Relevant bibliographies by topics / Global mean

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Global mean'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Global mean"

1

Britos, Patricia. "What does mean “global justice”?" Justicia 21, no. 29 (2016): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17081/just.21.29.1235.

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Salzmann, Marc. "Global warming without global mean precipitation increase?" Science Advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1501572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501572.

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Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K−1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the global mean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.
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Hocke, Klemens. "Oscillations of global mean TEC." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113, A4 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007ja012798.

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Vermeij, Geerat J., and Lindsey R. Leighton. "Does global diversity mean anything?" Paleobiology 29, no. 1 (2003): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0003:dgdma>2.0.co;2.

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A major goal of paleobiological research since the early 1960s has been the reconstruction in quantitative terms of the history of biological diversity. Spearheaded by Valentine (1969), Raup (1972, 1976a, b), and Sepkoski (1979, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1993), this effort has yielded estimates of global diversity through time, as well as calculations of global rates and magnitudes of extinction and diversification. A consensus emerging in the early 1980s (Sepkoski et al. 1981) indicated that global marine invertebrate diversity rose through the Cambrian and Ordovician periods to a plateau, which with brief extinction-related interruptions was maintained from the mid-Paleozoic to the mid-Mesozoic. Beginning in the Cretaceous, diversity rose again, reaching a peak in the late Neogene. The five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic, and more or less distinct episodes of diversification, were identified and distinguished from many lesser events (Raup and Sepkoski 1982). Comparable studies, with varying results, were conducted on land vertebrates (Benton 1985, 1989), land plants (Knoll et al. 1979; Niklas et al. 1980, 1983; Tiffney 1981; Knoll 1984), early protistans (Knoll 1994), insects (Labandeira and Sepkoski 1993), and life as a whole (Van Valen 1984, 1985; Van Valen and Maiorana 1985; Signor 1990; Valentine et al. 1991; Benton 1995; Courtillot and Gaudemer 1996; Miller and Foote 1996).
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Ishihara, Koji. "Estimation of Global Mean Surface Temperature." Japanese Journal of Biometrics 32, Special_Issue (2010): S65—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5691/jjb.32.s65.

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Wen, Xinyu, Guoli Tang, Shaowu Wang, and Jianbin Huang. "Comparison of Global Mean Temperature Series." Advances in Climate Change Research 2, no. 4 (2011): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1248.2011.00187.

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Campbell, Jean A. "What Does the Global Perspective Mean?" Dialogue and Universalism 27, no. 1 (2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du20172715.

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Trenberth, Kevin E., John R. Christy, and James W. Hurrell. "Monitoring Global Monthly Mean Surface Temperatures." Journal of Climate 5, no. 12 (1992): 1405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<1405:mgmmst>2.0.co;2.

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Nerem, R. S. "Global Mean Sea Level Change: Correction." Science 275, no. 5303 (1997): 1049i—1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5303.1049i.

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Sarvey, Sharon I. "What Does “Global” Mean at NABN?" Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care 6, no. 3 (2011): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bar.2011.9955.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global mean"

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Salzmann, Marc. "Global warming without global mean precipitation increase?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-207471.

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Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per Kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing.Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K−1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the globa lmean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.
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2

Ringer, Mark A., Bryant J. McAvaney, Natasha Andronova, et al. "Global mean cloud feedbacks in idealized climate change experiments." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-189467.

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Global mean cloud feedbacks in ten atmosphere-only climate models are estimated in perturbed sea surface temperature (SST) experiments and the results compared to doubled CO2 experiments using mixed-layer ocean versions of these same models. The cloud feedbacks in any given model are generally not consistent: the sign of the net cloud radiative feedback may vary according to the experimental design. However, both sets of experiments indicate that the variation of the total climate feedback across the models depends primarily on the variation of the net cloud feedback. Changes in different cloud types show much greater consistency between the two experiments for any individual model and amongst the set of models analyzed here. This suggests that the SST perturbation experiments may provide useful information on the processes associated with cloud changes which is not evident when analysis is restricted to feedbacks defined in terms of the change in cloud radiative forcing.
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Ringer, Mark A., Bryant J. McAvaney, Natasha Andronova, et al. "Global mean cloud feedbacks in idealized climate change experiments." Wiley, 2006. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13964.

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Global mean cloud feedbacks in ten atmosphere-only climate models are estimated in perturbed sea surface temperature (SST) experiments and the results compared to doubled CO2 experiments using mixed-layer ocean versions of these same models. The cloud feedbacks in any given model are generally not consistent: the sign of the net cloud radiative feedback may vary according to the experimental design. However, both sets of experiments indicate that the variation of the total climate feedback across the models depends primarily on the variation of the net cloud feedback. Changes in different cloud types show much greater consistency between the two experiments for any individual model and amongst the set of models analyzed here. This suggests that the SST perturbation experiments may provide useful information on the processes associated with cloud changes which is not evident when analysis is restricted to feedbacks defined in terms of the change in cloud radiative forcing.
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Williams, Felicity Helen. "A geophysical approach to reconstructing past global mean sea levels using highly resolved sea-level records." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397416/.

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Sea level is an excellent proxy for past climate change as it represents the combined impact of changing temperatures and ice volumes through time. Reconstructing a record of global ice volume change is complex as the growth and loss of high volume ice sheets results in a spatially varying pattern of sea-level change. This is known as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and means that all past sea-level indicators are effectively relative sea level (RSL) indicators. Each indicator is relative to a particular position on the Earth’s crust and requires a GIA correction to reconstruct global mean sea level (GMSL). Generating a GIA correction requires an appropriate ice volume and distribution history. As no field-constrained global ice history exists beyond the last glacial maximum we create five different global ice-loading histories to investigate a range of potential ice volume and dispersal scenarios through the last interglacial. Within this thesis we develop a methodology for inclusion of coral taxon depth-habitat relationships in the uncertainties associated with fossil coral reconstructed relative sea levels. We test our ice histories against the coral dataset, and find the best matches to the coral dataset come from ice histories that contain a longer interglacial and / or reduced ice volume through the interglacial than is currently found in many continuous records of sea level. We model the GIA response of the Hanish and Camarinal Sills, and Rosh Hanikra on the Israeli coast to determine how two continuous RSL curves, for the Red Sea and Gibraltar respectively, and the temporally discrete RSL indicators relate to GMSL. Our analysis reveals sensitivities that may be used to constrain the evolution of a past Eurasian ice sheet.
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Lindahl, Julia. "What does it mean to be a global citizen? : A qualitative interview study with Indian and Nepalese young adults concerning their perceptions of global citizenship." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21539.

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Today's increasingly interconnected world creates new challenges related to the use and understanding of the concept of citizenship. The idea of a global citizenship is not new; however, in recent years there has been an evolution of increasing research leading to the expansion of interest with regard to the exploration of the concept and how it could be implemented in practice. This study attempts to deepen the understanding of the qualitatively different ways of perceiving this concept amongst a number of Indian and Nepalese young adults. The study is based on a phenomenographic research approach, where the data material was collected through semi-structured interviews. The results of the study show that global citizenship can be perceived as being related to equality, cultural diversity, global responsibility, global communication and cosmopolitan governance. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the young adults perceive themselves either only as national citizens, or as both national and global citizens. Finally, the respondents believe that formal education can contribute to the promotion of global citizenship by including the concept in the educational curriculum and by encouraging cultural exchange. The role of formal education in promoting global citizenship is also perceived to be unclear due to terminological confusion.
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Kunath, Jan Lucas [Verfasser]. "Die Global-Mean Analyse im funktionellen MRT als klinisches Tool zur Identifikation von sexueller Orientierung / Jan Lucas Kunath." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1194929753/34.

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Chen, Rui. "Dynamic optimal control for distress large financial networks and Mean field systems with jumps Optimal connectivity for a large financial network Mean Field BSDEs and Global Dynamic Risk Measures." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2019PSLED042.

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Cette thèse propose des modèles et des méthodes pour étudier le contrôle du risque dans de larges systèmes financiers. Nous proposons dans une première partie une approche structurelle : nous considérons un système financier représenté comme un réseau d’institutions connectées entre elles par des interactions stratégiques sources de financement mais également par des interactions qui les exposent à un risque de contagion de défaut. La nouveauté de notre approche réside dans le fait que ces deux types d’interaction interfèrent. Nous proposons des nouvelles notions d’équilibre pour ces systèmes et étudions la connectivité optimale du réseau et le risque systémique associé. Dans une deuxième partie, nous introduisons des mesures de risque systémique définies par des équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades dirigées par des opérateurs à champ moyen et étudions des problèmes d’arrêt optimal associés. La dernière partie aborde des questions de liquidation optimale de portefeuilles<br>This thesis presents models and methodologies to understand the control of systemic risk in large systems. We propose two approaches. The first one is structural : a financial system is represented as a network of institutions. They have strategic interactions as well as direct interactions through linkages in a contagion process. The novelty of our approach is that these two types of interactions are intertwined themselves and we propose new notions of equilibria for such games and analyze the systemic risk emerging in equilibrium. The second approach is a reduced form.We model the dynamics of regulatory capital using a mean field operator : required capital depends on the standalone risk but also on the evolution of the capital of all other banks in the system. In this model, required capital is a dynamic risk measure and is represented as a the solution of a mean-field BDSE with jumps. We show a novel dual representation theorem. In the context of meanfield BSDEs the representation gives yield to a stochastic discount factor and a worst-case probability measure that encompasses the overall interactions in the system. We also solve the optimal stopping problem of dynamic risk measure by connecting it to the solution of reflected meanfield BSDE with jumps. Finally, We provide a comprehensive model for the order book dynamics and optimal Market making strategy appeared in liquidity risk problems
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Yin, Jianjun, Jonathan Overpeck, Cheryl Peyser, and Ronald Stouffer. "Big Jump of Record Warm Global Mean Surface Temperature in 2014-2016 Related to Unusually Large Oceanic Heat Releases." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627121.

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A 0.24 degrees C jump of record warm global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the past three consecutive record-breaking years (2014-2016) was highly unusual and largely a consequence of an El Nino that released unusually large amounts of ocean heat from the subsurface layer of the northwestern tropical Pacific. This heat had built up since the 1990s mainly due to greenhouse-gas (GHG) forcing and possible remote oceanic effects. Model simulations and projections suggest that the fundamental cause, and robust predictor of large record-breaking events of GMST in the 21st century, is GHG forcing rather than internal climate variability alone. Such events will increase in frequency, magnitude, and duration, as well as impact, in the future unless GHG forcing is reduced.
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Rackow, Thomas [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jung, and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Lemke. "An unstructured multi-resolution global climate model : coupling, mean state and climate variability / Thomas Rackow. Gutachter: Thomas Jung ; Peter Lemke. Betreuer: Thomas Jung." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072304031/34.

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Borghi, Giacomo. "Consensus-Based Optimization on Hypersurfaces." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21783/.

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In questo elaborato viene presentato un algoritmo Consensus-Based per l'ottimizazione vincolata a ipersuperfici. Il metodo consiste in una tecnica di ottimizzazione di tipo metaeuristico dove un insieme di particelle interagenti si muove secondo un meccanismo che unisce movimenti deterministici e stocastici per creare un consenso attorno ad un luogo del dominio dove è presente un minimo della funzione. La dinamica è governata da un sistema di SDE ed è studiata attraverso il formalismo della teoria cinetica per modelli di particelle interagenti. Innanzitutto, viene dimostrato che il sistema è ben posto e viene formalmente derivato il suo limite di campo medio. Il meccanismo di consenso viene poi studiato analiticamente e computazionalmente soffermandosi sulle difficoltà che il rispetto del vincolo comporta. Infine, vengono condotti esperimenti su classiche funzioni test.
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Books on the topic "Global mean"

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Lecture notes on mean curvature flow. Birkhäuser/Springer, 2011.

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Rachal, Jane Moody. Controlling greenhouse gases: What the global warming treaty will mean to you. Inside Washington Publishers, 1992.

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Angell, J. K. Annual and seasonal global variation in total ozone and layer-mean ozone, 1958-1985. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1987.

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The end of economic growth: What does it mean for American society? Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.

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V, Ramesh K. Time-mean oceanic response and interannual variability in a global ocean GCM simulation. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 2003.

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Macleod, Roderick T. The resolution of mean sea level anomalies along the NSW coastline using the global positioning system. School of Surveying, University of New South Wales, 1990.

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Regularity theory for mean curvature flow. Birkhäuser, 2004.

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Leemans, Rik. The IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature, precipitation, and cloudiness on a global terrestrial grid. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1991.

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author, Tian Gang 1958, ed. The geometrization conjecture. American Mathematical Society, 2014.

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Thieme, Marianne, Monique van Dijk, Claudine Everaert, and Gertjan Zwanikken. Meat the truth. Alalena Production, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Global mean"

1

de la Torre, Carlos, and Treethep Srisa-Nga. "What do we mean by populism?" In Global Populisms. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429318511-2.

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Larsson, Mats R. "I Mean “Business!”." In The Business of Global Energy Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137024497_1.

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Weber, Markus, and Michael Kuhn. "Mean Snow Cover Duration." In Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16751-0_30.

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Martínez, A., and F. Milán. "Convex affine surfaces with constant affine mean curvature." In Global Differential Geometry and Global Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0083637.

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Ecker, Klaus. "Special Solutions and Global Behaviour." In Regularity Theory for Mean Curvature Flow. Birkhäuser Boston, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8210-1_2.

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Thies, Boris, Thomas Nauss, Christoph Reudenbach, Jan Cermak, and Jörg Bendix. "Mean Number of Storm Days." In Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16751-0_34.

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Latella, Diego, Michele Loreti, and Mieke Massink. "On-the-fly Fast Mean-Field Model-Checking." In Trustworthy Global Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05119-2_17.

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Latella, Diego, Michele Loreti, and Mieke Massink. "On-the-fly Fast Mean-Field Model-Checking." In Trustworthy Global Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14128-2_17.

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Drobetz, Wolfgang. "Mean reversion and rational pricing on global stock markets." In Global Stock Markets. Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-08529-4_7.

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Smoczyk, Knut. "Mean Curvature Flow in Higher Codimension: Introduction and Survey." In Global Differential Geometry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22842-1_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Global mean"

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Zhang, Yue, Shengnan Wang, Haidong Kan, and Weibing Wang. "Effect of Daily Mean Temperature on Respiratory Hospital Admission." In Annual Global Healthcare Conference. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3833_ghc14.02.

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Kasap, Suat. "An Overview of Mean Field Theory in Combinatorial Optimization Problems." In GLOBAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS: International Workshop on Global Analysis. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1814748.

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Wang, Mei. "Mean-Field Analysis of Buffer Sizing." In IEEE GLOBECOM 2007-2007 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2007.502.

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Kim, Nakyoung, Hyojin Park, Jun Kyun Choi, and Jinhong Yang. "Time gap accounted video scene segmentation with modified mean-shift X-means clustering." In 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce.2017.8229332.

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Mejdoul, R., and M. Taqi. "A mean hourly global radiation prediction in Moroccan sites." In 2013 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec.2013.6529690.

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Akhaee, Mohammad Ali, Shahrokh Ghaemmaghami, Amir Nikooienejad, and Farokh Marvasti. "Robust Image Data Hiding Using Geometric Mean Quantization." In GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2009.5426109.

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Bähre, Heike, Giovanni Buono, and Valerie Isabel Elss. "Fintech as a Mean for Digital and Financial Inclusion." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/15.

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Finance is shaping human relationship from an economic point of view as well as having influences on social structure and politics. In this relation, Fintech, a combination of the words “Finance” and “Technology”, is defined as “a new financial industry that applies technology to improve financial activities" [11] or as those “applications, processes, products, or business models in the financial services industry, composed of one or more complementary financial services and provided as an end-to-end process via the Internet” [10] or as “any innovative ideas that improve financial service processes by proposing technology solutions according to different business situations, while the ideas could also lead to new business models or even new businesses” [8]. As Bill Gates said “Banking is necessary; banks are not” describing what is happening throughout the financial industry: massive disappearing of traditional jobs, consolidation in the banking industries, robots that advice how to manage and save money. These changes have an impact on the social structure, but also have the potential to systematically promote financial literacy and inclusion. For example Grohmann, Klühs and Menkhoff [7] showed across four indicators of financial inclusion (having a bank account, having a debit card, saving in form of a bank account and the use of the debit card within the last year) that financial literacy is a significant precondition for financial inclusion. To what extent can Fintech applications be used to promote financial literacy and thereby inclusion? And what role do FinTech organizations play in supporting social progress? The aim of the article is to provide a systematic overview of Fintech's potential to promote digital and financial inclusion on diverse levels.
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Meiping, Xu, and Xu Yuanwei. "Mean Ruin Time for Gambler's Ruin Problem." In 2011 International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization (BCGIn). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bcgin.2011.178.

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Okade, Manish, and Prabir Kumar Biswas. "Mean shift clustering based outlier removal for global motion estimation." In 2013 Fourth National Conference on Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, Image Processing and Graphics (NCVPRIPG). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncvpripg.2013.6776219.

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MUSCATO, GIOVANNI, and SALVATORE SESSA. "AN APPROACH TO GLOBAL LOCALIZATION PROBLEM USING MEAN SHIFT ALGORITHM." In Proceedings of 10th International Conference (CLAWAR 2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812770189_0065.

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Reports on the topic "Global mean"

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Freeman, Richard. What Does Global Expansion of Higher Education Mean for the US? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14962.

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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
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Striessnig, Erich, Claudia Reiter, and Anna Dimitrova. Global improvements in Years of Good Life since 1950. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res1.2.

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Human well-being at the national aggregate level is typically measured by GDP per capita, life expectancy or a composite index such as the HDI. A more recent alternative is the Years of Good Life (YoGL) indicator presented by Lutz et al. (2018; 2021). YoGL represents a refinement of life expectancy in which only those person-years in a life table are counted that are spent free from material (1), physical (2) or cognitive limitations (3), while being subjectively perceived as satisfying (4). In this article, we present the reconstruction of YoGL to 1950 for 140 countries. Since life expectancy – as reported by the UN World Population Prospects in fiveyearly steps – forms the basis of our reconstruction, the presented dataset is also available on a five-yearly basis. In addition, like life expectancy, YoGL can be flexibly calculated for different sub-populations. Hence, we present separate YoGL estimates for women and men. Due to a lack of data, only the material dimension can be reconstructed based directly on empirical inputs since 1950. The remaining dimensions are modelled based on information from the more recent past.
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Brodie, Katherine, Brittany Bruder, Richard Slocum, and Nicholas Spore. Simultaneous mapping of coastal topography and bathymetry from a lightweight multicamera UAS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41440.

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A low-cost multicamera Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) is used to simultaneously estimate open-coast topography and bathymetry from a single longitudinal coastal flight. The UAS combines nadir and oblique imagery to create a wide field of view (FOV), which enables collection of mobile, long dwell timeseries of the littoral zone suitable for structure-from motion (SfM), and wave speed inversion algorithms. Resultant digital surface models (DSMs) compare well with terrestrial topographic lidar and bathymetric survey data at Duck, NC, USA, with root-mean-square error (RMSE)/bias of 0.26/–0.05 and 0.34/–0.05 m, respectively. Bathymetric data from another flight at Virginia Beach, VA, USA, demonstrates successful comparison (RMSE/bias of 0.17/0.06 m) in a secondary environment. UAS-derived engineering data products, total volume profiles and shoreline position, were congruent with those calculated from traditional topo-bathymetric surveys at Duck. Capturing both topography and bathymetry within a single flight, the presented multicamera system is more efficient than data acquisition with a single camera UAS; this advantage grows for longer stretches of coastline (10 km). Efficiency increases further with an on-board Global Navigation Satellite System–Inertial Navigation System (GNSS-INS) to eliminate ground control point (GCP) placement. The Appendix reprocesses the Virginia Beach flight with the GNSS–INS input and no GCPs.
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Marcos Barba, Liliana, Hilde van Regenmortel, and Ellen Ehmke. Shelter from the Storm: The global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19. Oxfam, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7048.

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As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low- and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped. Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most. In addition to the full paper and executive summary, an Excel file with the data analysed by Oxfam and Development Pathways is available to download on this page, along with an annex on the crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Tomlinson, Brian. Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD): Game changer or mirage? ActionAid, AidWatch Canada, Oxfam International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7390.

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Total Official Support for Sustainable Development, or TOSSD, is a new statistical metric that has been in the making for almost 10 years. It is meant to capture a broad range of global flows of public money in support of sustainable development. These include aid, loans on non-concessional terms, and public funds aimed at mobilising private finance for development. Metrics matter. It is essential to track the resources that the international community is allocating to turn the ambitions of Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into reality. Without such data, it is impossible to determine whether there is progress. ActionAid, AidWatch Canada and Oxfam International are publishing this discussion paper to shed light on how TOSSD works in practice as well as on its ambitions, shortcomings and the contending political perspectives on this new metric. The paper emphasizes that TOSSD could significantly shape the future of development finance.
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Herbert, Siân, and Heather Marquette. COVID-19, Governance, and Conflict: Emerging Impacts and Future Evidence Needs. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.029.

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This paper reviews emerging evidence of the impact of COVID-19 on governance and conflict, using a “governance and conflict first” approach in contrast to other research and synthesis on COVID-19 in the social sciences that tends to be structured through a public health lens. It largely focuses on evidence on low- and middle-income countries but also includes a number of examples from high-income countries, reflecting the global nature of the crisis. It is organised around four cross-cutting themes that have enabled the identification of emerging bodies of evidence and/or analysis: Power and legitimacy; Effectiveness, capacity, and corruption; Violence, unrest, and conflict; and Resilience, vulnerability, and risk. The paper concludes with three over-arching insights that have emerged from the research: (1) the importance of leadership; (2) resilience and what “fixing the cracks” really means; and (3) why better ways are needed to add up all the “noise” when it comes to COVID-19 and evidence.
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Evans, Julie, Kendra Sikes, and Jamie Ratchford. Vegetation classification at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mojave National Preserve, Castle Mountains National Monument, and Death Valley National Park: Final report (Revised with Cost Estimate). National Park Service, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279201.

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Vegetation inventory and mapping is a process to document the composition, distribution and abundance of vegetation types across the landscape. The National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&amp;M) program has determined vegetation inventory and mapping to be an important resource for parks; it is one of 12 baseline inventories of natural resources to be completed for all 270 national parks within the NPS I&amp;M program. The Mojave Desert Network Inventory &amp; Monitoring (MOJN I&amp;M) began its process of vegetation inventory in 2009 for four park units as follows: Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), Castle Mountains National Monument (CAMO), and Death Valley National Park (DEVA). Mapping is a multi-step and multi-year process involving skills and interactions of several parties, including NPS, with a field ecology team, a classification team, and a mapping team. This process allows for compiling existing vegetation data, collecting new data to fill in gaps, and analyzing the data to develop a classification that then informs the mapping. The final products of this process include a vegetation classification, ecological descriptions and field keys of the vegetation types, and geospatial vegetation maps based on the classification. In this report, we present the narrative and results of the sampling and classification effort. In three other associated reports (Evens et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) are the ecological descriptions and field keys. The resulting products of the vegetation mapping efforts are, or will be, presented in separate reports: mapping at LAKE was completed in 2016, mapping at MOJA and CAMO will be completed in 2020, and mapping at DEVA will occur in 2021. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and NatureServe, the classification team, have completed the vegetation classification for these four park units, with field keys and descriptions of the vegetation types developed at the alliance level per the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). We have compiled approximately 9,000 existing and new vegetation data records into digital databases in Microsoft Access. The resulting classification and descriptions include approximately 105 alliances and landform types, and over 240 associations. CNPS also has assisted the mapping teams during map reconnaissance visits, follow-up on interpreting vegetation patterns, and general support for the geospatial vegetation maps being produced. A variety of alliances and associations occur in the four park units. Per park, the classification represents approximately 50 alliances at LAKE, 65 at MOJA and CAMO, and 85 at DEVA. Several riparian alliances or associations that are somewhat rare (ranked globally as G3) include shrublands of Pluchea sericea, meadow associations with Distichlis spicata and Juncus cooperi, and woodland associations of Salix laevigata and Prosopis pubescens along playas, streams, and springs. Other rare to somewhat rare types (G2 to G3) include shrubland stands with Eriogonum heermannii, Buddleja utahensis, Mortonia utahensis, and Salvia funerea on rocky calcareous slopes that occur sporadically in LAKE to MOJA and DEVA. Types that are globally rare (G1) include the associations of Swallenia alexandrae on sand dunes and Hecastocleis shockleyi on rocky calcareous slopes in DEVA. Two USNVC vegetation groups hold the highest number of alliances: 1) Warm Semi-Desert Shrub &amp; Herb Dry Wash &amp; Colluvial Slope Group (G541) has nine alliances, and 2) Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub Group (G296) has thirteen alliances. These two groups contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation along alluvial washes and mid-elevation transition zones.
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