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Messner, Wolfgang, and Norbert Schäfer. "Methodological issues in group-referenced measurement of Indian culture." South Asian Journal of Global Business Research 4, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 226–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajgbr-12-2014-0089.
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Purpose – The cultural dimensions of the Hofstede and Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) studies are often used to capture cultural differences and operationalize them in academic research, corporate business, and teaching. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if this context is appropriate for the Indian information technology (IT) offshore services industry; that is, if Indian culture can be measured with group-referenced items, averaged, and explained by discrete dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – The authors devised items based on the GLOBE study, and conducted empirical research with 291 employees of two services sourcing providers in Pune and Bangalore, India. The authors then scrutinized the data set on item and dimension level using statistical methods, such as interrater agreement, t-test, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation. Findings – An interpretation of the analysis posits that cultural assumptions based on dimensions and means are problematic in the context of the Indian IT offshore services industry. The two digit exact values of the GLOBE study (and similarly the ordinal scale by Hofstede) suggest a level of accuracy and absoluteness which could not be replicated in the empirical research. Therefore, one authors should be very careful referring to Indian national culture when conducting intercultural awareness programs and coaching international teams who are engaging with India. Originality/value – The GLOBE study omits to report basic statistics of questionnaire development. Through this replication study in India, the authors provide empirical evidence that the construct validity of cultural dimensions and the concept of national/group averages may be flawed.
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Carolina, Țîmbalari. "Dimensions of National Culture – Cross-cultural Theories." Studies in Business and Economics 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2019-0055.
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AbstractOver the past three decades, after Hofstede presented his proposal about cultural differences, many authors have presented their dimensions of national culture. The aim of this article is to give a synthesis of the proposal from significant authors and show a set of models of cultural dimensions based on theoretical and pragmatic analysis such as models of Hofstede, Trompenaars, GLOBE, Inglehart, Schartz. Also, examples used in this paper help more to understand the importance of research national culture.
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Radziszewska, Aleksandra. "Intercultural dimensions of entrepreneurship." Journal of Intercultural Management 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0010.
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Abstract Entrepreneurship is increasingly being recognized as an important factor for economic growth and the regeneration of economies. The importance of different cultural dimensions and their effect on entrepreneurship has been noted in a number of studies. This paper focuses on national culture as a determinant of entrepreneurship, and family firms’ creation. National culture is important for interpreting for the differences of entrepreneurial activities across countries. The different dimensions of national culture affect different aspects of entrepreneurship and opportunities family firms’ creation. The paper describes the effect of national culture on entrepreneurship in different cultural communities using the Hofstede’s model and GLOBE study.
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MacDermott, Raymond J., and Dekuwmini Mornah. "The Effects of Cultural Differences on Bilateral Trade Patterns." Global Economy Journal 16, no. 4 (October 6, 2016): 637–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2015-0062.
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We argue that using the aggregate of the Euclidian distance of different dimensions of culture to measure the impact of culture on bilateral trade patterns as is conventional in the literature is flawed. Using recent innovations in gravity model estimations and adopting the GLOBE team dimensions of culture, we confirm that the aggregate measure of culture imposes arbitrary functional forms, wrongly assumes symmetry in the effect of culture on bilateral trade, generalizes the effect of culture on trade and lacks policy relevancy. Our novel approach also allows us to determine which aspects of culture promote trade and which aspects do not.
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Hanusch, Folker. "Charting a Theoretical Framework for Examining Indigenous Journalism Culture." Media International Australia 149, no. 1 (November 2013): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1314900110.
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Indigenous media around the globe have expanded considerably over recent years, a process that has also led to an increase in the number of Indigenous news organisations. Yet research into Indigenous news and journalism is still rare, with mostly individual case studies having been undertaken in different parts of the globe. Drawing on existing research gathered from a variety of global contexts, this article theorises five main dimensions that can help us to think about and empirically examine indigenous journalism culture. They include the empowerment role of Indigenous journalism; the ability to offer a counter-narrative to mainstream media reporting; journalism's role in language revitalisation; reporting through a culturally appropriate framework; and the watchdog function of indigenous journalism. These dimensions are discussed in some detail, in an attempt to guide future studies into the structures, roles, practices and products of indigenous journalism across the globe.
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Gupta, Vipin, and Nancy Levenburg. "A Thematic Analysis of Cultural Variations in Family Businesses: The CASE Project." Family Business Review 23, no. 2 (June 2010): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089448651002300205.
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This article shows cross-cultural variations in family businesses using nine cross-cultural dimensions of family business from the CASE project. A content analysis of the emergent themes from a set of contextual articles on family businesses in 10 regional clusters worldwide, as defined by the GLOBE program, is conducted. This thematic analysis shows qualitative as well as quantitative variations in the family businesses of different cultural regions. Further research is required to understand the rich diversity of family businesses within each cluster and to refine scholars’ knowledge about how the dimensions of family business are manifested in different clusters.
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Grayson, Kristin, Sonya Thorn, Cecilia Martinez-Avila, and Robert M. Organ. "Culture and Corruption Correlations: Perceived Corruption in Countries Using Hofstede’s and GLOBE Cultural Dimensions." Global Studies Journal 4, no. 2 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-4432/cgp/v04i02/40783.
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Castillo-Palacio, Marysol, Rosa Batista-Canino, and Alexander Zuñiga-Collazos. "The Cultural Practices that Influence on the Entrepreneurial Activity: An Empirical Study from the Globe Project Cultural Dimensions." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 67, no. 4 (2020): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2020-0032.
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Vampa, Magdalini. "Cultural Influence on Educational Leadership in Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v9i1.p62-67.
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Leadership theories, the "Great Man” theory, charismatic theory of leadership, contingency theories, the theory of attributes, etc. help us understand and explain the leadership process and the role of leader, but none of them treats the complexity of human interaction in the leadership phenomena. Implicit theory began to draw some conclusions in early 90s, by defining leadership from the perspective of subordinates when leadership attitude is manifested, and more specifically how cultural groups "prepare" and respond to leadership. The main aim of this paper is to describe some aspects of management styles of school organizations in Albanian society, by taking in consideration the cultural influence on management effectiveness. Implicit theory of leadership developed by Lord - Maher, as well as the results of the prestigious GLOBE project, guided the elaboration of this work. Cultural dimensions used by researchers in GLOBE project, are reused in data collection of this study, but in a narrow context: only for educational organizations, in a Region in Albania. Concerning literature, we have tried to explain how school management practices are built upon an epistemological relationship and empirical life experience, which is qualitatively distinct from north to south and from east to west.
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Alas, Ruth, Ants Kraus, and Katrin Niglas. "MANUFACTURING STRATEGIES AND CHOICES IN CULTURAL CONTEXTS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2009.10.279-289.
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Although any firm operates in a local environment, which includes specific economic, social and cultural contexts, there is still a lack of studies connecting culture and values with operations strategies and practices. This paper attempts to explore a look at how cultural dimensions are connected with manufacturing strategies and choices. The current article is based on data from the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS) project and the GLOBE study. Advanced mass production is more common to countries with high assertiveness, power distance and uncertainty avoidance. The model of manufacturing strategies and choices in cultural context is developed based on empirical results of the study.
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Tang, Linghui. "Cultural Changes and Food Production." International Journal of Business and Social Research 7, no. 01 (February 2, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v7i01.1026.
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<p>This paper explores the relationship between work-related values and food production modes. Following cultural materialism theory in anthropology, we hypothesize that the collective programming of mind began when humans adopted different methods to produce food. Using food production data in the 1970s and in the 1990s, we found that per capita production of milk was positively related to Hofstede’s individualism and negatively related to power distance. Meanwhile, the production of fruits and vegetables in the 1970s was directly related to uncertainty avoidance. Similar results were found when applying the GLOBE cultural dimensions in the 1990s although technology development and globalization have weakened the relationship between food production and culture. The policy implications of the findings are discussed within the context of globalization of food industry.</p>
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Jackson, Terence. "Cultural values and management ethics: A 10-nation study." Human Relations 54, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1267–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a019195.
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There is currently a lack of empirical work on cross-cultural differences in ethical attitudes towards day-to-day management decision-making in organizations. Work that currently exists in the area of management ethics also lacks cultural explanations of differences. The present study tries to overcome these deficiencies by providing a model of ethical decision-making that is based on cultural antecedents, which may explain differences in judgements of ethicality, and consequential ethical attitudes or professed behaviour. This article reports a 10-nation empirical study that focuses on ethical 'grey areas' that form part of the day-to-day decision-making in organizations across the globe. Countries were selected to represent variation along two cultural dimensions of 'collectivism-individualism', and 'uncertainty avoidance'. These dimensions were then used to explain national cultural differences in judgements of ethicality of decision items concerned with relations with external stakeholders, with the corporation and with the group. Results generally confirm that these dimensions, once elaborated to consider more recent detailed research, provide explanations for differences in ethical attitudes among national groups. This study points the way to further investigations based on cultural explanations of differences in managers' ethical attitudes and behaviour.
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de Mooij, Marieke. "Comparing dimensions of national culture for secondary analysis of consumer behavior data of different countries." International Marketing Review 34, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-02-2016-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find consumption-related similarities and differences between the three major dimensional models of national culture, to help researchers select specific models or dimensions for their cross-cultural studies. Design/methodology/approach First, a review of the theoretical background of cultural values and three models of national culture is provided: those by Hofstede, Schwartz and GLOBE. Then these models are compared through partial correlation analysis, controlling for GNP/capita of a set of 25 relevant consumer behavior-related data with country scores of 21 dimensions of the three dimensional models. Findings Of all models several dimensions explain differences in consumer behavior. Some dimensions explain values related to specific consumer behavior domains better than others. Only a few dimensions of different models do not show meaningful interesting relationships with consumer behavior issues. Dimensions with the same label do not explain similar differences. Practical implications Cross-cultural researchers can choose from the several cultural models, but selecting a model only based on descriptions of the contents of dimensions is difficult. The relationships of dimensions with concrete consumer behavior data found in this study facilitate choice. This analysis may help researchers who consider conducting cross-cultural analysis of consumer behavior data to select a specific model, or specific dimensions of different models that apply best to their research question. Originality/value This is the first study that compares the three major dimensional models with examples of consumer behavior-related items.
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Oreg, Shaul, and Noga Sverdlik. "Translating Dispositional Resistance to Change to the Culture Level: Developing A Cultural Framework of Change Orientations." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 4 (July 2018): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2152.
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A fundamental societal challenge is to balance the desire for growth, development, and progress on the one hand and the need for stability and maintenance of the status quo on the other. To better understand how societies deal with this challenge we employ the personality trait of dispositional resistance to change to conceptualize and empirically establish the concept of cultural change orientation. With data from individuals in 27 countries ( N = 6487), we identify three culture–level change orientation dimensions (routine seeking, affective reactance, and cultural rigidity) and interpret their meaning through their relationships with established cultural frameworks (e.g. GLOBE, Hofstede, Inglehart, and Schwartz). We thus propose a new culture–level framework and test hypotheses about relationships between change orientation dimensions and national indexes of economic, technological, social, and environmental change. Our findings demonstrate meaningful differential relationships between the three change orientation dimensions and these societal outcomes. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Song, Hemin, Yingying Zhang-Zhang, Mu Tian, Sylvia Rohlfer, and Nora Sharkasi. "Culture and regional innovation performance: an exploration in China." Chinese Management Studies 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-03-2018-0434.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between culture and regional innovation performance in China where innovation is deemed as a key for sustainable economic development. The diversity of China’s regional culture and its rising economic and innovative capability enhancement provides an opportunity for such an exploration. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts the GLOBE’s nine cultural dimensions to empirically examine the relationship between culture and Chinese regional innovation performance through multiple regression analysis. Findings The study results find that performance orientation and gender egalitarianism have positive and significant influences on regional innovation performance, while institutional collectivism has a negative and significant influence. The remaining six GLOBE cultural dimensions show no significant effect on regional innovation performance. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research exploring the relationship between culture and regional innovation performance in a Chinese context by using GLOBE’s cultural dimensions that are deemed as a valuable empirical alternative to Hofstede’s cultural measures. The results of this study help further the understanding of the cultural influence in China’s regional innovation performance.
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G. Macky, Bassam, Ale J. Hejase, and Hussin J. Hejase. "EXPLORING LEBANESE CULTURAL DIMENSIONS AFFECTING LEVELS OF UNIVERSITY HR PERFORMANCE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 3 (October 8, 2014): 1961–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i3.1658.
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Maximizing performance is considered an ultimate goal at business and country levels. Consequently human talent, viewed as an essential organizational asset, is sought after to fit organizational needs to build best practices in performance. However, researchers have found that culture plays a vital role and isconsidered the most dominant and life-long affecting variable on human outcomes. Although culture-oriented applications is becoming a management trend in developed countries, very little or no research is focused on cultural backgroundofhuman resources performance in Lebanon. This paper sheds light on the aforementioned issue and analyzes current cultural attitudes as gleaned from a sample of universities HR in Lebanon.The methodology used is quantitative descriptive. The research tool is a closed-end, five-scale Likert-type questionnairedesignedbased on Hofstede and GLOBE cultural constructs, and used for surveying purposes.The questionnaire is answered by universities HR represented by university staff and instructors selected from a number of Lebanese universities. Questionnaire subscales have been validated using reliability test and factor analysis Varimax rotation method. Hypotheses are tested by computing score means and standard deviations.Research findings serve as recommendations to guide managers and officials to set policies that sustain positive attitudes and isolate negative ones with an aim to maximize HR performance.
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Dobric Veiss, Suzana. "Charismatic, Transformational, and Servant Leadership in the United States, Mexico, and Croatia." International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, no. 12 (January 28, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i12.1003.
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<p>Cross-cultural leadership attempts to understand how leaders function in a highly globalized market. Certain dimensions of the three leadership theories: charismatic, transformational, and servant were endorsed as important for effective leadership. Major aspects of the leadership theories were compared and contrasted in three different cultures. The cultures were selected by utilizing the GLOBE study: Anglo cluster with focus on the United States, Latin America cluster with focus on Mexico, and Eastern European cluster with focus on Croatia. While certain aspects of charismatic, transformational, and servant leadership were endorsed as important for effective leadership, only certain dimensions were endorsed across the three cultures studied. Analysis of Croatia, not available in the original GLOBE study, provides a more comprehensive evaluation of leadership in the region, especially since Croatia has recently emerged as the latest country joining the European Union. </p>
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Orcos, Raquel, and Sergio Palomas. "The impact of national culture on the adoption of environmental management standards." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 546–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-10-2018-0168.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how national cultures contribute to explain the uneven diffusion of ISO 14001 across countries. The paper focuses on two of the cultural dimensions developed by the global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness (GLOBE) project, namely, performance orientation and institutional collectivism. Design/methodology/approach A database containing information about the diffusion of ISO 14001 in 52 countries during the period 1999–2016 was built to carry out this research. The countries considered in this study represent about 90 percent of worldwide ISO 14001 certifications. The information was gathered from publicly available data sources: the ISO Survey, published every year by the International Organization for Standardization, the world development indicators of the World Bank, the cultural dimensions of the GLOBE project and the Index of Economic Freedom provided by The Heritage Foundation. Findings This research finds that both performance orientation and institutional collectivism influence the diffusion of ISO 14001. Whereas performance orientation slows down the diffusion of ISO 14001, institutional collectivism speeds it up. Additionally, this research shows that the slowing effect of performance orientation decreases in strength over time, while the accelerating effect of institutional collectivism becomes stronger. Originality/value The study adds to the understanding of the influence of national culture on the diffusion of environmental management standards, with an emphasis on ISO 14001. A key contribution of this research is that it explores how the influence of cultural dimensions change over time as a result of the development and maturation of ISO 14001.
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Torres, Pedro, and Mário Augusto. "Cultural configurations and entrepreneurial realisation." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-12-2017-0525.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the connection between culture and entrepreneurship in proposing and testing complex configurations of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories (CLTs) and cultural practices that lead to entrepreneurial behaviour by studying entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) separately. Design/methodology/approach Using data from Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) studies, a sample of 44 countries, and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, several models for EI and TEA were developed. Findings The main findings provide a way of distinguishing between complex antecedent conditions that are required for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation. The results empirically show that there is no ideal context – the path to stimulate entrepreneurship that works best for one country does not necessarily works the same for other countries. There are multiple paths to achieve the desired outcome. Research limitations/implications The data from the GLOBE study were not completely up to date, the effect of which was minimised by considering data from GEM that respects temporal ordering. Nevertheless, data from GEM suggest that there is a degree of stability in the data over time. Future research could replicate this study with a larger selection of countries and with new data, collected in a different way. Additionally, the inclusion of CLTs proposed in this study opens new opportunities for future research, by providing a new angle to look at the entrepreneurial realisation process. Practical implications This study advances research into the association of culture and entrepreneurship, and develops testable models using a configurational approach, thus confirming the suitability of asymmetric configuration analysis for entrepreneurial research. The results expand an understanding of the entrepreneurial process by showcasing the different complex antecedent conditions for EI and TEA. Depending on a country’s cultural profile, policy-makers should invest in the dimensions that enable their society to align with the model that best suits their own culture. The obtained models offer a framework for evaluating new interventions that aim to develop entrepreneurial behaviour in a specific country. Originality/value Different configurations showcase that there are alternative paths to achieving high levels of EI and TEA. The differences among the possible configurations for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation are uncovered. Country profiles are identified, quantified, and then compared providing guidance for policy-makers.
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Borland, Helen, and Amanda Pearce. "Identifying key dimensions of language and cultural disadvantage at University." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 25, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.25.2.08bor.
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Abstract One of the challenges for English language medium universities today is their increasingly globalised student population, as students from around the globe join the members of existing resident ethnic and linguistic groups who have been accessing tertiary education in increasing numbers. In this context it is of growing importance for university policy makers and program developers to be able to identify and assist students who may be experiencing educational disadvantage associated with language and/or cultural factors. In identifying such students and reporting on their educational outcomes a range of terms are used. In the Australian context the term NESB (Non English Speaking Background) has had wide currency. In North America and the UK terms such students have been referred to more commonly as ethnic minority or ESL/EFL students. These broad categorisations are characterised by either partial or indirect focus on the underlying factors that affect students’ success. In this paper we will argue that such students’ academic needs and potential difficulties are best understood by focusing on particular parameters of two key dimensions of their life experience: English language acquisition history and cultural experience. Using some contrasting case studies from among the current student population at one university in Australia, we will illustrate how these dimensions enable us to conceptualise the broad range of experiences of university of these NESB students. We will demonstrate that designing support which effectively targets disadvantage of very different kinds entails a more sophisticated analysis of the sources of student difficulty than categorisations based only on years of schooling or length of residence in the country concerned.
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Gelbrich, Katja, Yvonne Stedham, and Daniel Gäthke. "Cultural Discrepancy and National Corruption: Investigating the Difference between Cultural Values and Practices and Its Relationship to Corrupt Behavior." Business Ethics Quarterly 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/beq.2016.29.
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ABSTRACT:The relationship between culture and corruption has been the focus of various studies, producing inconsistent results. We suggest that these inconsistencies might be due to the conceptualization and measurement of culture. Drawing on the possible value/fact dichotomy discussed in ethical philosophy, we introduce the construct of cultural discrepancy—the difference between cultural values (“ought”) and practices (“is”)—as a predictor of pervasive (i.e., fully institutionalized and predictable) and arbitrary (i.e., uncertain and relatively unorganized) corruption. Examining the relationship between the discrepancies observed in the GLOBE cultural dimensions and the Corruption Perception Index shows that in-group collectivism discrepancy is negatively related to pervasive corruption; future orientation discrepancy is positively related to arbitrary corruption. Further, we show that these relationships are contingent on national wealth. The negative relationship for in-group collectivism discrepancy is most pronounced in poor and moderately wealthy countries, and the positive relationship for future orientation discrepancy is most pronounced in rich countries.
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Raza, Syed Hassan, Umer Zaman, Moneeba Iftikhar, and Owais Shafique. "An Experimental Evidence on Eco-Friendly Advertisement Appeals and Intention to Use Bio-Nanomaterial Plastics: Institutional Collectivism and Performance Orientation as Moderators." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020791.
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Plastic waste management has become a serious environmental and health concern owing to large amounts of plastic deposits globally. Recently, innovative and sustainable solutions have been introduced (e.g., bio-nanomaterial plastics) to overcome the growing environmental threats. Hence, green marketers need to develop effective advertising campaigns to enhance the usage of bio-nanomaterial plastics. Past literature has suggested that cultural value-laden advertising appeals can give sustainable behavioral cues to consumers. Hence, this research unfolds the underlying cultural dimensions between the value-laden eco-friendly advertising appeals and intention to use bio-nanomaterial plastics (henceforth IBP). The present study proposes a moderating model in which two dimensions presented in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (henceforth GLOBE) framework interact with the individuals’ perception of eco-friendly advertising appeals (henceforth IPEA) to drive bio-nanomaterial plastics usage. The model was tested by conducting an experimental study on a sample of 364 Pakistani consumers. Findings of structural equation modeling show a significant difference in the relationship between IPEA and IBP, which is moderated by the performance orientation (henceforth PO) and institutional collectivism (henceforth IC) dimensions with diverse intensity. These findings validate the effectiveness of PO and IC (as cultural dimensions) and eco-friendly advertisements that can potentially promote the consumption of bio-nanomaterials plastic.
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Raza, Syed Hassan, Hassan Abu Bakar, and Bahtiar Mohamad. "Advertising appeals and Malaysian culture norms." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 28, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00004.raz.
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Abstract The ongoing development of the strategic communication research in the area of the advertising calls for the development and validation of the measurement instruments that can address the indulgence of the advertising appeals in a specific cultural context. Therefore, the present study examines and validate advertising appeals by considering the norms based on the GLOBE nine cultural dimensions in Malaysian context. The analysis involved data from 10 advertising expert for content validation, followed by 10 advertising expert rating and ranking of the scale of its relevance and clarity to assess the item-level content validation. The results provided to support the impact of cultural norms are substantial for Malaysian advertising, which are identified from content validation procedure.
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Swoboda, Bernhard, and Nadine Batton. "National cultural value models and reputation of MNCs." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 166–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-05-2018-0061.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical and empirical comparison of four major national cultural value models for perceived corporate reputation (CR) of multinational corporations (MNCs) across nations: Hofstede, Schwartz, the GLOBE study and Inglehart. Design/methodology/approach Two consumer surveys on an MNC and on competitors in 25 countries in the year 2015 (n=20,288 and 25,397) were used for the first time to compare the roles of the cultural value models as antecedents of CR, using multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM), which disentangles the explained variances on the country level and on the individual level. Findings National culture is strongly attributed to individual CR perceptions of MNCs across nations. However, the four conceptual cultural value models explain the variance differently (46.2–84.6 percent) as do particular cultural value dimensions within each model. The results are stable for both surveys. Research limitations/implications Novel insights into the roles of cultural value models are provided for international business research. For MNCs aiming to use their CR to attract target groups in foreign countries, this study identifies the most influential cultural value model and particular dimensions. Originality/value This study contributes to cultural research by deepening the understanding of the various cultural value models and their importance for MNCs. Moreover, the authors add to the CR research by providing new insights into perception differences and using the still novel MSEM.
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Rufín, Ramón, France Bélanger, Cayetano Medina Molina, Lemuria Carter, and Juan Carlos Sánchez Figueroa. "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Electronic Government Adoption in Spain and the USA." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 10, no. 2 (April 2014): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.2014040104.
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Electronic Government (e-government) is growing in popularity across the globe. Given the increasing relevance of electronic services in the public sector, there is a need for a global agreement on a consistent framework for assessing e-government. This study uses a cross-cultural comparison to assess the fundamentals of e-government adoption in the United States (USA) and Spain. In particular, the authors explore the effects of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, compatibility and trust on intentions to use e-government services. A survey was administered to citizens in both countries to test the hypotheses derived from adoption literature and Hofstede's dimensions of culture. Results indicate that there are differences in the relationship between compatibility and use intention, with stronger effects in the USA sample. Furthermore, while perceived ease of use significantly impacts intentions for the USA sample, it does not for the Spain sample; and, while trust is not significant in the USA sample, it is for the Spain sample. The implications of these results, mostly consistent with the hypotheses as suggested by the dimensions of culture, are discussed for both research and practice.
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Rogers, A. "The Boundaries of Reason: The World, the Homeland, and Edward Said." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10, no. 5 (October 1992): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d100511.
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The revival of social and cultural geography has tended to prefer the local and the metropolitan scale, and a number of obstacles lie between it and a recovery of the globe as a field of inquiry. In this paper some of these obstacles are reviewed, namely Eurocentrism and antihumanism which are not usually acknowledged by those who would lay claim to the globe. The recent writings of Edward Said are then considered for clues to an adequate position from which to investigate the world. Said's idea of a regime of essentializations, his continued commitment to a humanism which acknowledges its extra-European dimensions, and his call for a closer geographical imagination of homeland and nation together suggest a possible way forward. The paper ends with suggestions of how recent theories of justice might give the geography of nation a more critical normative edge.
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Shor, Francis. "The Ideological Matrix of Reform in Late-19th-Century America and New Zealand: Reading Bellamy's Looking Backward." Prospects 17 (October 1992): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004658.
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The late 19th Century witnessed the beginnings of a profound transformation of the political culture in the industrialized world. With the rise of reform movements concerned with labor, religion, women's rights, and a host of other matters, the winds of change blew around the globe. These crosscurrents were particularly evident in the Anglo-American environment where the ideology of reform reflected certain continuities of culture among the English-speaking countries. In particular, this period of reform saw the development of significant connections between America and New Zealand. While Peter Coleman has ably analyzed the exchanges of ideas that shaped legislation and emergent progressivism in both countries, he has not adequately addressed the complexity of the cultural and ideological dimensions of these exchanges. In considering those cultural and ideological dimensions, I will attempt to offer some insight into the political culture of reform in both countries at the end of the 19th Century.
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Drolet, Julie, Tiffany Sampson, Deborah Prashanthi Jebaraj, and Laura Richard. "Social Work and Environmentally Induced Displacement: A Commentary." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 29, no. 2 (February 26, 2014): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.38191.
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Environmentally induced displacement is a growing concern across the globe. The human and social dimensions of affected displaced and migrating populations are of concern to the profession of social work, as many social workers are directly involved in working with vulnerable populations affected by environmental changes due to climate change, disasters, and environmental degradation. This new reality presents challenges in addressing social and economic inequalities and disparities, and this commentary argues for a need to build capacity among practitioners to consider the interconnections of social, economic, and environmental challenges in bridging practice and policy in ongoing legal discourses.
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de Muynck, Bram, Willemieke Reijnoudt-Klein, and Marike Spruyt-de Kloe. "Mapping practices of Christian education: Toward a framework of contextual differences around the globe." International Journal of Christianity & Education 21, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056997116671328.
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This article reports the development of a framework that structures differences in Christian educational practices worldwide. One of its purposes is to simplify the complexity of the contexts in which global partners cooperate. The framework also offers the theoretical basis for an instrument that nongovernmental organizations can use to determine how to choose the appropriate support for Christian education in a certain region. Based on a literature search and a validation study in Zambia, we find three overarching domains in which 24 dimensions are identified: the teaching and learning processes in classrooms; the educational administration, including stakeholders and their motives, aims and ideals to maintain Christian education; and four kinds of societal factors (historical and cultural, religious, legal and political, and socioeconomic). The framework will be the basis for empirical validation studies in different regions. An operational instrument for determining support needs is currently being developed.
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A. Posthuma, Richard. "National Culture and Union Membership." Articles 64, no. 3 (November 11, 2009): 507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038554ar.
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Summary National Culture and Union Membership: A Cultural-Cognitive Perspective Moving beyond the normative and regulative perspectives of neo-institutional theory, this study adopted a cultural-cognitive perspective to study the influence of multiple dimensions of national culture on union membership. Cultural frameworks were compared using data from the World Values Survey that were matched to GLOBE and Hofstede national culture scores (n = 43,867 employees, 32 countries). Contrasts between GLOBE and Hofstede scores revealed that GLOBE culture constructs were better predictors and they also enabled an improved understanding of the relationships between national culture and union membership. This resolved the paradoxical lack of a significant relationship between collectivism and union membership in prior research. Specifically, union membership was positively related to institutional collectivism but not to in-group collectivism. Also, that fact that GLOBE Performance Orientation was negatively related to union membership explained why Hofstede’s Masculinity was negatively related to union membership in prior research. Moreover, prior research on union membership tended to use either individual level (i.e., employees) variables, or macro level (i.e., country) variables to explain union membership. Recently developed statistical techniques enabled the analysis of both individual and country level variables in a hierarchical model. Results show that union membership was positively related to sex (female), education, and institutional collectivism, and negatively related to occupation (supervisors and professionals) and performance orientation. There were curvilinear relationships between union membership and age and uncertainty avoidance. Younger and older people were less likely to be union members. Low or high uncertainty avoidance increased union membership. The juxtaposition of the influences of Age and Uncertainty Avoidance on union membership revealed an interesting phenomenon. Opposing curvilinear relationships (concave vs. convex), suggested a complex yet interrelated relationship between age and uncertainty avoidance that is worthy of future research. At different ages people may use uncertainty avoidance differently to evaluate the risks and benefits of union membership.
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Gajšt, Nataša. "Business English as a Lingua Franca – A Cross-Cultural Perspective of Teaching English for Business Purposes." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 11, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.11.2.77-87.
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In our era of globalisation, English is at the top of the languages used in international business. A vast majority of business communication in English is carried out by non-native speakers of English. In a cross-cultural exchange of information, the sender and the recipient come from different cultural backgrounds. The patterns of communication vary across the globe and non-native speakers tend to apply their native language patterns when communicating in English. This paper thus focuses on the concept of spoken communication and dimensions of culture and how they are reflected in communication patterns in different business situations. It also addresses the teaching of Business English as a lingua franca and the role of Business English teachers in helping learners develop their communicative and intercultural competence in order to communicate effectively in a multicultural work environment.
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Alipour, Ali. "What matters for the future? Comparing Globe's future orientation with Hofstede's long-term orientation." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 28, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 734–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2020-0163.
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PurposeThis paper aims to compare the future orientation (FO) society practices dimension of the Globe model with Hofstede's long-term orientation (LTO) by testing their causal effects on three firm-level variables: cash holdings, long-term investments and acquisitions. In doing so, this research challenges the already taken-for-granted assumption in the empirical research that the two dimensions are equivalent.Design/methodology/approachHierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to test the hypotheses on 7,065 firms across 49 countries between 2000 and 2017.FindingsThe findings show that the causal impacts of FO society practices and LTO on a given construct are not consistent. Although LTO increases cash holdings, the impact of FO society practices on this variable is insignificant. Additionally, unlike FO society practices, which significantly increases long-term investments and acquisitions, LTO does not influence long-term investments and decreases acquisitions.Originality/valueThis study is valuable since it addresses the confusion surrounding the similarities and differences between FO society practices and LTO. Despite the dissimilarity also emphasized by Globe, Hofstede claims that they are equivalent, and the great majority of the empirical literature has assumed them to be equivalent in their analyses. Addressing this confusion, this research provides further empirical evidence that these two dimensions are dissimilar. The additional important contribution of the study is theorizing and examining the impact of FO society practices and LTO on the firm-level outcomes that reflect their temporal orientation (i.e. long-term investments and acquisitions), which is surprisingly neglected in the literature.
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Mojic, Dusan, Jelena Jovancevic, and Sasa Jovancevic. "Culture and public administration reforms in postsocialist transformation: The case of Serbia." Sociologija 60, no. 3 (2018): 653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1803653m.
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The paper deals with cultural embeddedness of public administration transformations in Serbia during postsocialism. Public administration reform represents an important aspect of transformation of overall institutional framework in contemporary societies. According to institutional approach, the changes of formal institutions (including public administration) are deeply embedded in informal institutions or culture. Theoretical and methodological framework of the GLOBE research program has been used as a basis for the empirical analysis. The goal of the paper has been to identify the scores on cultural dimensions in Serbia and to analyze the correlation of these scores with expectations of the public administration reform. The expected similarity of culture in Serbia with other East European cultures has been confirmed, as well as hypothesis about its norms and values as strong informal obstacles for successful public administration reform.
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Li, Minyi, Yulin Zhang, Lehan Yuan, and Åsta Birkeland. "A Critical Analysis of Education for Sustainability in Early Childhood Curriculum Documents in China and Norway." ECNU Review of Education 2, no. 4 (December 2019): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2096531119893483.
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Purpose: This article examines how early childhood curriculum documents in two culturally different contexts are associated with current concepts of sustainability and principles of early childhood education for sustainability (ECEfS) in China and Norway. Design/Approach/Methods: Applying critical document analysis, the study explores a number of landmark curriculum documents from China and Norway, comparing the ways in which ECEfS is conceptualized, including the concept of sustainability, children as agents of change for sustainability, and sustainability in young children’s everyday lives. Findings: Corresponding to the analytical framework, China and Norway attach different importance to the three dimensions of sustainability—social-cultural, economic, and environmental. For example, Norway has a more autonomous view of children’s agency, while China gives more emphasis to teachers’ support. The two countries also have different perspectives on how to work with families and communities based on significantly different traditions and institutions. The comparative document analysis argues that predominant cultural dimensions in each context, such as collectivist and individualistic factors, may shape the understandings of sustainability in each country’s early years’ curriculum documents. Originality/Values: By broadening the focus on the social-cultural aspects of sustainability, this study extends the development of a culturally inclusive understanding of the concept of sustainability and contextualized/localized approaches to ECEfS across the globe.
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Balaji, B., and Deblina Saha Vashishta. "Culture & Retail SST: Case of Hypermarkets in Jakarta." Information Management and Business Review 8, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v8i2.1272.
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Developing economies like Indonesia are enticing global retailers with an attractive and expanding middle class, and a steadily growing economy. Dynamic changes in retailing across the globe have fostered technological advancements in organised retail. The entire retail experience is now leaning on revolutionary technology. But are all countries world-wide ready to accept this change? The Asian continent is held by strong cultural dimensions like team work, materialistic nature and risk-aversion tendency. Adoption of self-efficacy and acceptance of innovations in technology has a bearing on shopping experiences as compared to dependence on humans. This research paper explores the insights for the same in the Indonesian capital city of Jakarta.
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Bailey, Lucy, Ted Purinton, Osama Al-Mahdi, and Hala Al Khalifa. "Conceptualizing school leadership in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) cultures: Demarcating challenges for research." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 49, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143219884682.
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Although school turnaround has been studied extensively in Western contexts such as the United States, the applicability of remedies to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries has not been extensively studied. The literature that exists predominantly uses a Western cultural lens. This article identifies four key dimensions of leadership for transformation of schools—what is leadership, who becomes a school leader, how are leaders supported, and do school leaders believe they can succeed—, contrasting between the Gulf region and the West; in doing so, the article seeks to explain why the solutions to school failure that originate from the West, widely understood around the globe, are either irrelevant or of limited use in this region. Drawing in part on the authors’ experience in establishing a leadership centre, through collaboration between the Ministry of Education in Bahrain and the Bahrain Teachers College, the article calls for systematic empirical studies to establish how each of the four dimensions inform region-specific approaches to leadership for school transformation and quality improvement. It concludes by arguing that researchers should explicitly consider the extent to which their findings can be translated into practical leadership action in a range of cultural settings.
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Kuo, Tzu-hsuan, and L. N. Talalova. "The stewardship of ‘Taiwan’s Economic Miracle’ and its feedback on national cultural context." E-Management 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2021-4-1-68-73.
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Poverty – prosperity leap debates have been rising steeply across the globe in recent decades. Taking Taiwan with its Li Kwohting’s legacies as a good illustration how the agrarian-based colony turned into the ‘Silicon Island’ for a comparatively small period the authors analyse the man-made policies on making the ‘Taiwan’s Economic Miracle’. The article studies a ‘twilight zone’ within the gap as well as both the prerequisites and outcomes of the ‘Taiwan’s Godfather of Technology’ stewardship. The paper also considers the factors which determine the rapid growth of Taiwan.Despite the almost universal characteristics of the East Asia countries, differences between them remain substantial. This circumstance gives the authors a room for speculations over the reasons of one country becoming the world leaders. The authors use the ‘Four Asian Tigers’ as Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan for comparison. China is also included in the comparative analysis for better understanding. The study showed that the success phenomenon of the country is being determined in the national cultural context, inside of which the economy develops. The Geert Hofstede’s Six Cultural Dimensions model was utilized for employing the indexes as follows: Power Distance, Collectivism vs. Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, Femininity vs.Masculinity, Short-Term vs. Long-Term Orientation and Restraint vs. Indulgence. The cultural dimensions typology of the Geert Hofstede helped to explain the national predominance for this or that economic and political initiatives of the government, the comparison showed that the core of nation’s prosperity development mechanisms is incorporated in the Taiwanese cultural code.
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Weber, Ulrike, and Ute Rademacher. "A Road Map to China." Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O 64, no. 4 (October 2020): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089/a000339.
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Abstract. This case study presents the transfer process of a mentoring program run successfully by a German company to its subsidiary in China with the aim of increasing the number of Chinese women in leadership roles. Drawing on the theoretical framework of the GLOBE study, this case study systematically investigates three key aspects: (1) which cultural dimensions might positively or negatively impact the transfer of the program, (2) how a “cultural transfer” can be implemented, and (3) which results the program yields after its pilot phase. The findings suggest that differences in collectivism and gender egalitarianism and similarities in high performance orientation can pose both risks and opportunities for the successful transfer. Strategies and organizational practices on how to leverage similarities while mitigating risks are developed, resulting in a program that reaches its objectives after its pilot phase.
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Globočnik, Katja Lumbar, Anja Žnidaršič, and Marko Ferjan. "Relationship between Russian societal culture and public relations strategies." Journal of East European Management Studies 24, no. 3 (2019): 375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2019-3-375.
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The study is a part of the dissertation about the influence of environmental variables on public relations in companies in Russia. This paper is focused on the relationship between public relations strategies and societal culture as defined in the GLOBE theoretical framework (House et al. 2004) with nine dimensions: uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance and humane orientation. Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 225 public relations specialists. According to our findings, the societal culture significantly influences two-way, symmetrical, asymmetrical, ethical, unethical, interpersonal, mediated communication and conservation strategies. The study did not confirm same influence on one-way communication and cultural interpretation.
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Luo, Laura Le, and Qingliang Tang. "Does National Culture Influence Corporate Carbon Disclosure Propensity?" Journal of International Accounting Research 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 17–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51131.
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ABSTRACTThis study examines the influence of culture on management's response to the challenge of climate change, as manifested in firms' voluntary participation in carbon disclosure via the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). We argue that national culture impacts managerial attitudes and philosophies about environmental protection and thus affects the willingness as well as the extent to which managers recognize the need for emissions control and disclosure. Based on a sample of 1,762 firms from 33 countries, we find that cultural dimensions of masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance are strongly and consistently related to carbon disclosure propensity, regardless of whether G. Hofstede, G. J. Hofstede, and Minkov (2010) or Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) culture measures are used. Our results also show individualism and long-term orientation has significant impact under the Hofstede measure, although not under GLOBE measures, after controlling for other compounding factors. In addition, our evidence implies that national culture may moderate the effect of carbon control mechanisms, such as emissions trading schemes. Finally, the empirical evidence indicates that the impact of culture is not sensitive to national wealth and industry membership. The findings suggest culture exerts incremental influences beyond economic and regulatory incentives and therefore should be adequately considered in the combat against global warming and particularly in negotiations for an international climate agreement that is more acceptable to societies with disparate cultural backgrounds.
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Nizamettin, Doğar. "A Cultural Perspectıve to Leadership Practices in Balkans." Academicus International Scientific Journal 23 (January 2021): 110–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2021.23.07.
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The question of whether a single leader type will emerge as one of the possible effects of globalization has required research on the subject. In the context of culture, Hofsthede, Brodbeck et al, and GLOBE studies, revealing that different leadership characteristics come to the fore in different geographies with cultural influences, refuting the claim that a uniform leader model will emerge with globalization. Among the aforementioned studies, GLOBE studies went a little further and claimed that leadership is actually a function of culture. Leadership research in the Balkans, which is a tangle of cultures with its complex ethnic structure, is relatively less included in the literature. The main purpose of this article is; Despite this problem arising from the Cold War period, how the leadership styles are in the Balkans is to examine the relationship between Balkan style leadership and culture. At the same time, the article has a secondary purpose that questions whether the claim that “there is not a single Balkans” is also valid for leadership practices when it comes to culture. Literature review and observation method were used in the research. The observations mainly include the observations made in Albania between the years of 2012-2015. On the other hand,the literature review is based on the data obtained primarily from local studies about each country in the Balkans. The results obtained emphasize that when it comes to leadership in the Balkan countries, the first thing is that political leadership is understood, which draws attention to autocratic leadership from the socialist administration period. In the context of business leadership, it shows that autocratic leadership was effective in the 10-year transition period after the Cold War, and that transformational leadership began to come to the fore in the 2000s at varying speed and rate according to institutions and countries. As a result of the investigations, the article shows that quite similar leadership characteristics stand out for the Balkans, the culture of democracy has not yet fully settled in this context, the avoidance of uncertainty in social codes, the autocratic administration still has an important place as a reflection of cultural dimensions such as the distance of power, on the other hand, willingness to change with new generations, more democratic leadership expectations increase and transformational leadership comes to the fore with the change in geography. Although the article has limitations in terms of containing observations specific to one country, it supports the claims in terms of including the local research results of the countries and is considered to contribute to the literature for the Balkans where limited research is available.
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Minkov, Michael, Pinaki Dutt, Michael Schachner, Janar Jandosova, Yerlan Khassenbekov, Oswaldo Morales, Carlos Javier Sanchez, and Ben Mudd. "What Values and Traits Do Parents Teach to Their Children? New Data from 54 Countries." Comparative Sociology 17, no. 2 (April 4, 2018): 221–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341456.
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Abstract There are few large-scale studies that compare how parents socialize children across the globe and the implications of the different types of socialization. To fill this gap, the authors used data from a new study across 52,300 probabilistically selected respondents from 54 countries. They were asked what advice they would give to their children to instill desirable values and traits in them. Aggregated to the national level, the responses yield two main dimensions of national culture. The first (collectivism-individualism) captures differences approximately along the South-North geographic axis of the Earth and is strongly correlated with differences in economic and gender inequality. The second (monumentalism-flexibility) captures cultural differences approximately on the West-East geographic axis of the world and is strongly associated with national differences in educational achievement. Thus, some of the most important national differences worldwide are strongly related to cultural differences in parental ideologies for the socialization of their children, suggesting that culture has objective societal outcomes.
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Yeganeh, Hamid. "Cultural modernization and work-related values and attitudes." International Journal of Development Issues 16, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-10-2016-0058.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to rely on the modernization theory to analyze and explain the cross-national differences in work-related values and attitudes (WVA). Design/methodology/approach First, the modernization theory and WVA are conceptualized, their relations are discussed and the hypotheses are formulated. Next, the data, measures, variables and empirical tests are presented. Finally, the theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, an integrative model is proposed and avenues for future research are suggested. Findings The empirical results confirm the explanatory strength of the modernization theory and provide valuable insights into the patterns of WVA across the world. It is found that the countries involved in the first phase of human development emphasize work centrality, extrinsic aspects of a job and material rewards and are likely to show noticeable discrimination against women and foreign workers. In contrast, post-industrial societies that are involved in the second phase of human development prefer emancipative WVA, such as low work centrality, tolerance of foreign workers, gender equality and hedonism at the workplace. Research limitations/implications Despite the remarkable acceptance of the modernization theory, some of Inglehart’s propositions have been subject to criticism. Furthermore, human development, modernization and the subsequent cultural shifts are “path-dependent” as they are affected by the national, religious and civilization heritage of a country. Practical implications The findings of this study can help international mangers adopt the appropriate strategies for a wide range of issues, such as staffing, planning, job description and compensation policies. Originality/value The modernization theory is a suitable alternative to national cultural dimensions. This approach relies on the premise that socioeconomic development creates consistent patterns of values, beliefs and behaviors that ultimately shape WVA around the globe.
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Lammers, Cornelis J. "Sociology of Organizations Around the Globe. Similarities and Differences Between American, British, French, German and Dutch Brands." Organization Studies 11, no. 2 (April 1990): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069001100202.
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Sociological thought on organizations exhibits considerable similarity with respect to modes of analysis: most studies of organizations represent either the model of a socio-cultural system, or a conglomerate of interest groups, or a mixture of the two. Furthermore, certain basic types such as the traditional organization, the 'classic' and the 'flexible bureaucracy' recur in one form or another in various typologies, theories or treatises. These and other types reflect three ubiquitous dimensions (traditional/modern, hierarchical/democratic, mechanical/organic) of sociological thinking on organizational forms and processes. The sociology of organizations consists of a hard core to which national varieties add their own local products. The sociology of organizations as developed in the U.S., the U.K., France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands is characterized with reference to the model(s) and types emphasized in these countries. Furthermore, the degree of 'Americanization' (cosmopolitanism?) and of 'ethnocentrism' (localism) of organizational sociology in these five countries is illustrated by data on the references occurring in textbooks in use in the nations in question. It is concluded that the more the sociological approach to organization becomes popular as a point of view, the less viable it is in the form of a specific, well organized sociological sub-discipline.
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Morawski, Witold. "WORK AND GLOBALIZATION." Polityka Społeczna 560-561, no. 11-12 (December 31, 2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5533.
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My aims are to analyze some aspects of work and globalization in historical perspective with the intention to better understand challenges of the recent 30-40 years of the neoliberal globalization. After the trade globalization which had connected the world in the 16th century, came the industrial one with decisive transformation of the sphere of work, for example, sending the agriculture to the margins. The globalization after 1945 is more complex, although based on technological-scientific revolutions, it has other important dimensions: geopolitical, economic (financial), social-cultural, ecological, and some of them have disturbing ramifications for the field of work. Among them I discuss the Trump rejection of neoliberal globalization which exported millions of workplaces from USA to China, the end of middle class and populist reactions. The world of work is full of uncertainty, but it looks different in different parts of the globe.
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Nijam, Habeeb Mohamed, and Athambawa Jahfer. "International Financial Reporting Standards: A Review of Status of Adoption and Approaches for Evaluation." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 69 (May 2016): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.69.69.
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The purpose of this review is to explore various approaches and perspectives that are currently being used by empirical studies reporting the impact of IFRS adoption in different jurisdictions around the globe. For this purpose to be better served, this study also presents at the outset an overview of the scope, objectives and current adoption status of IFRS. This study reviewed the literature on classifications of IFRS adoption studies with the view of deducting methodical frameworks outlining the dimensions that may warrant investigation for IFRS to be consented as a set of quality and global accounting standards. This study concludes that the success of IFRS as an international accounting standard depends on one hand in its technical quality economically yielding to both uses and reporters of financial statements and on the other hand their acceptance across different jurisdictions despite their political, cultural and economic diversities.
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Rana, Minakshi, Jaya Bhasin, and Shahid Mushtaq. "Measurement of Cultural Intelligence and Its Impact on Psychological Adaptation of International Students in India." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 24, no. 4 (August 23, 2020): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262920939789.
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In recent years, India has emerged as a host to several students from various countries. It tenders cheap and affordable education to the globe. Post liberalization, economic boost to the Indian economy was attained due to educational tourism also. The major facade here is the adaptation of the international students to the Indian environment. One of the major aspects which positively contributes towards cultural adaptation among these sojourners is cultural intelligence. Researchers argued that the concept of cultural intelligence is significant for international students who are short term visitors in a foreign country. It is important for them to develop cultural intelligence competency, that is, metacognitive, cognitive, motivational and behavioural cultural intelligence as these capabilities lead to their cultural adaptation. In this context, the present study has been conducted with an aim to understand the relationship between the different facets of cultural intelligence and psychological adaptation of international students. The present study has also analysed the level of cultural intelligence and psychological adaptation among international students to understand the components of these dimensions which are less developed among international students. Data has been analysed using various statistical techniques, that is, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), mean and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results of the study have depicted a lower level of cultural intelligence among international students in India. Authors have concluded that behavioural cultural intelligence has shown a direct and positive relationship on the psychological adaptability of international students. These results, therefore, have practical implications for educational institutes and policymakers as it will help in drafting a policy framework for Indian higher educational institutes (HEIs).
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Diken, Fatih, and Nevin Ozdemir. "The Effects of Culture on Learning Styles: The Sample of Ondokuz Mayıs University." Journal of Education in Black Sea Region 6, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jebs.v6i2.231.
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This study examines the effect of culture on learning styles. The study sample consisted of undergraduate and graduate students, most of whom are foreign nationals, studying in different departments of Ondokuz Mayıs University in Samsun, Turkey. Based on the experiential learning theory (ELT), Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory (KLSI) was used as a data collection tool to define individual learning styles. By examining previous studies such as the Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness (GLOBE), the study focused on categorizing cultural differences. 193 participants from 35 different nationalities were included in one of three cultural clusters (The Middle East, Africa, and Central Asia). In the first part of the study, the dominant learning styles of each cultural cluster were evaluated based on Kolb's traditional 4 learning styles (diverging, converging, assimilating, and accommodating) and the new 9 learning styles (experiencing, imagining, reflecting, analysing, thinking, deciding, acting, balancing) defined in KLSI 3.2 and KLSI 4. It was analysed whether there was a statistically significant difference in the dominant learning styles among the cultural clusters. The results of the analysis showed that there was no significant difference among the cultural clusters according to 4 learning style classifications, whereas there were significant differences among the cultural clusters according to Kolb’s 9 learning style classifications. In the second part of the study, it was evaluated whether there was a significant difference among the cultural clusters according to the modes of grasping experience – concrete experience (CE) and abstract conceptualization (AC) – and two dialectically related modes of transforming experience—reflective observation defined in the ELT model.
Keywords: learning style, Kolb learning style inventory (KLSI), culture, cultural dimensions, cultural clusters, higher education
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Gollnhofer, Johanna Franziska, and Ekaterina Turkina. "Cultural distance and entry modes: implications for global expansion strategy." Cross Cultural Management 22, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm-07-2013-0114.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to take a strategic perspective on how MNEs in the retail sector decide to enter a new market. Drawing on transaction cost theory, the contingency approach and resource-based theory, the implications of the interplay between global strategy, cultural distance and entry mode strategies are examined by means of an analysis of Carrefour’s global expansion. Design/methodology/approach – To account for the shortcomings of prior research, a hypothesis in the relationship between entry modes and cultural distance is tested empirically using a sample of 44 foreign market entries by Carrefour over the 40 last years. The paper uses a quantitative approach, i.e., logistic regressions. To measure cultural distance, the authors rely on the GLOBE dimensions and the Kogut-Singh Index. Findings – The findings suggest a positive relationship between a resource commitment, entry mode strategy and cultural distance for Carrefour. However, these findings are contrary to the mainstream argument that high cultural distance is related to entry strategies based on relatively low resource commitment. The authors explain these findings by integrating a cultural distance perspective with Carrefour’s overall global expansion strategy. Research limitations/implications – Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Practical implications – The paper provides insights into why prior research on cultural distance and entry modes has yielded mixed results. From a strategic viewpoint, the paper stresses the particularities of the retail sector and how retailers try to account for cultural distance in their entry mode decisions. Originality/value – By focussing on a single company instead of a meta-analysis, the analysis demonstrates how the search for strategic consistency and the particularities of the retail sector reverse a well-investigated theoretical assumption. The main originality of the paper is that it shows the implications of the interplay between cultural distance and entry mode as being part of the retail firm’s overall global expansion strategy.
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Gupta, Vipin, Nancy M. Levenburg, Lynda Moore, Jaideep Motwani, and Thomas Schwarz. "The spirit of family business: A comparative analysis of Anglo, Germanic and Nordic nations." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 11, no. 2 (August 2011): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595811399187.
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Using GLOBE classification and findings, this paper compares the family characteristics and work cultures of family businesses in Anglo, Germanic, and Nordic cultures. Results indicate differing patterns in terms of the involvement of the family in the family business and other key organizational dimensions. While all three regions share their weak family orientation, the Nordic and Germanic regions share stronger future orientation and uncertainty avoidance. The Anglo and Germanic regions share stronger performance orientation and the Nordic region stands out for its low power distance and low assertiveness. Overall, the characteristics of family businesses in the three regions may be associated with the distinctive regional cultures suggesting support for the presence of culturally implicit theories in the family business characteristics.