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Journal articles on the topic 'Glomeruli'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Wang, Honglian, Jingyi Sheng, Huijun He, et al. "A simple and highly purified method for isolation of glomeruli from the mouse kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 317, no. 5 (2019): F1217—F1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00293.2019.

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Highly purified mouse glomeruli are of great value for studying glomerulus-associated kidney diseases. Here, we developed a simple and rapid procedure for mouse glomerular isolation with large quantity and high purity based on the combination of size-selective sieving and differential adhesion techniques, which we termed the “differential adhesion method.” In this method, mouse renal cortices were minced and digested with collagenase. Glomeruli were disassociated from tubules by successive sieving through 105-, 75-, and 40-μm cell strainers. The retained glomeruli-rich preparation on the 40-μm

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2

Beeman, Scott C., Min Zhang, Lina Gubhaju, et al. "Measuring glomerular number and size in perfused kidneys using MRI." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 300, no. 6 (2011): F1454—F1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00044.2011.

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The goal of this work was to nondestructively measure glomerular (and thereby nephron) number in the whole kidney. Variations in the number and size of glomeruli have been linked to many renal and systemic diseases. Here, we develop a robust magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique based on injection of cationic ferritin (CF) to produce an accurate measurement of number and size of individual glomeruli. High-field (19 Tesla) gradient-echo MR images of perfused rat kidneys after in vivo intravenous injection of CF showed specific labeling of individual glomeruli with CF throughout the kidney.

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Mori, Kensaku, Yuji K. Takahashi, Kei M. Igarashi, and Masahiro Yamaguchi. "Maps of Odorant Molecular Features in the Mammalian Olfactory Bulb." Physiological Reviews 86, no. 2 (2006): 409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2005.

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The olfactory bulb (OB) is the first relay station of the central olfactory system in the mammalian brain and contains a few thousand glomeruli on its surface. Because individual glomeruli represent a single odorant receptor, the glomerular sheet of the OB forms odorant receptor maps. This review summarizes the emerging view of the spatial organization of the odorant receptor maps. Recent studies suggest that individual odorant receptors are molecular-feature detecting units, and so are individual glomeruli in the OB. How are the molecular-feature detecting units spatially arranged in the glom

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4

Pinnick, R. V., and V. J. Savin. "Filtration by superficial and deep glomeruli of normovolemic and volume-depleted rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 1 (1986): F86—F91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.1.f86.

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We measured glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) of isolated superficial (S) and deep (D) glomeruli of normovolemic and volume-depleted rats. Filtration was induced in vitro, and Kf was calculated from the maximum rate of change in glomerular size. Basement membrane area (A) for each glomerulus was estimated from morphometric analyses, and glomerular capillary hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was calculated by the formula Lp = Kf/A. Kf of S and D glomeruli of normovolemic rats were 2.98 +/- 0.98 and 4.25 +/- 0.07 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1, respectively. In hypovolemic rats, Kf of S glomeruli fell

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5

Xie, Luke, Georgios Koukos, Kai Barck, et al. "Micro-CT imaging and structural analysis of glomeruli in a model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 316, no. 1 (2019): F76—F89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00331.2018.

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Glomeruli number and size are important for determining the pathogenesis of glomerular disease, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. Moreover, renal injury can occur in specific cortical layers and alter glomerular spatial distribution. In this study, we present a comprehensive structural analysis of glomeruli in a model of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) nephropathy. Glomeruli are imaged (micro-CT at 10 × 10 × 10 μm3) in kidney specimens from C57Bl/6 mouse cohorts: control treated with saline ( n = 9) and Adriamycin treated with 20 mg/kg Adriamycin ( n = 7). Several indices were examined, inclu

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6

Makker, S. P. "Analysis of glomeruli-eluted Gp330 autoantibodies and of Gp330 antigen of Heymann nephritis." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 11 (1993): 6500–6508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.11.6500.

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Abstract Quantity, charge, IgG isotype, Ag reactivity of glomerular gp330 autoantibodies (gp330Ab), and the charge of the putative Ag, gp330, were studied in active Heymann nephritis. Gp330 was anionic with an isoelectric point of 4.6. Despite variation in C3 glomerular immunofluorescence staining, C5b-9 staining was seen in all rats. Positive correlation was seen between glomerular gp330Ab and abnormal 24-h proteinuria (r = 0.637, p = 0.008), which appeared to require a certain threshold level of gp330Ab. Positive correlation was also seen between serum and glomerular gp330Ab at time of death

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7

Hann, Bradley D., Edwin J. Baldelomar, Jennifer R. Charlton, and Kevin M. Bennett. "Measuring the intrarenal distribution of glomerular volumes from histological sections." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 11 (2016): F1328—F1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00382.2015.

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Glomerular volume is an important metric reflecting glomerular filtration surface area within the kidney. Glomerular hypertrophy, or increased glomerular volume, may be an important marker for renal stress. Current stereological techniques report the average glomerular volume (AVglom) within the kidney. These techniques cannot assess the spatial or regional heterogeneity common in developing renal pathology. Here, we report a novel “unfolding” technique to measure the actual distribution of individual glomerular volumes in a kidney from the two-dimensional glomerulus profiles observed by optic

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Kitamura, Masanori. "TGF-β1 as an Endogenous Defender Against Macrophage-Triggered Stromelysin Gene Expression in the Glomerulus". Journal of Immunology 160, № 10 (1998): 5163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.5163.

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Abstract Recent investigation has indicated that TGF-β1, the macrophage (Mφ) deactivator, may attenuate Mφ-mediated acute glomerular injury. Using stromelysin as an indicator, this study investigated whether and how endogenous TGF-β1 modulates the glomerular cell activation triggered by Mφ. Rat mesangial cells were stably transfected with a cDNA encoding the active form of TGF-β1 and a cDNA coding for a dominant-negative mutant of the TGF-βR type II. Compared with mock-transfected cells, TGF-β1 transfectants exhibited blunted expression of stromelysin in response to the Mφ-derived, inflammator

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Cortes, P., X. Zhao, B. L. Riser, and R. G. Narins. "Regulation of glomerular volume in normal and partially nephrectomized rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 270, no. 2 (1996): F356—F370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.2.f356.

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Glomerular extracellular matrix accumulation may derive from the stretching of mesangial cells caused by excessive glomerular dilatation. The relationship of glomerular volume (VG) to intraglomerular pressure, expressed as compliance or as mean VG in the isolated, perfused rat glomerulus, was used to analyze factors that regulate VG. Glomeruli were highly distensible over the normal and relevant abnormal range of pressure. Compliance increased directly with basal VG (P < 0.001), i.e., larger glomeruli dilated more than smaller ones at any given pressure. Perfusion with atrial natriuretic pe

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10

Cortes, P., X. Zhao, F. Dumler, B. C. Tilley, and J. Atherton. "Age-related changes in glomerular volume and hydroxyproline content in rat and human." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 12 (1992): 1716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v2121716.

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Total 4-hydroxyproline content and volume were measured in the same sample of microdissected glomeruli obtained fro rat and human outer or inner cortex. Glomerular volume was determined by computer-assisted image analysis, and 4-hydroxyproline was measured by a highly sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method. Results were expressed as weight of basement membrane material by comparison with the amount of 4-hydroxyproline in purified basement membrane/mesangial matrix preparations. Microanalyses were possible in samples containing as few as eight human glomeruli. Rat glomerular size increased

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11

KITAMURA, MASANORI. "Renal Transfer of Genetically Engineered Cells." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, suppl 2 (2000): S154—S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v11suppl_2s154.

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Abstract. For many years, ex vivo gene transfer has been used for genetic manipulation of various organs. In the kidney, ex vivo gene transfer was reported using mesangial cells and macrophages. In rats, cultured cells injected into the renal artery are accumulated selectively in the glomerulus. With this approach, it is possible to transfer genetically engineered cells to normal and diseased glomeruli. The transfer of genetically engineered cells to glomeruli can be used for several purposes. With the use of resident glomerular cells engineered in vitro, it is possible to examine how the cell

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12

Satoskar, Anjali A., Edward Calomeni, Cherri Bott, Gyongyi M. Nadasdy, and Tibor Nadasdy. "Focal Glomerular Immune Complex Deposition: Possible Role of Periglomerular Fibrosis/Atubular Glomeruli." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 2 (2009): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.2.283.

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Abstract Context.—Consensus exists among renal pathologists that, in biopsies with immune complex glomerulonephritis, even a single glomerulus with open capillary loops may be sufficient for immunofluorescence and/or electron microscopy evaluation because immune complex deposition is a diffuse phenomenon. However, we have encountered renal biopsies with focal absence of immune complexes in glomeruli on either immunofluorescence or electron microscopy examination despite presence of open glomerular capillary loops. Objective.—To evaluate renal biopsies with focal immune complex deposition and l

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13

Tank, J. E., O. W. Moe, R. A. Star, and W. L. Henrich. "Differential regulation of rat glomerular and proximal tubular renin mRNA following uninephrectomy." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 270, no. 5 (1996): F776—F783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.5.f776.

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Angiotensin II is thought to play a role in the renal adaptations to reduced renal mass, but earlier work has shown that plasma renin activity (PRA) does not increase in this setting. To examine this paradox, we studied the effect of uninephrectomy (UNX) on circulating, juxtaglomerular, glomerular, and proximal tubular (PT) renin. PRA was unchanged 2 wk following UNX and fell slightly at 6 wk. Single kidney renin secretory capacity and cortical renin mRNA, reflecting juxtaglomerular renin, were unchanged at 2 and 6 wk. With quantitative competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reacti

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14

Atiyeh, B. A., B. S. Arant, W. L. Henrich, and M. G. Seikaly. "In vitro production of angiotensin II by isolated glomeruli." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 268, no. 2 (1995): F266—F272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.268.2.f266.

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The glomerulus has several components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of glomeruli isolated from adult Wistar-Kyoto rats to produce angiotensin II (ANG II). When isolated glomeruli were incubated in Krebs buffer, the peak concentration of immunoreactive angiotensin (ANG) in the incubation medium, representing simultaneous production and degradation, occurred after 15 min of incubation (3.98 +/- 0.34 pg.mg protein-1.15 min-1, of which 18% was ANG II. When 125I-labeled ANG II was incubated with isolated glomeruli, the half-life of ANG

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15

Gupta, A., B. Bastani, H. Purcell, and K. A. Hruska. "Identification and localization of pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding proteins in bovine kidney glomeruli." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 2 (1991): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v22172.

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The vascular tree and the mesangium in the glomerulus respond to various hormones, growth factors, and autonomic signals, leading to generation of second messengers and regulation of ion channels. Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) mediate these effects in other systems. Glomerular G proteins were studied by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical techniques. Glomeruli were isolated from bovine kidney cortex by differential sieving. Glomerular proteins were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and nitrocellulose transfers were immunoblotted wit

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16

Roeder, Sebastian S., Ania Stefanska, Diana G. Eng, et al. "Changes in glomerular parietal epithelial cells in mouse kidneys with advanced age." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 309, no. 2 (2015): F164—F178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00144.2015.

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Kidney aging is accompanied by characteristic changes in the glomerulus, but little is known about the effect of aging on glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs), nor if the characteristic glomerular changes in humans and rats also occur in very old mice. Accordingly, a descriptive analysis was undertaken in 27-mo-old C57B6 mice, considered advanced age. PEC density was significantly lower in older mice compared with young mice (aged 3 mo), and the decrease was more pronounced in juxtamedullary glomeruli compared with outer cortical glomeruli. In addition to segmental and global glomerulos

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Riegel, JA. "Analysis of fluid dynamics in perfused glomeruli of the hagfish eptatretus stouti (Lockington)." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 22 (1998): 3097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.22.3097.

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The capillary tuft of glomeruli of the hagfish mesonephros contains both 'low'-pressure and 'high'-pressure glomerular vessels (LPGVs and HPGVs). The existence of the HPGV raised the possibility that pressure filtration could occur in the hagfish kidney when the blood pressure was sufficiently high. Therefore, measurements of glomerular capillary pressure were made in HPGVs and LPGVs whilst single glomeruli were perfused with hagfish Ringer's solution that contained the colloid Ficoll 70. Calculations of the effective colloid osmotic pressure in perfused capillaries were made; these showed tha

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Shankland, S. J., P. Hamel, and J. W. Scholey. "Cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase expression in the remnant glomerulus." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 8, no. 3 (1997): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v83368.

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Recent studies suggest that subtotal renal ablation is associated with an early phase of mesangial cell proliferation. Because the mechanism(s) responsible for this response have not been elucidated, the study presented here sought to determine if changes in expression of positive cell cycle regulators, including pRb, cyclin E, and cdk2, occurred in the glomerulus during the early period of compensatory renal hypertrophy that follows 5/6 renal ablation. A first group of rats underwent sham operation and served as the control group. A second group of rats underwent 5/6 renal ablation. Ninety-si

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Sütö, T. S., L. G. Fine, F. Shimizu, and M. Kitamura. "In vivo transfer of engineered macrophages into the glomerulus: endogenous TGF-beta-mediated defense against macrophage-induced glomerular cell activation." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 5 (1997): 2476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.5.2476.

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Abstract Communication between resident glomerular cells and infiltrating macrophages plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease. Using matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as an indicator molecule, we examined the interaction between mesangial cells and macrophages. Mesangial cells cocultured with activated macrophages or exposed to macrophage-conditioned media produced abundant MMP-9. We identified the stimulator secreted by macrophages as IL-1 because mesangial cells overexpressing IL-1 receptor antagonist protein showed a blunted expression of MMP-9 in response to the mac

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20

Zak, Joseph D., Jennifer D. Whitesell, and Nathan E. Schoppa. "Metabotropic glutamate receptors promote disinhibition of olfactory bulb glomeruli that scales with input strength." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 6 (2015): 1907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00222.2014.

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Increasing evidence indicates that the neural circuitry within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb plays a major role in affecting information flow between olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and output mitral cells (MCs). Glutamatergic external tufted (ET) cells, located at glomeruli, can act as intermediary cells in excitation between OSNs and MCs, whereas activation of MCs by OSNs is, in turn, suppressed by inhibitory synapses onto ET cells. In this study, we used patch-clamp recordings in rat olfactory bulb slices to examine the function of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in altering th

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Ogura, A., H. Fujimura, T. Asano, M. Koura, I. Naito, and Y. Kobayashi. "Early Ultrastructural Glomerular Alterations in Neonatal Nephrotic Mice (ICGN Strain)." Veterinary Pathology 32, no. 3 (1995): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200317.

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ICGN is a strain of mice with hereditary nephrotic syndrome of an unknown cause. In this study, early glomerular alterations in newborn ICGN mice were observed with electron microscopy to gain a better insight into the onset of the disease. Development of the glomeruli was normal until fusion of epithelial and endothelial basement membranes in the developing capillary stage. From the maturing glomerulus stage onward, the fused glomerular basement membrane (GBM) increased in thickness by excessive accumulation of the basement membrane material secreted from the epithelial cells. This accumulati

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Ito, Takahito, Akira Suzuki, Enyu Imai, Masaru Okabe, and Masatsugu Hori. "Bone Marrow Is a Reservoir of Repopulating Mesangial Cells during Glomerular Remodeling." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no. 12 (2001): 2625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v12122625.

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ABSTRACT. The renal glomerulus, whose cellular components are developmentally derived from the mesenchyme, plays a pivotal role in filtratating plasma. Irretrievable changes of glomerular components are responsible for the initiation and progression of impaired renal function. Recently, it has been shown that functional stem cells exist in the bone marrow of adult bodies and that they can reconstitute damaged tissues of the mesenchymal origin. To examine whether the bone marrow provides stem cells to damaged glomeruli, transgenic rats carrying enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP rat) wer

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Carome, M. A., L. J. Striker, E. P. Peten, et al. "Assessment of 72-kilodalton gelatinase and TIMP-1 gene expression in normal and sclerotic murine glomeruli." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5, no. 6 (1994): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v561391.

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Mice transgenic for bovine growth hormone (bGH) develop progressive diffuse glomerulosclerosis. Because murine mesangial cells in vitro were found to express the genes for 72-kd gelatinase and the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1, the expression of these genes in vivo in isolated whole glomeruli from bGH mice and normal control littermates was examined. Intact glomeruli were isolated by microdissection and subjected to reverse transcription. TIMP-1 cDNA was not detected by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in glomeruli from bGH or control mice. In contrast, cDNA for 72-kd gelatinase w

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Wyss, Hans M., Joel M. Henderson, Fitzroy J. Byfield, et al. "Biophysical properties of normal and diseased renal glomeruli." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 300, no. 3 (2011): C397—C405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00438.2010.

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The mechanical properties of tissues and cells including renal glomeruli are important determinants of their differentiated state, function, and responses to injury but are not well characterized or understood. Understanding glomerular mechanics is important for understanding renal diseases attributable to abnormal expression or assembly of structural proteins and abnormal hemodynamics. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a new technique, capillary micromechanics, to measure the elastic properties of rat glomeruli. The Young's modulus of glomeruli was 2,500 Pa, and it was reduced to 1,100

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Messenger, E. A., C. Stonier, and G. M. Aber. "Differences in glomerular binding and response to angiotensin II between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats." Clinical Science 75, no. 2 (1988): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0750191.

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1. Angiotensin II (ANG II) binding and the physiological response to exogenous ANG II have been studied in isolated glomerular preparations from normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. 2. The binding of 125I-labelled ANG II by glomeruli from SHR was significantly greater than that by glomeruli from NTR, whereas the binding affinity constant (Ka) showed that the SHR ANG II glomerular receptor had a lower affinity for the hormone than the NTR glomerular receptor. 3. Glomeruli from SHR were significantly less responsive to exogenous ANG II than those from NTR. 4. Sodium load

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Norling, L. L., C. A. Vaughan, and R. L. Chevalier. "Maturation of cGMP response to ANP by isolated glomeruli." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 262, no. 1 (1992): F138—F143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.262.1.f138.

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Experiments were done to determine whether there is a maturational increase in production of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) by glomeruli or in eggression of cGMP out of glomerular cells. Both preweaned and adult isolated rat glomeruli responded with an acute rise in intracellular cGMP after 0.5-min exposure to 0.1 microM ANP. However, at 4 h extracellular cGMP was significantly greater in ANP-treated adult compared with preweaned glomeruli (P less than 0.005). In the absence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) intracellular cGMP was significantly higher in preweaned glomeruli (P

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Beavan, L. A., M. Davies, and R. M. Mason. "Renal glomerular proteoglycans. An investigation of their synthesis in vivo using a technique for fixation in situ." Biochemical Journal 251, no. 2 (1988): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510411.

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Newly synthesized rat glomerular [35S]proteoglycans were labelled in vivo after injecting Na2[35S]SO4 intraperitoneally. At the end of the labelling period (7 h) the kidneys were perfused in situ with 0.01% (w/v) cetylpyridinium chloride. This fixed proteoglycans in the tissue and increased their recovery 2-3-fold during subsequent isolation of glomeruli from the renal cortex. The glomeruli were fractionated by a modified osmotic lysis and detergent extraction procedure [Meezan, Brendel, Hjelle & Carlson (1978) in The Biology and Chemistry of Basement Membranes (Kefalides, N.A., ed.), Acad

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Fan, Fan, Chun Cheng Andy Chen, Jin Zhang, et al. "Fluorescence dilution technique for measurement of albumin reflection coefficient in isolated glomeruli." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 309, no. 12 (2015): F1049—F1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00311.2015.

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This study describes a high-throughput fluorescence dilution technique to measure the albumin reflection coefficient (σAlb) of isolated glomeruli. Rats were injected with FITC-dextran 250 (75 mg/kg), and the glomeruli were isolated in a 6% BSA solution. Changes in the fluorescence of the glomerulus due to water influx in response to an imposed oncotic gradient was used to determine σAlb. Adjustment of the albumin concentration of the bath from 6 to 5, 4, 3, and 2% produced a 10, 25, 35, and 50% decrease in the fluorescence of the glomeruli. Pretreatment of glomeruli with protamine sulfate (2 m

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Beeman, Scott C., Luise A. Cullen-McEwen, Victor G. Puelles, et al. "MRI-based glomerular morphology and pathology in whole human kidneys." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 306, no. 11 (2014): F1381—F1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00092.2014.

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Nephron number ( Nglom) and size (Vglom) are correlated with risk for chronic cardiovascular and kidney disease and may be predictive of renal allograft viability. Unfortunately, there are no techniques to assess Nglom and Vglom in intact kidneys. This work demonstrates the use of cationized ferritin (CF) as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent to measure Nglom and Vglom in viable human kidneys donated to science. The kidneys were obtained from patients with varying levels of cardiovascular and renal disease. CF was intravenously injected into three viable human kidneys. A fourth

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Denic, Aleksandar, Jerry Mathew, Venkata V. Nagineni, et al. "Clinical and Pathology Findings Associate Consistently with Larger Glomerular Volume." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29, no. 7 (2018): 1960–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2017121305.

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Background Glomerular volume increases when demand exceeds nephron supply, which may lead to glomerulosclerosis. It is unclear if determinants of glomerular volume are consistent between populations that differ by severity of comorbidities.Methods We studied kidney biopsy specimens from living kidney donors (n=2453) and patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for a renal tumor (n=780). We scanned specimen sections into high-resolution digital images, manually traced glomerular profiles, and calculated mean glomerular volumes using the Weibel–Gomez stereologic formula (separately for nonscle

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Rovin, B. H., J. B. Lefkowith, and G. F. Schreiner. "Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of essential fatty acid deficiency in experimental glomerulonephritis. Inhibited release of a monocyte chemoattractant by glomeruli." Journal of Immunology 145, no. 4 (1990): 1238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.145.4.1238.

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Abstract Injection of nephrotoxic serum into rats results in glomerular inflammation and proteinuria. Rats placed on an essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet are protected from the glomerular macrophage infiltration and the ensuing proteinuria. To account for this protection, we studied EFA-deficient rats to determine if there were defects in macrophage chemotaxis. We also investigated the possibility that EFA deficiency diminishes the production of a glomerular chemoattractant for monocytes. In microchemotaxis assays EFA-deficient macrophages migrated normally. EFA-deficient serum did not

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Igarashi, Kei M., and Kensaku Mori. "Spatial Representation of Hydrocarbon Odorants in the Ventrolateral Zones of the Rat Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 2 (2005): 1007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00873.2004.

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The glomerular sheet of the olfactory bulb (OB) forms odorant receptor maps that are parceled into zones. We previously reported the molecular receptive range (MRR) property of individual glomeruli in the dorsal zone (zone 1) of the OB and showed that polar functional groups play a major role in activating glomeruli in this zone. However, the MRR property of glomeruli in zones 2–4 is not well understood yet. Using the method of intrinsic signal imaging, we recorded odorant-induced glomerular activity from the ventrolateral surface (zones 2–4) of rat OB. While hydrocarbon odorants that lack pol

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McDowell, K. A., R. L. Chevalier, B. A. Thornhill, and L. L. Norling. "Unilateral ureteral obstruction increases glomerular soluble guanylyl cyclase activity." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6, no. 5 (1995): 1498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v651498.

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RBF and GFR are decreased in kidneys after ipsilateral unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for 24 h. Despite net vasoconstriction, vasodilatory mechanisms respond to counterbalance the vasoconstriction: the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity is associated with a greater reduction in RBF with ipsilateral UUO. To determine whether the stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase differs between glomeruli from obstructed kidneys and normal kidneys, cGMP was measured after stimulation by 10(-3) M sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in glomeruli isolated from the kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats after

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Gubhaju, Lina, Megan R. Sutherland, Bradley A. Yoder, Anthony Zulli, John F. Bertram, and M. Jane Black. "Is nephrogenesis affected by preterm birth? Studies in a non-human primate model." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 6 (2009): F1668—F1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00163.2009.

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Nephrogenesis occurs predominantly in late gestation at a time when preterm infants are already delivered. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of preterm birth and the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid treatment on nephrogenesis. Preterm baboons, which were delivered at 125 days gestation and ventilated for up to 21 days postnatally, were compared with gestational controls. A cohort of preterm baboons that had been exposed to antenatal glucocorticoids were compared with unexposed preterm baboons. The number of glomerular generations was estimated using a medullary ray glomerular-

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Kakimoto, Tetsuhiro, Kinya Okada, Yoshihiro Hirohashi, et al. "Automated image analysis of a glomerular injury marker desmin in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats treated with losartan." Journal of Endocrinology 222, no. 1 (2014): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-14-0164.

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Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication in diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Glomerular podocytes are functionally and structurally injured early in diabetic nephropathy. A non-obese type 2 diabetes model, the spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rat, is of increasing preclinical interest because of its pathophysiological similarities to human type 2 diabetic complications including diabetic nephropathy. However, podocyte injury in SDT rat glomeruli and the effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment in the early stage have not been reported in detail. Therefo

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Dasari, Surendra, Mariam P. Alexander, Julie A. Vrana, et al. "DnaJ Heat Shock Protein Family B Member 9 Is a Novel Biomarker for Fibrillary GN." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29, no. 1 (2017): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2017030306.

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Fibrillary GN (FGN) is a rare primary glomerular disease. Histologic and histochemical features of FGN overlap with those of other glomerular diseases, and no unique histologic biomarkers for diagnosing FGN have been identified. We analyzed the proteomic content of glomeruli in patient biopsy specimens and detected DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B9 (DNAJB9) as the fourth most abundant protein in FGN glomeruli. Compared with amyloidosis glomeruli, FGN glomeruli exhibited a >6-fold overexpression of DNAJB9 protein. Sanger sequencing and protein sequence coverage maps showed tha

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Baricos, W. H., S. Cortez-Schwartz, and S. V. Shah. "Renal neuraminidase. Characterization in normal rat kidney and measurement in experimentally induced nephrotic syndrome." Biochemical Journal 239, no. 3 (1986): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2390705.

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Several lines of evidence suggest that increased neuraminidase activity may be responsible for the loss of glomerular N-acetylneuraminic acid (AcNeu) observed in various glomerular diseases. However, virtually no information is available on the activity of neuraminidase in glomeruli or the potential role of this enzyme in glomerular pathophysiology. Utilizing 2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (4MU-AcNeu) as substrate, we defined optimal assay conditions and characterized neuraminidase activity in glomeruli and, for comparison, in other renal fractions and liver. Neurami

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Buonviso, N., and M. A. Chaput. "Response similarity to odors in olfactory bulb output cells presumed to be connected to the same glomerulus: electrophysiological study using simultaneous single-unit recordings." Journal of Neurophysiology 63, no. 3 (1990): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.3.447.

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1. The glomeruli of the olfactory bulb are discrete anatomic structures in which the terminals of receptor cell axons make extensive contacts with the primary dendrites of the mitral and tufted output cells. In mammals, each mitral and deep tufted (M/T) cell possesses a single primary dendrite and sends it toward the glomerulus situated just in front of its somata. 2. We tested the hypothesis that the glomeruli, which appear to form anatomic units, could act to some extent as functional units. A unitary functioning implies that the M/T cells connected to the same glomerulus will more often dis

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Dakovic-Bjelakovic, Marija, Vojin Savic, Slobodan Vlajkovic, and Tanja Dzopalic. "Development and ultrastructure of glomerular capillaries in human foetus." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 136, Suppl. 4 (2008): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh08s4316d.

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Glomerulus is an important filtrating apparatus in the body. Three types of cells - endothelial, mesangial and visceral epithelial cells can be identified in the capillary tuft. Glomeruli develop during nephrogenesis which starts in the 8th week and ends between the 32nd and 36th week of gestation. The nephron develops through stages described as the vesicle, the comma-shaped, S-shaped with the developing glomerulus and the mature glomerulus. Glomerular differentiation involves the expansion of the original capillary component into the plexus that consists of 6-8 loops and the migration of pod

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Brown, J., S. P. Salas, A. Singleton, J. M. Polak, and C. T. Dollery. "Autoradiographic localization of atrial natriuretic peptide receptor subtypes in rat kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 259, no. 1 (1990): F26—F39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.259.1.f26.

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The distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) clearance receptors in rat kidney was investigated by in vitro autoradiography using des[Gln18,Ser19,Gly20,Leu21,Gly22]-ANP-(4- 23) (C-ANP) and 125I-Tyr0-ANP-(5-25) as relatively specific ligands of this receptor. Alpha-125I-ANP (100 pM) bound reversibly but with high affinity to glomeruli, outer medullary vasa recta bundles, and inner medulla. C-ANP (10 microM) inhibited greater than 60% of this glomerular binding but did not inhibit the binding of alpha-125I-ANP to medullary tissues. Alpha-125I-ANP also bound reversibly to the renal arteri

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HUANG, XIOU RU, A. RICHARD KITCHING, PETER G. TIPPING, and STEPHEN R. HOLDSWORTH. "Interleukin-10 Inhibits Macrophage-Induced Glomerular Injury." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, no. 2 (2000): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v112262.

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The ability of interleukin-10 (IL-10) to inhibit macrophage recruitment, activation, and proliferation in vivo was studied in a macrophage-mediated, but T cell-independent, passive anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced model of glomerulonephritis (GN) in rats. Treatment with recombinant murine IL-10 resulted in dose-dependent reductions in proteinuria (high dose: 16 ± 1 mg/24 h; low dose: 30 ± 2 mg/24 h; control treatment: 69 ± 6 mg/24 h; normal: 7 ± 1 mg/24 h) and glomerular macrophage recruitment (high dose: 1.8 ± 0.1 macrophages per glomerular cross section [c/gcs]; low dose: 5

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Comper, W. D., A. S. N. Lee, M. Tay, and Y. Adal. "Anionic charge concentration of rat kidney glomeruli and glomerular basement membrane." Biochemical Journal 289, no. 3 (1993): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2890647.

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Estimates of levels of glomerular and glomerular-basement-membrane anion charge should serve as useful quantitative markers for the integrity of the tissues in health and disease. We have developed a simple, rapid, technique to measure this charge through the use of ion exchange with radioisotopes 22Na+ and 36Cl- at low ionic strengths in phosphate buffer. When this technique is used, normal glomeruli isolated from rat have a measured net anion charge concentration of 17.4 +/- 3.7 p-equiv. per glomerulus (n = 20). Perfused rat kidneys that lose approximately half of their glomerular heparan [3

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Wang, Jun-Ling, Hui-Fang Cheng, Ming-Zhi Zhang, James A. McKanna, and Raymond C. Harris. "Selective increase of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a model of renal ablation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 275, no. 4 (1998): F613—F622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.4.f613.

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Previous studies have suggested a possible role for prostaglandins (PGs) in mediating alterations in nephron structure and function ensuing after renal ablation. Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) have been described: constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2). We examined expression of these isoforms following subtotal renal ablation (5/6 ablation, RA) in rats. In renal cortex, COX-2 mRNA and immunoreactive protein (IP) increased progressively compared with sham-operated littermates. In contrast, there were no significant changes in COX-1 mRNA expression. In normal kidney, cortical COX-1 IP

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Porush, Jerome G., and Pierre F. Faubert. "Renal disease in elderly patients." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 7, no. 4 (1997): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259897007430.

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Like other organs in the body, the kidneys undergo age-associated anatomical, structural and physiological changes. Starting at 50 years of age, there is a 3-10% decline in kidney weight for each subsequent decade of life, with the loss of cortical mass greater than medullary mass. In fact, the number of glomeruli start to decrease progressively after age 40, and the number of sclerotic glomeruli increases, making the distinction between involutional and disease-related sclerosis unclear in some cases. The outer cortical glomeruli are, in general, more extensively involved than deeper glomerul

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Hayakawa, Kunihiro, Yiman Meng, Nobuhiko Hiramatsu, Ayumi Kasai, Jian Yao та Masanori Kitamura. "Spontaneous activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in isolated normal glomeruli". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 291, № 6 (2006): F1169—F1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00513.2005.

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In this report, we describe that NF-κB is spontaneously activated in isolated, normal glomeruli. Ex vivo incubation of isolated rat glomeruli triggered expression of a NF-κB-dependent gene, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in parallel with downregulation of IκBα and IκBβ proteins and activation of the p65 NF-κB subunit. The induction of MCP-1 was also observed in mesangial cells coincubated with isolated glomeruli or exposed to media conditioned by isolated glomeruli (GCM), which was abrogated by inhibition of NF-κB. The activation of NF-κB by glomerulus-derived factors was confirme

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Yokoo, T., and M. Kitamura. "IL-1beta depresses expression of the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein and sensitizes glomerular cells to oxidant-initiated apoptosis." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 6 (1997): 2886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.6.2886.

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Abstract The 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) is induced by several physical stimuli, whereas little is understood about the regulation and function of this molecule during inflammation. We found that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta depressed hsp70 expression in glomerular mesangial cells and that IL-1-pretreated cells were more susceptible to apoptotic death triggered by oxidant stress. To examine whether the altered expression of hsp70 causes the effect of IL-1beta on apoptosis, rat mesangial cells were stably transfected with a hsp70 cDNA under the control of a constitutively active

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Satchell, Simon C., Steve J. Harper, John E. Tooke, Dontscho Kerjaschki, Moin A. Saleem, and Peter W. Mathieson. "Human Podocytes Express Angiopoietin 1, a Potential Regulator of Glomerular Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 2 (2002): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v132544.

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ABSTRACT. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is abundantly expressed by podocytes, but its role in glomeruli is unknown. Angiopoietins are endothelial cell growth factors that function in concert with VEGF but have not previously been observed in human glomeruli. Angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) acts via the endothelial receptor Tie2 to promote maturation and stabilization of blood vessels, resisting angiogenesis and opposing some actions of VEGF. Ang1, Ang2, Tie2, and VEGF expression in normal human renal cortex was examined with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses. High-power, mu

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Kitching, A. Richard, Joshua Ooi, Janet Chang, and Stephen Holdsworth. "The immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope of myeloperoxidase induces cell mediated injury in murine anti-myeloperoxidase glomerulonephritis (159.14)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (2012): 159.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.159.14.

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Abstract Microscopic polyangiitis, characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic proteins (ANCA), including myeloperoxidase (MPO), frequently targets the glomerulus. Although the pathogenicity of ANCA has been established, the role of CD4+ cells, cell mediated effector responses and MPO T cell epitopes are not known. By screening overlapping peptides of 20aa spanning the entire MPO molecule, we identified an immunodominant MPO CD4+ cell epitope (MPO409-428). Immunization with MPO409-428 induced disease similar to that seen with whole MPO when disease was triggered with a

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Robert, B., P. L. St John, D. P. Hyink, and D. R. Abrahamson. "Evidence that embryonic kidney cells expressing flk-1 are intrinsic, vasculogenic angioblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 271, no. 3 (1996): F744—F753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.3.f744.

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Renal glomerular capillary tufts have been believed to arise from angiogenic ingrowth of extrinsic vessels. We found, however, that when embryonic day 12 (E12) mouse kidneys were maintained in culture for 6 days and then grafted into anterior eye chambers of adult transgenic ROSA26 host mice (which carry the beta-galactosidase transgene), glomerular endothelial cells within the grafts were predominantly of intrinsic, kidney origin. To identify potential endothelial precursors, we immunolabled kidneys with antibodies against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, flk-1. Numerous discr

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Schlondorff, D., P. Goldwasser, R. Neuwirth, J. A. Satriano, and K. L. Clay. "Production of platelet-activating factor in glomeruli and cultured glomerular mesangial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 6 (1986): F1123—F1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.6.f1123.

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Platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) results in contraction of isolated glomeruli and cultured mesangial cells and concomitantly causes release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation. The kidney and isolated glomeruli can also generate material that has PAF bioactivity. We therefore examined the capacity of isolated renal glomeruli and cultured glomerular mesangial cells from rats to form PAF. Both isolated glomeruli and cultured mesangial cells transformed 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ([3H]lyso-PAF) into a labeled

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