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1
Cannon, M. Elizabeth. "The contribution of gps to the information society." CISM journal 44, no. 3 (October 1990): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1990-0023.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly becoming an important tool in the surveying community. It is currently being used in a number of applications, ranging from cadastral control point establishment to hydrographic surveying. The emphasis of this paper is on the contribution of GPS to the information society. Fundamental aspects of GPS are presented and the current status of the system is outlined. The advantages of using GPS in the collection of georeferenced data and specifically its impact on Geographic Information Systems are described. Issues such as the establishment of an Active Control System, the development of new surveying techniques and the integration of GPS with other sensors for cost-effective data gathering are addressed. The future role of GPS in the collection of georeferenced information and a discussion of new and exciting opportunities for surveyors being created by GPS, concludes the paper.
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Akpınar, Burak, and Nedim Onur Aykut. "Determining the Coordinates of Control Points in Hydrographic Surveying by the Precise Point Positioning Method." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 6 (May 24, 2017): 1241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000236.
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After Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) were first used in the field of hydrography in 1980, developments in hydrographic surveying accelerated. Survey precision in hydrography has been improved for both horizontal and vertical positioning and seafloor acoustic measurement by means of these new developments. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Network RTK (NRTK) techniques are the satellite-based positioning techniques that are commonly used in shallow water surveys and shoreline measurements. In line with these developments, the newer Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been introduced. Combining precise satellite positions and clocks with dual-frequency GNSS data, PPP can provide position solutions from the centimetre to decimetre level. In this study, the coordinates of control points were determined by using the Post-Process PPP (PP-PPP) technique. Seven test points, which are the points of the Continuously Operating Reference Station - Turkey (CORS-TR) network, are selected near the shorelines within Turkey. The 24-hour data was split from one to six hours by one hour periods. Automatic Point Positioning Service (APPS) was selected to process the data. The poisoning error of the test points were given and compared with International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S44 hydrographic survey standards.
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Quek, See Hean, and Richard B. Langley. "UNBSAT: A Digital Recording System for the CMA-722B Transit Doppler Receiver." Canadian Surveyor 40, no. 2 (June 1986): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1986-0014.
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The United States Department of Defense (DoD) Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS), commonly known as Transit, has been used extensively since 1967 for civilian geodetic surveying and navigation. With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the DoD will have no further need for Transit and plans to shut down the system in 1994. GPS receivers are still expensive and Transit Doppler receivers purchased today, according to the planned schedule, would have a limited life span of less than ten years. In this paper we present an economical method of acquiring the capabilities of modern Transit receivers by upgrading a popular old receiver. We have interfaced a standard Apple II microcomputer to a Canadian Marconi CMA-722B. The Apple microcomputer provides the added data processing and storage capability found in more modern Doppler receivers and obviates the need for “user unfriendly" paper tape or expensive data cassettes. Dubbed “UNBSAT”, our system allows established survey organizations to expand their Transit positioning capabilities by reactivating their moth-balled CMA-722B receivers, allows developing nations to carry out Doppler surveys economically, and provides an educational tool for training surveying engineers in satellite positioning techniques. The hardware and software configuration of this system is described and an outline of its capabilities is given. The direction of current and future development of the system is also discussed.
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Correa Muñoz, Nixon Alexander, and Liliana Alejandra Cerón-Calderón. "Precision and accuracy of the static GNSS system for surveying networks used in Civil Engineering." Ingeniería e Investigación 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v38n1.64543.
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We implemented a field check for calibrating surveying equipment. It was geo-referenced with a Total Station Theodolite and by implementing procedures concerning repeatability and reproducibility. We carried out GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) static positioning with double frequency equipment, sensitizing occupation times, day times, uncorrected coordinates subjected to a differential correction procedure and type of coordinates obtained. This facilitated an evaluation of precision and accuracy for the GNSS system with the static method, which gave a global RMS (root mean square) error of 1 cm for conditions with no multi-path effect and 4cm for field calibration points close to buildings. Additionally, we found optimal results for occupation times of 30 minutes, and the need to use planar Cartesian coordinates to ensure compatibility with the surveys using electronic measurement of distances, which allows for the use of the static GNSS system in precise surveys for different applications in Civil Engineering.
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Menegbo, Emmanuel. "Determination of orthometric elevations using gnss-derived height with the egm2008 geoid height model." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v5i1.7190.
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The Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has imparted positively on civilian positioning & surveying in the horizontal component in Nigeria for the past two decades. The GNSS receivers’ data are longitude, latitude & elevation. However, the vertical distance measurement have not been fully exploited by geodetic and land surveyors. The GNSS derived heights are ellipsoidal elevation. To convert the GNSS elevation to orthometric heights, a geoidal elevation models is needed. The Earth Gravitational Model, 2008 (EGM2008) is a global geoidal models that can be used to obtain GNSS orthometric heights by defining the relationship with the ellipsoid. This work determines GNSS-derived orthometric heights with ellipsoid-geoidal relationship using GPS ellipsoidal heights and EGM2008 geoidal model GIS data. The EGM2008 GIS data was downloaded and interpolated with GPS data to obtain geoidal heights using ArcGIS 10.1. GNSS-derived heights determined with geoid-ellipsoid relationship formula. The result shows minimum elevation of -2.37599m and maximum elevation of 53.8566m.The derived orthometric heights use to create a model in raster format. The orthometric elevation models created useful in all vertical surveying work, construction work and urban planning. The GNSS orthometric heights models need to be compare with spirit levelling and the local geoidal model determined for improve accuracy.
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Raymond, Gérard. "LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN CANADA." Canadian Surveyor 40, no. 2 (June 1986): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1986-0013.
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The United States Department of Defense (DoD) Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS), commonly known as Transit, has been used extensively since 1967 for civilian geodetic surveying and navigation. With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the DoD will have no further need for Transit and plans to shut down the system in 1994. GPS receivers are still expensive and Transit Doppler receivers purchased today, according to the planned schedule, would have a limited life span of less than ten years. In this paper we present an economical method of acquiring the capabilities of modern Transit receivers by upgrading a popular old receiver. We have interfaced a standard Apple II microcomputer to a Canadian Marconi CMA-722B. The Apple microcomputer provides the added data processing and storage capability found in more modern Doppler receivers and obviates the need for “user unfriendly" paper tape or expensive data cassettes. Dubbed “UNBSAT”, our system allows established survey organizations to expand their Transit positioning capabilities by reactivating their moth-balled CMA-722B receivers, allows developing nations to carry out Doppler surveys economically, and provides an educational tool for training surveying engineers in satellite positioning techniques. The hardware and software configuration of this system is described and an outline of its capabilities is given. The direction of current and future development of the system is also discussed.
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Santos, J., R. Teodoro, N. Mira, and V. B. Mendes. "GEOSPATIAL DATA QUALITY OF THE SERVIR CORS NETWORK." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 20, 2015): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-285-2015.
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The SERVIR Continuous Operation Reference Stations (CORS) network was implemented in 2006 to facilitate land surveying with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning techniques. Nowadays, the network covers all Portuguese mainland. The SERVIR data is provided to many users, such as surveyors, universities (for education and research purposes) and companies that deal with geographic information. By middle 2012, there was a significant change in the network accessing paradigm, the most important of all being the increase in the responsibility of managing the network to guarantee a permanent availability and the highest quality of the geospatial data. In addition, the software that is used to manage the network and to compute the differential corrections was replaced by a new software package. These facts were decisive to perform the quality control of the SERVIR network and evaluate positional accuracy. In order to perform such quality control, a significant number of geodetic monuments spread throughout the country were chosen. Some of these monuments are located in the worst location regarding the network geometry in order to evaluate the accuracy of positions for the worst case scenarios. Data collection was carried out using different GNSS positioning modes and were compared against the benchmark positions that were determined using data acquired in static mode in 3-hour sessions. We conclude the geospatial data calculated and provided to the users community by the network is, within the surveying purposes, accurate, precise and fits the needs of those users.
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Bond, Jason. "Modernization of the Nova Scotia Coordinate Referencing System through Active Control Technology." GEOMATICA 69, no. 4 (December 2015): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2015-404.
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The Nova Scotia Coordinate Referencing System (NSCRS) is Nova Scotia's current framework for pro viding location-based information. The NSCRS is the foundation for the province's geographic data hold ings including the land administration system. It also enables various legislation, including the Land Registration Act, the Crown Lands Act and the Land Surveyors Act. Over the past several decades, there has been a steady decline in the state of the province's coordinate referencing infrastructure as the program's human and budgetary resources have been reduced. As a result, risks and inefficiencies associated with decaying infrastructure have increased. By 2010, it was becoming clear that action would be required to address these concerns as well as accuracy and accessibility challenges. In 2012, the province began developing a strategy to better execute its coordinate referencing program. At the core of the strategy were Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Active Control Stations (ACSs). By placing ACSs across the rovince, the surveying industry would gain access to real-time, cen time ter-level positioning. Additionally, significant economic opportunities would emerge with respect to machine automation in agriculture, construction and navigation industries. A test phase was conducted over 2013–2014 that provided the necessary business case information to pursue province-wide implementation. It was determined that 40 ACSs would be needed to provide Nova Scotia with access to high-accuracy GNSS positioning services. The efficiencies introduced by the tech nol o gy would easily pay for the cost of the system in a short period. Most importantly, the technology provided a viable method of maintaining NSCRS infrastructure going forward.
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Cordero, Moisés Hernández, and Andreas Pülz. "Modelling Antiquity. Surveying the Private Areas of the Episcopal Palace, Side. Turkey." Open Archaeology 5, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 396–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2019-0025.
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AbstractThe use of digital techniques is often applied today by archaeologists in the field to get quick and reliable 3D surveys for their research. 3D models and reconstructions are the focus for the use of these techniques. The aim of this paper is to present the methodology employed during the 2018 season, and its combination with that from 2016 on the private areas of the bishop’s residence of the Episcopal Palace in the ancient city of Side, Turkey. This paper will focus on the data acquisition process, accuracy of the survey, errors and solutions as well as the workflow-process of the data. The aim is to present a useful workflow to combine surveys at a maximum level of accuracy with already completed surveys. A Total Station (TS) survey, Global Positioning System (GPS) Real Time Kinetics (RTK) survey and Structure from Motion (SfM) are among the techniques used to compile the information later exported into a Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Eventually, viable applications of the data created with such methods that help to formulate a new hypothesis for the ritual and non-ritual areas will be shown: plans, 3D models, digital elevation models (DEM) and orthophotos.
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Ashkenazi, V. "Coordinate Systems: How to Get Your Position Very Precise and Completely Wrong." Journal of Navigation 39, no. 2 (May 1986): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000126.
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Positioning by navigation satellites is carried out in three-dimensional geocentric cartesian coordinates, X, Y, Z. This applies to both the Transit System, which has now been in operation for over 20 years, and the Global Positioning System which is being tested and is due to become operational in 1988. Traditionally, the cartographer, the seafaring navigator and the geodetic surveyor have always expressed their coordinates in geographical terms, i.e. latitude and longtitude, whereas the land-based civil engineer, surveyor and the foot (or mechanized) soldier preferred theirs in terms of projection grid coordinates, i.e. northings and eastings. Transformations between these various coordinate systems involve not only complex algebraical formulae, but also some very specific numerical parameters, which are appropriate for different countries and continents and which can only be determined empirically. Moreover, the treatment and interpretation of the different systems of coordinates may frequently involve some very basic conceptual misunderstandings. These include confusing astronomical latitudes and longitudes with their geodetic counterparts, treating projection northings and eastings as if they were ordinary plane coordinates and, in the case of positions derived from observations to Transit satellites, applying the wrong set of transformation parameters or using inappropriate geoidal contour maps. These are typical examples of the sort of common misconceptions leading to gross errors and affecting even the most precisely determined absolute positions. Relative positioning, with respect to another point or a framework of points with known coordinates, eliminates some of the worst effects of these systematic sources of error, and is commonly used in geodetic surveying. However, instantaneous navigation (especially by using satellites) is most likely to be based on continuously determined, successive absolute positions and will therefore inevitably be affected by reference system errors. This is particularly important in the case of land navigation where much higher accuracies will be expected. This is a review paper with definitions and descriptions of the various types of coordinate systems and their mutual relationships. Geographical and geodetic coordinates are discussed in section 2, and projection grid coordinates in section 3. This is followed, in section 5, by a description of three-dimensional cartesian coordinates used in conjunction with navigation satellites. A brief discussion on current and proposed navigation satellite systems is given in section 6 and the paper is concluded in section 7.
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Forbes, Brandon T., Geoffrey P. DeBenedetto, Jesse E. Dickinson, Claire E. Bunch, and Faith A. Fitzpatrick. "Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Measuring Post-Flood High-Water Marks and Streambed Elevations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091437.
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Floods affected approximately two billion people around the world from 1998–2017, causing over 142,000 fatalities and over 656 billion U.S. dollars in economic losses. Flood data, such as the extent of inundation and peak flood stage, are needed to define the environmental, economic, and social impacts of significant flood events. Ground-based global positioning system (GPS) surveys of post-flood high-water marks (HWMs) and topography are commonly used to define flood inundation and stage, but can be time-consuming, difficult, and expensive to conduct. Here, we demonstrate and test the use of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) and close-range remote sensing techniques to collect high-accuracy flood data to define peak flood stage elevations and river cross-sections. We evaluate the elevation accuracy of the HWMs from sUAS surveys by comparison with traditional GPS surveys, which have acceptable accuracy for many post-flood assessments, at two flood sites on two small streams in the U.S. Mean elevation errors for the sUAS surveys were 0.07 m and 0.14 m for the semiarid and temperate sites, respectively; those values are similar to typical errors when measuring HWM elevations with GPS surveys. Results demonstrate that sUAS surveys of HWMs and cross-sections can be an accurate and efficient alternative to GPS surveys; we provide insights that can be used to decide whether sUAS or GPS techniques will be most efficient for post-flood surveying.
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Urbini, Stefano, Gianluca Bianchi-Fasani, Paolo Mazzanti, Alfredo Rocca, Luca Vittuari, Antonio Zanutta, Valentina Alena Girelli, Michelina Serafini, Achille Zirizzotti, and Massimo Frezzotti. "Multi-Temporal Investigation of the Boulder Clay Glacier and Northern Foothills (Victoria Land, Antarctica) by Integrated Surveying Techniques." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121501.
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The paper aims to detect the main changes that occurred in the area surrounding the Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS) through analysis of multi-temporal remote sensing integrated by geophysical measurements. Specific attention was directed at realizing an integrated geomorphological study of the Boulder Clay Glacier, a partially debris-covered glacier belonging to the Northern Foothills (Victoria Land, Antarctica). This area was recently chosen as the location for the construction of a new semi-permanent gravel runway for MZS logistical airfreight operations. Photogrammetric analysis was performed by comparing three historical aerial photogrammetric surveys (carried out in 1956, 1985, and 1993) and Very High Resolution (VHR) GeoEye-1 satellite stereo-image coverage acquired in 2012. The comparison of geo-referenced orthophoto-mosaics allowed the main changes occurring in some particular areas along the coast nearby MZS to be established. Concerning the study of the Boulder Clay Glacier, it has to be considered that glaciers and moraines are not steady-state systems by definition. Several remote sensing and geophysical investigations were carried out with the main aim of determining the general assessment of this glacier: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR); Geodetic Global Positioning System (GPS) network; multi-temporal satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry. The analysis of Boulder Clay Glacier moraine pointed out a deformation of less than 74 mm y−1 in a time span of 56 years, value that agrees with velocity and deformation data observed by GPS and InSAR methods. The presence of unexpected brine ponds at the ice/bedrock interface and the deformation pattern observed in the central part of the moraine has to be monitored and studied, especially under the long-term maintenance of the future runway.
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Bond, Jason. "Enabling high-accuracy, position monitoring of Sable Island through the Nova Scotia Coordinate Referencing System." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 48, no. 2 (May 7, 2016): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v48i2.6659.
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Since 1968, the Province of Nova Scotia has carried out a mandate of providing coordinate referencing infrastructure for its citizens. The current infrastructure is known as the Nova Scotia Coordinate Referencing System (NSCRS) and allows property boundaries, engineering works, and natural features to be spatially related within the Province, including Sable Island. Traditionally, thousands of survey monuments across the Province provided access to the coordinate referencing system for surveying and engineering work. Of the original 23,000 monuments installed in the 1970s and 1980s, many have been destroyed by natural occurrences or human activities. In the case of Sable Island, most have been enveloped by sand or the sea. In 2013, the Province began implementing a modernized strategy for delivering coordinate referencing services to its citizens using permanent GPS stations. This technology was installed at Main Station on Sable Island in June of 2014. This GPS infrastructure has already had a positive impact by:a)Allowing, for the first time, the three dimensional position of Sable Island (specifically Main Station) to be monitored with millimeter level accuracy b)Enabling Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and aerial photography surveys to be consistently referenced within a global reference frame; andc)Providing quick and accurate positioning of natural features around the island with millimeter level accuracy and consequently enabling long term, position trends of these features (e.g., Bald Dune) to be determined.Each of these topics is discussed and a history of the NSCRS on Sable Island is presented.
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Özyaşar, M., and M. T. Özlüdemir. "The contribution of engineering surveys by means of GPS to the determination of crustal movements in Istanbul." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2011): 1705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1705-2011.
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Abstract. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are space based positioning techniques and widely used in geodetic applications. Geodetic networking accomplished by engineering surveys constitutes one of these tasks. Geodetic networks are used as the base of all kinds of geodetic implementations, Co from the cadastral plans to the relevant surveying processes during the realization of engineering applications. Geodetic networks consist of control points positioned in a defined reference frame. In fact, such positional information could be useful for other studies as well. One of such fields is geodynamic studies that use the changes of positions of control stations within a network in a certain time period to understand the characteristics of tectonic movements. In Turkey, which is located in tectonically active zones and struck by major earthquakes quite frequently, the positional information obtained in engineering surveys could be very useful for earthquake related studies. For this purpose, a GPS (Global Positioning System) network of 650 stations distributed over Istanbul (Istanbul GPS Triangulation Network; abbreviated IGNA) covering the northern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) was established in 1997 and measured in 1999. From 1998 to 2004, the IGNA network was extended to 1888 stations covering an area of about 6000 km2, the whole administration area of Istanbul. All 1888 stations within the IGNA network were remeasured in 2005. In these two campaigns there existed 452 common points, and between these two campaigns two major earthquakes took place, on 17 August and 12 November 1999 with a Richter scale magnitude of 7.4 and 7.2, respectively. Several studies conducted for estimating the horizontal and vertical displacements as a result of these earthquakes on NAFZ are discussed in this paper. In geodynamic projects carried out before the earthquakes in 1999, an annual average velocity of 2–2.5 cm for the stations along the NAFZ were estimated. Studies carried out using GPS observations in the same area after these earthquakes indicated that point displacements vary depending on their distance to the epicentres of the earthquakes. But the directions of point displacements are similar. The results obtained through the analysis of the IGNA network also show that there is a common trend in the directions of point displacements in the study area. In this paper, the past studies about the tectonics of Marmara region are summarised and the results of the displacement analysis on the IGNA network are discussed.
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Gerdan, George P. "Rural cadastral surveying with the global positioning system." Australian Surveyor 36, no. 3 (September 1991): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050326.1991.10438739.
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Gandolfi, S., M. Meneghel, M. C. Salvatore, and L. Vittuari. "Kinematic global positioning system to monitor small Antarctic glaciers." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012398.
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Results from analysis of kinematic global positioning system (GPS) surveying in Antarctica are examined to evaluate the feasibility of this technique for monitoring small glaciers. The experiment focuses on GPS field methods and a comparison of profiles surveyed in different years. Kinematic GPS has proved to be a useful method of monitoring glacier surfaces.
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Gandolfi, S., M. Meneghel, M. C. Salvatore, and L. Vittuari. "Kinematic global positioning system to monitor small Antarctic glaciers." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012398.
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Results from analysis of kinematic global positioning system (GPS) surveying in Antarctica are examined to evaluate the feasibility of this technique for monitoring small glaciers. The experiment focuses on GPS field methods and a comparison of profiles surveyed in different years. Kinematic GPS has proved to be a useful method of monitoring glacier surfaces.
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Lass, Lawrence W., and Robert H. Callihan. "GPS and GIS for Weed Surveys and Management." Weed Technology 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00037222.
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Global positioning systems (GPS) technology, developed by the Department of Defense, enable accurate documentation of Cartesian coordinates anywhere on the earth's surface. Surveying, mapping, positioning, and subsequent management of weed infestations can be expedited with this technology. Positions and boundaries of infestation may be located with 10-m or better accuracy while the GPS receiver is continuously moving, and with 2-m or better accuracy with brief stops for repeated sampling. GPS data agreed closely with U.S. Geological Survey data. Coordinates for a weed infestation may be relocated for treatment, evaluation or other purposes. Basic geographic information systems (GIS) map features from Digital Line Graph (DLG), Topologically Integrated Encoding and Reference Systems (TIGER) and other sources of information may be used to fully integrate delimiting survey results from GPS readings in order to develop weed management plans.
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Ware, Randolph, Christian Rocken, Fredrick Solheim, Teresa Van Hove, Chris Alber, and James Johnson. "Pointed water vapor radiometer corrections for accurate global positioning system surveying." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 23 (December 14, 1993): 2635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl02936.
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Dangol, Susheel, and Ganesh Prasad Bhatta. "Cadastre 2014: Performance of Nepal." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 17, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v17i1.23008.
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International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) is the federation of different nation's member associations representing the interests of surveyors in the professional fields of global surveying, geomatics, geodesy and geo-information. Technical work of FIG is led by ten different commissions with individual themes. Among these commissions, 7th commission with the theme "Cadastre and Land Management" decided to make a vision for cadastre in 20th FIG congress in 1994 and in line with this decision, "Cadastre 2014 - A Vision for A Cadastral System in the Future" was published in 1998. This vision addresses about the future development of cadastre and consists of views for ensuring the cadastre to be globally integrative and shaping the future of surveying occupation. This paper discusses on the vision of Cadastre 2014, its implementation status in Nepal to evaluate Nepal's "Cadastre 2014" performance.
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Kalwa, Joerg, Daniel Tietjen, Marina Carreiro-Silva, Jorge Fontes, Lorenzo Brignone, Nuno Gracias, Pere Ridao, et al. "The European Project MORPH: Distributed UUV Systems for Multimodal, 3D Underwater Surveys." Marine Technology Society Journal 50, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.50.4.10.
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AbstractThe MORPH project (FP 7, 2012‐2016) is aimed at developing efficient methods and tools to map the underwater environment in situations that are not easily addressed by current technology. Namely, the missions that are of interest are those that involve underwater surveying and marine habitat mapping of rugged terrain and structures with full 3D complexity, including vertical cliffs. Potential applications include the study of cold water coral reef communities, ecosystems from underwater canyons, pipeline and harbor monitoring, or the inspection of wind turbine foundations. The project introduced and advanced a novel concept of an underwater robotic system composed of a number of mobile robot modules (nodes), carrying complementary sensors for perception of the environment. Instead of being physically coupled, the modules are connected via communication links that allow a flow of essential information among them. Without rigid links, the so-called MORPH Supra-Vehicle can reconfigure itself and adapt according to the environment and mission goals, responding, for example, to the shape of the terrain, including vertical walls. The flexibility allows for more optimal positioning of each sensor, increased number of simultaneous viewpoints, and generally high-resolution data collection.MORPH is aimed at providing a proof-of-concept demonstration of such capabilities, an effort that includes technological developments in many of the subfields of underwater technology. The main results are summarized and presented in this paper.<def-list>Abbreviation List<def-item><term>AUV</term><def>autonomous underwater vehicles</def></def-item><def-item><term>CV</term><def>camera vehicle</def></def-item><def-item><term>CWC</term><def>cold water corals</def></def-item><def-item><term>GCV</term><def>global navigation and communications vehicle</def></def-item><def-item><term>ICP</term><def>iterative closest point method</def></def-item><def-item><term>LSV</term><def>local sonar vehicle</def></def-item><def-item><term>MBES</term><def>multibeam echosounder</def></def-item><def-item><term>MCL</term><def>mission control language</def></def-item><def-item><term>PF</term><def>path following</def> </def-item><def-item><term>PI</term><def>principal investigator</def></def-item><def-item><term>ROF</term><def> range-only formation</def></def-item><def-item><term>ROS</term><def>Robot Operation System</def></def-item><def-item><term>SSV</term><def>surface support vessel</def></def-item> <def-item> <term>TDMA</term> <def> time division multiple access </def> </def-item><def-item><term>USBL</term><def>ultra-short baseline (navigation)</def></def-item> <def-item> <term>UUV</term> <def> unmanned underwater vehicle </def> </def-item><def-item><term>VCS</term><def>version control system</def></def-item></def-list>
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Lee, JunSeok, DukGeun Yun, and Junggon Sung. "Test of Global Positioning System–Inertial Measurement Unit Performance for Surveying Road Alignment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2282, no. 1 (January 2012): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2282-01.
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IKEHARA, MARTI E. "Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA." Hydrological Sciences Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1994): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669409492765.
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Wassef, Attallah M., and Mohamed F. H. El-Maghraby. "An investigation into the integrity of surveying with the global positioning system (GPS)." Journal of Geodynamics 14, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(91)90007-2.
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Shoushtari, M. A., and H. Sadeghi-Niaraki. "Ubiquitous Total Station Development using Smartphone, RSSI and Laser Sensor providing service to Ubi-GIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W3 (October 22, 2014): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w3-237-2014.
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The growing trend in technological advances and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) has targeted for intelligent human lives. Accordingly, Ubiquitous Computing Approach was proposed by Mark Weiser. This paper proposes an ubiquitous surveying solution in Geometrics and surveying field. Ubiquitous Surveying provides cost-effective, smart and available surveying techniques while traditional surveying equipment are so expensive and have small availability specially in indoor and daily surveying jobs. In order to have a smart surveying instrument, different information technology methods and tools like Triangle method, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) method and laser sensor are used. These new ways in combine with surveying equations introduces a modern surveying equipment called Ubi-Total Station that also employed different sensors embedded in smartphone and mobile stand. RSSI-based localization and Triangle method technique are easy and well known methods to predict the position of an unknown node in indoor environments whereas additional measures are required for a sufficient accuracy. <br><br> In this paper the main goal is to introduce the Ubiquitous Total Station as a development in smart and ubiquitous GIS. In order to public use of the surveying equipment, design and implementation of this instrument has been done. Conceptual model of Smartphone-based system is designed for this study and based on this model, an Android application as a first sample is developed. Finally the evaluations shows that absolute errors in X and Y calculation are 0.028 and 0.057 meter respectively. Also RMSE of 0.26 was calculated in RSSI method for distance measurement. The high price of traditional equipment and their requirement for professional surveyors has given way to intelligent surveying. In the suggested system, smartphones can be used as tools for positioning and coordinating geometric information of objects.
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Bhardwaj, Ashutosh. "Terrestrial and Satellite-Based Positioning and Navigation Systems—A Review with a Regional and Global Perspective." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08262.
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Satellite-based navigation techniques have revolutionized modern-day surveying with unprecedented accuracies along with the traditional and terrestrial-based navigation techniques. However, the satellite-based techniques gain popularity due to their ease and availability. The position and attitude sensors mounted on satellites, aerial, and ground-based platforms as well as different types of equipment play a vital role in remote sensing providing navigation and data. The presented review in this paper describes the terrestrial (LORAN-C, Omega, Alpha, Chayka) and satellite-based systems with their major features and peculiar applications. The regional and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) can provide the position of a static object or a moving object i.e., in Kinematic mode. The GNSS systems include the NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS), of the United States of America (USA); the Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System, GLONASS), of Russia; BEIDOU, of China; and GALILEO, of the European Union (EU). Among the initial satellite-based regional navigation systems included are the TRANSIT of the US and TSYKLON of what was then the USSR which became operational in the 1960s. Regional systems developed in the last decade include the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) and the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). Currently, these global and regional satellite-based systems provide their services with accuracies of the order of 10–20 m using the trilateration method of surveying for civil use. The terrestrial and satellite-based augmented systems (SBAS) were further developed along with different surveying techniques to improve the accuracies up to centimeters or millimeter levels for precise applications.
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Wang, Gang, Guang Li Guo, Jian Feng Zha, and Bing Fang Liu. "The Development Process and Prospects of Mine Surveying in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1311.
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Mine surveying is an important part and infrastructure protection of mine production and mine construction, and it is also very important basic work of coal mine safety production. This article summarized the development process of China's mine surveying for 60 years, the development process of China's mine surveying was from Transit Times which angling and distancing separately to Electronic Total Time which angling and distancing combo. Today, China's mine surveying has developed into an information science which combines with measurement and optoelectronic technology, computer technology, global positioning system (GPS), geographical information system (GIS) , remote sensing (RS) , D-InSAR and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing with the rapid development of science and technology. This paper also analyzed the development status, opportunities and challenges-digital of China's mine surveying , and pointed out its development direction and what measures should be taken.
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Lau, Lawrence, Hiroaki Tateshita, and Kazutoshi Sato. "Impact of Multi-GNSS on Positioning Accuracy and Multipath Errors in High-Precision Single-Epoch Solutions – A Case Study in Ningbo China." Journal of Navigation 68, no. 5 (March 31, 2015): 999–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000168.
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Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phase-based precise positioning has been widely using in geodesy and surveying applications, and other high accuracy positioning and navigation applications in the last two decades. More Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are being developed and it is usually expected that combining GNSS will have a positive impact on positioning accuracy. This paper describes a case study carried out at Ningbo in China on the impact of multi-GNSS on RTK single epoch solutions. Both GPS and GLONASS are fully operational now. Moreover, the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) can be observed at Ningbo. Currently, only one QZSS satellite “MICHIBIKI” is operational. This paper carries out an early assessment of the impact of QZSS on GPS and GLONASS single-epoch high precision positioning (i.e., single-epoch positioning accuracy assessment) and investigates the multipath errors in the GPS, GLONASS and QZSS multi-frequency data.
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Zaalishvili, Vladislav, and Dmitry Melkov. "Anthropogenic landslide geodetic monitoring." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109015.
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The first results of monitoring the slow dynamics of an anthropogenic landslide located in the mountainous part of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania are presented in the article. Landslide motion measurements were performed using tacheometric surveying and the GPS/GLONASS global positioning system. The article considers the selection of sites for installation the basic network points for landslides monitoring.
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Mauro, F., R. Valbuena, J. A. Manzanera, and A. García-Abril. "Influence of Global Navigation Satellite System errors in positioning inventory plots for tree-height distribution studiesThis article is one of a selection of papers from Extending Forest Inventory and Monitoring over Space and Time." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 1 (January 2011): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-164.
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Validation of predictive models in remote sensing requires a good coregistration of field and sensor data sets. However, previous research has demonstrated that Global Navigation Satellite System survey techniques often produce large positioning errors when applied to areas under forest canopies. In this article, we present a repeatable methodology for analyzing the effect of such errors when validating models that predict tree-height distributions from LiDAR data sets. The method is based on conditional probability theory applied to error positioning and includes an error assessment of the surveying technique. A technical criterion for selecting the plot radius that avoids significant effects of positioning errors was proposed. We demonstrated that for a plot radius greater than 10 m, the effects of positioning errors introduced by a phase-differential device were insignificant when studying forest tree-height distributions.
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Fu, Qiangwen, Sihai Li, Yang Liu, Qi Zhou, and Feng Wu. "Automatic Estimation of Dynamic Lever Arms for a Position and Orientation System." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124230.
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An inertially stabilized platform (ISP) is generally equipped with a position and orientation system (POS) to isolate attitude disturbances and to focus surveying sensors on interesting targets. However, rotation of the ISP will result in a time-varying lever arm between the measuring center of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and the phase center of the Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna, making it difficult to measure and provide compensation. To avoid the complexity of manual measurement and improve surveying efficiency, we propose an automatic estimation method for the dynamic lever arm. With the aid of the ISP encoder data, we decompose the variable lever arm into two constant lever arms to be estimated on line. With a complete 21-dimensional state Kalman filter, we accurately and simultaneously accomplish navigation and dynamic lever arm calibration. Our observability analysis provides a valuable insight into the conditions under which the lever arms can be estimated, and we use the error distribution method to reveal which error sources are the most influential. The simulation results demonstrate that the dynamic lever arm can be estimated to within [0.0104; 0.0110; 0.0178] m, an accuracy that is equivalent to the positioning accuracy of Carrier-phase Differential GPS (CDGPS).
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Theakstone, Wilfred H., Frank M. Jacobsen, and N. Tvis knudsen. "Changes of snow cover thickness measured by conventional mass balance methods and by global positioning system surveying." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 81, no. 4 (December 1999): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.1999.00104.x.
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Kumi-Boateng, B., and Y. Y. Ziggah. "A 3D Procrustean Approach to Transform WGS84 Coordinates to Ghana War Office 1926 Reference Datum." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i1.1.
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Abstract
Satellite positioning technique such as Global Positioning System (GPS) is available to all countries for geospatial positioning. The availability of such positioning technique has revolutionised surveying in Ghana. The GPS operates on a global reference frame to fix control points for surveying and mapping purposes. There is therefore the need to transform coordinates from the satellite-based datum to the Ghana War Office 1926 datum. Several iterative methods have been proposed over the years for coordinate transformation and have been found to exhibit good transformation accuracy. However, these iterative methods always demand the linearisation of the transformation model equations and initial approximation values of the yet to be determined transformation parameters. These computational processes further enhance the computational complexity of the iterative methods and longer convergence time. As alternative solution, the Procrustes method has been proposed and applied to solve coordinate transformation problems in different geodetic reference networks. Review of previous studies indicates that the Procrustes method is direct, simple to use and produce satisfactory transformation accuracy. This method, however, is yet to be applied to ascertain its efficiency in the Ghana geodetic reference network. Therefore, this study utilised the 3D Procrustean approach to transform coordinates from World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) to Ghana War Office 1926 reference datum. The technique produced Root Mean Square Horizontal Error (RMSHE), Arithmetic Mean of the Horizontal Error (AMHE) and Standard Deviation (SD) values of 1.003 m, 0.901 m and 0.452 m, respectively. This study is serving as an extension to the ongoing research works to determine optimal transformation model for Ghana geodetic reference network.
Keywords: Procrustean Approach, Coordinate Transformation, Conformal Model, Satellite Positioning
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Shrestha, Kalyan Gopal. "An Approach to Determine Coordinate Transformation Parameter for Nepal GPS Network." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 10 (June 30, 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v10i0.23187.
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The Surveying and Mapping community now has the benefit of 3-dimensional coordinates at the centimeter level, through the Global Positioning System (GPS). The reference frame for GPS, World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84), within which a user ascertains these coordinates is essentially geocentric. All coordinated data and mapping in Nepal are based on a non-geocentric coordinate system known as the Everest Datum of 1830. This paper tries to present a practical approach to define transformation parameters between the two coordinate systems for Nepal.
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Uradziński, Marcin, and Mieczysław Bakuła. "Assessment of Static Positioning Accuracy Using Low-Cost Smartphone GPS Devices for Geodetic Survey Points’ Determination and Monitoring." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155308.
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Recent developments enable to access raw Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements of mobile phones. Initially, researchers using signals gathered by mobile phones for high accuracy surveying were not successful in ambiguity fixing. Nowadays, GNSS chips, which are built in the latest smartphones, deliver code and primarily carrier phase observations available for detailed analysis in post-processing applications. Therefore, we decided to check the performance of carrier phase ambiguity fixing and positioning accuracy results of the latest Huawei P30 pro smartphone equipped with a dual-frequency GNSS receiver. We collected 3 h of raw static data in separate sessions at a known point location. For two sessions, the mobile phone was mounted vertically and for the third one—horizontally. At the same time, a high-class geodetic receiver was used for L1 and L5 signal comparison purposes. The carrier phase measurements were processed using commercial post-processing software with reference to the closest base station observations located 4 km away. Additionally, 1 h sessions were divided into 10, 15, 20 and 30 min separate sub-sessions to check the accuracy of the surveying results in fast static mode. According to the post-processing results, we were able to fix all L1 ambiguities based on Global Positioning System (GPS)-only satellite constellation. In comparison to the fixed reference point position, all three 1 h static session results were at centimeters level of accuracy (1–4 cm). For fast static surveying mode, the best results were obtained for 20 and 30 min sessions, where average accuracy was also at centimeters level.
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Siejka, Zbigniew. "Verification of the Usefulness of the Trimble Rtx Extended Satellite Technology with the Xfill Function in the Local Network Implementing Rtk Measurements." Artificial Satellites 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2014-0015.
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ABSTRACT The paper presents the method of satellite measurements, which gives users the ability of GNSS continuous precise positioning in real time, even in the case of short interruptions in receiving the correction of the local ground system of measurements support. The proposed method is a combination of two satellite positioning technologies RTN GNSS and RTX Extended. In technology RTX Extended the xFill function was used for precise positioning in real time and in the local reference system. This function provides the ability to perform measurement without the need for constant communication with the ground support satellite system. Test measurements were performed on a test basis located in Krakow, and RTN GNSS positioning was done based on the national network of reference stations of the ASGEUPOS. The solution allows for short (up to 5 minutes) interruptions in radio or internet communication. When the primary stream of RTN correction is not available, then the global corrections Trimble xFill broadcasted by satellite are used. The new technology uses in the real-time data from the global network of tracking stations and contributes significantly to improving the quality and efficiency of surveying works. At present according to the authors, technology Trimble CenterPoint RTX can guarantee repeatability of measurements not worse than 3.8 cm (Trimble Survey Division, 2012). In the paper the comparative analysis of measurement results between the two technologies was performed: RTN carried out in the classic way, which was based on the corrections of the terrestrial local network of the Polish system of active geodetic network (ASG-EUPOS) and RTK xFill technology. The results were related to the data of test network, established as error free. The research gave satisfactory results and confirmed the great potential of the use of the new technology in the geodetic work realization. By combining these two technologies of GNSS surveying the user can greatly improve the overall performance of real-time positioning.
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Abdallah, Ashraf, Amgad Saifeldin, Abdelhamid Abomariam, and Reda Ali. "Efficiency of Using GNSS-PPP for Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Production." Artificial Satellites 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2020-0002.
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AbstractIn the developing countries, cost-effective observation techniques are very important for earthwork estimation, map production, geographic information systems, and hydrographic surveying. One of the most cost-effective techniques is Precise Point Positioning (PPP); it is a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning technique to compute precise positions using only a single GNSS receiver. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of using Global Positioning System (GPS) and GPS/ Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) post-processed kinematic PPP solution for digital elevation model (DEM) production, which is used in earthwork estimation. For this purpose, a kinematic trajectory has been observed in New Aswan City in an open sky area using dual-frequency GNSS receivers. The results showed that, in case of using GPS/GLONASS PPP solution to estimate volumes, the error in earthwork volume estimation varies between 0.07% and 0.16% according to gridding level. On the other hand, the error in volume estimation from GPS PPP solution varies between 0.40% and 0.99%.
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Zimmermann, F., C. Eling, L. Klingbeil, and H. Kuhlmann. "PRECISE POSITIONING OF UAVS – DEALING WITH CHALLENGING RTK-GPS MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS DURING AUTOMATED UAV FLIGHTS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W3 (August 18, 2017): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w3-95-2017.
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For some years now, UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) are commonly used for different mobile mapping applications, such as in the fields of surveying, mining or archeology. To improve the efficiency of these applications an automation of the flight as well as the processing of the collected data is currently aimed at. One precondition for an automated mapping with UAVs is that the georeferencing is performed directly with cm-accuracies or better. Usually, a cm-accurate direct positioning of UAVs is based on an onboard multi-sensor system, which consists of an RTK-capable (real-time kinematic) GPS (global positioning system) receiver and additional sensors (e.g. inertial sensors). In this case, the absolute positioning accuracy essentially depends on the local GPS measurement conditions. Especially during mobile mapping applications in urban areas, these conditions can be very challenging, due to a satellite shadowing, non-line-of sight receptions, signal diffraction or multipath effects. In this paper, two straightforward and easy to implement strategies will be described and analyzed, which improve the direct positioning accuracies for UAV-based mapping and surveying applications under challenging GPS measurement conditions. Based on a 3D model of the surrounding buildings and vegetation in the area of interest, a GPS geometry map is determined, which can be integrated in the flight planning process, to avoid GPS challenging environments as far as possible. If these challenging environments cannot be avoided, the GPS positioning solution is improved by using obstruction adaptive elevation masks, to mitigate systematic GPS errors in the RTK-GPS positioning. Simulations and results of field tests demonstrate the profit of both strategies.
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Abd-Elazeem, Mohamed, Ashraf Farah, and Farrag Farrag. "Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in Egypt." Journal of Geodetic Science 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0001-3.
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Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in EgyptMany applications in navigation, land surveying, land title definitions and mapping have been made simpler and more precise due to accessibility of Global Positioning System (GPS) data, and thus the demand for using advanced GPS techniques in surveying applications has become essential. The differential technique was the only source of accurate positioning for many years, and remained in use despite of its cost. The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is a viable alternative to the differential positioning method in which a user with a single receiver can attain positioning accuracy at the centimeter or decimeter scale. In recent years, many organizations introduced online (GPS-PPP) processing services capable of determining accurate geocentric positions using GPS observations. These services provide the user with receiver coordinates in free and unlimited access formats via the internet. This paper investigates the accuracy of the Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) (CSRS-PPP) service supervised by the Geodetic Survey Division (GSD), Canada. Single frequency static GPS observations have been collected at three points covering time spans of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. These three observed sites form baselines of 1.6, 7, and 10 km, respectively. In order to assess the CSRS-PPP accuracy, the discrepancies between the CSRS-PPP estimates and the regular differential GPS solutions were computed. The obtained results illustrate that the PPP produces a horizontal error at the scale of a few decimeters; this is accurate enough to serve many mapping applications in developing countries with a savings in both cost and experienced labor.
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Partsinevelos, Panagiotis, Dimitrios Chatziparaschis, Dimitrios Trigkakis, and Achilleas Tripolitsiotis. "A Novel UAV-Assisted Positioning System for GNSS-Denied Environments." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071080.
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are extensively used for location-based services, civil and military applications, precise time reference, atmosphere sensing, and other applications. In surveying and mapping applications, GNSS provides precise three-dimensional positioning all over the globe, day and night, under almost any weather conditions. The visibility of the ground receiver to GNSS satellites constitutes the main driver of accuracy for GNSS positioning. When this visibility is obstructed by buildings, high vegetation, or steep slopes, the accuracy is degraded and alternative techniques have to be assumed. In this study, a novel concept of using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) as an intermediate means for improving the accuracy of ground positioning in GNSS-denied environments is presented. The higher elevation of the UAS provides a clear-sky visibility line towards the GNSS satellites, thus its accuracy is significantly enhanced with respect to the ground GNSS receiver. Thus, the main endeavor is to transfer the order of accuracy of the GNSS on-board the UAS to the ground. The general architecture of the proposed system includes hardware and software components (i.e., camera, gimbal, range finder) for the automation of the procedure. The integration of the coordinate systems for each payload setting is described, while an error budget analysis is carried out to evaluate and identify the system’s critical elements along with the potential of the proposed method.
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Li, Bo, Hai Yan Liu, Xian Wei Shi, Feng Li, and Tie Ming Yu. "Application of "3S" Technology in Surveying and Mapping in the Glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 3172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.3172.
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Geographic Information System Technology, Global Positioning System Technology, Remote Sensing Technology, collectively known as 3S technology. In the information age, the technology is one of the important technologies for human changes in the Earth's sustainable development research. As the center of the content of the Earth Information Science, along with the surging trend of information technology, it has been a wide range of applications. Through the practical application of 3S technology, this paper maps on the glacier on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a simple exposition.
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Kavaliauskas, Paulius, Daumantas Židanavičius, and Andrius Jurelionis. "Geometric Accuracy of 3D Reality Mesh Utilization for BIM-Based Earthwork Quantity Estimation Workflows." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060399.
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Current surveying techniques are typically applied to survey the as-is condition of buildings, brownfield sites and infrastructure prior to design. However, within the past decade, these techniques evolved significantly, and their applications can be enhanced by adopting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for data acquisition, up-to-date software for creating 3D reality mesh, which in turn opens new possibilities for much more efficient construction site surveying and constant updating and process management. In this study the workflows of three UAV-based photogrammetry techniques: Real Time Kinematic (RTK), Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) and Global Positioning System (GPS) based on control points were analyzed, described, and compared to conventional surveying method with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. Tests were performed under realistic conditions in 36 ha quarry in Lithuania. The results of the relationship between ground sample distance (GSD) and the comparison of volume measurements under each technique, including conventional method were analyzed. The deviation of data collected on field vs. generated in reality mesh, including ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CHPs) with different configurations, was investigated. The research provides observations on each workflow in the terms of efficiency and reliability for earthwork quantity estimations and explains processing schemes with advanced commercial software tools.
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Bae, Tae-Suk, and Minho Kim. "Performance Analysis of Network-RTK Techniques for Drone Navigation considering Ionospheric Conditions." Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5154697.
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Recently, an accurate positioning has become the kernel of autonomous navigation with the rapid growth of drones including mapping purpose. The Network-based Real-time Kinematic (NRTK) system was predominantly used for precision positioning in many fields such as surveying and agriculture, mostly in static mode or low-speed operation. The NRTK positioning, in general, shows much better performance with the fixed integer ambiguities. However, the success rate of the ambiguity resolution is highly dependent on the ionospheric condition and the surrounding environment of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, which particularly corresponds to the low-cost GNSS receivers. We analyzed the effects of the ionospheric conditions on the GNSS NRTK, as well as the possibility of applying the mobile NRTK to drone navigation for mapping. Two NRTK systems in operation were analyzed during a period of high ionospheric conditions, and the accuracy and the performance were compared for several operational cases. The test results show that a submeter accuracy is available even with float ambiguity under a favorable condition (i.e., visibility of the satellites as well as stable ionosphere). We still need to consider how to deal with ionospheric disturbances which may prevent NRTK positioning.
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Szabova, Martina, and Frantisek Duchon. "Survey Of GNSS Coordinates Systems." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 24 (August 30, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n24p33.
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The use of satellite positioning systems to determine position in reference frame can introduce serious practical difficulties. The problem can be in the fields of navigation, map revision or cadastral surveying. It arises because in local area the local coordinate system were used. The problem can be solved by transformation between coordinates frame. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) don’t use same reference frame and it is important to know transformation between this systems. This paper works with information of many international organizations and their documents. It contains information about reference coordinate system of GNSS, information about local coordinates system used in North America, UK, and Europe.
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Scalco, Patricia Andréia Paiola, Andrea Lopes Iescheck, Iran Carlos Stalliviere Corrêa, Fernando Comerlato Scottá, Rafael Mastracusa de Oliveira, and Ricardo Augusto Lengler Franchini. "VALIDATION OF THE DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (SRTM) WITH GNSS SURVEYING APPLIED TO THE MIRIM LAGOON HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 24, no. 3 (August 2018): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702018000300026.
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Abstract Between 2013 and 2014, a kinematic positioning based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) was carried out for this research work. This GNSS survey resulted in 275916 points with tridimensional coordinates in the cross-border basin area of 58205 km2 called Mirim Lagoon Hydrographic Basin, located in south of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and west of Uruguay. This study aims at showing the methodology firstly and, furthermore, results regarding the validation of the vertical accuracy of the DEM SRTM through kinematic positioning by GNSS, in the Mirim Lagoon Hydrographic Basin region. Also, the GNSS surveying data was post-processed with the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method, and the ellipsoidal height was converted into orthometric height through the software INTPT geoid. During this study, the geopotential model (EGM96) was used to transform altitude differences between two countries, Brazil and Uruguay. Results showed that the vertical mean absolute error of the DEM SRTM vary from 0.07 m to ± 9.9m with average of -0.28m. This vertical accuracy is better than the absolute vertical accuracy value of ±16m published in the SRTM data specification and validates the DEM SRTM.
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Jones, John W., Gregory B. Desmond, Charles Henkle, and Robert Glover. "An approach to regional wetland digital elevation model development using a differential global positioning system and a custom-built helicopter-based surveying system." International Journal of Remote Sensing 33, no. 2 (October 28, 2011): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.533212.
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Hashim, N. M., A. H. Omar, K. M. Omar, N. M. Abdullah, and M. H. M. Yatim. "CADASTRAL POSITIONING ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN MALAYSIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W1 (September 30, 2016): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w1-265-2016.
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Cadastral map is a parcel-based information which is specifically designed to define the limitation of boundaries. In Malaysia, the cadastral map is under authority of the Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM). With the growth of spatial based technology especially Geographical Information System (GIS), DSMM decided to modernize and reform its cadastral legacy datasets by generating an accurate digital based representation of cadastral parcels. These legacy databases usually are derived from paper parcel maps known as certified plan. The cadastral modernization will result in the new cadastral database no longer being based on single and static parcel paper maps, but on a global digital map. Despite the strict process of the cadastral modernization, this reform has raised unexpected queries that remain essential to be addressed. The main focus of this study is to review the issues that have been generated by this transition. The transformed cadastral database should be additionally treated to minimize inherent errors and to fit them to the new satellite based coordinate system with high positional accuracy. This review result will be applied as a foundation for investigation to study the systematic and effectiveness method for Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) in cadastral database modernization.
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B. Bokov, Mikhail, Anastasia Edelkina, Marina Klubova, Thomas Thurner, Natalia P. Velikanova, and Konstantin Vishnevskiy. "“After 300 meters turn right” – the future of Russia’s GLONASS and the development of global satellite navigation systems." Foresight 16, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-10-2013-0053.
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Purpose – Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) were designed to determine the exact location of objects on land, water and air for military purposes. With the opening of the satellite signal for civilian use, the technology created business opportunities for various applications. Today, satellite positioning technology is used by transporters, carriers, motorists, surveyors, builders, foresters, etc. through a wide array of devices like mobile phones or multimedia devices with built-in receiver modules. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides the results of a recently held foresight exercise on the future development of Russia’s GLONASS system. Findings – The foresight exercise suggested a number niche markets where the GLONASS technology could be of great use, like monitoring of buildings and construction sides or the monitoring of shipments. In addition, in the case of Russia, large-scale government-driven investment programs will be key drivers for GLONASS’ growth perspectives. Originality/value – The paper provides a comprehensive picture of the development of GNSS for civilian use until 2020.
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Bond, Jason. "Migrating from ATS77 to NAD83(CSRS) in Nova Scotia." GEOMATICA 71, no. 2 (June 2017): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2017-201.
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Since the late 1970s, the foundation for all survey work in Nova Scotia has been the Nova Scotia Coordinate Control System (NSCCS), which is based upon the Average Terrestrial System of 1977 (ATS77). In the early 2000s, some provincial mapping layers were migrated to the North American Datum of 1983 (based upon the Canadian Spatial Reference System (NAD83(CSRS)), but many still utilize ATS77. In 2012, the province began modernizing its Coordinate Referencing program using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and imple menting Active Control Stations (ACSs). The installation of 40 ACSs across the province between 2012 and 2015 enables the surveying community in Nova Scotia to migrate to NAD83(CSRS) by addressing ongoing accuracy and accessibility needs. The tech nology has allowed the passive, NAD83(CSRS)-based, Nova Scotia High Precision Network to expand to more than five times its original size. This densification effort has also allowed the transformation model between the two datums to be enhanced. With the geodetic infrastructure in place, the current primary need is for knowledge and methodologies to facilitate the transition. Two options are presented to aid surveyors and mappers in migrating data from ATS77 to NAD83(CSRS). The first approach utilizes a newly developed grid shift file intended for transforming mapping data and aiding surveyors in relocating boundary evidence, so that it can then be remeasured in NAD83(CSRS). A detailed discussion is provided on the development of grid shift file. The second approach is based upon the derivation of a set of local transformation parameters using a one-to-one sampling of the control monuments used in the historic survey.
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Prather, Timothy S., and Robert H. Callihan. "Weed Eradication Using Geographic Information Systems." Weed Technology 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00037246.
Full textAbstract:
A Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to evaluate its utility in an eradication program of common crupina. Infested areas were recorded in the GIS along with information normally found on United States Geological Survey topographic maps. Infested areas were separated into management areas according to possible treatment method and special environmental or health requirements such as proximity to streams or inhabited buildings. The location, size, and type of each management area were recorded in the database. The database was constructed to maintain treatment and efficacy data for tracking the process of eradication for each infestation. Areas were identified for detection surveying, including coordinates for navigating with a global positioning system (GPS).