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Journal articles on the topic 'Global Energy Landscape'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Arunachalam, V. S., and E. L. Fleischer. "The Global Energy Landscape and Materials Innovation." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 264–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.61.

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AbstractAvailability of affordable energy has enabled spectacular growth of industrialization and human development in all parts of the world. With growth now accelerating in developing countries, demands on energy sources and infrastructure are being stretched to new limits. Additional energy issues include the push for renewable resources with reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy security affected by the uneven distribution of energy resources around the globe. Together, these issues present a field of opportunity for innovations to address energy challenges throughout the world and all along the energy flow. These energy challenges form the backdrop for this special expanded issue of MRS Bulletin on Harnessing Materials for Energy. This article introduces the global landscape of materials issues associated with energy. It examines the complex web of energy availability, production, storage, transmission, distribution, use, and efficiency. It focuses on the materials challenges that lie at the core of these areas and discusses how revolutionary concepts can address them. Cross-cutting topics are introduced and interrelationships between topics explored. Article topics are set in the context of the grand energy challenges that face the world into the middle of this century.

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WALES, DAVID J. "EXPLORING THE ENERGY LANDSCAPE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (July 10, 2005): 2877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031857.

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Calculations of structure, dynamics and thermodynamics in molecular science all rely on the underlying potential energy surface (PES). Recent advances allow us to visualise this high-dimensional object in a compact fashion, locate global minima efficiently, and sample multistep pathways to obtain rate constants. These methods have been applied to a wide variety of systems, including clusters, glasses and biomolecules, and enable us to treat dynamics on the experimental timescale and beyond.

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3

Kulkarni, Aniket, Klaus Doll, J. Christian Schön, and Martin Jansen. "Structure Prediction for CaC2 using Global Energy Landscape Exploration." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 636, no. 11 (September 2010): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201008003.

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4

Brereton, Pat, and Danielle Barrios-O’Neill. "Irish energy landscapes on film." Journal of Environmental Media 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jem_00042_1.

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Landscape, and its relation to place identity, is a powerful tool for visualizing and making legible the effects of environmental change. So often the operations of resource consumption and conservation occur in a way that shapes and changes particular regional landscapes. This is significant in an era where inspiring audiences and policy-makers to respond to unsustainable resource use and environmental change is difficult, but where we are still compelled to care for particular elements of place as they relate to identity. In this article we examine how resource use and landscape change are communicated through Irish films, where the interactions of place identity and landscape are central. A key through line argument is how landscape is an important vehicle for expressing anxieties and contexts for resource interdependency; another is how elements of local and regional identity compete and interact with global concerns, such as climate change or globalization, in complex ways. We analyse these interactions to demonstrate how energy resource use and environmental change are linked, highlighting ‘small nation’ tensions concerning geographic identity and resource ownership that are relevant to real-world energy transitions and apply much more broadly.

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Joseph, Jerelle A., Konstantin Röder, Debayan Chakraborty, Rosemary G. Mantell, and David J. Wales. "Exploring biomolecular energy landscapes." Chemical Communications 53, no. 52 (2017): 6974–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc02413d.

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This feature article presents the potential energy landscape perspective, which provides both a conceptual and computational framework for structure prediction, and decoding the global thermodynamics and kinetics of biomolecules.

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Li, Xiao-Tian, Shao-Gang Xu, Xiao-Bao Yang, and Yu-Jun Zhao. "Energy landscape of Au13: a global view of structure transformation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 8 (2020): 4402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06463j.

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Wang, Chengju, and Richard M. Stratt. "Global perspectives on the energy landscapes of liquids, supercooled liquids, and glassy systems: The potential energy landscape ensemble." Journal of Chemical Physics 127, no. 22 (December 14, 2007): 224503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2801994.

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8

Oakley, Mark T., David J. Wales, and Roy L. Johnston. "Energy Landscape and Global Optimization for a Frustrated Model Protein." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, no. 39 (October 6, 2011): 11525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp207246m.

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9

Albert, Michael J. "The Climate Crisis, Renewable Energy, and the Changing Landscape of Global Energy Politics." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 46, no. 3 (August 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03043754211040698.

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Abstract This essay reviews three recent books on the changing landscape of global energy politics in the era of climate change. Key questions that the authors investigate include: how will the renewable energy transition reshape the global balance of power? How will political-economic interdependencies and geopolitical alignments shift? Will contemporary petro-states adapt or collapse? And what new patterns of peace and conflict may emerge in a decarbonized world order? The authors provide different perspectives on the likely speed of the energy transition and its geopolitical implications. However, they occlude deeper questions about the depth of the transformations needed to prevent climate catastrophe—particularly in the nature of capitalism and military power—and the potential for more radical perspectives on energy futures. In contrast, I will argue that we should advance a critical research agenda on the global energy transition that accounts for the possibility of more far-reaching transformations in the political-economic, military, and ideological bases of world politics and highlights diverse movements fighting for their realization. These possible transformations include (1) transitions to post-growth political economies; (2) a radical shrinkage of emissions-intensive military–industrial complexes; and (3) decolonizing ideologies of “progress.” If struggles for alternative energy futures beyond the hegemony of economic growth and Western-style modernization are at the forefront of radical politics today, then these struggles deserve greater attention from critical IR scholars.

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ARKIN, HANDAN, and TARIK ÇELİK. "STRUCTURE OF ENERGY LANDSCAPE OF SHORT PEPTIDES." International Journal of Modern Physics C 14, no. 01 (January 2003): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183103004267.

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We have simulated, as a showcase, the pentapeptide Met-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) to visualize the energy landscape and to investigate the conformational coverage by the multicanonical method. We obtained a three-dimensional topographic picture of the whole energy landscape by plotting the histogram with respect to energy (temperature) and the order parameter, which gives the degree of resemblance of any created conformation with the global energy minimum.

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Zhang, Jian, Yan Hui Sui, Yang Zheng, and Xue Biao Geng. "Study on Low Carbon Ideas in the Formation of Regional Landscapes: Ecology, Function and Culture." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1105.

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Global climate changes are threatening the survival of our species. Landscape architecture adaptive to climate change has become a hotspot. Many low-carbon ideas are involved in the process of formation of some regional landscape. This paper discussed the low-carbon ideas in some regional landscape from scientific landscape pattern, technology of using clean energy, usage of local materials, ecological design for construction and so on. These ideas are valuable to modern landscape architecture. In order to create new landscapes accordant with the spirit of the times, more attention should been paid to how to integrate ancient low-carbon ideas, new technology, local characteristics and function into modern landscape architecture.

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Roebroek, Caspar T. J., Lieke A. Melsen, Anne J. Hoek van Dijke, Ying Fan, and Adriaan J. Teuling. "Global distribution of hydrologic controls on forest growth." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 4625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4625-2020.

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Abstract. Vegetation provides key ecosystem services and is an important component in the hydrological cycle. Traditionally, the global distribution of vegetation is explained through climatic water availability. Locally, however, groundwater can aid growth by providing an extra water source (e.g. oases) or hinder growth by presenting a barrier to root expansion (e.g. swamps). In this study we analyse the global correlation between humidity (expressing climate-driven water and energy availability), groundwater and forest growth, approximated by the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, and link this to climate and landscape position. The results show that at the continental scale, climate is the main driver of forest productivity; climates with higher water availability support higher energy absorption and consequentially more growth. Within all climate zones, however, landscape position substantially alters the growth patterns, both positively and negatively. The influence of the landscape on vegetation growth varies over climate, displaying the importance of analysing vegetation growth in a climate–landscape continuum.

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Pant, Girijesh. "Global Energy Transition: Redefining India’s Energy Roadmap." Studies in Asian Social Science 4, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/sass.v4n2p36.

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The onset of transition and transformation in the global energy landscape is disrupting the prevailing energy order,defined by the hydrocarbons. The power dynamics unfolded by global environmental concerns (Paris Agreement)and smart technology is changing the geopolitics by shifting the strategic leverage between energy producers andconsumers at various levels: globally, regionally and within the national boundaries. In this strategic shift, the Asianconsumers are emerging as critical players both as promoters and spoilers of global energy transition. Since they arethe largest consumer of fossil fuel, their compliance with Paris Agreement is going to be vital in meeting the targetsand time line. Thus IEA has rightly observed, “Energy developments in India transform the international energysystem, and, in turn, India will be increasingly exposed to changes in international markets.”Clearly the Indian roadmap of energy transition is going to be influenced if not determined by its global commitmentto meet Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). The government therefore has all reasons to scale upits targets and execution. However in meeting the targets, it has to address the issue of energy poverty as well. Thusthe roadmap has to meet the convergence of minimizing carbon emission meeting the growing energy needs of thepoor. This calls for re defining the organizing principle of India’s energy policy. Besides ensuring supply security ataggregate level it demands meeting the objectives of energy justice. The transition thus involves not only hugefinancing (estimated to be 2.5 trillion dollar) and massive technological push but the compatible institutionalmechanism and effective system of governance also. Indian energy roadmap has to recalibrate global energyengagement beyond the search of hydrocarbons in consonance with the imperatives of energy transition defined byglobal and local context.

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Machar, Ivo. "Sustainable Landscape Management and Planning." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062354.

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Dynamic changes of landscape structure affect the abundance and distribution of organisms. Currently, changing land-use is one of the major forces altering ecosystem services in landscapes globally. Human activities are transforming land at a faster rate and greater extent than at any time in history. This is a perspective challenge for research in the field of emerging sustainability science. The human conversion of natural habitats and land use change is not only a local/regional phenomenon but can be considered as one of important global change drivers. Some of the impacts of global change on biodiversity can be studied only at the landscape scale, such as the climate change-induced shift of vegetation zones. A landscape perspective fosters a multi-scale approach to sustainable landscape management and landscape planning. Additionally, a landscape scale is very useful for the innovative application of the common management paradigm to multiple uses in agriculture, forestry and water resource management. The need for sustainable landscape management and planning is now obvious. Landscape conservation seems to be a new paradigm for the conservation of biodiversity. This Special Issue (SI) of the Sustainability journal is focused on building a bridge between scientific theory and the practice of landscape management and planning based on the application of sustainability as a key conceptual framework. Papers dealing with various theoretical studies and case studies of the best practice for sustainable landscape management and planning across diverse landscapes around the world are included.

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Fang, Xuening, Wenwu Zhao, Bojie Fu, and Jingyi Ding. "Landscape service capability, landscape service flow and landscape service demand: A new framework for landscape services and its use for landscape sustainability assessment." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 6 (October 28, 2015): 817–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315613019.

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Creating methods to achieve sustainable development is a global challenge faced by civilization in the 21st century. As an operational element of sustainability science, landscape sustainability science (LSS) plays an important role in the development of methods for sustainable development. Landscape services (LS) is a newly emerging concept associated with ecosystem services (ES) that exhibits great potential for promoting landscape sustainability research despite its nascent stage of development. In this article, the historical development of the LS concept is reviewed, and the special implications and advantages of LS relative to ES for landscape practices are further expanded. Furthermore, a sustainability-oriented LS conceptual framework specifically developed for the integration of LS and landscape sustainability research is proposed. We refer to this framework as the landscape service capability-flow-demand (LSCFD) framework. Finally, the prospects for the application of the new framework in landscape sustainability assessments are explored. By using LSCFD, we suggest that a distinction be made between landscape service capacity (LSC), landscape service flow (LSF), and landscape service demand (LSD). LSC refers to the long-term potential of a landscape for producing various types of materials, energy, information, conditions, and effectiveness that are valued by people. LSF refers to the transmission process for material, energy, information, conditions and effectiveness from a landscape to benefit people that occur either within or across the landscape. LSD is the societal dimension of LS and refers to the types and volume of material, energy, information, conditions, and effectiveness that a landscape’s inhabitants need to satisfy their existence, livelihood, and development. Based on the LSCFD framework, landscape sustainability assessments can be performed by considering the following four areas: LSC sustainability, LSF sustainability, LSD sustainability, and the dynamic equilibrium relationships among the other three areas. Thus, various types of LS capabilities, integrated services capabilities, and the diversity and balance of LS demands should be evaluated. Additionally, analyzing the supplying regions of LS flow, spatial orientation of the population that benefits, transmission media, transmission mechanism, and transmission limiting factors is essential to explore the dynamic equilibrium relationships between LS capability, flow, and demand. The LSCFD concept framework of LS provides a method for implementing LSS into actual practice. In the context of global environmental changes and sustainable development, the LSCFD framework of LS will definitely contribute to future research.

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Wang, Chengju, and Richard M. Stratt. "Global perspectives on the energy landscapes of liquids, supercooled liquids, and glassy systems: Geodesic pathways through the potential energy landscape." Journal of Chemical Physics 127, no. 22 (December 14, 2007): 224504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2801995.

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Zhang, Jianli, Junyan Yang, Yuanxing Zhang, and Michael A. Bevan. "Controlling colloidal crystals via morphing energy landscapes and reinforcement learning." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabd6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd6716.

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We report a feedback control method to remove grain boundaries and produce circular shaped colloidal crystals using morphing energy landscapes and reinforcement learning–based policies. We demonstrate this approach in optical microscopy and computer simulation experiments for colloidal particles in ac electric fields. First, we discover how tunable energy landscape shapes and orientations enhance grain boundary motion and crystal morphology relaxation. Next, reinforcement learning is used to develop an optimized control policy to actuate morphing energy landscapes to produce defect-free crystals orders of magnitude faster than natural relaxation times. Morphing energy landscapes mechanistically enable rapid crystal repair via anisotropic stresses to control defect and shape relaxation without melting. This method is scalable for up to at least N = 103 particles with mean process times scaling as N0.5. Further scalability is possible by controlling parallel local energy landscapes (e.g., periodic landscapes) to generate large-scale global defect-free hierarchical structures.

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Kanaan, Ahmed, Elena Sevostianova, Burl Donaldson, and Igor Sevostianov. "Effect of Different Landscapes on Heat Load to Buildings." Land 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070733.

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Strategies to conserve water have been implemented by many municipalities in the US Southwest to minimize quantities of water used for irrigating urban landscapes. Some of them encourage and even enforce homeowners to remove the turfgrass to reduce the irrigation water demands. This strategy not only ignores the numerous benefits derived from the turfgrasses but also fails to recognize the energy savings for the buildings surrounded by green landscapes. Quantitative analysis of the effect and importance of different types of landscapes on urban heat load and the subsequent energy consumption inside those buildings is of great practical need. Field experiments were conducted at New Mexico State University to assess the effect of different landscapes on heat transfer and ambient air and surface temperatures from June 2017 to October 2018. Two standard wood frame walls covered with stucco and surrounded by either Kentucky bluegrass or by hardscape were set up and equipped with sensors, measuring wall and air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and the solar and far infrared radiation balance. Our results show that overall heat load from the xeric landscape is noticeably higher than the one from the grass landscape. Based on these data, we assessed the potential for energy savings by utilizing turfgrass landscaping.

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Montague, Thayne, Roger Kjelgren, and Larry Rupp. "222 Energy Balance of Six Common Landscape Surfaces." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 429C—429. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.429c.

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Growth of woody landscape plants is strongly affected by the underlying surface. In urban areas, plants are subjected to energy balance characteristics of a variety of surfaces. This research investigated energy balance properties of six common urban surfaces: Kentucky bluegrass, pine bark mulch, concrete, asphalt, lava rock mulch, and gravel rock mulch. Each summer over a 2-year period incoming global radiation (GW), relative humidity, and air temperature were measured over each surface, and surface reflectivity (AW), surface temperature (TS), soil temperature (TO), and soil heat flux (SF) were measured below each surface. Thermal conductivity (K) and emitted surface longwave radiation (LW) were also calculated. Surface property differences were determined by regression analysis. Incoming global radiation (independent variable) versus TS, TO, SF, LW data (dependent variable) were analyzed. Linear or quadratic curves were selected according to significance of each variable and the coefficient of determination (R2). Surface reflectivity was greatest for concrete and least for lava rock mulch, and K was greatest for asphalt and concrete and least for lava rock and pine bark mulch. Under maximum GW, regression data indicate that SF and TO would be greatest under asphalt and least under lava rock and pine bark mulch. Under similar circumstances, TS and LW would be greatest for pine bark mulch and least for Kentucky bluegrass. This research revealed that more energy was conducted into the soil below asphalt and concrete, and that a greater portion of GW was prevented from entering the soil below pine bark and lava rock mulch than below other surfaces. Due to these effects, and the lack of evaporative cooling, surface temperatures were greater, and more longwave radiation was emitted from, non-vegetative surfaces than from turf.

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Yang, Li-Quan, Xing-Lai Ji, and Shu-Qun Liu. "The free energy landscape of protein folding and dynamics: a global view." Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 31, no. 9 (September 2013): 982–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2012.748536.

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21

Van de Graaf, Thijs. "Obsolete or resurgent? The International Energy Agency in a changing global landscape." Energy Policy 48 (September 2012): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.012.

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22

ZHANG, Chi. "Changes in the Global Energy Strategic Landscape: Implications for China’s International Strategic Environment." East Asian Policy 07, no. 03 (July 2015): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179393051500029x.

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The global energy strategic landscape is undergoing significant changes. Factors leading to such changes include the eastward shift of the world energy consumption centre, the emergence of the United States as a major oil producer and the dramatic waning of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ influence. These developments are shaping a new order of the global energy system and exerting profound influence on China’s international strategic environment.

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Dedenkulov, A. V. "The Problem of Energy Security in the Early 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(28) (February 28, 2013): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-1-28-241-248.

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The article analyses the present-day specifics of energy security and its potential impact on international relations. Generalizing the global energy forecasts up to 2030-2035 the author singles out “points of tenderness”, the elements of global energy security fraught with tension in the years to come. The article emphasizes the urgent need of the current developments in the global “energy landscape” to be considered in the framework of the Russian foreign policy.

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Chen, Jiquan, Hogeun Park, Peilei Fan, Li Tian, Zutao Ouyang, and Raffaele Lafortezza. "Cultural Landmarks and Urban Landscapes in Three Contrasting Societies." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084295.

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Cultural heritage sites and landscapes are intuitively connected in urban systems. Based on available databases of cultural landmarks, we selected three pairs of cities that are currently dominated by three contrasting religions (Catholic, Buddhist and emerging culture) to compare the long-term changes in cultural landmarks, to quantify their spatial distribution in the current landscape, and to examine the potential influences these landmarks have on landscapes. The landmark database and landscapes were constructed from archived maps, satellite imagery and the UNESCO heritage sites for Barcelona, Bari, Beijing, Vientiane, Shenzhen, and Ulaanbaatar. Roads in Asian cities are mostly constructed in alignment with the four cardinal directions, forming a checkerboard-type landscape, whereas Bari and Barcelona in Europe have examples of roads radiating from major cultural landmarks. We found clear differences in the number of landmarks and surrounding landscape in these cities, supporting our hypothesis that current urban landscapes have been influenced similarly by cultural landmarks, although substantial differences exist among cities. Negative relationships between the number of cultural landmarks and major cover types were found, except with agricultural lands. Clearly, cultural landmarks need to be treated as “natural features” and considered as reference points in urban planning. Major efforts are needed to construct a global database before an overarching conclusion can be made for global cities.

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Doll, K., J. C. Schön, and M. Jansen. "Global exploration of the energy landscape of solids on the ab initio level." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 9, no. 46 (2007): 6128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b709943f.

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Szulecki, Kacper, and Kirsten Westphal. "The Cardinal Sins of European Energy Policy: Nongovernance in an Uncertain Global Landscape." Global Policy 5 (July 23, 2014): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12153.

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Wevers, M. A. C., J. C. Schön, and M. Jansen. "Global aspects of the energy landscape of metastable crystal structures in ionic compounds." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 11, no. 33 (August 5, 1999): 6487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/11/33/316.

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Overland, Indra, and Gunilla Reischl. "A place in the Sun? IRENA’s position in the global energy governance landscape." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-018-9388-y.

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Oakley, Mark T., David J. Wales, and Roy L. Johnston. "The Effect of Nonnative Interactions on the Energy Landscapes of Frustrated Model Proteins." Journal of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 2012 (April 22, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/192613.

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The 46- and 69-residue BLN model proteins both exhibit frustrated folding to β-barrel structures. We study the effect of varying the strength of nonnative interactions on the corresponding energy landscapes by introducing a parameter λ, which scales the potential between the BLN (λ=1) and Gō-like (λ=0) limits. We study the effect of varying λ on the efficiency of global optimisation using basin-hopping and genetic algorithms. We also construct disconnectivity graphs for these proteins at selected values of λ. Both methods indicate that the potential energy surface is frustrated for the original BLN potential but rapidly becomes less frustrated as λ decreases. For values of λ≤0.9, the energy landscape is funnelled. The fastest mean first encounter time for the global minimum does not correspond to the Gō model: instead, we observe a minimum when the favourable nonnative interactions are still present to a small degree.

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Naveh, Zev. "Ecosystem and Landscapes - A Critical Comparative Appraisal." Journal of Landscape Ecology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10285-012-0024-1.

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Ecosystem and Landscapes - A Critical Comparative AppraisalEcosystems and landscapes are the two major spatial units for ecological research and practice, but their definitions and meanings are vague and ambiguous. Examining critically the meaning and complexity of both terms from a holistic landscape ecological systems view, the confusing applications of the ecosystem concept could be avoided by conceiving ecosystems as functional interacting systems, characterized for the flow of energy, matter and information between organisms and their abiotic environment. As functional systems they are intangible with vaguely defined borders. On the other hand, landscapes should be recognized as tangible, spatially and temporally well defined ecological systems of closely interwoven natural and cultural entities of the Total Human Ecosystem. Ranging from the smallest discernable landscape cell or ecotope to the global ecosphere, they serve as the spatial and functional matrix and living space for all organisms, including humans, their populations and their ecosystems. Both are medium-numbered complex ecological systems. However, the organized complexity of ecosystems is based solely on the monodimensional complexity of material processes of flow of energy/matter and biophysical information. But the organized complexity of landscapes is multidimensional and multifunctional, dealing not only with the functional dimensions of natural bio-ecological processes and the natural biophysical information, but also with the cognitive mental and perceptual dimensions, transmitted by cultural information and expressed in the closely interwoven natural and cultural landscape.

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Naveh, Zev. "Transdisciplinary challenges for sustainable management of mediterranean landscapes in the global information society." Landscape Online 14 (November 11, 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.200914.

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The present chaotic transformation from the industrial to the global information society is accelerating the ecological, social and economic unsustainability. The rapidly growing unsustainable, fossil energy powered urbanindustrial technosphere and their detrimental impacts on nature and human well-being are threatening the solar energy powered natural and seminatural biosphere landscapes and their vital ecosystem services. A sustainability revolution is therefore urgently needed, requiring a shift from the "fossil age" to the "solar age" of a new world economy, coupled with more sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns. The sustainable future of viable multifunctional biosphere landscapes of the Mediterranean Region and elsewhere and their biological and cultural richness can only be ensured by a post-industrial symbiosis between nature and human society. For this purpose a mindset shift of scientists and professionals from narrow disciplinarity to transdisciplinarity is necessary, dealing with holistic land use planning and management, in close cooperation with land users and stakeholders. To conserve and restore the rapidly vanishing and degrading Mediterranean uplands and highest biological ecological and cultural landscape ecodiversity, their dynamic homeorhetic flow equilibrium, has to be maintained by continuing or simulating all anthropogenic processes of grazing, browsing by wild and domesticated ungulates. Catastrophic wildfires can be prevented only by active fire and fuel management, converting highly inflammable pine forests and dense shrub thickets into floristically enriched, multi- layered open woodlands and recreation forests.

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Egami, T. "Elementary excitation and energy landscape in simple liquids." Modern Physics Letters B 28, no. 14 (June 10, 2014): 1430006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914300063.

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The nature of excitations in liquids has been a subject of debate for a long time. In liquids, phonons are extremely short-lived and marginalized. Instead, recent research results indicate that local topological or configurational excitations (anankeons) are the elementary excitations in high temperature metallic liquids. Local topological excitations are those which locally alter the atomic connectivity network by cutting or forming atomic bonds, and are directly tied to the atomistic origin of viscosity in the liquid. The local potential energy landscape (PEL) of anankeons represents the probability weighted projection of the global PEL to a single atom. The original PEL is an insightful concept, but is highly multi-dimensional and difficult to characterize or even to visualize. A description in terms of the local PEL for anankeons appears to offer a simpler and more effective approach toward this complex problem. At the base of these advances, is the recognition that atomic discreteness and the topology of atomic connectivity are the most crucial features of the structure in liquids, which current nonlinear continuum theories cannot fully capture. These discoveries could open the way to the explanation of various complex phenomena in liquids, such as atomic transport, fragility, and the glass transition, in terms of these excitations.

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Ghaemi, Zhaleh, Irisbel Guzman, David Gnutt, Zaida Luthey-Schulten, and Martin Gruebele. "Role of Electrostatics in Protein–RNA Binding: The Global vs the Local Energy Landscape." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 121, no. 36 (August 31, 2017): 8437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04318.

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Monkelbaan, Joachim. "Addressing the trade-climate change-energy nexus: China's explorations in a global governance landscape." Advances in Climate Change Research 5, no. 4 (December 2014): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2015.04.001.

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Fyodorov, Yan V., and Pierre Le Doussal. "Manifolds Pinned by a High-Dimensional Random Landscape: Hessian at the Global Energy Minimum." Journal of Statistical Physics 179, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 176–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-020-02522-2.

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Onuchic, José N., Chigusa Kobayashi, Osamu Miyashita, Patricia Jennings, and Kim K. Baldridge. "Exploring biomolecular machines: energy landscape control of biological reactions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1472 (July 14, 2006): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1876.

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For almost 15 years, our Pathway model has been the most powerful model in terms of predicting the tunnelling mechanism for electron transfer (ET) in biological systems, particularly proteins. Going beyond the conventional Pathway models, we have generalized our method to understand how protein dynamics modulate not only the Franck–Condon factor, but also the tunnelling matrix element. We have demonstrated that when interference among pathways modulates the electron tunnelling interactions in proteins (particularly destructive interference), dynamical effects are of critical importance. Tunnelling can be controlled by protein conformations that lie far from equilibrium—those that minimize the effect of destructive interference during tunnelling, for example. In the opposite regime, electron tunnelling is mediated by one (or a few) constructively interfering pathway tubes and dynamical effects are modest. This new mechanism for dynamical modulation of the ET rate has been able to explain and/or predict several rates that were later confirmed by experiment. However, thermal fluctuations can also affect these molecular machines in many other ways. For example, we show how global transformations, which control protein functions such as allostery, may involve large-scale motion and possibly partial unfolding during the reaction event.

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Krajewski, Piotr, Iga Solecka, and Karol Mrozik. "Forest Landscape Change and Preliminary Study on Its Driving Forces in Ślęża Landscape Park (Southwestern Poland) in 1883–2013." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124526.

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Changes in forest landscapes have been connected with human activity for centuries and can be considered one of the main driving forces of change from a global perspective. The spatial distribution of forests changes along with the geopolitical situation, demographic changes, intensification of agriculture, urbanization, or changes in land use policy. However, due to the limited availability of historical data, the driving forces of changes in forest landscapes are most often considered in relation to recent decades, without taking long-term analyses into account. The aim of this paper is to determine the level and types of landscape changes and make preliminary study on natural and socio-economic factors on changes in forest landscapes within the protected area, Ślęża Landscape Park, and its buffer zone using long-term analyses covering a period of 140 years (1883–2013). A comparison of historical and current maps and demographic data related to three consecutive periods of time as well as natural and location factors by using the ArcGIS software allows the selected driving forces of forest landscape transformations to be analyzed. We took into account natural factors such as the elevation, slope, and exposure of the hillside and socio-economic drivers like population changes, distances to centers of municipalities, main roads, and built-up areas.

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Dong, Yiming, Fajia Sun, Zhi Ping, Qi Ouyang, and Long Qian. "DNA storage: research landscape and future prospects." National Science Review 7, no. 6 (January 21, 2020): 1092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa007.

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Abstract The global demand for data storage is currently outpacing the world's storage capabilities. DNA, the carrier of natural genetic information, offers a stable, resource- and energy-efficient and sustainable data storage solution. In this review, we summarize the fundamental theory, research history, and technical challenges of DNA storage. From a quantitative perspective, we evaluate the prospect of DNA, and organic polymers in general, as a novel class of data storage medium.

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Sharan, Hari N., and Gustav R. Grob. "The World Energy Coalition and the Global Energy Charter." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022530.

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40

Balch, Jennifer K., R. Chelsea Nagy, Sally Archibald, David M. J. S. Bowman, Max A. Moritz, Christopher I. Roos, Andrew C. Scott, and Grant J. Williamson. "Global combustion: the connection between fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions (1997–2010)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1696 (June 5, 2016): 20150177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0177.

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Humans use combustion for heating and cooking, managing lands, and, more recently, for fuelling the industrial economy. As a shift to fossil-fuel-based energy occurs, we expect that anthropogenic biomass burning in open landscapes will decline as it becomes less fundamental to energy acquisition and livelihoods. Using global data on both fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, we tested this relationship over a 14 year period (1997–2010). The global average annual carbon emissions from biomass burning during this time were 2.2 Pg C per year (±0.3 s.d.), approximately one-third of fossil fuel emissions over the same period (7.3 Pg C, ±0.8 s.d.). There was a significant inverse relationship between average annual fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions. Fossil fuel emissions explained 8% of the variation in biomass burning emissions at a global scale, but this varied substantially by land cover. For example, fossil fuel burning explained 31% of the variation in biomass burning in woody savannas, but was a non-significant predictor for evergreen needleleaf forests. In the land covers most dominated by human use, croplands and urban areas, fossil fuel emissions were more than 30- and 500-fold greater than biomass burning emissions. This relationship suggests that combustion practices may be shifting from open landscape burning to contained combustion for industrial purposes, and highlights the need to take into account how humans appropriate combustion in global modelling of contemporary fire. Industrialized combustion is not only an important driver of atmospheric change, but also an important driver of landscape change through companion declines in human-started fires. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.

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Xiuzhen Li and Ülo Mander. "Future options in landscape ecology: development and research." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 1 (February 2009): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309103888.

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The aim of this brief overview is to highlight some new and promising research fields in landscape ecology, which is essentially an interdisciplinary field of study. We also analyse the development of some classical branches of landscape ecology regarding pattern and process relationships at broad spatial and temporal scales, such as landscape metrics, the influence of anthropogenic factors and global climate change on landscape development, the fragmentation of ecosystems and disturbances of populations, and material and energy cycling in and between ecosystems.

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Oliveberg, Mikael, and Peter G. Wolynes. "The experimental survey of protein-folding energy landscapes." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 38, no. 3 (August 2005): 245–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583506004185.

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1. Introduction 22. The macroscopic and microscopic views of protein folding 22.1 The macroscopic view: the experimental folding free-energy profile 22.2 The microscopic view: an underlying energy landscape 33. The micro to macro projection: from an energy landscape to a free-energy profile 64. Global features of the protein folding transition-state ensemble 124.1 Overall transition state location β[Dagger]: a measure of compactness 124.2 What makes folding so robust ? 135. Structural characterization of the transition-state ensemble 165.1 Insights from ϕ-value analysis 166. Deviations from ideality 206.1 β[Dagger] shifts along seemingly robust trajectories 216.2 Anomalous ϕ values, frustration and inhomogeneities 257. Intermediates 288. Detours, traps and frustration 298.1 Premature collapse and non-native trapping 299. Diffusion on the energy landscape and the elementary events of protein folding 3010. Malleability of folding routes: changes of the dominant collective coordinates for folding 3311. The evolution of the shape of the energy landscape 3511.1 Negative design: the hidden dimension of the folding code 3512. Mechanistic multiplicity and evolutionary choice 3613. Acknowledgements 3714. References 38We review what has been learned about the protein-folding problem from experimental kinetic studies. These studies reveal patterns of both great richness and surprising simplicity. The patterns can be interpreted in terms of proteins possessing an energy landscape which is largely, but not completely, funnel-like. Issues such as speed limitations of folding, the robustness of folding, the origin of barriers and cooperativity and the ensemble nature of transition states, intermediate and traps are assessed using the results from several experimental groups highlighting energy-landscape ideas as an interpretive framework.

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Zagorac, Dejan, Johann Schön, Vladimirovich Pentin, and Martin Jansen. "Structure prediction and energy landscape exploration in the zinc oxide system." Processing and Application of Ceramics 5, no. 2 (2011): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1102073z.

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The rational planning of syntheses, i.e. the search for new crystalline compounds followed by their synthesis is a central topic of solid state chemistry. In order to gain new insights in the ZnO system, we have performed global explorations of the energy landscape using simulated annealing with an empirical potential, both at standard and elevated pressure (up to 100 GPa). Besides the well-known structure types (wurtzite, sphalerite and rock-salt), many new interesting modifications were found in different regions of the energy landscape, e.g. the '5-5' type, the NiAs type, and the ?-BeO type. Furthermore, we observed many distorted variations of these main types, in particular new structures built-up from various combinations of structure elements of these types, exhibiting a variety of stacking orders.

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Jenkins, Kelly A., Martin J. Fossat, Siwen Zhang, Durgesh K. Rai, Sean Klein, Richard Gillilan, Zackary White, et al. "The consequences of cavity creation on the folding landscape of a repeat protein depend upon context." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (August 13, 2018): E8153—E8161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807379115.

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The effect of introducing internal cavities on protein native structure and global stability has been well documented, but the consequences of these packing defects on folding free-energy landscapes have received less attention. We investigated the effects of cavity creation on the folding landscape of the leucine-rich repeat protein pp32 by high-pressure (HP) and urea-dependent NMR and high-pressure small-angle X-ray scattering (HPSAXS). Despite a modest global energetic perturbation, cavity creation in the N-terminal capping motif (N-cap) resulted in very strong deviation from two-state unfolding behavior. In contrast, introduction of a cavity in the most stable, C-terminal half of pp32 led to highly concerted unfolding, presumably because the decrease in stability by the mutations attenuated the N- to C-terminal stability gradient present in WT pp32. Interestingly, enlarging the central cavity of the protein led to the population under pressure of a distinct intermediate in which the N-cap and repeats 1–4 were nearly completely unfolded, while the fifth repeat and the C-terminal capping motif remained fully folded. Thus, despite modest effects on global stability, introducing internal cavities can have starkly distinct repercussions on the conformational landscape of a protein, depending on their structural and energetic context.

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Hey, John C., Emily J. Doyle, Yuting Chen, and Roy L. Johnston. "Isomers and energy landscapes of micro-hydrated sulfite and chlorate clusters." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2115 (February 5, 2018): 20170154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0154.

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We present putative global minima for the micro-hydrated sulfite SO 3 2− (H 2 O) N and chlorate ClO 3 − (H 2 O) N systems in the range 3≤ N ≤15 found using basin-hopping global structure optimization with an empirical potential. We present a structural analysis of the hydration of a large number of minimized structures for hydrated sulfite and chlorate clusters in the range 3≤ N ≤50. We show that sulfite is a significantly stronger net acceptor of hydrogen bonding within water clusters than chlorate, completely suppressing the appearance of hydroxyl groups pointing out from the cluster surface (dangling OH bonds), in low-energy clusters. We also present a qualitative analysis of a highly explored energy landscape in the region of the global minimum of the eight water hydrated sulfite and chlorate systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modern theoretical chemistry’.

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46

Liu, Jingfa, Weibo Huang, Wenjie Liu, Beibei Song, Yuanyuan Sun, and Mao Chen. "Energy landscape paving with local search for global optimization of the BLN off-lattice model." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 64, no. 4 (February 2014): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.64.603.

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47

O'Driscoll, Declan. "Oil spills: changing landscape, changing response." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12090.

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The Montara and Macondo oil spills-being unexpected and close in time-have significantly changed the understanding about how oil spills occur and impact society and environment. While spills from maritime transport have a fixed volume, upstream spills can continue unabated until relief efforts are successful. Transport oil spills have been subject to major scrutiny and initiatives during the past 25 years, yet little attention has been given to the specific preparedness and response issues of an upstream incident. The global industry faces increasing regulatory oversight due to environmental concerns as the search for new reserves moves into deeper water in more sensitive and often remote environments. The onus is on the industry to show a preparedness and response capability that is sufficiently robust and adequate to deal with a well-control incident-this capability must exceed government and community expectations. Exploration and production operators are now preparing and responding to upstream well-control incidents in a different way. For preparedness, this includes greater engagement with regulators through the planning life cycle and exercises that better integrate national and international resources, as well as ongoing strengthening of internal capability of incident command structure (ICS). For response, the activation of resources is occurring more quickly, is more extensive, and the resources are being maintained on location for a longer period. Technology is being used to better monitor the status and fate of a spill, as well as providing frequent updates to regulators and media. This extended abstract provides an overview of the oil industry's response to Macondo and Montara; additionally, case studies are used to show how changes are occurring in practice.

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Jarvis, A., and C. N. Hewitt. "The "Business-As-Usual" growth of global primary energy use and carbon dioxide emissions – historical trends and near-term forecasts." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 1143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-1143-2014.

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Abstract. We analyse the global primary energy use and total CO2 emissions time series since 1850 and show that their relative growth rates appear to exhibit periodicity with a fundamental timescale of ~60 years and with significant harmonic behaviour. Quantifying the inertia inherent in these dynamics allows forecasting of future "business as usual" energy needs and their associated CO2 emissions. Our best estimates for 2020 are 800 EJ yr−1 for global energy use and 14 Gt yr−1 for global CO2 emissions, with both being above almost all other published forecasts. This suggests the energy and total CO2 emissions landscape in 2020 may be significantly more challenging than currently envisaged.

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Mohamed, Sharmarke, Durga Prasad Karothu, and Panče Naumov. "Using crystal structure prediction to rationalize the hydration propensities of substituted adamantane hydrochloride salts." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 4 (July 16, 2016): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616006326.

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The crystal energy landscapes of the salts of two rigid pharmaceutically active molecules reveal that the experimental structure of amantadine hydrochloride is the most stable structure with the majority of low-energy structures adopting a chain hydrogen-bond motif and packings that do not have solvent accessible voids. By contrast, memantine hydrochloride which differs in the substitution of two methyl groups on the adamantane ring has a crystal energy landscape where all structures within 10 kJ mol−1of the global minimum have solvent-accessible voids ranging from 3 to 14% of the unit-cell volume including the lattice energy minimum that was calculated after removing water from the hydrated memantine hydrochloride salt structure. The success in using crystal structure prediction (CSP) to rationalize the different hydration propensities of these substituted adamantane hydrochloride salts allowed us to extend the model to predict under blind test conditions the experimental crystal structures of the previously uncharacterized 1-(methylamino)adamantane base and its corresponding hydrochloride salt. Although the crystal structure of 1-(methylamino)adamantane was correctly predicted as the second ranked structure on the static lattice energy landscape, the crystallization of aZ′ = 3 structure of 1-(methylamino)adamantane hydrochloride reveals the limits of applying CSP when the contents of the crystallographic asymmetric unit are unknown.

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Naim, Arieh Ben. "Myths and verities in protein folding theories Part I: Anfinsen hypothesis and the search for the global minimum in the Gibbs energy landscape." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 3, no. 2 (August 13, 2007): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v3i2.932.

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Anfinsen’s thermodynamic hypothesis may be interpreted in two ways: One, that the native 3D structure of the protein, resides in the absolute minimum in the Gibbs energy landscape (GEL). The second, that the Gibbs energy functional, has a single (hence absolute) minimum at the equilibrium distribution of all accessible conformations of the protein. The second is equivalent to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The first does not follow from the Second Law, and has no theoretical justification. Therefore, the search for an absolute minimum in the Gibbs energy landscape is not necessarily equivalent to a prediction of the native structure of the protein.

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