Relevant bibliographies by topics / Global Enforce

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Global Enforce'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Global Enforce"

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Sigona, Nando. "Visions of a Borderless World." Current History 116, no. 786 (January 1, 2017): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2017.116.786.38.

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Masson, Léna. "Steps towards a CSR binding paradigm." Society and Business Review 15, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-01-2019-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to pursue the dialogue on the global firms’ regulation vis-à-vis human rights and labor standards in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Locke’s book The Promise and Limits of Private Power is analyzed and discussed with respect to more recent global regulation literature and mechanisms. Findings Locke advocates that private voluntary regulation has to be combined with local laws in developing countries to fully enforce labor standards and workers’ rights. In light of recent changes, the interesting model proposed by Locke shows some weaknesses. Originality/value To enforce labor standards and workers’ rights in developing countries, the author argue that governments in developed countries need to be seen as major players in multinational corporations (MNCs) regulations. But above all, the economic model needs to be questioned.
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Kevlahan, N. K. R., T. Dubos, and M. Aechtner. "Adaptive wavelet simulation of global ocean dynamics." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2015): 5265–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-5265-2015.

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Abstract. In order to easily enforce solid-wall boundary conditions in the presence of complex coastlines, we propose a new mass and energy conserving Brinkman penalization for the rotating shallow water equations. This penalization does not lead to higher wave speeds in the solid region. The error estimates for the penalization are derived analytically and verified numerically for linearized one dimensional equations. The penalization is implemented in a conservative dynamically adaptive wavelet method for the rotating shallow water equations on the sphere with bathymetry and coastline data from NOAA's ETOPO1 database. This code could form the dynamical core for a future global ocean model. The potential of the dynamically adaptive ocean model is illustrated by using it to simulate the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and wind-driven gyres.
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Sliwa, Jan. "Do We Need a Global Brain?" tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2012): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v11i1.321.

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The new trend of Pervasive Computing, based on massively deployed wireless sensor and actor networks, will enable gathering data about the world with an unprecedented accuracy and influencing it. Among many application fields, health support system will permit to measure and transmit the vital health parameters and to exert externally controlled actions on the human body. Such systems provide evident benefits, but also pose great new risks of misuse by totalitarian governments or criminals. Also “good” governments, in their effort to improve the lives of the citizens, may be tempted to rectify their conduct beyond their will and to enforce it with new means of total surveillance. This Global Brain, controlled by authorities advised by experts, too complex to be overseen by the general public, may lead to a revival of the Plato’s Rule of the Philosophers, a Brave New World where democracy is just an empty shell.
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DuRand, Cliff. "Contradictions of Global Neoliberalism." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 1-2 (2014): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341287.

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Abstract Neoliberalism is the default position of capitalism in the absence of countervailing pressure on capital from popular forces pressing for greater social justice. The contradictions of unbridled neoliberalism are the contradictions of unrestrained capitalism. It is a system that tends toward self-destruction. To survive, it needs the restraining hand of the state, frequently brought into play by demands of the popular classes. With the globalization of capital in its corporate form, it is escaping the regulatory reach of nation-states. With the assistance of globalized states, transnational capital is building its own governance structure through the World Trade Organization and multilateral trade agreements like the TransPacific Partnership. What is emerging is an unbridled neoliberal regime in which states are only the administrative agents that protect capital against the popular classes. Being constructed secretly, bit by bit, is a global regime in which corporations are the citizens and globalized states are the local administrative units that enforce corporate dictates and maintain order. This is a world without popular sovereignty and without democracy. It is a world ruled by an insulated technocratic elite serving the interests of global capital. Without countervailing force from the popular classes, will it be able to arrest its self-destructive tendencies?
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Ravikumar, T. S., and Rajeev Aravindakshan. "A single strand RNA impacts global DNA." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i02.002.

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An editorial in the recent edition of The Lancet (April 25th 2020), was a focussed review on India’s lockdown during the pandemic. (1) While the editorial gave only back-handed credit to Indian performance, the world’s largest lockdown, it did not give a balanced comment on India’s accomplishment. The initial lapses of migrant labourers issue were played up along with several other inconsistencies noticeable in the review. In order to present a more balanced critique of India’s accomplishment, we herein compare the status of the response to the pandemic among the nations that had first exposure to the virus in January 2020, serving as a comparison among the first cohort of countries. India is one of the countries to have recorded the first case of COVID-19 in January 2020 and hence, is among the nations, most vulnerable to coronavirus epidemic. It was quick to close the international borders and enforce lockdown early. These and other actions have been lauded by WHO. (2)
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Nikolakis, William, Lijo John, and Harish Krishnan. "How Blockchain Can Shape Sustainable Global Value Chains: An Evidence, Verifiability, and Enforceability (EVE) Framework." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 3926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113926.

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Law, regulation, and private standards have evolved to enhance sustainability in value chains. However, the volume of hard and soft laws has created complexity and fragmentation for consumers and firms. In addition, global value chains are increasingly disaggregated, making it difficult for consumers to enforce breaches of sustainability representations. Blockchain, as an immutable and digital record keeping system, is a tool that can deal with this growing complexity in global value chains. Documents verifying sustainability that were once in the private domain and stored in paper copy can now be made accessible in a secure and transparent blockchain platform. Despite a growing interest in the potential of blockchain to transform businesses, there are few concrete examples or scholarly literature showing how blockchain is operationalized in practice. Using a “conceptual framework analysis” approach, we develop an Evidence, Verifiability, and Enforceability (EVE) framework to illustrate how blockchain can enhance sustainability by providing information to consumers on the origin of products, assurances as to the veracity of the information, and a mechanism to enforce representations through the blockchain smart contract function. However, there need to be safeguards put in place for blockchain technology to meet its promise and we discuss some of these challenges.
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Clapp, Jennifer. "Global Environmental Governance for Corporate Responsibility and Accountability." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380054794916.

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Recent years have seen a growing movement toward externally imposed regulations directed specifically at improving TNCs' environmental and social performance. This movement draws on a long history, and its most recent incarnation is largely a reaction to disappointment on the part of many with the results of private voluntary initiatives among global firms. A number of international level initiatives have emerged, including the UN's Global Compact and the inclusion of an environment chapter in the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Because these efforts, while externally driven, are voluntary on the part of firms, there have been growing calls for a binding international treaty on corporate accountability. Industry has been extremely resistant to this idea. Many see such a treaty as vital for developing countries, as it could bolster their ability and willingness to monitor and enforce environmental regulations. This is especially important in the Global South, as these countries have seen the bulk of the negative environmental impacts of TNCs in recent decades.
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Chen, Xingding, Guangwei Yuan, and Yunlong Yu. "Discrete Maximum Principle Based on Repair Technique for Finite Element Scheme of Anisotropic Diffusion Problems." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 6, no. 06 (December 2014): 849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2013.m445.

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AbstractIn this paper, we construct a global repair technique for the finite element scheme of anisotropic diffusion equations to enforce the repaired solutions satisfying the discrete maximum principle. It is an extension of the existing local repair technique. Both of the repair techniques preserve the total energy and are easy to be implemented. The numerical experiments show that these repair techniques do not destroy the accuracy of the finite element scheme, and the computational cost of the global repair technique is cheaper than the local repair technique when the diffusion tensors are highly anisotropic.
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FERRARI, GIANLUIGI, EUGENIO MOGGI, and ROSARIO PUGLIESE. "MetaKlaim: a type safe multi-stage language for global computing." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 14, no. 3 (May 20, 2004): 367–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129504004165.

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This paper describes the design and semantics of METAKLAIM, which is a higher order distributed process calculus equipped with staging mechanisms. METAKLAIM integrates METAML (an extension of SML for multi-stage programming) and KLAIM (a Kernel Language for Agents Interaction and Mobility), to permit interleaving of meta-programming activities (such as assembly and linking of code fragments), dynamic checking of security policies at administrative boundaries and ‘traditional’ computational activities on a wide area network (such as remote communication and code mobility). METAKLAIM exploits a powerful type system (including polymorphic types á la system F) to deal with highly parameterised mobile components and to enforce security policies dynamically: types are metadata that are extracted from code at run-time and are used to express trustiness guarantees. The dynamic type checking ensures that the trustiness guarantees of wide area network applications are maintained whenever computations interoperate with potentially untrusted components.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global Enforce"

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Pérez, León Erika Vanessa, and Arevalo Diana Ivonne Rojas. "Impacto de la inteligencia artificial en las empresas con un enfoque global." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/628123.

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La inteligencia artificial (IA) también conocida como la inteligencia no natural, presenta un gran avance para la humanidad en diferentes sectores económicos, al reemplazar procesos y funciones por sistemas expertos o  robots industriales. No obstante, se cuestiona si la IA aporta valor y desarrollo en el entorno laboral para el ser humano, si crea más empleos o todo lo contrario. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general presentar investigaciones relevantes sobre la inteligencia artificial y su impacto controversial en torno al empleo y desempleo en las industrias, como tema central de este documento. Así también se revisan los inicios históricos de la IA, el análisis de las diferentes perspectivas y su aplicación. En esta investigación se aborda la explicación de los sistemas inteligentes, las principales razones de uso en los diversos sectores económicos, los riesgos y ventajas de su aplicación en las organizaciones,  se precisan los sectores económicos más desarrollados en la aplicación de la tecnología  en las últimas décadas, así como  su evolución en los últimos años en el Perú y el mundo. La relevancia del tema a presentar es la IA y su aceptación en las industrias, al generar resultados positivos en las  utilidades, reducción de costos, eficiencias en los procesos y rentabilidad. Asimismo el uso de las diversas herramientas que proporciona como por ejemplo el uso de los Chatbots;  sin embargo, también hay consecuencias desfavorables de su implementación en las empresas, como el prescindir de mano de obra o puestos de trabajo, generándose así la controversia. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizó una metodología correlacional, descriptiva y conceptual. Se concluirá que el impacto social de la IA va a ser enorme. Pero aún hay preguntas clave sin una respuesta clara, donde nos preguntamos si están las sociedades preparadas para lo que viene y qué medidas deberían tomar las empresas para que la inteligencia artificial mejore la forma de vida del ser humano del siglo XXI.
Artificial intelligence (AI), also known as unnatural intelligence, presents a great advance for humanity in different economic sectors, by replacing processes and functions with expert systems or industrial robots. However, it is questioned whether AI brings value and development in the work environment for the human being, if it creates more jobs or the opposite. The purpose of this paper is to present relevant research on artificial intelligence and its controversial impact on employment and unemployment in industries, as the central theme of this document. The historical beginnings of AI, the analysis of different perspectives and their application are also reviewed. This investigation addresses the explanation of intelligent systems, the main reasons for use in various economic sectors, the risks and advantages of their application in organizations, the most developed economic sectors in the application of technology in recent decades, as well as its evolution in recent years in Peru and the world. The relevance of the topic to be presented is AI and its acceptance in industries, generating positive results in profits, cost reduction, process efficiencies and profitability. Also the use of the various tools that it provides, such as the use of Chatbots; However, there are also unfavorable consequences of its implementation in companies, such as dispensing with labor or jobs, thus generating controversy. A correlational, descriptive and conceptual methodology was used for the development of the research. It will be concluded that the social impact of AI is going to be enormous. But there are still key questions without a clear answer, where we wonder if societies are prepared for what is coming and what measures companies should take to make artificial intelligence improve the way of life of the human being of the 21st century.
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Pinglo, Ramírez Miguel Ángel. "Impacto de la implementación de TICs en PYMES locales: un planteamiento con enfoque global." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6495.

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El documento digital no refiere un asesor
Da a conocer las consecuencias de Implementar TICs para desarrollar el nivel de servicios de las PYMEs locales, complementadas con determinadas estrategias de gestión útiles para el crecimiento de las organizaciones. Para ello se ha visto por conveniente considerar aquellos aspectos concernientes al impacto que ejerce dicha implementación tomando como base la información estadística de fuentes primarias y secundarias. En relación a los primeros hallazgos se muestra que la implementación de TICs ha contribuido en incrementar notablemente la productividad y el beneficio económico de las PYMEs, se videncia también cada vez más un mayor uso de equipamiento informático y disposición presupuestal en el proceso de incorporación de TICs a la PYME así como una aún insuficiente inversión en tecnología lo cual se refleja en la carencia parcial de páginas web y portales que le permita a la PYME local interactuar con otro mercados pese a que algunos negocios ya utilizan las redes sociales y los medios de pago virtuales para realizar sus transacciones comerciales con la limitación del conocimiento de sus administradores destacándose en este sentido el interés por utilizar aplicaciones de uso comercial (fundamentalmente sistemas de ventas). Es así que a la luz de dichos hallazgos la visión prospectiva que ostentan los entrevistados aún se encuentra en proceso de evolución, lo cual refleja un empresariado relativamente joven en diversos sectores y fundamentalmente de carácter comercial.
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Sánchez, Benavides Oscar. "La inevitable globalización. Enfoque cultural y económico del escenario mundial [Capítulo 1]." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621408.

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Barreras y distancias van quedando atrás. Día a día vivimos interconectados con los demás habitantes del mundo a través de un chat, una red social, una compra electrónica, una venta de productos nativos, una clase virtual o un club de fans oficial. Estamos sumergidos, sin querer, en un proceso que no termina y lo llamamos globalización. Sin embargo, este fenómeno que nos interconecta trae consigo una serie de retos y desafíos que afectan el modelo económico, el comercio mundial y los patrones de convivencia tal cual los conocemos. La inevitable globalización es un compendio de ocho artículos dividido en dos partes.
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San, Martín Gutiérrez Héctor. "Estudio de la imagen de destino turístico y el proceso global de satisfacción: adopción de un enfoque integrador." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10588.

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El objetivo de la Tesis Doctoral es estudiar la imagen de destino turístico y el proceso global de satisfacción del turista mediante la adopción de un enfoque integrador. En particular, se trata de analizar la influencia que tiene la imagen disponible del destino turístico en las distintas etapas del proceso global de satisfacción del turista, la naturaleza y los factores que participan en la formación de la imagen de destino turístico y los factores que contribuyen a la generación de las expectativas del turista de un futuro encuentro en el destino vacacional. Con objeto de cubrir estos objetivos, en la Tesis Doctoral se revisa la literatura sobre la imagen de destino turístico, la satisfacción del consumidor y, dentro de este último campo de investigación, las expectativas. A partir de esta revisión se defiende la naturaleza cognitiva-afectiva de la imagen, se propone un modelo teórico que integra la imagen de destino turístico en las distintas etapas del proceso global de satisfacción del turista y se formulan las hipótesis relativas a los factores que participan en la formación de la imagen y la generación de las expectativas del turista. Para contrastar el conjunto de hipótesis se realiza una investigación tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa. Tras el análisis de resultados se evidencia empíricamente la estructura cognitiva-afectiva de la imagen de destino o la importancia de la imagen y las emociones del turista en el proceso global de satisfacción, entre otros aspectos de interés.
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Castro, Montenegro Víctor Manuel, and Montenegro Víctor Manuel Castro. "Enfoque de gestión estratégica integral para la Escuela Académico Profesional de Administración de Negocios Globales." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/415.

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La presente tesis, plantea un enfoque de gestión estratégica integral para el funcionamiento exitoso, de una Escuela Académico Profesional de Negocios Globales en nuestro país. La investigación realizada tuvo cinco momentos. En el primer y segundo momento, se trabajó en función a la teoría existente y a las entrevistas a Especialistas en Administración de Negocios Globales; lográndose identificar las características actuales del entorno mundial y nacional de los negocios globales; así también, el Perfil Académico Profesional en la Especialidad de Administración de Negocios Globales para estos tiempos. Estos dos momentos, se realizaron en función a la teoría existente y a las entrevistas a Especialistas en Administración de Negocios Globales. El tercer, cuarto y quinto momento, fueron desarrollados en función de las variables identificadas en el primer y segundo momento. El desarrollo, de estos últimos tres momentos permitieron el planteamiento de un enfoque de gestión estratégica integral, considerando una propuesta de valor, un modelo de gestión y la estructura curricular, que permita el funcionamiento exitoso, de una Escuela Académico Profesional de Negocios Globales en nuestro país.
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Castro, Montenegro Víctor Manuel. "Enfoque de gestión estratégica integral para la Escuela Académico Profesional de Administración de Negocios Globales." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/415.

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La presente tesis, plantea un enfoque de gestión estratégica integral para el funcionamiento exitoso, de una Escuela Académico Profesional de Negocios Globales en nuestro país. La investigación realizada tuvo cinco momentos. En el primer y segundo momento, se trabajó en función a la teoría existente y a las entrevistas a Especialistas en Administración de Negocios Globales; lográndose identificar las características actuales del entorno mundial y nacional de los negocios globales; así también, el Perfil Académico Profesional en la Especialidad de Administración de Negocios Globales para estos tiempos. Estos dos momentos, se realizaron en función a la teoría existente y a las entrevistas a Especialistas en Administración de Negocios Globales. El tercer, cuarto y quinto momento, fueron desarrollados en función de las variables identificadas en el primer y segundo momento. El desarrollo, de estos últimos tres momentos permitieron el planteamiento de un enfoque de gestión estratégica integral, considerando una propuesta de valor, un modelo de gestión y la estructura curricular, que permita el funcionamiento exitoso, de una Escuela Académico Profesional de Negocios Globales en nuestro país.
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Artigas, Lelong Berta. "La contribución de la Universidad al desarrollo humano, bienestar y ciudadanía global: una mirada cualitativa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/373644.

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- Introducció: A pesar de la importancia y de la contribución que la investigación puede tener en el ámbito del desarrollo humano y la educación para el desarrollo, las evaluaciones y análisis de impacto de los distintos programas realizados en dichos ámbitos, está muy poco desarrollada. Por ello, con este estudio se pretende aportar un conocimiento sobre el impacto y contribución que tiene el programa de prácticas que se desarrolla en el ámbito de la cooperación al desarrollo (ppCUD) en el alumnado de la UIB. - Contingut de la investigació: Esta investigación, toma como marco teórico el paradigma crítico social, orientado al enfoque de capacidades humanas (capabilities approach) de Sen y Nussbaum. Y, se ha realizado en dos fases consecutivas, en las que se ha desarrollado, en una primera fase, un estudio descriptivo que ha permitido obtener un diagnóstico situacional del programa en el marco de las universidades españolas y, en una segunda fase, un estudio cualitativo, que a través de entrevistas biográficas ha permitido analizar el impacto y la contribución de dicho programa en el alumnado de la UIB - Conclusió: Así, entre los resultados del estudio, se ha evidenciado que el ppCUD es un programa de educación formal universitaria, dirigido al alumnado de grado, que genera las oportunidades para que, a través de aprendizajes significativos y experienciales, se adquieran y desarrollen, simultáneamente, competencias cognitivas, procedimentales y actitudinales, tanto para su desarrollo personal como para su ámbito técnico y profesional, relacionando los conocimientos y valores del desarrollo humano y de la ciudadanía global con sus distintas áreas disciplinares. Favoreciendo el desarrollo de un cosmopolitismo crítico, transformador y emancipatorio que caracteriza a la ciudadanía global.
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Pozo, Marí­n Alejandro. "Las Guerras Globales. Un enfoque crí­tico a la supuesta novedad de las guerras contemporáneas y una revisión de los factores globales de los conflictos armados." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10445.

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Tras el fin de la Guerra Frí­a, diversos autores han sostenido que los conflictos armados presentan caracterí­sticas muy diferentes a las de las guerras acontecidas con anterioridad a lo largo del siglo XX. El propósito principal de esta tesis es revisar las caracterí­sticas que presentan las así­ denominadas nuevas guerras, analizar su contenido y su discurso y extraer conclusiones en relación a los factores que influyen (o que, por el contrario, no lo hacen) en las causas, dinámicas, derroteros y resultados de la guerra. Como objetivos especí­ficos, se pretende comprobar la supuesta novedad de esas caracterí­sticas; mostrar la problemática de clasificar, contabilizar, estimar o prever las guerras o sus efectos, por la complejidad propia de cada contexto, por la pluralidad de factores existentes y por la politización de toda estadí­stica y discurso; analizar la posible manipulación de una parte de la teorí­a de las nuevas guerras por intereses particulares o geopolí­ticos; relacionar causas y soluciones; y proponer algunas sugerencias en el tratamiento de los estudios de los conflictos armados que respondan a una actitud performativa. De acuerdo con la tesis, las guerras no serán tan "internas" como se nos sugiere y, por el contrario, todas ellas podrí­an ser referidas como "guerras globales".
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Kaulicke, Peter. "Nota editorial." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113449.

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Books on the topic "Global Enforce"

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Cantoni, Norma Vaisman de. Medio ambiente: Un enfoque global. Concepción del Uruguay: The Author, 1991.

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Mexico) Congreso de Economía (8th 2008 Hermosillo. Tópicos de economía: Un enfoque global. Hermosillo, Sonora: Universidad de Sonora, 2010.

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La democracia: Hacia un enfoque global de las instituciones : razón y diseño. Buenos Aires, República Argentina: Editorial de Belgrano, 1986.

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Constructivismo y empoderamiento estudiantil en la academia: Un enfoque global para y desde América Latina. Zacatecas, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 2009.

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Wim, Pelupessy, and Sáenz Segura Fernando, eds. Cadenas globales: Enfoque y aplicaciones para agroindustrias de países en desarrollo. Heredia, Costa Rica: EUNA, 2009.

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César, Romero Padilla, and Pelupessy Wim, eds. Teoría y práctica del enfoque cadenas globales de mercancías en América Latina. Cochabamba, Bolivia: Proyecto de Mejoramiento en la Formación en Economía, 2004.

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Bernheim, Carlos Tünnerman. Calidad y vinculación de la academia en América Latina: Un enfoque global para y desde América Latina. Managua: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua; Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 2007.

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Bernheim, Carlos Tünnerman. Calidad y vinculación de la academia en América Latina: Un enfoque global para y desde América Latina. Managua: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua; Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 2007.

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Pérez, Nydia María Castillo. Planificación estratégica e internacionalización de la academia en América Latina: Un enfoque global para y desde América Latina. Zacatecas, México: Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, 2005.

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The Secret Intelligence Economy. Burkley Research Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Global Enforce"

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Behl, Johannes, Tobias Distler, and Rüdiger Kapitza. "DQMP: A Decentralized Protocol to Enforce Global Quotas in Cloud Environments." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 217–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33536-5_21.

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Gruen, Armin, Peggy Agouris, and Haihong Li. "Linear Feature Extraction with Dynamic Programming and Globally Enforced Least Squares Matching." In Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images, 83–94. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9242-1_9.

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Chen, Yifeng. "Proliferation of Transnational Labour Standards: The Role of the ILO." In International Labour Organization and Global Social Governance, 97–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55400-2_5.

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Abstract The article examines the institutional history of the ILO in the aftermath of the Cold War, and in particular how the ILO has transformed itself into a global actor in terms of labour governance through coining the normative concept of fundamental labour rights in the 1990s, as well as the ongoing struggle in which the ILO has engaged to promote greater coherence of labour standards in the post-national era. The proliferation of transnational labour standards and decentralized standard-setting is a recognizable trend in international labour protection today. International regulation of labour has become a crowded field, as labour standards are increasingly set and enforced outside the ILO framework. The mushrooming of transnational labour standards also leads to fragmentation, conflicts and competition between norms, values and visions. In the face of proliferating labour standards, the ILO has to endeavour to reinstate itself as the central institution for innovative economic and social theories as well as for labour standards. The ILO needs to exercise its leadership not just in defending normative coherence but also in advancing a humanitarian vision of the economy and society.
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Cantini, Daniele. "Seeing Social Change Through the Institutional Lens: Universities in Egypt, 2011–2018." In Methodological Approaches to Societies in Transformation, 61–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65067-4_3.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the possibilities offered by the ethnographic study of institutions when addressing the question of social change, taking Egyptian universities during the revolution and its aftermath as case study. Discussing how different actors address the issue of change, the chapter cautions against adopting explanatory schemes too easily, particularly when building narratives. Instead, it suggests looking at institutional constraints to see how contradictory and overlapping notions of change are created, enforced, and contested across competing networks of power, both during an uprising and in times of political repression. Furthermore, it shows how changes in an institution can reveal hints of transformation processes in the broader society. This chapter offers an alternative reading of the revolutionary changes that transformed the country in and after 2011. Focusing on two major perspectives on the change in Egypt’s higher education sector the article discusses some of the complexities of accounting for change through an institutional lens. The first, coming from those more actively involved in the 2011 revolution, is one of struggle, emancipatory will, and depression and silence as a consequence of the 2013 backlash. The second perspective stems from state-sponsored programs promoting higher education as a globally competitive object, subject to reform and geared toward innovation and quality. As a consequence of these different perspectives the university has become the site of a major battle between forces competing for power within society, demonstrating how such metanarratives of change shape the temporalities according to which university actors consider their action. By combining participatory observation, interviews, and the study of documents stating internal university regulations and reform programs, the author shows the importance of universities as privileged sites for the implementation of change, uncovering balances of power, beyond slogans and discourses.
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Verdier, Pierre-Hugues. "“An Extortion and an Act of Piracy”." In Global Banks on Trial, 147–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675776.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the efforts by Argentine bondholders that refused to consent to the country’s debt restructuring to use U.S. court proceedings to enforce their claims. It shows how, despite the theoretical availability of legal remedies against defaulting sovereigns, debt holders historically faced severe practical limitations of their ability to identify and attach assets to satisfy their claims. The chapter then relates how NML Capital, a U.S.-based investment fund, convinced a U.S. federal judge to accept a controversial interpretation of the bonds’ pari passu clause and to issue an injunction prohibiting Argentina from paying its other bondholders unless it also paid the holdouts. By extending the injunction to global banks and other central elements of the international financial infrastructure, the U.S. court effectively imposed financial sanctions on Argentina to enforce a private debt claim. This strategy proved successful, compelling Argentina to repay the holdout bondholders. The decision threatened to disrupt the sovereign debt restructuring process and led the IMF and other multilateral actors to initiate reforms to strengthen the legal basis for future restructurings.
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Wolf, Ruth, and Monica Thiel. "Advancing Global Business Ethics in China." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 67–84. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3117-3.ch004.

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This chapter presents China's global business outlook within an analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to reduce poverty through human welfare improvement. The chapter examines human rights within China's social, environmental, and economic resources domestically and globally. Although China's economic acceleration has been substantial, its inability to consistently observe and enforce international human rights laws and norms detracts from its economic success. This is not something that China can easily achieve due to challenges of social instability and increasing demographic problems stemming from a large population with diverse needs. The authors suggest ways to enhance human rights conduct according to the UN Guiding Principles in China and in other countries through responsible management education.
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Wolf, Ruth, and Monica Thiel. "Advancing Global Business Ethics in China." In Research Anthology on Empowering Marginalized Communities and Mitigating Racism and Discrimination, 1179–92. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8547-4.ch057.

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This chapter presents China's global business outlook within an analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to reduce poverty through human welfare improvement. The chapter examines human rights within China's social, environmental, and economic resources domestically and globally. Although China's economic acceleration has been substantial, its inability to consistently observe and enforce international human rights laws and norms detracts from its economic success. This is not something that China can easily achieve due to challenges of social instability and increasing demographic problems stemming from a large population with diverse needs. The authors suggest ways to enhance human rights conduct according to the UN Guiding Principles in China and in other countries through responsible management education.
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Stilz, Anna. "Conclusion: Territorial Sovereignty and Global Institutions." In Territorial Sovereignty, 249–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833536.003.0009.

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This book has offered a qualified defense of a territorial states system. This chapter summarizes the book’s argument and suggests we have a common responsibility to work to create multilateral institutions that would better specify, allocate, and enforce duties to protect the fundamental territorial interests of the earth’s inhabitants. Following Kant, the chapter argues for institutionalizing these cosmopolitan duties through multilateral cooperation and horizontal sanctioning, rather than by instituting a world government with executive powers. There is every reason to work toward climate justice, more extensive refugee rights, and other cosmopolitan reforms via “self-binding” arrangements that will reflect, rather than violate, collective self-determination. Such a strategy may allow for the establishment of multilateral institutions that can limit state sovereignty by enforceable duties to secure fundamental territorial interests.
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Kern, Thomas, and Leslie Willcocks. "Contract, Control and 'Presentation' in IT Outsourcing." In Advances in Global Information Management, 227–49. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-43-3.ch015.

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Information technology (IT) outsourcing continues to experience phenomenal growth, with an estimated market size of over $100 billion in 2000. Its adoption by some of the largest international corporations has seen outsourcing become considered a key component of the information management agenda. Critical to this agenda is the formulation of comprehensive contracts. For this, legal experts and/or advisors can be consulted, but enforcement depends very much on client and vendor account managers. A theoretical analysis of the contract contrasted with empirical data from client and vendor post-contract management practice revealed that the contract has a number of purposes beyond its sole legal nature, outlining a number of control dimensions both parties aim to enforce. This paper presents findings from 13 UK-based organizations on the role of the outsourcing contract and its purpose for ensuring control over the client’s outsourcing destiny.
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Köchler, Hans. "The Dual Face of Sovereignty." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2019, 875–85. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197513552.003.0038.

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This chapter explores the dialectic of power and law as exemplified in the ambiguous status of sovereignty, in particular in the Charter and practice of the United Nations Organization. One of the main challenges for the rule of law, whether domestic or international, is how to enforce legal norms without privileging the enforcers. This is where sovereignty has revealed its dual face in relations between states. Unlike domestic constitutional systems, the framework of norms of the United Nations lacks basic elements of a separation of powers, granting special status to states that were the most powerful upon the Organization’s foundation. The Charter’s principle of sovereign equality stands in direct contradiction to the norms regulating the use of coercive powers by the UN Security Council. Analyzing multilateral as well as unilateral sanctions regimes, the chapter explains how the antagonism between equality and “coercive privilege” has enabled major global players to evade scrutiny of their conduct, and proposes an amendment of the wording of Article 27(3) of the Charter.
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Conference papers on the topic "Global Enforce"

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Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. "Towards Loop-Free Forwarding of Anonymous Internet Datagrams That Enforce Provenance." In GLOBECOM 2016 - 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2016.7842346.

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Stan, Ioan-Mihail, Daniel Rosner, and Stefan-Dan Ciocirlan. "Enforce a Global Security Policy for User Access to Clustered Container Systems via User Namespace Sharing." In 2020 19th RoEduNet Conference: Networking in Education and Research (RoEduNet). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roedunet51892.2020.9324866.

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ROCCHI, Lucia, and Adriano CIANI. "TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS: A MODEL FOR A GLOBAL MANAGEMENT OF THE TERRITORY." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.068.

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Bottom-up solutions for managing the territory have been increase their importance in the last years. Local communities want to be involved in the management of the territory to avoid problems and to promote economic and social activities. Several different forms of participatory contracts have been developed during the last decades. However, a framework to enforce each single solution are required. The Territorial Management Contracts (TMCs) would like to give a contribute in such a direction. The contribute briefly illustrates the Territorial Management Contracts, to open a debate on them.
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Yang, Carl, Haonan Wang, Ke Zhang, Liang Chen, and Lichao Sun. "Secure Deep Graph Generation with Link Differential Privacy." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/450.

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Many data mining and analytical tasks rely on the abstraction of networks (graphs) to summarize relational structures among individuals (nodes). Since relational data are often sensitive, we aim to seek effective approaches to generate utility-preserved yet privacy-protected structured data. In this paper, we leverage the differential privacy (DP) framework to formulate and enforce rigorous privacy constraints on deep graph generation models, with a focus on edge-DP to guarantee individual link privacy. In particular, we enforce edge-DP by injecting designated noise to the gradients of a link reconstruction based graph generation model, while ensuring data utility by improving structure learning with structure-oriented graph discrimination. Extensive experiments on two real-world network datasets show that our proposed DPGGAN model is able to generate graphs with effectively preserved global structure and rigorously protected individual link privacy.
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Ruparel, Tejas, Azim Eskandarian, and James Lee. "Concurrent Multiple-Time-Scale Simulations With Improved Numerical Dissipation for Structural Dynamics." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64642.

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Work presented in this paper describes the formulation for implementation of a concurrent multiple-time-scale integration method with improved numerical dissipation capabilities. This approach generalizes the previous Multiple Grid and Multiple Time-Scale (MGMT) Method [1] implemented for the Newmark family of algorithms. The framework is largely based upon the fundamental principles of Lagrange multipliers used to enforce workless nonholonomic constraints and Domain Decomposition Methods (DDM) to obtain coupled equations of motion for distinct regions of a continuous domain. These methods when combined together systematically yield constraint forces that not only ensure conservation of energy but also enforce continuity of velocities across the interfaces. Multiple grid connections between (non-conforming) sub-domains are handled using Mortar elements whereas coupled multiple-time-scale equations are derived for the Generalized-α Method [2]. We show that MGMT Method can be easily extended to incorporate the Generalized-α family of time integration algorithms, hence allowing selective discretization in space and time along with controlled numerical dissipation for distinct grids. We also show that interface energy across connecting sub-domains is identically zero, further assuring global energy balance and continuity of velocities across connecting sub-domains.
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Ghaderi, Aref, Vahid Morovati, Amir Bahrololoumi, and Roozbeh Dargazany. "A Physics-Informed Neural Network Constitutive Model for Cross-Linked Polymers." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24227.

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Abstract The behavior of Cross-linked Polymers in finite deformations is often characterized by nonlinear behaviour. In this paper, we propose to embed an artificial neural network (ANN) within a micro-mechanical platform and thus to enforce certain physical restrictions of an amorphous network such as directional dependency and history-dependency of the constitutive behavior of rubber-like materials during loading and unloading. Accordingly, a strain energy density function is assumed for a set of chains in each direction based on ANN and trained with experimental data set. Summation of the energies provided by ANNs in different directions can determine the strain energy density function of the matrix. Stress-strain relation is derived from strain energy density function. Polyconvexity is enforced to assure minimized potential energy, a global solution for an optimization problem, and thermodynamic consistency that show the model cannot generate energy. The model is validated against multiple sets of experimental data, e.g. uniaxial, shear, and biaxial deformation available in the literature. This model captures not only the loading and unloading paths but also the inelastic response of these materials, such as the Mullins effect and permanent set. The model can be generalized to other materials and other inelastic effects as well.
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Green, Lorne. "The Industry Commitment to Global Transport Safety Standards." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93140.

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Standards and regulations have no intrinsic practical effect without taking into account those who are the object of them; standards and regulations do not become operationally effective until they are implemented by the entities which are subject to them. Accordingly, there is a necessary synergy between the regulator and the regulated — the regulators whose task it is to make and enforce the rules for safe, efficient and reliable transport, and those whose job it is to transport within the rules. The bottom line of transport safety regulation is safety, but safety is not a factor exclusively of the working of regulatory provisions. Stability, clarity and consistency in the international regulatory regime also are important to safety. The experience of the nuclear transport industry operating within the regulations has been positive. The issues which have arisen have related principally to differences in interpretation of the regulations by modal organisations and competent authorities coupled with different time schedules for implementation. Such differences take on added importance in the context of an accelerated two-year review cycle. It is the operators who have the experience of dealing with the international regulatory regime across jurisdictions. The periodic review of the international transport safety regime is important, but it may be that such review could be more fully informed by a sharing of experiences. Does a periodic review have of necessity to require proposals for change, or rather, shouldn’t such proposals flow from a review first, and then be advanced if deemed appropriate on the basis of the review? It is important to show confidence in a regulatory regime that has proven its effectiveness over several decades. All stakeholders to the regime benefit from stability. This paper will examine industry’s experience of operating within the two-year regulatory review process and present some suggestions for consideration. If industry is to be persuasive in urging greater regulatory harmonisation worldwide, it must work to develop consolidated industry positions on practical issues which it then can carry to the other stakeholders for consideration. This paper will cite specific examples of industry, within WNTI, working to develop such consolidated views.
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Sipior, Janice, and Burke Ward. "A Framework for Information Security Management Based on Guiding Standards: A United States Perspective." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3188.

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Despite government oversight, consumers continue to be concerned about the security of personal information used by corporations. Consumer concerns give rise to the necessity for corporations to manage information security. Navigating the multitude of existing security standards, including dedicated standards for information security and frameworks for controlling the implementation of information technology, presents a challenge to organizations. In response, we propose our ISM framework which considers global, national, organizational, and employee standards to guide ISM. We contend that a strategic approach to ISM will enable a focus on managing information as a key resource in global competition. This framework is intended to promote a cohesive approach which considers a process view of information within the context of the entire organizational operational environment. This framework can be used by international, national, and regional corporations to formulate, implement, enforce, and audit information security policies and practices.
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Zhou, Heyu, Weizhi Nie, Wenhui Li, Dan Song, and An-An Liu. "Hierarchical Instance Feature Alignment for 2D Image-Based 3D Shape Retrieval." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/117.

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2D image-based 3D shape retrieval has become a hot research topic since its wide industrial applications and academic significance. However, existing view-based 3D shape retrieval methods are restricted by two settings, 1) learn the common-class features while neglecting the instance visual characteristics, 2) narrow the global domain variations while ignoring the local semantic variations in each category. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel hierarchical instance feature alignment (HIFA) method for this task. HIFA consists of two modules, cross-modal instance feature learning and hierarchical instance feature alignment. Specifically, we first use CNN to extract both 2D image and multi-view features. Then, we maximize the mutual information between the input data and the high-level feature to preserve as much as visual characteristics of an individual instance. To mix up the features in two domains, we enforce feature alignment considering both global domain and local semantic levels. By narrowing the global domain variations we impose the identical large norm restriction on both 2D and 3D feature-norm expectations to facilitate more transferable possibility. By narrowing the local variations we propose to minimize the distance between two centroids of the same class from different domains to obtain semantic consistency. Extensive experiments on two popular and novel datasets, MI3DOR and MI3DOR-2, validate the superiority of HIFA for 2D image-based 3D shape retrieval task.
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Xiong, Mingkang, Zhenghong Zhang, Weilin Zhong, Jinsheng Ji, Jiyuan Liu, and Huilin Xiong. "Self-supervised Monocular Depth and Visual Odometry Learning with Scale-consistent Geometric Constraints." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/134.

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The self-supervised learning-based depth and visual odometry (VO) estimators trained on monocular videos without ground truth have drawn significant attention recently. Prior works use photometric consistency as supervision, which is fragile under complex realistic environments due to illumination variations. More importantly, it suffers from scale inconsistency in the depth and pose estimation results. In this paper, robust geometric losses are proposed to deal with this problem. Specifically, we first align the scales of two reconstructed depth maps estimated from the adjacent image frames, and then enforce forward-backward relative pose consistency to formulate scale-consistent geometric constraints. Finally, a novel training framework is constructed to implement the proposed losses. Extensive evaluations on KITTI and Make3D datasets demonstrate that, i) by incorporating the proposed constraints as supervision, the depth estimation model can achieve state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance among the self-supervised methods, and ii) it is effective to use the proposed training framework to obtain a uniform global scale VO model.
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Reports on the topic "Global Enforce"

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Nieto, Sebastián, and Rita da Costa. Desarrollo en Transición en América Latina en tiempos de la COVID-19. Fundación Carolina, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt49.

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El objetivo de este artículo es abordar, bajo la lente del enfoque de Desarrollo en Transición, las acciones que la región deberá llevar a cabo para mejorar el bienestar de toda la ciudadanía en la era post-COVID. El enfoque de Desarrollo en Transición nos recuerda la importancia de ir más allá del PIB y adoptar cri- terios multidimensionales para salir de las trampas del desarrollo. Una cooperación internacional reforzada es imprescindible en este sentido. Este artículo subraya la utilidad de impulsar dicho enfoque para garantizar la implementación de un contrato social renovado, apoyado en una cooperación internacional facilitadora basada en nuevos mecanismos y nuevas prácticas que tengan en cuenta: las megatendencias globales, las interconexiones crecientes entre las políticas públicas nacionales y el ámbito internacional, y la necesidad de generar mayores capacidades domésticas para la recuperación post-COVID, gracias a diálogos entre pares, intercambio de conocimiento y acciones colectivas innovadoras para enfrentar retos comunes.
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Clavijo-Ramírez, Felipe, Daniela Gualtero-Briceño, and Óscar David Botero. Informe especial de estabilidad financiera: inclusión financiera - Primer semestre de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/incl-fin.sem1-2021.

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La inclusión financiera es el proceso de integración de los servicios financieros a las actividades económicas cotidianas de la población, lo cual puede contribuir al crecimiento económico en la medida en que permita reducir los costos de financiación y transacción, y ofrezca un manejo seguro y eficiente de los recursos, tanto para los hogares como para las empresas. La medición de la inclusión financiera abarca diferentes dimensiones del acceso y uso de productos financieros por parte de hogares y empresas, dentro de las cuales se encuentran cobertura, transaccionalidad, ahorro, crédito, seguros, calidad y bienestar. En este informe se presenta un diagnóstico de la inclusión financiera en Colombia diferenciado entre hombres y mujeres. Para esto, se analizan algunas variables relacionadas con inclusión financiera reportadas por el Global Findex para Colombia y otras reportadas en la encuesta de micronegocios del DANE. Adicionalmente, se realiza una comparación entre las características de los créditos otorgados por establecimientos de crédito a mujeres y los otorgados a hombres entre 2017 y 2021 haciendo uso del Formato 341 de la Superintendencia Financiera (SFC). Este documento es el primero en hacer una aproximación a la inclusión financiera con enfoque de género teniendo en cuenta dichos datos administrativos.
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Navas Duk, Cristián, Ángelo Guevara Cué, Elías Rubinstein, and Richard Mix Vidal. Análisis del estado del arte y experiencias de gestión de demanda de transporte urbano en América Latina y el Caribe. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002895.

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En las últimas décadas, la tasa de motorización en los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) se ha incrementado, principalmente, por el crecimiento de los niveles de ingreso de las personas, lo que ha generado aumentos tanto en niveles de congestión, como también en variables medioambientales tales como la polución y el ruido. Una de las respuestas a este crecimiento de la tasa de motorización ha sido el desarrollo de políticas con enfoque en la oferta. A través de estas se ha propuesto aumentar la infraestructura vial con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de flujo y desplazamiento del tráfico vial, disminuyendo así las condiciones de congestión. Este enfoque se ha traducido en obras de infraestructura, como el ensanchamiento de calles y el desarrollo de nuevas vías y autopistas. A pesar de estos esfuerzos, existe evidencia en la literatura de que este tipo de respuesta podría resultar insostenible en el largo plazo, por su alto costo y porque promueve el uso del automóvil particular, generando aumentos en la congestión y contaminación entre otras externalidades. Una de las soluciones que ha planteado la literatura es abordar la problemática a través de medidas que gestionen la demanda por el uso de la infraestructura, promoviendo así una utilización más eficiente de la oferta vial disponible. El desarrollo de medidas de gestión de la demanda (Transportation Demand Management, TDM por sus siglas en inglés) ha sido ampliamente reportado y discutido como política de transporte a nivel global, donde su implementación se ha concentrado en intervenciones como la restricción de circulación de vehículos (pico y placa), la tarificación vial por congestión, la redistribución del espacio vial (vías de uso exclusivo o reversibles), y los impuestos a la compra y operación de vehículos particulares, entre otras. ALC no ha estado al margen de la implementación de este tipo de medidas, con distintos niveles de éxito en su implementación y desarrollo. El presente documento considera una recopilación no exhaustiva de casos y experiencias de la aplicación de medidas de gestión de demanda, tanto en ALC como en otras ciudades del mundo, con el objetivo de compartir estas experiencias de políticas públicas de transporte para contribuir a su discusión para potenciales implementaciones a futuro. Adicionalmente, este trabajo se plantea como instrumento de guía, apoyo y consulta para los distintos stakeholders de transporte urbano de las ciudades de ALC.
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