Relevant bibliographies by topics / Global Financial Crisis, 2008-

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Academic literature on the topic 'Global Financial Crisis, 2008-'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Global Financial Crisis, 2008-"

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Foo, Jennifer, and Dorota Witkowska. "A Comparison of Global Financial Market Recovery after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 17, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2017-0009.

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Abstract The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 plunged countries into a Great Recession and focused the world’s attention on the global stock markets. The global contagion has a major impact on global stock markets, with the U.S. DJIA falling to 6,547.05 on March 9, 2009 from a high of 14,164.53 on October 9, 2007, with a loss of more than 54%. Other stock markets also had a precipitous drop during the financial crisis. However, some equity markets have recovered while others have not. This paper looks at how global markets compared in their recovery. This paper also investigates the advanced countries’ recovery relative to the emerging and developing countries in the aftermath of the financial crisis and their ability to climb back to the pre-financial crisis levels. Analysis is provided for 31 stock indexes from January 2005 to March 2013. In 2013 the majority of analysed stock markets recovered from the crises regardless of if they belong to the group of developed or emerging markets.
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Grigoriev, L., and M. Salikhov. "Financial Crisis-2008: Entering Global Recession." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2008): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-12-27-45.

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Main factors and development of the global financial crisis-2008 are generally discussed in the paper. The downturn in one of the local sectors of the US economy has caused major threats to functioning global financial markets. Structural problems of the Russian financial sector ("illusion of adequacy") have greatly enhanced negative consequences of the global crisis for the Russian economy. On the global level, main steps to minimize the costs of the crisis should deal with limiting protectionism growth, coordinating measures of economic policy and preventing a hard landing of a large group of economies.
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Andor, Gyorgy, and Tamas Toth. "NON-FINANCIAL BACKGROUND OF SUCCESS AROUND GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS – EVIDENCE FROM EASTERN EUROPE." Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fueo1804305a.

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The research is about the relationship between the non-financial firm characteristics and the financial progress around the global financial crisis in 2008-2009. Non-financial firm characteristics data of 218 non-listed Central and Eastern European companies come from a survey in 2006 which focused on the capital budgeting practices and other characteristics of firms – such as presence of Western management culture, firm size, and extent of management ownership. The most important financial indicators are followed up reflecting these firms’ financial progresses – sales, profit before tax, net income, earnings before interest and taxes, total assets, equity, debt, return on equity, return on assets and number of employees – from 2005 to 2012. To analyse firms’ sensibility to the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, differences of financial indicators between the pre-crisis (2005-2008) and post-crisis (2009-2012) periods are examined by the non-financial indicators.Our results confirm that 1) firms using any accounting-based capital budgeting methods are less sensitive to the financial crisis; 2) small firms are more exposed to a volatile business environment than larger ones; and 3) firms with higher level of management ownership perform better in time of crisis than firms with lower level of management ownership.
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Mahenthiran, Sakthi, Tom Gjerde, and Berta Silva. "Stock Market Contagion during the Global Financial Crises: Evidence from the Chilean Stock Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020026.

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The study examines evidence for the transmission of the US and EU financial crises via investor holdings into the Chilean stock market following two global financial crises, in 2008 and 2011. The study modified the models of Bekaert et al. (2014), and Dungey and Gajurel (2015) on the 2007–2009 global financial crisis and extends the period to include the European debt crisis of 2010–2011. The study produced three main contributions. First, changes in the equity holdings of retail investors were a key source of contagion following the 2008 US financial crisis. Second, investor herding during the 2011 financial crisis is shown to be low based on the co-movement of equity holdings between the four investor groups studied. Third, investor behavior during the 2011 EU crisis differs from that of the 2008 US financial crisis, which we attribute to firms in Chile adopting international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and improving their corporate governance. We compared the findings to the prior contagion studies that rely on Chilean return data to highlight the contributions to international financial research, particularly as it relates to the functioning of emerging capital markets during financial crises.
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Walters, Eddison T. "Evidence From Data Analysis, Fifteen Developed Countries and the United States Home Prices Increase Between 1990 to 2006 Result of Advancement In Technology, Worldwide Economic Collapse and Great Recession Result of False Information by Media and Economic Policy Failures: Walters Real Estate Bubble Impossibility Price Transparency Theory, Real Estate Bubble Is Impossible, An End to Economic Policies Based on False Information." International Business Research 13, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n11p114.

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Based on the findings of the current study, policymakers must take a hard look at the media and themselves, because the world can no longer blame the subprime mortgage industry for causing the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The public must demand answers from the media and policymakers explaining how an economic crisis that could have been avoided resulted in the collapse of the global economy. The lack of evidence supporting the theory of a financial bubble and a real estate bubble called for further investigation of factors leading to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Evidence presented from data analysis in Walters (2018) suggested no financial bubble existed in developed or developing countries around the world, preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Based on data analysis in Walters (2018) the evidence also suggested, the lasting effect of economic policies in response to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 for both developed and developing countries around the world, had no significant impact on the financial sector but pointed to a lack of economic growth. The findings raised significant questions about the existence of a real estate bubble in both developed and developing countries. Evidence from data analysis presented in Walters and Djokic (2019) suggested the existence of a real estate bubble in the United States real estate market preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 was a false conclusion. Data analysis in Walters (2019) resulted in, 0.989 Adjusted R-square, 194.041 Mean Dependent Variable, 5.908 Square Error of Regression, 488.726 Sum-of- Square Residual, and 0.00000 Probability (F-statistic), for correlation between the independent variable representing advancement in technology, and the dependent variable representing home purchase price in the United States preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The findings in Walters (2019) concluded the rapid increase in home purchase price in the United States real estate market, was due to increased demand for homes from the adaptation of advancement in technology in the real estate and mortgage industries. The current study expanded the investigation of the growth in home purchase price to fifteen developed countries around the world, building on the findings of previous research by the current researcher. The researcher in the current study concluded, the existence of significant and near-perfect correlation in many cases, between the dependent variable representing growth in home purchase price, and the independent variable representing advancement in technology. The analysis was based on data analyzed from fifteen developed countries around the world, which was collected between 1990 and 2006. The data analysis included home purchase price data from, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Australia, Ireland, Belgium, Norway, Spain, and Portugal. Data preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 were analyzed in the current study. The researcher in the current study concluded the existence of overwhelming evidence suggesting advancement in technology was responsible for the rapid increase in home prices in developed countries around the world preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result of data analysis in the current study provided further confirmation of the accuracy of former Federal Reserve Board Chairmen, Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke 2005 assessment which concluded, the occurrence of a real estate bubble developing was impossible due to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, before reversing course subsequent their assertion in 2005 (Belke & Wiedmann, 2005; Starr,2012). The result of the current study provided additional evidence supporting Eddison Walters Risk Expectation Theory of The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result from data analysis also confirmed the need for the adaptation of Eddison Walters Modern Economic Analysis Theory. As a result of the findings in the current study, the researcher concluded the development of a real estate bubble is impossible where there exists real estate price transparency, as is the case in most developed and developing countries. The researcher presented Walters Real Estate Bubble Impossibility Price Transparency Theory based on the findings. False information of a real estate bubble and predictions of a real estate crash disseminated through the mainstream media and social media can be a destructive force with a disastrous effect on the economy around the world. The failure by the media to hold themselves and policymakers to a higher standard resulted in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result of the failure by the media was a worldwide economic crisis and the Great Recession that followed the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Lessons learned from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 can assist in preventing another economic crisis in the future.
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Soskic, Dejan. "Global financial reform since 2008: Achievements and shortcomings." Panoeconomicus 62, no. 3 (2015): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1503385s.

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The global financial crisis that started in the U.S. had an immediate spillover to the rest of the world financial markets. Next, a decrease in real economic output throughout the developed world occurred simultaneously with high bailout costs for the salvaging of banks and other financial institutions. This vicious combination was at the core of the bank-sovereign interdependence and the sovereign debt crisis of the eurozone. As early as 2008, the G20 announced a thorough global reform agenda with an aim to tackle the root causes of the crises and to transform the system of global financial regulation. Some important reform steps have been made; still, more than six years on, the job is not finished. Where are we in terms of global financial reform, and are we close to creating a more secure global financial system significantly less prone to crisis and bailouts with taxpayers? money?
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Helleiner, Eric. "Legacies of the 2008 Crisis for Global Financial Governance." Global Summitry 2, no. 1 (June 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/global/guw006.

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Danso, Albert, and Samuel Adomako. "The financing behaviour of firms and financial crisis." Managerial Finance 40, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 1159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-04-2014-0098.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the capital structure literature by examining the determinants of capital structure from the context of South Africa and to provide evidence of the effects of the 2007/2008 global financial crisis on firm-level determinants of debt-equity choice. Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins by embarking on an extensive review of literature on extant empirical research on capital structure. The panel econometric technique is further adopted to examine firm-level determinants of capital structure and also the impact of 2007/2008 financial crisis. Findings – The findings of the paper suggest that theories of capital structure underpinning debt-equity choice of firms in developed economies are also applicable in the South African context. The authors also find a strong evidence of the effects of the financial crisis on the capital structure of firms in South Africa. Practical implications – This paper serves as springboard on which further research can be grounded and also highlights the interaction between the South African economy and the global economy. Originality/value – The paper provides a fresh evidence on the determinants of capital structure from the Sub-Saharan African context and to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that examines the effects of the 2007/2008 financial crisis on capital structure of firms in South Africa.
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Asaturov, Konstantin, and Tamara Teplova. "Volatility Spillover and Contagion Effects on Stock Markets: Global and Local Leaders Determination (Part 2)." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2014, no. 6 (December 30, 2014): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201461.

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The paper presents an ARMA-DCC-GARCH model used for a quantitative analysis of dynamic linkages between 26 stock markets in three regions (Americas, Europe and Asia) over the period from 1995 to 2012. Dynamic conditional correlations between the international equity markets were tested to reveal contagion effects and its origins. It was found that the US market spreads shocks to the majority of international stock markets during the Dotcom crisis of 2000-2002 and the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009. The German, French and British markets are also proved to be contagion originators during the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 and Eurozone Crisis of 2010-2012. The authors provide evidence that, the German and French markets transmitted a positive effect from euro currency adoption in 2002 through Europe. Concerning the linkages in Eastern and Northern European region Russia is found to be a source of contagion for the neighboring countries in time of Russian stock market index (RTSI) fall in 2008 and Banking Crisis in 2004, whereas Poland with the second biggest equity market capitalization affected much fewer countries in the area during the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009. Poland’s entry into European Union in May 2004 had no impact on interrelationships between Polish and the other stock markets.
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Calvert-Giddings, Rebecca. "The 2008 Global Financial Crisis: Ethic Fail!" Excursions Journal 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/exs.6.2015.212.

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What failed in order to cause the 'perfect storm' that lead to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis? Did the leaders, managers and employees of financial institutions have a complete disregard for regulation, a breakdown in human ethics, a contempt for customers, or in fact ignorance to anything apart from profit and bonuses? If so, is increased regulation going to prevent this from happening again? Or is increasing regulation causing a dissociation in staff from ethical decision making and placing an almost co-dependent and ultimately unrealistic reliance on complance and legal departments, which is in turn setting the industry up to fail again?
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global Financial Crisis, 2008-"

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Mykletun, Erik. "Does Regulation matter? Institutional dimension of the 2008 financial crisis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/7985.

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Why did house prices fall in 2007‐2009? This is the fundamental question to most Americans, and to those who lent them money. Most homeowners did not care why residential real estate prices rose. They assumed prices always rose, and they should simply enjoy their good fortune. It was not until prices began to fall that people were left searching for answers. How much did regulation or lack thereof play in the role of the devastation? To what degree did greed and unrealistic consumer expectation have on the real estate bubble? Using existing literature as well as face to face interviews of experienced leaders within the real estate industry in California who experienced both the up and down of the real estate cycle, the overarching purpose of this study is to investigate the opinions and beliefs of the leaders and drivers within the real estate industry about the cause of the real estate bubble that occurred sharply in 2008 . Specifically, this project will focus on the opinions of real estate industry leaders who worked in the center of the subprime universe located in Irvine, California, during 2004‐2008. Comparing the mainstream beliefs with the interviewees it is fair to say that the main finding in the mainstream beliefs are reflected very well with the finding of the subject’s opinion. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters starting with 'introduction', followed by chapter 2 'Literature Review'. Chapter 3 is 'Research Methodology' followed by chapter 4 'Data Presentation'. Finally, the results are discussed in chapter 5 'Analysis and Discussion' and conclusions in Chapter 6.
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Magagula, Sifiso Charles. "Liquidity linkages between the South African bond and equity markets." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020758.

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Purpose - The study sought to examine the liquidity linkages between the South African bond and equity markets before the global financial crisis in 2008. Design/methodology/approach: The window of observation covered the period January 2000 to September 2008. In order to ensure robustness in the estimation, the study used foreign participation in the various markets as an additional measure of liquidity. The other liquidity measures considered in the study were volume and value traded of the various securities respectively. Time series modeling techniques were used in the estimation. An unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model was estimated following which the standard innovation accounting techniques, impulse response functions and forecast error variance decompositions were applied. In the empirical analysis, the Granger-causality between the two markets was also used. Findings - While all the liquidity measures suggest the existence of linkages between the bond and equity markets, the direction of causality was found to be unidirectional from equity to the bond market using the volume and value measures. On the other hand, the foreign participation measure of liquidity suggests bi-directional causality. The study also provides evidence of long run relationship between key macroeconomic variables such as inflation, exchange rate and interest rate on one hand and liquidity in the debt and equity markets on the other. As empirical findings indicates that the linkages in liquidity between these markets positive, this consistent with studies conducted by Chordia et al (2003 & 2005) and Engsted and Tanggaard (2000) who found the relationship was a positive one. When volumes of trade and trade values, the study find evidence on uni-directional causality and strong bi-directional causality is evidence when foreign investor participation is used as a liquidity measure. In summary, there is a strong evidence liquidity linkage between the bond and equity market from the empirical results.
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Madubeko, Vongai. "The global financial crisis and its impact on the South African economy." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/363.

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This dissertation investigates the effects of the financial crisis on the South African economy. In order to do this, an index which describes the financial conditions of the South African economy is constructed and computed. The index indicates that domestic South African financial conditions have deteriorated substantially during the period under study and so the study investigates how this has impacted on the country’s economic growth. A VAR model with South African variables is specified and used to assess the quantitative effects of the financial crisis on South African real GDP growth. Results suggest that the South African economy was not significantly affected by the crisis, but economic growth was slowed down and may still grow substantially slower in the next few years due to the financial crisis. These results corroborate the theoretical predictions and are also supported by previous studies.
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Hargaden, Kevin. "Can a Celtic tiger fit through the eye of a needle? : a theology of wealth engaging the parables of Jesus and recent Irish economic history." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232026.

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This study investigates the theology of wealth, with reference to the parables of Jesus, in dialogue with recent Irish economic history. Poverty is commonly seen as a societal problem, but in the teaching of Jesus, especially in his parables, the status of the wealthy is called into question. This thesis explores what it means to be followers of Jesus in societies where historically high levels of wealth and comfort are widespread. It begins by considering that societal context, naming neoliberalism as the complex of economic, political, and cultural factors that combine to generate wealth. The parables of Jesus are introduced as a collection of narratives which puncture the philosophical assumptions at work in neoliberalism. Reading them after the twentieth century Swiss theologian Karl Barth, the parables are found to be apocalyptic interruptions which reorientate the reader towards the reign of God. With these two strands – neoliberalism and the parables – in play, the thesis reconsiders Ireland's recent economic history. It is argued that the ethical significance of the “Celtic Tiger” boom and the subsequent 2008 crash is best accessed not via the language of economics but through narratives. The re-telling of the events of the crash and its aftermath through parables exposes how markets are embedded in thick cultural, historical, and political settings and how simple and settled statistical accounts can miss much of ethical significance. The decisive chapter takes up the constructive task. Building on this re-described account of a wealthy society, it proposes that the appropriate response for Christians to the problem of wealth is to turn to worship as a reparative therapy that forms congregations in practices and ways-of-seeing that run counter to the normative perceptions of neoliberalism. This is achieved by means of a robust engagement with the work of the contemporary moral theologian, William Cavanaugh. A final chapter underlines the original contribution of the project, sketches some future areas of research, and proposes that lament is the initial stance that results from this study.
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Taszarek, Drusilla Mary Alice. "The development of the private equity industry since the 2008 financial crisis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13837.

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The private equity industry was experiencing a phenomenal boom at the turn of the century but collapsed abruptly in 2008 with the onset of the financial crisis. Considered one of the worst crises since the Great Depression of the 1930s, it had sent ripples around the world threatening the collapse of financial institutions and provoking a liquidity crunch followed by a huge downturn in economic activity and recession. Furthermore, the physiognomy of the financial landscape had considerably altered with banks retracting from the lending space, accompanied by a hardening of financial regulation that sought to better contain systemic risk. Given the new set of changes and challenges that had arisen from this period of financial turmoil, private equity found itself having to question current practices and methods of operation in order to adjust to the harsh realities of a new post-apocalyptic world. Consequently, this paper goes on to explore how the private equity business, management and operation model has evolved since the credit crunch with a specific focus on mature markets such as the United States and Europe. More specifically, this paper will aim to gather insights on the development of the industry since the crisis in Western Europe through a case study approach using as a base interviews with professionals working in the industry and those external to the sector but who have/have had considerable interaction with PE players from 2007 to the present.
A indústria de private equity experimentava um boom fenomenal na virada do século, mas entrou bruscamente em colapso em 2008 com o início da crise financeira. Considerada uma das piores crises desde a Grande Depressão dos anos 30, a crise financeira havia reverberado ao redor do mundo ameaçando o colapso de instituições financeiras e provocando uma crise de liquidez seguida por um enorme declínio da atividade econômica e recessão. Além disso, a fisionomia do cenário financeiro se havia alterado consideravelmente com bancos que retiravam-se do espaço de concessão de empréstimos, acompanhados por um endurecimento das regulações financeiras que buscavam melhor conter um risco sistêmico. Dado o novo conjunto de mudanças e desafios que surgiram deste período de turbulência financeira, a indústria do private equity encontrou-se tendo que colocar em questionamento práticas e métodos correntes de operação a fim de ajustar-se às duras realidades de um novo mundo pós-apocalíptico. Consequentemente, este estudo busca explorar como o negócio, gestão e modelo operacional de private equity evoluíram desde a crise do crédito com um foco específico em mercados maduros como os Estados Unidos e a Europa. Mais especificamente, este estudo visa reunir percepções acerca do desenvolvimento da indústria desde a crise na Europa Ocidental, através de uma abordagem de estudo de caso usando como base entrevistas com professionais que trabalham na indústria e aqueles externos ao setor, mas que têm/tinham interações consideráveis com atores do PE de 2007 ao dias atuais.
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Motsi, Steve. "Competition of Sub-Saharan African banks : new empirical insights from the 2007/2008 global financial crisis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97472.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In light of the 2007/2008 global financial crisis, as well as pre- and post-crisis banking reform, this research investigated changes in competitive behaviour among banks in Sub-Saharan Africa, thus adding new insights to the current debate. The main findings from the empirical test were as expected and suggested conditions of monopolistic competition. In order to validate sufficient conditions for observing competition, an empirical test conducted to measure a state of general market equilibrium, had the expected outcome. Specifically, the research methodology applied the Panzar-Rosse model, a non-structural approach in the manner of the New Empirical Industrial Organisation. In the first instance, the model derived a continuous measure of a static H-statistic with a value of 0.57, using 481 bank-year observations from an unbalanced panel of 83 banks from six countries over the period 2008–2013. The H-statistic measured the degree of competition by explaining how changes in market power or unit factor input prices of funds, labour and capital expenditure influenced the pricing output of banks. A computed E-statistic, which was statistically equivalent to zero, validated the significance of the H-statistic, as the result implied that, in equilibrium, market power of a bank does not influence its returns. Overall, the findings were consistent with the pricing and strategy theories, such as contestable markets theory, which indicates that pricing power is associated with neither industry structure nor concentration, but instead with changes in input prices. In addition, the findings were consistent with relevant prior studies, which concluded that banking systems in parts of Europe, Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa were monopolistic, and that banking reform influenced market discipline.
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Phelps, Barry Keith. "Financial contagion and the transmission of the 2007 US financial crisis to South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019714.

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The topic of financial contagion has attracted increased attention in economic literature over the past three decades; in particular after the Asian crisis of 1997. This dissertation investigates financial contagion and its effects on South Africa after the 2007 global financial crisis. In particular, it examines whether South Africa experienced contagion from the United States stock market to its own over the period 1 July 2007 to 1 April 2009 within the strict definition of contagion or otherwise: the fraction of exceedance events in the stock market that is left unexplained by its own covariates but is explained by the exceedance from another region. This is tested empirically with a binomial-nominal logistic model. In addition to this, various financial and trade transmission mechanisms are tested to empirically determine through which channels the crisis was propagated. The analysis makes use of quarterly data from January 2002 to April 2009, within an OLS framework, with a dummy variable differentiating the periods before and after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. The findings suggest that contagion was in fact not present in this crisis, which speaks to market rationality and indicates that the South African stock market did in fact react rationally to a changing macroeconomic environment over this period. The transmission mechanism analyses indicate that there was a change in the interdependence relationship between the two stock markets following the crash of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. It is apparent that both trade and financial variables played significant roles in the propagation of this crisis.
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Omar, Sabrina. "The Impact of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on the Health of Canadians." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33372.

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Despite a clear impact on the Canadian economy, little is known about the subsequent health impacts of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). This thesis aims to fill this gap in knowledge by conducting a secondary analysis of Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) data to assess the impact of the GFC on health in Canada – a country that has not yet been thoroughly studied from this angle. Based on when the respondent completed the survey, exposure to the GFC was categorized into four phases: pre-crisis, crisis, stimulus, and austerity. Outcomes investigated include measures of mental health, physical health, and health-related behaviours. Statistically significant associations were observed between several health outcomes and the austerity period as compared to the pre-crisis period. Austerity has been linked to worsening health in other studies and represents an example of how the policy response can have greater detrimental impact on health than the financial crisis itself.
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Tracey, Belinda. "Essays on banking in the post-crisis era." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f92fbf8c-8c20-4dcd-ad3b-a3cd89ddc538.

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This thesis aims to advance our understanding of banking in the post-crisis era. It makes three distinct contributions to the literature on banking. The first chapter examines whether "too-big-to-fail" (TBTF) factors affect estimates of scale economies for large banks. Based on a standard model of bank production that does not control for any TBTF factors, we find evidence of scale economies for our sample of large banks. However, once we control for TBTF factors, we instead find evidence of constant returns to scale. These results suggest that estimates of scale economies for large banks are affected by TBTF factors. The second chapter examines the impact of forbearance lending on firm dynamics and performance in Europe since the sovereign debt crisis. We develop a quantitative model, which features endogenous forbearance lending and endogenous firm defaults, as well as information asymmetry faced by the lender. We fit the model to key Euro Area firm statistics over the period 2011 to 2014. We show that in the absence of forbearance lending, the average firm sales growth, investment and productivity are higher than in the benchmark scenario with forbearance lending. These results suggest that forbearance lending practices have contributed to the recent economic stagnation across the Euro Area. The third chapter introduces a novel way to identify the causal effect of bank capital on risk-taking. We use provisions for misconduct issues as an instrument for bank capital. We show that misconduct provisions are an appropriate instrument due to their strong and negative impact on bank capital, and are otherwise unrelated to asset risk-taking. Our main finding is subsequently that a negative shock to bank capital leads to an increase in risk-taking, as measured by detailed information on mortgage underwriting standards.
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Kossa, Khodeu Thuo Zhagnin. "The impact of macrofinancial variables on covered interest parity violations after the 2008 global financial crisis." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66608.

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Ce mémoire analyse les déterminants des déviations à la parité des taux d’intérêts couverts(PTIC) après la crise financière de 2008. Notre modèle analyse la relation de long terme entre certaines variables macroéconomiques et les déviations mesurées à la PTIC. Nous utilisons les données sur les instruments du marché financier, l’offre de monnaie ainsi que le PIB réel entre 2009 et 2019, pour le Canada et les États-Unis, comme déterminants de ces déviations. Notre approche méthodologique utilise des techniques d’économétrie des séries temporelles. Les paramètres du modèle sont estimés à l’aide des méthodes Fully-Modified OLS (FM-OLS),Dynamic OLS (DOLS) et Integrated modified OLS (IM-OLS). Pour les données couvrant l’horizon de 5 ans, nous trouvons des résultats contradictoires pour l’offre de monnaie, mais établissent une relation négative entre le PIB réel et les déviations observées à la PTIC. Sur un horizon plus long (10 et 20 ans), l’offre de monnaie et le PIB réel ont tous deux un effet négatif sur les déviations de la PTIC mais celui du PIB réel est plus important. En outre, l’inclusion dans le modèle de l’indice de volatilité du marché américain s’est montré significatif dans la plupart des cas.
We analyze the macroeconomic determinants to the deviations from Covered Interest RateParity (CIP) after the 2008 financial crisis. Our model analyzes the long-term relationship between some macroeconomic variables and measured CIP deviations. We use data on financial market instruments, on relative money supply and relative real GDP between 2009 and 2019for Canada and the United States. Our theoretical approach uses time series econometrics tools adapted to non-stationary series and the model parameters are estimated using fully modifiedOLS (FM-OLS), dynamic OLS (DOLS) and integrated modified OLS (IM-OLS) regressions.On the 5 year horizon, the estimated effect of relative money supply on the deviations is mixed.On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between real GDP and the deviations observed. For longer-term horizons (10 and 20 years), both money supply and real output have a negative effect on the deviations. Yet, that of real GDP is stronger. In addition, the inclusion of the VIX volatility index in the model was significant in most cases.
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Books on the topic "Global Financial Crisis, 2008-"

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Scott, Haley J. Global financial crisis. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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The global financial crisis. New York: Foundation Press, 2009.

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Reddy, Y. Venugopal. Life after global financial crisis. New Delhi]: India International Centre, 2010.

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Reddy, Y. Venugopal. Life after global financial crisis. [New Delhi]: India International Centre, 2010.

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Exploring the global financial crisis. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012.

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The global financial crisis. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub., 2012.

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Crises of governments: The ongoing global financial crisis and recession. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2011.

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Katoch, Rajan. The global economic crisis: Some strategic implications. New Delhi: Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, 2009.

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Hernandez, Valeria A., and Pascale M. Phélinas. Crisis global, crónicas locales: 2008 y después. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos, 2012.

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Vargas, Oscar-René. La tormenta perfecta: Crisis económica global. Managua: [s.n.], 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Global Financial Crisis, 2008-"

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Mirzaei, Nima. "2007–2008 Financial Crisis." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_305-1.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 63–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9536-9_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 61–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9308-2_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 63–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6089-3_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In National Intellectual Capital and the Financial Crisis in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela, 63–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8921-4_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In National Intellectual Capital and the Financial Crisis in France, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, 55–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8181-2_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 53–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5984-2_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 53–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5990-3_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Beyond the 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 61–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8018-1_4.

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Lin, Carol Yeh-Yun, Leif Edvinsson, Jeffrey Chen, and Tord Beding. "Impact of 2008 Global Financial Crisis." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 7–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8021-1_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Global Financial Crisis, 2008-"

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Aytaç, Deniz. "The Global Financial Crisis and the Stabilizing Effect of Financial Transaction Taxes." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00890.

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With the liberalization policies that started in the 1980s, almost a race began in lifting the barriers to capital movements, particularly in developing countries, with the aim of achieving capital inflows from countries with a savings surplus to countries with a current deficit. However, the crises that broke out one after another in the liberalized financial markets in the 1990’s and the global crisis that occurred in the 2007-2008 period as a result of increased volatility in short-term capital movements and of excessive credit growth have raised again the need to bring short-term capital movements under control. The present study discusses the feasibility of financial transaction taxes as a stabilizer in the economy due to the need to mitigate the destructive impacts of financial crises and to finance the economic damage after the crisis or, in other words, the increased need for fiscal consolidation resulting from the crisis. In the light of the findings obtained, it has been noted that financial transaction taxes applied at a low rate in financing the increased public debt on account of the support provided to the financial sector because of the crisis constitute an important item of revenue due to the high volatility in short-term capital movements. In this context, it has been concluded that financial transaction taxes, although difficulties are encountered in their application, can have a considerable stabilizing effect in the future, taking the periodical nature of financial crises into account.
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Karcıoğlu, Reşat, Ensar Ağırman, and Durmuş Yıldırım. "The Effects of the 2008 Financial Crisis on the Financial Performance of Turkish Manufacturing Companies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01561.

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The financial crisis of 2007-2010 also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, was considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. It contributed to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars, substantial financial commitments incurred by governments, and a significant decline in economic activity. The financial crisis of 2007/08 which began in the United States had little impact on Turkish economy in the beginning stages. However, as a result of the economic downturn in global economics, Turkish economy has been also affected by its domino effect. The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis on the financial performance of manufacturing companies listed on Borsa Istanbul, Turkey. Financial analysis will be conducted on 192 publicly listed manufacturing companies. Twelve financial ratios will be examined to determine the profitability, liquidity, activity, leverage and solvency of these companies over the period between 2006 and 2010. A data envelopment analysis will be applied to measure the performance of manufacturing firms before and after the financial crisis of 2008. Findings of this paper may be used by the managements to mitigate the effects and to enhance future performance of these companies have been uncovered. The analysis and observations will be invaluable to researchers intending to study how the manufacturing industry responds to a future slump in demand.
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Öngel, Volkan, and Serdar Kuzu. "An Evaluation of the Major Indicators of Economical Crisis in Central Asian Countries within the Framework of Global Financial Crisis of 2008." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00478.

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Several financial crises that have different causes and effects occured in financial markets in which globalization takes its effect increasingly. Central Asian Countries which have gained their independence after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 both faced important socio-cultural and political changes and were affected many global crises during 1991-2012. The global financial crisis which occured in the USA in 2008 as a mortgage crisis spreaded as a result of globalization and affected the developing economies. 2008 global financial crisis caused trouble especially in macroeconomic issues such as employment, production, supply, demand, level of welfare, openness, price stability, economic growth, inflation and unemployment. This study aims to imply how the selected Central Asian Countries have been affected by the 2008 global financial crisis and their future expectations by analysing leading macroeconomic indicators. In this context, the effects of the global financial crisis on macroeconomic variables of Kazakhistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan will be interpreted. In the light of these indicators, it will be analysed if there are leading indicators for a coming economic crisis in Central Asian Countries and also how their economic structure will be in the near future.
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Levent, Cüneyd Ebrar. "Global Financial Crisis and Corporate Governance Lessons from the Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01168.

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The mortgage crisis, started in 2007 in USA, turned into global financial crisis at the end of 2008. This crisis is assumed to be the largest crisis after The Great Depression occurred in 1929. Global Financial Crisis spread out from USA to developed countries and eventually other countries. Some financial institutions went bankruptcy and some of rest has been survived with governments’ financial supports. Crisis affected the real economy after financial markets, due to crisis production and employment decreased all over the countries. Excess liquidity, deterioration of the mortgage loans structure, excessive increases in house prices, securitization of subprime mortgages, lack of transparency, expansion of derivative markets, ineffectiveness of credit rating agencies and delay of regulatory agencies’ intervention are assumed as “reasonable reasons of the crisis. Before all these reasons, deregulation in financial market in USA is the main reason of this crisis. Corporate governance is against decontrol and lack of transparency which cause crisis. Corporate governance focuses on four pillars, which are fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility. These four principles are associated with measurement and development of performance of government and companies. In this study, we looked from corporate governance window to the global financial crisis, and expressed lessons and advices to be determined. With effective corporate governance, it is expected to add value to stakeholders and being responsible to social values.
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Özer, Ali, Adem Türkmen, and Bülent Diclehan Çadırcı. "An Analysis of the Effects of 2008 Global Crises on Transition Economies using Cluster Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00748.

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In 2008 the global financial crisis on economic conjuncture had affected on not only developed and developing countries but also remarkably on transition economies. Effects of financial crisis in 2008 showed up impacts on developed countries in 2008, on the other hand, it is known that the reflection of crisis has emerged in 2009. In this study, it is examined that transition economies has moved different depends on time, additionally the phenomenon of facing crisis has followed heterogeneous patterns transition economies in 2009 the while transition economies has seemed as showing homogenous economic performances/movements on either specification or previously their structure. It is analysed in three cluster using classification of chosen countries. Among chosen countries, taking place in same cluster Belarus, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Lao, Latonia, Lithuania, Romania and Russia between 2007 and 2010 have responded similar to both input and output of crisis. Moreover, the cluster for Kirgizstan, Macedonia and Moldova is determined as the most moving group between clusters and this group, which moved homogeneously within cluster, is affected on crisis differed from other countries. The cluster analysis has been investigated with 20 transition economies has appropriate data and it is determined that the relatively low level of current account economies has weak impact on the crisis contagion; while the exit from crisis is created stronger effects in the relatively high level of domestic savings economies.
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Levent, Cüneyd Ebrar. "Increasing Transparency in Capital Markets after the Global Financial Crisis: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01267.

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The need for financial transparency is way beyond reducing fluctuations on financial markets, the protection of small investors or fighting against money laundering. Asian crisis in 1997, Dot-com bubble in 2000, company crises such as Enron and the global financial crisis in 2008 have shown that a crisis caused by the lack of transparency in companies might not only affect the company and its stakeholders in a negative way but also the country and the region the company is in. After the financial crisis of 2008 many countries made various arrangements in capital accounts about increasing transparency and accountability which was seen as one of the reason of the crisis in addition the short and long term precautions. Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act which came into force in the United States in July 2010 is one of the most significant arrangements. In this study, practices of increasing transparency in capital markets after global financial crisis have been discussed. In this context, in light of the new regulations and the Corporate Governance Principles, transparency and disclosure practices in Turkey have been examined. The results of these practices have been analyzed in the short term and its possible effects on capital markets, companies and shareholders have been discussed in the long term. Increasing transparency has been expected to help financial markets process more effectively and to provide benefits to all stakeholders.
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Fırat, Fatih Kürşat, and Esra Soyu. "The Impacts of Global Financial Crisis on Construction Sector in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00895.

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The global crisis in United States began as the form of the mortgage crisis in the housing market. Profound effects the financial crisis emerged in 2008 spread rapidly throughout the world as a result of globalization and also its effects were felt in our country. Both in earlier crises and the emergence and spread of the global economic crisis in the cyclical indicators are known to play an important role. There are different opinions on this subject in the literature. It is seen that there is a relation between the global crisis in the financial sectors and the construction sector based on mostly housing industry. Especially in the developing countries like Turkey, the construction sector, which is an important contribution to the economic growth, is seen negatively affected by the global crisis. The aim of this study is to analyze the variations occurred in the construction industry during the 2008 global economic crisis and is to introduce how the construction sector is affected by the crisis. Here, Turkey's main economic indicators during the crisis are examined considering the construction sector and GDP growth rates. As a result of this study, it is put forward that the construction sector in Turkey is one of the sectors most affected by the global crisis.
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Nagy, Péter Artúr. "Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on the V4." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.7.

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The aim of the research is to explore the development of trade relations between the Visegrád countries and their major Western European partners since accession to the European Union. The topic is currently an important one, as the Visegrád region is highly dependent on Western European countries, especially in the area of foreign trade. The research analyzed how the 2008-2009 global economic crisis and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis in Europe affected these trade relationships, i.e. did it cause significant changes in levels of relationship and/or trends. To answer this question, this paper used a time-series analysis method called Interrupted Time Series Analysis. As a result, statistically significant changes in the level and trend of foreign trade relations between the Visegrád countries and their Western European partners were detected. Finally, a more detailed breakdown of product groups also revealed which product groups are most responsible for slowing down the growth of trade relations.
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Karaca, S. Serdar, Derya Ağcadağ, Müge Sağlam, and Eray Baysa. "Effect of 2008 Global Economic Crisis on Turkey’s Manufacturing Sector’s Performance: An Application on the Borsa Istanbul Campanies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01073.

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In this study we analyzed the effect of 2008 financial crisis on firm performance. With this aim we used manufacturing sector in Turkey. In our study we used 119 firms traded on Borsa Istanbul and quarterly data belong to 2004-2012 period. In this study we examined the period before and after 2008 crisis. We applied one sample kolmagorov-smirnov test to know whether the data has normal distribution. Also we used T-Test Analysis to compare average of the data. At the result of analysis financial ratios that accounts receivable turnover, liquidity, net working capital, short term debt / Total Debt, Financial Leverage Ratio, founded different in before and after year 2008, according to year 2008.
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Sirui, Wu. "Comparison Between the COVID-19 Epidemic and Global Credit Crisis in 2008." In 6th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210319.070.

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Reports on the topic "Global Financial Crisis, 2008-"

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Doidge, Craig, G. Andrew Karolyi, and René Stulz. Is Financial Globalization in Reverse After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis? Evidence from Corporate Valuations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27022.

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Frankel, Jeffrey, and George Saravelos. Are Leading Indicators of Financial Crises Useful for Assessing Country Vulnerability? Evidence from the 2008-09 Global Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16047.

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Bordo, Michael, and John Landon-Lane. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-08: Is it Unprecedented? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16589.

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Acharya, Viral, and Philipp Schnabl. Do Global Banks Spread Global Imbalances? The Case of Asset-Backed Commercial Paper During the Financial Crisis of 2007-09. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16079.

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Aizenman, Joshua, Yothin Jinjarak, Gemma Estrada, and Shu Tian. Flexibility of Adjustment to Shocks: Economic Growth and Volatility of Middle-Income Countries Before and After the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23467.

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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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March, Steven P. Fiscal Reality After the 2008 Financial Crisis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545060.

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Siphana, Sok. Trade Diversification after the Global Financial Crisis. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_pb_20110504a.

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Dominguez, Kathryn M. E., Yuko Hashimoto, and Takatoshi Ito. International Reserves and the Global Financial Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17362.

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León-Rincón, Carlos Eduardo, Geun-Young Kim, Ana Constanza Martínez-Ventura, and Daeyup Lee. Equity markets' clustering and the global financial crisis. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.937.

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