Journal articles: 'Global Enforce'

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Sigona, Nando. "Visions of a Borderless World." Current History 116, no. 786 (January 1, 2017): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2017.116.786.38.

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Masson, Léna. "Steps towards a CSR binding paradigm." Society and Business Review 15, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-01-2019-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to pursue the dialogue on the global firms’ regulation vis-à-vis human rights and labor standards in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Locke’s book The Promise and Limits of Private Power is analyzed and discussed with respect to more recent global regulation literature and mechanisms. Findings Locke advocates that private voluntary regulation has to be combined with local laws in developing countries to fully enforce labor standards and workers’ rights. In light of recent changes, the interesting model proposed by Locke shows some weaknesses. Originality/value To enforce labor standards and workers’ rights in developing countries, the author argue that governments in developed countries need to be seen as major players in multinational corporations (MNCs) regulations. But above all, the economic model needs to be questioned.

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Kevlahan, N. K. R., T. Dubos, and M. Aechtner. "Adaptive wavelet simulation of global ocean dynamics." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2015): 5265–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-5265-2015.

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Abstract. In order to easily enforce solid-wall boundary conditions in the presence of complex coastlines, we propose a new mass and energy conserving Brinkman penalization for the rotating shallow water equations. This penalization does not lead to higher wave speeds in the solid region. The error estimates for the penalization are derived analytically and verified numerically for linearized one dimensional equations. The penalization is implemented in a conservative dynamically adaptive wavelet method for the rotating shallow water equations on the sphere with bathymetry and coastline data from NOAA's ETOPO1 database. This code could form the dynamical core for a future global ocean model. The potential of the dynamically adaptive ocean model is illustrated by using it to simulate the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and wind-driven gyres.

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Sliwa, Jan. "Do We Need a Global Brain?" tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2012): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v11i1.321.

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The new trend of Pervasive Computing, based on massively deployed wireless sensor and actor networks, will enable gathering data about the world with an unprecedented accuracy and influencing it. Among many application fields, health support system will permit to measure and transmit the vital health parameters and to exert externally controlled actions on the human body. Such systems provide evident benefits, but also pose great new risks of misuse by totalitarian governments or criminals. Also “good” governments, in their effort to improve the lives of the citizens, may be tempted to rectify their conduct beyond their will and to enforce it with new means of total surveillance. This Global Brain, controlled by authorities advised by experts, too complex to be overseen by the general public, may lead to a revival of the Plato’s Rule of the Philosophers, a Brave New World where democracy is just an empty shell.

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DuRand, Cliff. "Contradictions of Global Neoliberalism." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 1-2 (2014): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341287.

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Abstract Neoliberalism is the default position of capitalism in the absence of countervailing pressure on capital from popular forces pressing for greater social justice. The contradictions of unbridled neoliberalism are the contradictions of unrestrained capitalism. It is a system that tends toward self-destruction. To survive, it needs the restraining hand of the state, frequently brought into play by demands of the popular classes. With the globalization of capital in its corporate form, it is escaping the regulatory reach of nation-states. With the assistance of globalized states, transnational capital is building its own governance structure through the World Trade Organization and multilateral trade agreements like the TransPacific Partnership. What is emerging is an unbridled neoliberal regime in which states are only the administrative agents that protect capital against the popular classes. Being constructed secretly, bit by bit, is a global regime in which corporations are the citizens and globalized states are the local administrative units that enforce corporate dictates and maintain order. This is a world without popular sovereignty and without democracy. It is a world ruled by an insulated technocratic elite serving the interests of global capital. Without countervailing force from the popular classes, will it be able to arrest its self-destructive tendencies?

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Ravikumar, T. S., and Rajeev Aravindakshan. "A single strand RNA impacts global DNA." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i02.002.

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An editorial in the recent edition of The Lancet (April 25th 2020), was a focussed review on India’s lockdown during the pandemic. (1) While the editorial gave only back-handed credit to Indian performance, the world’s largest lockdown, it did not give a balanced comment on India’s accomplishment. The initial lapses of migrant labourers issue were played up along with several other inconsistencies noticeable in the review. In order to present a more balanced critique of India’s accomplishment, we herein compare the status of the response to the pandemic among the nations that had first exposure to the virus in January 2020, serving as a comparison among the first cohort of countries. India is one of the countries to have recorded the first case of COVID-19 in January 2020 and hence, is among the nations, most vulnerable to coronavirus epidemic. It was quick to close the international borders and enforce lockdown early. These and other actions have been lauded by WHO. (2)

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Nikolakis, William, Lijo John, and Harish Krishnan. "How Blockchain Can Shape Sustainable Global Value Chains: An Evidence, Verifiability, and Enforceability (EVE) Framework." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 3926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113926.

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Law, regulation, and private standards have evolved to enhance sustainability in value chains. However, the volume of hard and soft laws has created complexity and fragmentation for consumers and firms. In addition, global value chains are increasingly disaggregated, making it difficult for consumers to enforce breaches of sustainability representations. Blockchain, as an immutable and digital record keeping system, is a tool that can deal with this growing complexity in global value chains. Documents verifying sustainability that were once in the private domain and stored in paper copy can now be made accessible in a secure and transparent blockchain platform. Despite a growing interest in the potential of blockchain to transform businesses, there are few concrete examples or scholarly literature showing how blockchain is operationalized in practice. Using a “conceptual framework analysis” approach, we develop an Evidence, Verifiability, and Enforceability (EVE) framework to illustrate how blockchain can enhance sustainability by providing information to consumers on the origin of products, assurances as to the veracity of the information, and a mechanism to enforce representations through the blockchain smart contract function. However, there need to be safeguards put in place for blockchain technology to meet its promise and we discuss some of these challenges.

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Clapp, Jennifer. "Global Environmental Governance for Corporate Responsibility and Accountability." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380054794916.

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Recent years have seen a growing movement toward externally imposed regulations directed specifically at improving TNCs' environmental and social performance. This movement draws on a long history, and its most recent incarnation is largely a reaction to disappointment on the part of many with the results of private voluntary initiatives among global firms. A number of international level initiatives have emerged, including the UN's Global Compact and the inclusion of an environment chapter in the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Because these efforts, while externally driven, are voluntary on the part of firms, there have been growing calls for a binding international treaty on corporate accountability. Industry has been extremely resistant to this idea. Many see such a treaty as vital for developing countries, as it could bolster their ability and willingness to monitor and enforce environmental regulations. This is especially important in the Global South, as these countries have seen the bulk of the negative environmental impacts of TNCs in recent decades.

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Chen, Xingding, Guangwei Yuan, and Yunlong Yu. "Discrete Maximum Principle Based on Repair Technique for Finite Element Scheme of Anisotropic Diffusion Problems." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 6, no. 06 (December 2014): 849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2013.m445.

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AbstractIn this paper, we construct a global repair technique for the finite element scheme of anisotropic diffusion equations to enforce the repaired solutions satisfying the discrete maximum principle. It is an extension of the existing local repair technique. Both of the repair techniques preserve the total energy and are easy to be implemented. The numerical experiments show that these repair techniques do not destroy the accuracy of the finite element scheme, and the computational cost of the global repair technique is cheaper than the local repair technique when the diffusion tensors are highly anisotropic.

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FERRARI, GIANLUIGI, EUGENIO MOGGI, and ROSARIO PUGLIESE. "MetaKlaim: a type safe multi-stage language for global computing." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 14, no. 3 (May 20, 2004): 367–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129504004165.

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This paper describes the design and semantics of METAKLAIM, which is a higher order distributed process calculus equipped with staging mechanisms. METAKLAIM integrates METAML (an extension of SML for multi-stage programming) and KLAIM (a Kernel Language for Agents Interaction and Mobility), to permit interleaving of meta-programming activities (such as assembly and linking of code fragments), dynamic checking of security policies at administrative boundaries and ‘traditional’ computational activities on a wide area network (such as remote communication and code mobility). METAKLAIM exploits a powerful type system (including polymorphic types á la system F) to deal with highly parameterised mobile components and to enforce security policies dynamically: types are metadata that are extracted from code at run-time and are used to express trustiness guarantees. The dynamic type checking ensures that the trustiness guarantees of wide area network applications are maintained whenever computations interoperate with potentially untrusted components.

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Husna, Cut Asmaul, Lina Hastuti, and Iman Prihandono. "Adaptation of Contract Models of Oil and Gas: A Comparative Study." Hang Tuah Law Journal 1, no. 1 (July 20, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v1i1.9.

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Differences in law systems, constitution, legislation, and regimes in oil and gas business across the world enforce to have a comparative study by extending laws in oil and gas. It is, from global perspective, implemented a constant demand to the law to take essentialization categories as its base. Nature required universalism, an analysis of valid and constant law sifted toward cosmopolitan law. Manifestation of globalization was transformed and corresponded to natural regulations in adapting a contract model. Oil and gas and its exploring development within global law systems included Civil Law, Common Law, Socialist Law, Scandinavia Law, and Islamic Law. Important discoveries in oil and gas sector, therefore, might have changes by universally global cosmopolitan law.

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Ege, Matthew S., Young Hoon Kim, and Dechun Wang. "Do Global Audit Firm Networks Apply Consistent Audit Methodologies across Jurisdictions? Evidence from Financial Reporting Comparability." Accounting Review 95, no. 6 (November 14, 2019): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/tar-2018-0294.

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ABSTRACT Brand name audit firms are global networks of local audit firms. These networks claim to enforce consistent audit methodologies across their member firms, which, if true, should systematically affect client financial reporting. We find that clients from different countries have more (less) comparable accruals when they are audited by local audit firms from the same global network (different global networks). Furthermore, inferences are similar when we examine client accrual comparability around audit firm switches induced by the failure of Andersen, which serves as a shock that helps improve identification. In falsification tests, having auditors from the same global network is not associated with differences in operating cash flows. Results also suggest that the role of global network methodologies in global financial reporting comparability is more pronounced across stronger investor protection jurisdictions and across jurisdictions that have adopted International Standards on Auditing. JEL Classifications: M41; M42.

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Boister, Neil. "The ‘Bad Global Citizen’, ‘Naked’, in the ‘Transnational Penal Space’." Brill Research Perspectives in Transnational Crime 1, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2017): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680931-12340003.

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Abstract This article explores how transnational criminal law is used as a tool to create a legal space within the state where the fugitive resides or is acting, in order in effect to re-set the border inside that jurisdiction and to make it possible, by proxy, to enforce another state’s law. It argues that transnational criminal law is used to establish a kind of fictional transnational legal space, created by changing domestic laws and practices of both the state exercising its jurisdiction and the state in which that jurisdiction is being exercised, so that restrictions on cooperative action are minimalized. It explores how that space is created and how it shapes the structure of transnational criminal law through the building of normative structures—both legal and administrative—to suppress the activities of alleged criminals in this space. But its specific focus is on how this purely functional relationship impacts on individuals caught within that space.

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Chekijian, Sharon, and Alexander Bazarchyan. "Violation of the Global Ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabagh: A Viral Amplification of Aggression." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21000121.

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AbstractOn March 23, 2020, the United Nations (UN) made an “Appeal for a Global Ceasefire following the Outbreak of Coronavirus.” Despite this appeal, the Nagorno-Karabagh war was instigated on September 27, 2020. This Guest Editorial frames the conflict in the context of the UN appeal and by introducing a figure that plots seven-day average coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases overlaid with key inflection points to illustrate the clear impact that conflict has had on pandemic spread in Armenia. The conflict in Nagorno-Karabagh provides a timely, concise, and illustrative example of conflict and its impact on health. Finally, an argument is made that the ability to enforce the UN “Appeal for a Global Ceasefire” is essential to ensure global health and security.

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Kevlahan, N. K. R., T. Dubos, and M. Aechtner. "Adaptive wavelet simulation of global ocean dynamics using a new Brinkman volume penalization." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2015): 3891–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3891-2015.

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Abstract. In order to easily enforce solid-wall boundary conditions in the presence of complex coastlines, we propose a new mass and energy conserving Brinkman penalization for the rotating shallow water equations. This penalization does not lead to higher wave speeds in the solid region. The error estimates for the penalization are derived analytically and verified numerically for linearized one-dimensional equations. The penalization is implemented in a conservative dynamically adaptive wavelet method for the rotating shallow water equations on the sphere with bathymetry and coastline data from NOAA's ETOPO1 database. This code could form the dynamical core for a future global ocean model. The potential of the dynamically adaptive ocean model is illustrated by using it to simulate the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and wind-driven gyres.

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Holzer, Boris. "Transnational Protest and the Corporate Planet - the Case of Mitsubishi Corporation vs. The Rainforest Action Network." Asian Journal of Social Science 29, no. 1 (2001): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853101x00334.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the emergence of a global economy has led to new lines of conflict between transnational corporations (TNCs) and civil society actors. While the efficiency of state regulation seems to have diminished, transnational protest groups have been able to challenge TNCs and enforce certain standards upon them. The paper discusses the conflict between the Mitsubishi Corporation and rainforest protection groups in order to identify the mechanisms behind this and similar conflicts.

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Chaudhuri, Shubham, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, and Panle Jia. "Estimating the Effects of Global Patent Protection in Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Quinolones in India." American Economic Review 96, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 1477–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1477.

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Under the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, the World Trade Organization members are required to enforce product patents for pharmaceuticals. In this paper we empirically investigate the welfare effects of this requirement on developing countries using data for the fluoroquinolones subsegment of the systemic anti-bacterials segment of the Indian pharmaceuticals market. Our results suggest that concerns about the potential adverse welfare effects of TRIPS may have some basis. We estimate that the withdrawal of all domestic products in this subsegment is associated with substantial welfare losses to the Indian economy, even in the presence of price regulation. The overwhelming portion of this welfare loss derives from the loss of consumer welfare.

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Allens, David. "Dependency, White Privilege, and Transnational Hegemonic Reconfiguration: Investigating Systems of Power and Identity Privilege in The Bahamas." Caribbean Quilt 5 (May 19, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/caribbeanquilt.v5i0.34370.

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White cultural hegemony has been used as a determinant of identity privilege in The Bahamas since the beginning of British colonialism. This ideal justifies and confers the dominance of whiteness while also including a moral responsibility to enforce the racial hierarchy as a part of a "global cognitive dysfunction" (Mills 18) that sees non-white actors as intrinsically lesser; an understanding Charles Mills argues is needed to uphold a racialized social contract. This “grammar of racial difference” inculcates the need for whiteness to act as savior through the subjugation and cultural integration of the “other” (Mahmud). However, beyond its role as a dysfunction, this conception of a moral obligation—or colloquially, a ‘white savior complex’—guides understandings of why colonial leaders forged hegemonic relationships with the U.S. despite the country’s apparent intent to achieve independence. These relationships were a strategic part of a colonial-savior complex and adherence to a global system that values 'whiteness.' This paper suggests that despite independence, The Bahamas remains subjected to the dependency role under a system of white privilege, resulting from colonial agreements made with the United States, and multi-national agencies, and regulatory bodies that enforce a hegemonic reconstruction of influence. Ergo, the cultural hegemony of the United States as an industrialized giant merely filled the void that the British rule left behind.

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HE, BAOGANG. "The Theory and Practice of Chinese Grassroots Governance: Five Models." Japanese Journal of Political Science 4, no. 2 (November 2003): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109903001105.

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Theories of governance and Chinese understandingsThere is a vast and eclectic literature about many forms of governance, including markets, bureaucratic hierarchies, associations and different types of networks. The Commission on Global Governance, for example, defines governance as ‘the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action may be taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest’. Thus, ‘at the global level, governance has been viewed primarily as intergovernmental relationships, but it must now be understood as also involving non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citizens' movements, multinational corporations and the global mass of dramatically enlarged influence’.

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DeFehr, Jan Nadine. "Inventing Mental Health First Aid: The Problem of Psychocentrism." Studies in Social Justice 10, no. 1 (August 11, 2016): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v10i1.1326.

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This article provides a sociopolitical critique of contemporary Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) discourses. The concept of psychocentrism, adopted as an analytical tool, critiques the problematic nature of MHFA premises and practices that automate, expedite, enforce, and normalize the global movement to psychiatrize human distress. Contesting MHFA’s international image as a benevolent, individual crisis intervention model, this essay discusses MHFA as a technique of neoliberal governance, moral surveillance, and social control, responsible for reinvigorating the psychiatric profession while dividing and demoting the populace.

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Breitmeier, Helmut, Sandra Schwindenhammer, Andrés Checa, Jacob Manderbach, and Magdalena Tanzer. "Aligned Sustainability Understandings? Global Inter-Institutional Arrangements and the Implementation of SDG 2." Politics and Governance 9, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i1.3591.

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This article asks whether inter-institutional arrangements (IIAs) can facilitate norm understandings of sustainability in the global food regime complex to ensure the implementation of SDG 2. It refers to theories of norm implementation and regime complexes and focuses on two explanatory factors: non-material resources (authority and knowledge) and interplay management (participation and interaction). The article deals with three case studies: The Codex Alimentarius Commission, the Sustainable Food Systems Programme, and the Standards and Trade Development Facility. Qualitative empirical analysis is based on documents and expert interviews. The article assumes that both explanatory factors are beneficial for the development of an aligned sustainability understanding. The findings indicate that IIAs serve as discursive fora for institutional exchange and can, thus, facilitate the development of aligned sustainability understandings in the global food regime complex. However, the article also identifies some structural factors that provide more scope for certain actors to enforce their normative views and interests, which ultimately hampers the implementation of SDG2.

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Reilly, David. "Convergence Flaws." Accounting Horizons 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-50063.

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SYNOPSIS The creation of a truly global set of accounting standards is a long-held dream for many. And the U.S. is inching closer to joining in that effort. Yet before signing on, regulators should consider potential flaws in the underpinnings of such a system. Namely that it will likely prove impossible to consistently enforce such rules across national borders. And even if it was, differing national views of the purpose of financial markets would still lead to varied interpretations of rules. In light of this, a global accounting language is likely to end up with some distinctly different national dialects. If so, the cost and effort associated with a U.S. switch to international standards may not be worth it.

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XUAN DO, QUANG, and DAN ROTH. "Exploiting the Wikipedia structure in local and global classification of taxonomic relations." Natural Language Engineering 18, no. 2 (March 14, 2012): 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000046.

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AbstractDetermining whether two terms have an ancestor relation (e.g. Toyota Camry and car) or a sibling relation (e.g. Toyota and Honda) is an essential component of textual inference in Natural Language Processing applications such as Question Answering, Summarization, and Textual Entailment. Significant work has been done on developing knowledge sources that could support these tasks, but these resources usually suffer from low coverage, noise, and are inflexible when dealing with ambiguous and general terms that may not appear in any stationary resource, making their use as general purpose background knowledge resources difficult. In this paper, rather than building a hierarchical structure of concepts and relations, we describe an algorithmic approach that, given two terms, determines the taxonomic relation between them using a machine learning-based approach that makes use of existing resources. Moreover, we develop a global constraint-based inference process that leverages an existing knowledge base to enforce relational constraints among terms and thus improves the classifier predictions. Our experimental evaluation shows that our approach significantly outperforms other systems built upon the existing well-known knowledge sources.

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Guenova, Emmanuella, Rei Watanabe, Jessica E. Teague, Jennifer A. Desimone, Ying Jiang, Mitra Dowlatshahi, Christoph Schlapbach, et al. "TH2 Cytokines from Malignant Cells Suppress TH1 Responses and Enforce a Global TH2 Bias in Leukemic Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma." Clinical Cancer Research 19, no. 14 (June 19, 2013): 3755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3488.

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Fišera, Raphaël. "A People vs. Corporations? Self-determination, Natural Resources and Transnational Corporations in Western Sahara." Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 15–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/aahdh-2-2005pp15-66.

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Since the mid-1970s, the Western Saharan conflict has defied both resolution and understanding, as an entire people, split between refugee camps in the Algerian desert and the Moroccan occupied territory, has been waiting for the international community to effectively enforce its right to self-determination. Through a combination of legal and geopolitical perspectives on the issues related to the exploitation of the rich natural resources in the last African territory still to be decolonised, this research paper will argue that transnational corporations (TNCs) can directly affect the welfare and the self-determination of a people, while the means to enforce corporate accountability remain limited and poorly adapted to the current global realities. The recent media campaigns led by NGOs against TNCs active in this area demonstrate the key role of global civil society in the emergence of corporate accountability and in reminding individuals, corporations and governments of their ethical and legal obligations towards indigenous peoples such as the Saharawi’s. This paper will first consider the historical and socio-economic context of the conflict and the importance of natural resources in this dispute (chapter I) before addressing the legal dimension of the exploitation of these resources by the occupying power and third parties (II). I will then argue that the decision of Morocco to involve Western oil and gas TNCs in the Western Sahara represents a complicating factor to the conflict and has created a new, corporate playing field for the conflicting parties (III). The last chapter of this analysis will address the current political and legal mechanisms for ensuring the accountability of such TNCs and assess whether campaigns by global civil society actors provide an effective, alternative avenue for corporate accountability (IV).Published online: 11 December 2017

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Stankiewicz-Mróz, Anna. "Kaizen written in Katakana. The creation of quality-focused Culture of contemporary Organizations." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 17, no. 4 (December 2, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/18998658.1232696.

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A high quality, which obtainment and maintenance enforce a need to create a quality- -focused corporate culture, is an important feature of companies operating in the conditions of the global competition. It is a continuous process which requires a full involvement of employees in the process of achieving the specific objectives and a clear inner need for continuous development. The aim of this paper is to diagnose a readiness of the organizational culture to implement a strategy of the continuous improvements and the implementation of a Kaizen tool.

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Sarro, Douglas. "Do Lenders Make Effective Regulators? An Assessment of the Equator Principles on Project Finance." German Law Journal 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 1525–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200017971.

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Over the past decade and a half, private sector actors have developed innumerable environmental and social standards whose stated intention is to further global public interests, such as sustainable development in less developed countries (LDCs). While some authors have welcomed these standards as a means of addressing transnational problems that governments are ill-equipped to deal with, others argue that these standards often amount to little more than a public relations exercise, with private actors producing high-minded standards on paper but failing to enforce them in practice.

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Toniazzo, Thomas, Mats Bentsen, Cheryl Craig, Brian E. Eaton, Jim Edwards, Steve Goldhaber, Christiane Jablonowski, and Peter H. Lauritzen. "Enforcing conservation of axial angular momentum in the atmospheric general circulation model CAM6." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 685–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-685-2020.

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Abstract. Numerical general circulation models of the atmosphere are generally required to conserve mass and energy for their application to climate studies. Here we draw attention to another conserved global integral, viz. the component of angular momentum (AM) along the Earth's axis of rotation, which tends to receive less consideration. We demonstrate the importance of global AM conservation in climate simulations with the example of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) with the finite-volume (FV) dynamical core, which produces a noticeable numerical sink of AM. We use a combination of mathematical analysis and numerical diagnostics to pinpoint the main source of AM non-conservation in CAM–FV. We then present a method to enforce global conservation of AM, and we discuss the results in a hierarchy of numerical simulations of the atmosphere of increasing complexity. In line with theoretical expectations, we show that even a crude, non-local enforcement of AM conservation in the simulations consistently results in the mitigation of certain persistent model biases.

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Hajdys, Dagmara. "Green bonds as a source of financing pro-environmental actions in Poland." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 1, no. 25 (March 31, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.1.25.04.

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Climate changes and progressing environmental pollution enforce undertaking various actions of the global range. Implementation and execution of pro-environmental programs require appropriate financing. In 2007 a new instrument, referred to as green bonds, appeared in the market. Since that, a systematic and dynamic development of this segment of capital market has been observed. The development takes place in terms of values, a number of instruments and a number of issuers. In 2016 a pioneering issuance of green bonds issued by the Polish government appeared in the market. The objective of the study is to characterize green bonds issued by the Polish government to finance pro-environmental actions against the background of the global green market of debt securities. The hypothesis accepted in the study stated that the development of green bonds in Poland is determined by the development of the global green market of debt securities and is a response to a need for intensification of expenditure on pro-environmental programs.

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Riley, Kathryn, Helen Marks, and Gerald Grace. "Big Change QuestionIn a Period of Global Uncertainty, do Faith-Based Schools Re-Enforce Social Divisions Within Societies and between Nations?" Journal of Educational Change 4, no. 3 (September 2003): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jedu.0000006165.57071.41.

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Yang, Ying, and Zhi Cheng Xiao. "Not only the Pollution - The Evolution in Protecting Our Living Environment." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4927.

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Abstract. As is known to all, environmental problem is one of the biggest problem in today‟s society. After three tremendous industrial revolution during 18 to 20 century, pollution becomes more and more serious. Global warming, natural resources lacking, and energy crisis were all amerces which nature has already warned us. Valid solutions are requested to enforce in our present living environment. Hence, we cannot ignore the joint efforts of environmentalists, scientists and economists all over the world that concentrates on protecting environment. We should be conciliative to see the protective system of entironment becomes more and more consummate.

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Melova, Tatiana, Martin Kolousek, and Tomas Priscak. "3D Traffic Noise Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 617 (August 2014): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.617.116.

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The main task of this contribution was to explain the ways of the spread of noise pollution from the traffic. Descriptive simulation explains justification of each road construction by a simple way. It is confirmed that the projects which had contained a noise study simulation were easier to enforce for public than those without it. Also vegetation growth simulation in different time horizons is already slowly becoming an important part of the urban transport projects, due to the increasing of environmental pressure. Practice shows that the design value of these simulations is increasing because of the rising of the global traffic load.

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Tan, Bernard. "The Importance of Indicators and Standards to Social Awareness and why the Environmentally Concerned must Involve themselves in the Creation of New Indicators." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 17 (2001): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600003591.

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Since the beginning of industrial revolution, growth and development of industries have brought new creations and changes to our life. This continuous progress has produced major environmental accidents and has influenced the human's health, climatic change, destruction of ozone layer, extinction of animal species and plants.These global crises and environmental tragedies highlight areas of significant concerned. Environmental groups are promoting and educating the communities on environmental issues and induce awareness on environmental trends and regulatory policies to establish effective ways to curb pollution, reduce generation of wastes and to enforce stringent standards and regulations on industries.

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Chandanpurkar, Hrishikesh A., John T. Reager, James S. Famiglietti, and Tajdarul H. Syed. "Satellite- and Reanalysis-Based Mass Balance Estimates of Global Continental Discharge (1993–2015)." Journal of Climate 30, no. 21 (November 2017): 8481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0708.1.

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Total continental freshwater discharge into the oceans is a key feature of the global water cycle, but it is currently impossible to observe using ground-based methods alone. To characterize the uncertainty across existing modeling and satellite approaches, the authors present ensembles of historic monthly global continental discharge estimates that enforce water mass balance over land and ocean. The authors combine independent measurements of ocean–landmass change from altimetry and GRACE with multiple estimates of evaporation minus precipitation ( E − P) from remote sensing and reanalysis data to compute 28 time series of global discharge. Results reveal agreement in mass budget across approaches but a large spread in global E − P estimates that propagates into the discharge estimates. It is found that discharges with reanalysis-based E − P provide a closer comparison with current observation-based estimates. After combining GRACE- and altimetry-based mass change estimates with moisture convergences from reanalysis, the total annual mean continental discharge into the oceans is 38 550 ± 4800 km3 yr−1. Last, the authors provide continent-wise discharge estimates from GRACE and moisture convergences over land, compare them to other studies, and discuss implications for ocean modeling.

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Leal, Ondina Fachel, Rebeca Hennemann Vergara de Souza, and Fabrício Solagna. "Global Ruling. Intellectual Property and Development in the United Nations Knowledge Economy." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 11, no. 2 (December 2014): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412014000200004.

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This paper firstly provides an ethnographic account of the dynamic of events in Geneva in 2004, when meetings of various multilateral agencies and global civil society organizations were held simultaneously to discuss the proposal to include the Development Agenda as a key element of intellectual property rights (IPR), seeking to insert some public policy aspects into the existing legal frameworks on IPR. Secondly we describe the historical context for the emergence of the intellectual property system as global legislation, explaining how it came into being and the ways in which it intertwines with international trade, examining the extent of its impact and its interfaces with various domains of social life, including culture and knowledge. Finally, based on interviews, documents and minutes from international agency meetings, we reconstruct the three-year process of negotiating the Development Agenda at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), describing the role of its main actors. Since Brazil, a member state of the organization, assumed a lead role in promoting the Agenda, we examine the disputes that occurred during this process as political actors veered back and forth in their support for the international system to protect and enforce intellectual property rights, and the tensions generated as IPRs become barriers to the trade and development of developing nations.

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Crous, Pedro W., Johannes Z. Groenewald, Bernard Slippers, and Michael J. Wingfield. "Global food and fibre security threatened by current inefficiencies in fungal identification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1709 (December 5, 2016): 20160024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0024.

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Fungal pathogens severely impact global food and fibre crop security. Fungal species that cause plant diseases have mostly been recognized based on their morphology. In general, morphological descriptions remain disconnected from crucially important knowledge such as mating types, host specificity, life cycle stages and population structures. The majority of current fungal species descriptions lack even the most basic genetic data that could address at least some of these issues. Such information is essential for accurate fungal identifications, to link critical metadata and to understand the real and potential impact of fungal pathogens on production and natural ecosystems. Because international trade in plant products and introduction of pathogens to new areas is likely to continue, the manner in which fungal pathogens are identified should urgently be reconsidered. The technologies that would provide appropriate information for biosecurity and quarantine already exist, yet the scientific community and the regulatory authorities are slow to embrace them. International agreements are urgently needed to enforce new guidelines for describing plant pathogenic fungi (including key DNA information), to ensure availability of relevant data and to modernize the phytosanitary systems that must deal with the risks relating to trade-associated plant pathogens. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.

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Remer, Gary. "Ciceronian Ius Gentium and World Legislation." International Organizations Law Review 8, no. 1 (2011): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237411x601561.

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AbstractOnly recently have world global institutions, like the United Nations Security Council, assumed the role of world legislator. The past few decades, however, have witnessed the appearance of grand normative theories of global law, the most significant recent example being John Rawls's The Law of Peoples (1999), in which Rawls applies many of the same (or similar) abstract, universalizable concepts that are found in his earlier works on political theory to global law and presents an "ideal theory" for a "Society of Peoples". Although I do not oppose full-blown theorizing about international lawmaking, I contend that a middle-range approach is a useful complement to a broad-range approach because of the incipient character of global law, and I further argue that Cicero's ius gentium, the law of nations, provides the basis for such a mid-range approach. Since ius gentium is connected to domestic law and values, it can accommodate the practical necessities of today's world legislation, i.e., necessities resulting from the absence of extensive, long-standing global legal norms and of international institutions to enforce world legislation. Ciceronian ius gentium, however, is not confined to domestic law. The link between Cicero's "law of nations" and his "natural law" points to the possibilities of a more progressive legal future, not yet realized.

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Darajati, Muhammad Rafi, and Muhammad Syafei. "KONSEP UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACT DALAM ISU HAK ASASI MANUSIA UNTUK TERWUJUDNYA CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY." PRANATA HUKUM 12, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36448/pranatahukum.v12i2.183.

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The presence of multinational corporations as one subjects of international economic law has had a significant influence in international economic relations. A corporation certainly can give a big contribution in social, economic, and cultural progress. But, on the other side, we are also faced by many processes which bring adverse impact to societies, loss the sources of the society life or at more serious level is the violations of human rights in the sector of corporate activity. This article aims to see how the international community’s effort in issues related to the company in the business filed when dealing with human rights. One of efforts undertaken by the international community was made an initiative name with United Nations Global Compact. Author use juridical-normative research method with literature studies. According to the result of studies, can be seen that the ultimate goal of initiative is to create a sustainable world economy. By the presence of this initiative, we hope that businesses which run a multinational company may enforce the values and principles that have been established in United Nations Global Compact, on of which is the respect of human rights.

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Zhao, Jimin, and Leonard Ortolano. "The Chinese Government's Role in Implementing Multilateral Environmental Agreements: The Case of the Montreal Protocol." China Quarterly 175 (September 2003): 708–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003000419.

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The Multilateral Fund created by amendments to the Montreal Protocol played a key role in motivating the Chinese government to ratify and comply with the Protocol. Two other factors have affected China's actions in meeting the Protocol's requirements: the nation's desire to appear as a responsible and co-operative actor in solving global environmental problems, and the interest of China's principal implementing agency in expanding its responsibilities and authorities. Three factors have had significant roles in enhancing the national government's ability to implement the Protocol: expanded administrative capacity, participation of local government units with capability to enforce regulations, and the employment of market-based environmental policy instruments.

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POGGE, THOMAS. "The Health Impact Fund: Boosting Pharmaceutical Innovation Without Obstructing Free Access." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108090129.

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In an earlier piece in these pages,1 I described the health effects of the still massive problem of global poverty: The poor worldwide face greater environmental hazards than the rest of us, from contaminated water, filth, pollution, worms, and insects. They are exposed to greater dangers from people around them, through traffic, crime, communicable diseases, sexual violence, and potential exploitation by the more affluent. They lack means to protect themselves and their families against such hazards, through clean water, nutritious food, satisfactory hygiene, necessary rest, adequate clothing, and safe shelter. They lack the means to enforce their legal rights or to press for political reform.

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Yundt, Keith W. "The Organization of American States and Legal Protection to Political Refugees in Central America." International Migration Review 23, no. 2 (June 1989): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300202.

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Since 1978, massive influxes of asylum seekers have placed great strain upon recipient states in Central America. At the global level, protection and assistance to refugees is entrusted to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). At the regional level, one would expect involvement by the Organization of American States with Central America refugees; either to supplement UNHCR activities or to enforce independent inter-American standards. This article reviews inter-American standards and agencies of concern for asylum seekers and refugees. Special attention is given to the inter-American human rights regime as the mechanism best suited to supplement or complement UNHCR activities in Central America.

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Jahan, Firdous. "Sane and safe: Forced social distancing to prevent human-to-human transmission of COVID-19." Malaysian Family Physician 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51866/rv0001.

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The current outbreak of COVID-19, originating from the city of Wuhan in China and ultimately involving over 200 countries, is now a global concern. Evidence indicates that COVID-19 spread to humans from wild animals, causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans; the typical symptoms of COVID include cough, high-grade fever, sore throat, and difficulty in breathing. The infection spreads from human to human via droplets. Therefore, social or physical distancing can reduce spread within communities. Asymptomatic spread can also occur during family gatherings or in the workplace; thus, we must enforce physical distancing as much as possible to reduce the spread of cases.

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Farha, Mark. "Global Gradations of Secularism: The Consociational, Communal and Coercive Paradigms." Comparative Sociology 11, no. 3 (2012): 354–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913312x638598.

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Abstract In engaging with heterogeneous societies, states have oscillated between three modes of dealing with social diversity: accommodation, segregation and eradication. Accordingly, this article cross-examines three typologies of secularism: Consociational secularism (Lebanon), communal partition (India and Pakistan) and coercive secularization (China and Turkey). The article argues that while each state shared the challenge of establishing state sovereignty in pluralistic societies, the central authorities’ attempt to impose homogenization varied according to the strength of state institutions, the hold of communal ideologies and the degree of disparate socio-economic interests. The legitimacy of regimes hinged on the perceived impartiality of the state in meeting the demands of diverse socio-economic and ethno-religious constituencies. The article argues that the potential for fragmentation was particularly high when socio-economic fault-lines overlapped with, and reinforced ethno-religious fissures. When sectarian solidarity trumped loyalty to the state, partition along communal lines unfolded within the caldron of civil war, as was the case in Lebanon in 1975 and the Indian Subcontinent in 1947 and 1971. By contrast, the authoritarian states of Maoist China and Kemalist Turkey could enforce, albeit violently and at great human cost, a rigidly secular, cultural homogenization in part because they were perceived to be lessening socio-economic inequalities despite their assault on traditional identities. In all cases, and regardless of whether or not a dominant majority existed or not, sovereignty and state legitimacy was ultimately predicated not so much on the absence or presence of democracy or diversity, but on the provision of a critical measure of justice for all citizens irrespective of origin or identity.

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Cuadrado-Fernandez, Antonio. "Seeds of Change and Emancipation: Towards a Cognitive Mapping of Globilisation in Literature." Human Geography 4, no. 3 (November 2011): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861100400304.

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200 years of industrial capitalism, and 500 years of colonialism, have caused the worst human and environmental crisis in the history of human kind. Rapid and unprecedented depletion of natura resources, global warming, the exploitation of human beings, the global economic crises, and the military might needed to enforce the free flow of capital, al these call for a common, emancipatory articulation of local struggles. However, the creation of a larger empowering discourse requires the formation of a cognitive mapping whereby different local struggles can identify and map the structural source of their oppression. In this paper I argue that recent approaches to globalisation from the perspective of complexity theory and recent developments in cognitive linguistics and poetics, can help to construct a cognitive mapping of contemporary postcolonial poetry that enables us to scrutinise the impact of global capitalism on the loca context. Complexity theory and cognitive theories regard language as rooted in human perception of a complex and dynamic environment. Cognitive mapping articulates the reader's bodily experience to the writer's embodied conceptualisations of the effects of global capitalism on their land. In this way modernity can be redefined in more democratic terms that incorporate the voice of the marginalised and the oppressed.

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Kiefer, Bjoern, Tobias Waffenschmidt, Leon Sprave, and Andreas Menzel. "A gradient-enhanced damage model coupled to plasticity—multi-surface formulation and algorithmic concepts." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 27, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 253–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789516676306.

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A non-local gradient-enhanced damage-plasticity formulation is proposed, which prevents the loss of well-posedness of the governing field equations in the post-critical damage regime. The non-locality of the formulation then manifests itself in terms of a non-local free energy contribution that penalizes the occurrence of damage gradients. A second penalty term is introduced to force the global damage field to coincide with the internal damage state variable at the Gauss point level. An enforcement of Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions on the global level can thus be avoided and classical local damage models may directly be incorporated and equipped with a non-local gradient enhancement. An important part of the present work is to investigate the efficiency and robustness of different algorithmic schemes to locally enforce the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions in the multi-surface damage-plasticity setting. Response simulations for representative inhomogeneous boundary value problems are studied to assess the effectiveness of the gradient enhancement regarding stability and mesh objectivity.

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Deparis, Simone, Antonio Iubatti, and Luca Pegolotti. "Coupling non-conforming discretizations of PDEs by spectral approximation of the Lagrange multiplier space." ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 53, no. 5 (September 2019): 1667–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/m2an/2019030.

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This work focuses on the development of a non-conforming method for the coupling of PDEs based on weakly imposed transmission conditions: the continuity of the global solution is enforced by a finite number of Lagrange multipliers defined over the interfaces of adjacent subdomains. The method falls into the class of primal hybrid methods, which include also the well-known mortar method. Differently from the mortar method, we discretize the space of basis functions on the interface by spectral approximation independently of the discretization of the two adjacent domains. In particular, our approach can be regarded as a specialization of the three-field method in which the spaces used to enforce the continuity of the solution and its conormal derivative across the interface are taken equal. One of the possible choices to approximate the interface variational space – which we consider here – is by Fourier basis functions. As we show in the numerical simulations, the method is well-suited for the coupling of problems defined on globally non-conforming meshes or discretized with basis functions of different polynomial degree in each subdomain. We also investigate the possibility of coupling solutions obtained with incompatible numerical methods, namely the finite element method and isogeometric analysis.

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Gressel, Oliver, Detlef Elstner, and Günther Rüdiger. "Supernova-driven interstellar turbulence and the galactic dynamo." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S274 (September 2010): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311007253.

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AbstractThe fractal shape and multi-component nature of the interstellar medium together with its vast range of dynamical scales provides one of the great challenges in theoretical and numerical astrophysics. Here we will review recent progress in the direct modelling of interstellar hydromagnetic turbulence, focusing on the role of energy injection by supernova explosions. The implications for dynamo theory will be discussed in the context of the mean-field approach.Results obtained with the test field-method are confronted with analytical predictions and estimates from quasilinear theory. The simulation results enforce the classical understanding of a turbulent Galactic dynamo and, more importantly, yield new quantitative insights. The derived scaling relations enable confident global mean-field modelling.

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Fathoni, Mochamad, and Husniyatus Salamah Zainiyati. "PEMANFAATAN WEBSITE MADRASAH SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN E-LEARNING DI TENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19 DI MTs KEDUNGJAMBE SINGGAHAN TUBAN." Journal EVALUASI 4, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.32478/evaluasi.v4i2.406.

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Abstract The world is shocked by a global pandemic, known as covid-19 (Corona Virus Diseases-19). Almost all affected countries, including Indonesia. It affects all aspects of life, including education in Indonesia.Pemerintah enforce policies to work from home(WorkFromHome),worship at home, and learn at home. So that Teaching and Learning Activities (KBM) are replaced using online systems . The application oflearning electronic(E-Learning) makes educators think seriously about the learning media that will be used. Various methods are used by Madrasas to facilitate these needs. One of them is making Madrasah Website as a learning tool that can be accessed by students from home.Keywords: Learning Media, E-Learning, Madrasa Website, Covid-19

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Isvoranu, Dragos D., and Paul G. A. Cizmas. "Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Rotor-Stator Interaction in a Turbine Combustor." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 9, no. 5 (2003): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x03000344.

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This article presents the development of a numerical algorithm for the computation of flow and combustion in a turbine combustor. The flow and combustion are modeled by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the species-conservation equations. The chemistry model used herein is a two-step, global, finite-rate combustion model for methane and combustion gases. The governing equations are written in the strong conservation form and solved using a fully implicit, finite-difference approximation. The gas dynamics and chemistry equations are fully decoupled. A correction technique has been developed to enforce the conservation of mass fractions. The numerical algorithm developed herein has been used to investigate the flow and combustion in a one-stage turbine combustor.

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Berenstein, Nadia. "Making a global sensation: Vanilla flavor, synthetic chemistry, and the meanings of purity." History of Science 54, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275316681802.

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How did vanilla, once a rare luxury, become a global sensation? Rather than taking the vanilla flavor of vanilla beans as a pre-existing natural fact, this essay argues that the sensory experience that came to be recognized as vanilla was a hybrid artifact produced by an expanding global trade in a diverse set of pleasurable substances, including cured beans from artificially pollinated vanilla orchids, synthetic vanillin, sugar, and a far-flung miscellany of other botanical and chemical materials. Global trade and large-scale production resulted not in the production of a homogenous, stable commodity, but in a range of local vanillas, heterogeneous mixtures with a range of qualities and virtues. As local commercial and regulatory interests competed to define the origins, and thus the market value, of authentic vanilla flavor, scientific experts were called upon to adjudicate these rival claims. In the United States, these debates played out in the context of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, where efforts to define and chemically enforce a ‘standard’ vanilla extract, in contradistinction from adulterated, ‘imitation’ extracts, clashed with the interests of makers and users of both synthetic and ‘genuine’ vanilla flavorings. As regulatory chemists grappled with the growing variety of vanillas, they were required to determine the appropriate chemical components of genuine vanilla, and consequently to delimit the subjective sensory effects proper to the flavor. Nonetheless, the materials, experiences, and meanings popularly associated with vanilla flavor continued to exceed the limits prescribed by officials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Global Enforce'

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