchanged during the whole study period (level increased by 3%). Stratified analysis supported these results in both intervention and control series. Conclusion The analysis of the intervention series revealed, that the level of the outcome increased sharply after the intervention, implying that the intervention had an immediate effect. However, the lack of statistical significance in the analysis of the slopes made it impossible to determine if the effect was sustained.

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Venkatachalam, Sangeeta. "Modeling Infectious Disease Spread Using Global Stochastic Field Simulation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5335/.

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Susceptibles-infectives-removals (SIR) and its derivatives are the classic mathematical models for the study of infectious diseases in epidemiology. In order to model and simulate epidemics of an infectious disease, a global stochastic field simulation paradigm (GSFS) is proposed, which incorporates geographic and demographic based interactions. The interaction measure between regions is a function of population density and geographical distance, and has been extended to include demographic and migratory constraints. The progression of diseases using GSFS is analyzed, and similar behavior to the SIR model is exhibited by GSFS, using the geographic information systems (GIS) gravity model for interactions. The limitations of the SIR and similar models of homogeneous population with uniform mixing are addressed by the GSFS model. The GSFS model is oriented to heterogeneous population, and can incorporate interactions based on geography, demography, environment and migration patterns. The progression of diseases can be modeled at higher levels of fidelity using the GSFS model, and facilitates optimal deployment of public health resources for prevention, control and surveillance of infectious diseases.

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Tamerius, James Derek. "Climate Predictors of Global Influenza Seasonality in Temperate and Tropical Populations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145431.

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The consistent seasonal signal that characterizes annual influenza epidemics has long suggested a causal link between the physical environment and the transmission of influenza. Yet, despite considerable interest--dating as far back as Hippocrates--the environmental factors that facilitate the seasonal spread of influenza remain unclear. Historically, significant study of influenza seasonality was based almost exclusively on temperate regions,.due to a lack of high-quality influenza data in low-latitudes. In turn, although numerous hypotheses have been forwarded to explain the seasonal nature of influenza in temperate regions, few acknowledge the seasonal patterns in lower latitudes.This dissertation examines the scientific evidence for the seasonal mechanisms that potentially explain the complex seasonal patterns of influenza disease activity across the latitudinal gradient extending from temperate to tropical regions. I identified seasonal climatic variables that are potentially responsible for influenza seasonality from observational, experimental, ecological and anecdotal studies. I then used a global database of influenza seasonality to assess the consistency of relationships between influenza seasonality and the seasonality of relevant climatic variables. I determined that no single climatic variable is consistently correlated with seasonal influenza activity across temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.However, I did find a significant U-shaped relationship between specific humidity and influenza epidemics globally with epidemics becoming increasingly likely as specific humidity increases or decreases from approximately 12 g/kg. Further, I examined the temporal and spatial variation of influenza activity and specific humidity during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic across Mexico, which spans temperate, subtropical and tropical regions. I show that specific humidity may have modified the progression of three distinct waves of infection during the pandemic. These patterns are in agreement with the U-shaped relationship between specific humidity and seasonal influenza epidemics observed at a global scale. In all, this is the first time that relationships between climate and influenza (both seasonal and pandemic) activity have been successfully synthesized into a single parsimonious model across temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.

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Akpavie, Stephen Owarioro. "Globule leucocytes and respiratory diseases in cattle." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254183.

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Sayeed, Abdul. "Positron emission tomography analysis of Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842834/.

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a major concern for the elderly population, currently affecting over 670,000 people in the UK. With the continual increase in the age of the population the problem is expected to rise. There is no known cure to the condition and a definite diagnosis cannot be made in life. Clinical diagnosis is considered to be approximately 80% - 90% accurate, sometimes taking up to a year to assess. Early detection could aid in the care and possible development of better treatments or even a cure. AD has been shown to alter the structure and global texture of the brain. Studies using Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) and Computerised Tomography (CT) have been used to detect these changes with some success by some researchers. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging is a functional imaging modality and in theory before structural changes are evident functional changes should be apparent. Therefore we utilise PET images for this study. This thesis will exploit the fact that AD alters the global texture of the brain. Texture features extracted from fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) PET images and sinograms of the brain will be used. Most texture feature extraction methods fail, due to poor signal to noise ratio so we will use a novel texture feature extraction method known as the Trace transform - triple features, which can extract features directly from raw data acquired by PET scanners. Classifiers will be used to aid in the separation of the two groups, namely AD patients and normal controls. The Trace transform - triple feature method has proven its potential as a good feature extraction technique. It enabled us to achieve classification accuracy of up to 93% on raw sinogram data using a combination of five features. This result is very good compared with the clinical accuracy of 80% reported by most researcher. It is comparable to results obtained by Kippenhan et al [52, 53, 51, 50], who used regional metabolic activity using PET and a neural network classifier. Monomial features extracted from images achieved accuracies as high as 87%. These features are good discriminators, however, they suffer from lack of scaling invariance. This is problematic as brain sizes do vary considerably. The use of registration and extraction of regional information failed to produce fruitful results. This is principally due to poor registration. The registration failed primarily because a very small cross section of the brain was available. Also the effect of AD alters the structure of the brain. Since the registration relies on matching structure, it becomes questionable whether one can actually register automatically a very degraded AD brain. Gender and age are crucial to the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Age and gender matching is not sufficient to get the best results. This thesis has shown that performance gains of up to 11% can be attained by simply incorporating age and/or gender into the classification model. However, the maximum classification accuracy was not improved any further.

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Låftman, Christina. "Vital exhaustion and cardiovascular disease – does social support moderate the relationship?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412353.

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Background It is stated that vital exhaustion (VE) increases the risk of getting cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1), at the moment the leading cause of death globally (2). A factor in life that may be protective against the harmful effect of VE is social support (3) which is also associated with CVD (4). This thesis will investigate if social support can moderate the relationship between VE and CVD outcomes and have a protective effect. It will also exploratively investigate if comorbid depression or self-rated health confound the relationship. Method This thesis uses secondary data from 935 myocardial infarction patients that were included in the Uppsala University Psychosocial Care Programme (U-CARE) Heart Trial conducted in Sweden. To estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for developing CVD outcomes and investigate if the relationship between VE and CVD could be explained by different confounders and moderated by social support, stratified and interaction analyses were conducted, as well as Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results Social support did not moderate the relationship between VE and CVD. No protective effect on the hazard of developing CVD was shown in those with high social support. The effect of VE on CVD was not affected by depression but when self-rated health was included in the model VE lost its unique effect on CVD. Conclusion Social support did not have a protective effect on VE that impacted CVD. Globally, the main focus should be on preventing individuals from getting VE to prevent and reduce the prevalence of CVD.

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Wennerholm, Carina. "Risks for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women in different social environments." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för omvårdnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-140934.

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Background: The importance of the social environment and human life conditions for public health was early recognized in community medicine. Despite major reductions in recent decades, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity for both genders in all European countries. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge of factors in the social environment and of individual psychosocial factors that could explain why some women in working ages are affected by cardiovascular diseases. Methods: The Swedish sample comes from the urban population in two major cities in a region in the south-east of Sweden, the Twin cities. According to their social history they could be labelled a “blue-collar” and a “white-collar” city. Cardiovascular morbidity data in all papers for the Twin cities was derived from a computerized population-based administrative Health Care Register (HCR). In Paper IV, we made a comparative study between Sweden and Scotland, the Scottish data comes from the Scottish Health Survey. Results: In Paper I, the cumulative incidence of different cardiovascular diagnoses for younger and also elderly men and women were significantly higher in the population of the blue collar city in all ages and for both sexes. The qualitative interviews of women after an MI, in Paper II, the findings revealed a broad picture of social factors, life circumstances, personalities and, not least, psychosocial factors that are important to middle-aged women who have suffered an MI. Paper III demonstrated that women with a high level of the personality trait “being a Good Girl” reported significantly more psychosocial risk factors for CVD and more commonly report chest pain without seeking medical care, no increased incidence for various CVD-diagnoses were found. The comparative study (Paper IV) clearly showed that Scottish middle-aged women are – relative to Swedish women - particularly affected by a worse profile of CVD risks, even after adjustment for education. Conclusions: The social environment is of importance for cardiovascular risks and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This has been shown in Swedish Twin cities context and also in comparative studies between Swedish and Scottish women. The thesis gives strong implications for an upstream public health approach initiating long-term community intervention program in the blue collar city and among Scottish middle-aged women.

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Quam, Mikkel B. "Imported infections’ importance : global change driving Dengue dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118645.

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Background Dengue is a significant problem of international health concern. According to the World Health Organization in 2012, globally, dengue is “the most important mosquito borne viral disease” with incidence 30 higher than it had been 50 years ago. While most of the burden of disease associated with dengue is located in areas with a tropical and sub-tropical climate, increasing evidence suggests temperate areas are also at risk. Considering the recent introduction of relevant mosquito vectors into Southern Europe, and increasing numbers of imported dengue via travelers, Europe and other temperate areas may be increasingly at risk for dengue emergence, establishment and local transmission in the foreseeable future. Methods Recent dengue emergence in Madeira and reemergence in Tokyo underline the hypothesis that passenger air-travel can be an important conduit for the importation of vector-borne disease leading to emergence in naïve areas climatically suitable for dengue transmission, including parts of Europe. Combining information on travel with virus genetic similarity was useful in discerning likely pathways of for the importation of infections. Generalizing information learned from outbreaks in Tokyo and Madeira with global epidemic intelligence, global travel networks, and climate change projections, leads to more refined understanding of the magnitude of dengue infectious imported into temperate areas and these virus introduction events’ potential implications for seeding epidemics in the 21st century. Results While compared to total travel, imported dengue events and epidemics of dengue outside the tropics are rare, our combined evidence and modeled estimations suggest strongly that epidemic dengue emergence in temperate areas is possible and will continue to increase. We found that global change dynamics including warming temperatures in the much of the northern hemisphere and increasing passenger interconnectivity between areas endemic for dengue and dengue free areas are key mechanisms partly explaining these unprecedented epidemiological transitions. Conclusion While we calibrated our models on information known about dengue, many elements of the methods and conclusions may increase understanding of the potentially global implications for imported infections of other climate-sensitive infectious diseases’ that may have similar parameters. During 2016 and the years to come, techniques developed in this doctoral research will contribute to models used in risk analysis for vector-borne diseases of interest, including the increasing important potential for imported Chikungunya and Zika viruses into a variety of unexposed areas.

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Fineide, Line Viktoria. "Global agenda-setting in multilateral AIDS governance : testing the Vanwesenbeeck model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86472.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Globally as well as nationally, AIDS is politically contested. Since AIDS was first identified in 1981 there have been several responses to the pandemic, reflecting AIDS’ biomedical, political and social nature and implications. Although there are many ways to frame and approach AIDS, no single approach appears to be universally superior to any other, especially as these various approaches are essential for a comprehensive global response to the pandemic. However, these several responses can also represent contested constructs of how AIDS is inter-subjectively problematised based on different ontological understandings and epistemological preferences. The existence of such contested constructs suggests that multilateral AIDS governance is shaped by binaries and zero-sum games where the overall approach ought to be holistic. As such, some scholars claim that HIV is increasingly treated as something medical, and outside the context of overall development issues, sexual and reproductive health, human rights and structural violence. Recently, Vanwesenbeeck (2011) offered a simplified model of ‘high-road’ and ‘low-road’ solutions to the pandemic, problematising specifically the global policy/political response. Vanwesenbeeck’s model suggests that biomedical, vertically distributed and asexual high-road approaches are prioritised at the expense of the more community oriented, sexual and rights-based low-road approaches. This, Vanwesenbeeck argues, is because current ideas and norms of the market, moralism and medicalisation are more aligned with the de-contextual, de-sexual and quantifiable characteristics of high-road approaches. This study tests the analytical utility of Vanwesenbeeck’s model with a case study of the policy and political narratives emerging from the International AIDS Society’s nine International AIDS Conferences from 1996 until 2012. The research question this study investigates is thus: Can Vanwesenbeeck’s (2011) model of high-road and low-road solutions be identified in and illuminate the policy ideas, problem definitions and political binaries that play out in the discourse surrounding the biennial International AIDS Conferences between 1996 and 2012? This main research question is complemented by three sub-questions concerning 1) the strengths and limitations of Vanwesenbeeck’s model, 2) the general trends and developments in global AIDS policy/political responses during, before and after the biennial International AIDS Conferences and 3) the impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the global AIDS response. Applying a qualitative methodology, the study finds that Vanwesenbeeck’s model can both be identified in and elucidate the political discourses, policy implementations and binaries surrounding the International AIDS Conferences between 1996 and 2012, albeit not all. The analytical utility of Vanwesenbeeck’s model is limited by oversimplification of the highroad/ low-road binary and the exclusion of alternative ideas for high-road prioritisation, such as humanitarianism, securitisation/sensationalism and the neoliberal ideological link between medicalisation and the market, as well as negligence of the impact of the Global Financial Crisis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vigs is internasionaal sowel as nasionaal polities omstrede. Sedert Vigs die eerste keer in 1981 geïdentifiseer is, was daar al verskeie reaksies op die pandemie wat die biomediese, politieke en maatskaplike aard en implikasies van die siekte weerspieël. Hoewel daar verskillende maniere is om Vigs te beskou en te benader, blyk geen enkele benadering universeel superieur te wees nie, veral aangesien al hierdie verskillende benaderinge noodsaaklik is vir ’n omvattende globale reaksie op die pandemie. Tog kan hierdie verskillende reaksies ook as betwiste konstrukte beskou word van hoe Vigs intersubjektief op grond van verskillende ontologiese begrippe en epistemologiese voorkeure geproblematiseer word. Die bestaan van sulke betwiste konstrukte gee te kenne dat multilaterale Vigsbestuur deur binêre en nulsombenaderinge gekenmerk word, terwyl die algehele benadering veronderstel is om holisties te wees. Sommige vakkundiges beweer dan ook dat MIV al hoe meer as ’n mediese probleem hanteer word, buite die konteks van oorkoepelende ontwikkelingskwessies, seksuele en voortplantingsgesondheid, menseregte en strukturele geweld. Vanwesenbeeck (2011) het onlangs ’n vereenvoudigde model van sogenaamde ‘grootpad-’ en ‘smalpadoplossings’ vir die pandemie aan die hand gedoen wat spesifiek die algehele beleids-/politieke reaksie problematiseer. Vanwesenbeeck se model voer aan dat biomediese, vertikaal verspreide en aseksuele grootpadbenaderinge dikwels ten koste van die meer gemeenskapsgerigte, seksuele en regtegebaseerde smalpadbenaderinge gekies word. Dít, reken Vanwesenbeeck, is omdat huidige denke en norme met betrekking tot die mark, moraliteit en medikalisasie eerder met die kontekslose, geslaglose en kwantifiseerbare kenmerke van grootpadbenaderinge strook. Hierdie studie het die analitiese nut van Vanwesenbeeck se model getoets met behulp van ’n gevallestudie van die beleids- en politieke narratiewe uit die Internasionale Vigsvereniging se nege internasionale vigskonferensies vanaf 1996 tot 2012. Die navorsingsvraag van hierdie studie was dus: Kan Vanwesenbeeck (2011) se model van grootpaden smalpadoplossings geïdentifiseer word in, en lig werp op, die beleidsidees, probleemomskrywings en politieke teenpole wat uit die diskoers by die tweejaarlikse internasionale vigskonferensies vanaf 1996 tot 2012 gespruit het? Hierdie hoofnavorsingsvraag is aangevul deur drie verdere vrae oor (i) die sterkpunte en beperkinge van Vanwesenbeeck se model, (ii) die algemene tendense en ontwikkelings in wêreldwye beleids-/politieke reaksies op Vigs gedurende, voor en na die tweejaarlikse internasionale Vigskonferensies, en (iii) die impak van die wêreldwye finansiële krisis op die wêreldwye Vigsreaksie. Met behulp van ’n kwalitatiewe metodologie het hierdie studie bevind dat Vanwesenbeeck se model wél geïdentifiseer kan word in, en lig werp op, sommige van die politieke diskoerse, beleidsinwerkingstelling en teenpole waartoe die internasionale vigskonferensies tussen 1996 en 2012 gelei het. Die analitiese nut van Vanwesenbeeck se model word egter beperk deur die oorvereenvoudiging van die grootpad-/smalpad-teenpole en die uitsluiting van alternatiewe idees oor die prioritisering van grootpadoplossings, soos filantropie, sekuritasie/sensasionalisme en die neoliberale ideologiese verband tussen medikalisasie en die mark, sowel as die verontagsaming van die impak van die wêreldwye finansiële krisis.

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Shadeo, Ashleen. "Global approaches to identifying aberrations in early staged disease in cancers affecting women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38547.

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INTRODUCTION: Breast and cervical cancer are the most common cancers in women worldwide. Widely implemented screening programs have allowed for the detection of precancerous lesions in the breast and cervix and have provided a valuable opportunity to study the earliest events in disease development with the goal of distinguishing cases that are likely to progress from those that are self limited or would spontaneously regress. OBJECTIVE: The overall objective of this thesis is to identify genes in biological pathways or networks altered in pre cancerous lesions of the breast and cervix using global analysis tools. HYPOTHESIS: I hypothesize that global transcriptome and high resolution genome analysis will identify altered genes that are shared in pre cancer lesions of both the cervix and breast. METHODS: A comprehensive Serial Analysis of Gene Expression method was used for the unbiased analysis of well characterized, frozen samples of normal cervix, CIN I, CIN II and CIN III. Tiling resolution whole genome array comparative hybridization was used for the detailed investigation of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). The efficacy of this tool was first confirmed in commonly used breast cancer cell lines and then in archival breast cancer tissue. RESULTS: This work has led to the identification of aberrations in a chromatin remodelling gene network not previously implicated in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Genomic copy number analysis revealed novel features not previously described including aberrations to multiple components of a single biological pathway (epidermal growth factor receptor), the delineation of alteration boundaries and the identification of a novel amplicon of prognostic significance in breast cancer. We identified novel copy number changes in several genes in LCIS and ALH (including HOXB cluster genes) that were used to elucidate a genomic signature. Aberrations in HoxB7 were identified in pre cancer lesions of both breast and cervix (LCIS and CIN III) tissue. CONCLUSION: Collectively, this work demonstrates that through whole genome approach of assessment of genomic copy number and expression we can identify novel genes and gene networks that are altered during the development of pre cancer lesions.

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Do, Ron. "Global Analysis of genetic variants associated with cardiovascular disease and related metabolic traits." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95134.

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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. CHD is common throughout the world and is multifactorial, caused by the accumulation or interaction of quantitative changes in various intermediate traits (risk factors or metabolic phenotypes). Intermediate traits that are commonly studied include plasma levels of cholesterol (ie. low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure, which are all believed to be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (such as diet, alcohol, and exercise). In this thesis, the identification of novel genetic variants in candidate genes (a non-synonymous variant in farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) and a non-coding variant in insulin-induced gene 2 protein (INSIG2)) that are associated with total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is described. In addition, detailed investigation of common genetic variants in known genes identified from genome-wide association studies in the context of other genetic, phenotypic and environmental factors are reported. In particular, INSIG2 variants were observed to act in concert with a trans-acting variant in the sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 gene (SORBS1) to influence LDL-C and apoB levels in Quebec, European and South Asian population samples. In addtition, fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) variants were observed to influence adiposity-related traits, resting metabolic rate and plasma leptin levels. I also report the role of dietary intake in modifying the effect of 9p21 variants on myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease in the multi-ethnic INTERHEART study and in a Finnish sample, FINRISK. Finally, the utility of exome sequencing in identifying the genetic cause of a mendelian lipid disorder is demonstrated in a study that identifies compound heterozygo
La maladie coronarienne athéroscléreuse est l'une des causes principales de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde occidental. Elle est commune à travers le monde et est multifactorielle, causée par une accumulation ou une interaction de changements quantitatifs de divers traits intermédiaires (facteurs de risque ou phénotypes métaboliques). Les traits intermédiaires souvent étudiés comprennent les taux plasmatiques de cholestérol (e.g. le cholestérol des lipoprotéines de faible densité (C-LDL), le cholestérol lié aux lipoprotéines de haute densité (C-HDL) et le cholestérol total), l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et la pression artérielle, qui sont tous présumés être influencés par une combinaison de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux (tels que l'alimentation, l'alcool, et l'exercice). Dans cette thèse, l'identification de nouveaux variants génétiques (un variant non-synonyme du gène farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) et un variant non-codant du gène insulin-induced gene 2 protein (INSIG2)) de gènes candidats associés au cholestérol total et au C-LDL est décrite. De plus, une investigation détaillée des variants génétiques communs dans des gènes connus identifiés à partir d'études d'associations pangénomiques dans le contexte d'autres facteurs génétiques, phénotypiques et environnementaux sont aussi présentés dans cette thèse. En particulier, il a été démontré que les variants du gène INSIG2 agissent de concert avec un variant 'trans-acting' du gène sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (SORBS1) pour influencer les niveaux de C-LDL et les niveaux d'apoB dans des populations du Québec, d'Europe et d'Asie du Sud. De même, les variants du gène de fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) ont été observés à influencer des traits liées à l'adiposité, au taux métabolique au repos et au niveaux de leptine plasmatique. Dans ma thèse, je décris également le rôle de l'apport aliment

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49

Joyner, Jeffrey Clark. "The Use of 2D-LC-MS/MS in disease characterization and global proteomics." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6604.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 46 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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50

Ding, Huiling. "Rhetoric of a global epidemic intercultural and intracultural professional communication about SARS /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3291232.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Global diseases'

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