Dissertations / Theses: 'Glossine'

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Adam, Yahaya. "Évaluation du risque de Trypanosomose Animale au Ghana, et suivi de l’impact de l’intervention d’éradication de la maladie et du vecteur dans la region Ouest du Ghana." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20210/document.

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Les Trypanosomoses Animales Africaines (TAA) sont une contrainte majeure à la viabilité et à la durabilité des systèmes de production de bétail au Ghana. Sous la tutelle de la Campagne Pan-Africaine d'Eradication des Tsé-tsé et des Trypanosomoses (PATTEC), le Ghana collabore avec le Burkina Faso au sein d'un projet sous régional pour créer une zone libérée de glossines à leur frontière commune. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de i) déterminer la situation initiale avant intervention en ce qui concerne le vecteur et la prévalence de la maladie dans la zone de lutte, ii) déterminer la structure des populations de glossines et ses conséquences sur la durabilité des efforts de lutte anti-vectorielle, iii) évaluer l'efficacité de la Pulvérisation Séquentielle d'Aérosols insecticides (SAT) pour contrôler les glossines riveraines et iv) évaluer les risques environnementaux associés à cette stratégie de lutte. Les résultats de l'enquête de base conduite dans la région nord-ouest du Ghana (zone d'étude) ont montré une large distribution de Glossina tachinoides alors que Glossina palpalis gambiensis était limitée à la limite sud de la zone d'étude. La prévalence parasitaire moyenne chez les bovins était de 2.5% (IC 95%: 1.06-5.77) et la prévalence sérologique de 19% (IC: 14.03-25.35). La densité apparente par piège et par jour (DAP) des glossines était de 8.7, 1.9 et 1.3 respectivement le long des rivières Volta noire, Kulpawn et Sissili. Une structuration génétique importante des populations de G. tachinoides a été observée entre sites d'étude d'un même bassin versant et entre bassins versants. Une densité locale de 0.48-0.61 glossines/m² a été inférée, ainsi qu'une distance de dispersion d'environ 11m par génération [IC 9 - 17]. Aucun biais de dispersion sexe-spécifique n'a été détecté. La dispersion observée était suffisante pour qu'une zone libérée de G. tachinoides puisse être ré-envahie par les populations mitoyennes des bassins versants adjacents.L'efficacité de la SAT à éliminer les espèces de glossines riveraines dans une section particulièrement difficile (canopée très dense et fortes densités de glossines) et l'efficacité ultérieure, un an après la SAT, d'une stratégie de lutte intégrée, ont également été testées. Les résultats montrent l'échec de l'éradication, attribué à une pénétration insuffisante des aérosols insecticides dans les galeries forestières denses. Toutefois, le taux de réduction global obtenu par la SAT fut important (98%) et la stratégie intégrée parvint à maintenir un niveau important de suppression des glossines. Enfin, une mesure de l'impact environnemental du projet a montré un impact non significatif de la deltaméthrine en aérosols sur les arthropodes aquatiques et terrestres non-ciblés
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major constraint to viable and sustainable livestock production systems in Ghana. Under the umbrella of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Ghana is collaborating with Burkina Faso in a sub-regional initiative aiming at creating tsetse-free areas across their common borders. The objective of this thesis was to conduct research to guide project implementation and specifically seeks to i) determine the pre-intervention vector and disease situation of the intervention area, ii) determine tsetse population structuring and the consequences on sustainable tsetse control efforts, iii) evaluate SAT for the control of riverine tsetse species in Ghana and iv) evaluate the environmental risk of the intervention programmes. Results of a baseline survey conducted in the Upper West Region (study area) indicated a wide-spread prevalence of Glossina tachinoides but Glossina palpalis gambiensis was limited to the southern edge of the study area. Average parasitological prevalence in cattle was estimated at 2.5% (95% CI: 1.06–5.77) and serological prevalence measured at 19% (95% CI: 14.03–25.35). The mean Index of Apparent Abundance (IAA) of tsetse was 8.7, 1.9 and 1.3 for samples taken along the Black Volta, Kulpawn and Sissili Rivers, respectively. Investigations of the G. tachinoides populations confirmed significant structuring within and between the three main river-basins of the study area, and indicated a local density of 0.48-0.61 flies/m² and dispersal distance that approximated 11 m per generation [CI 9 - 17]. No significant sex-biased dispersal was detected. However, the observed dispersal was deemed sufficient for a G. tachinoides-cleared area to be reinvaded from neighbouring populations in adjacent river basins. The potential of Sequential Aerosol Technique (SAT) to eliminate riverine tsetse species in a challenging subsection (dense tree canopy and high tsetse densities) and the subsequent efficacy of an integrated strategy, one year after the SAT operations, were also investigated. Results indicated failure to achieve elimination, attributed to insufficient penetration of insecticide aerosols in thick riverine forest galleries. However the overall reduction rate due to SAT was important (98%) and the subsequent integrated strategy maintained high levels of tsetse suppression. Finally an environmental impact assessment revealed no significant impact of deltamethrin aerosols on non-targeted aquatic and terrestrial arthropods

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Bitome, Essono Paul Yannick. "Identification, écologie et utilisation des diptères hématophages (glossine, stomoxe et tabanide) comme moyen d'échantillonnage non-invasif de la faune sauvage dans quatre parcs du Gabon." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS048/document.

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Avec la mise en place des politiques de conservation des espèces sauvages, l'extension de l'urbanisation et l'accroissement des populations humaines, le contact homme-faune a considérablement augmenté au cours de ces dernières décennies. Par conséquent, le nombre de maladies d'origines zoonotiques a explosé avec six apparitions d'agents infectieux par an, dont 75% sont susceptibles d’être transmises par un vecteur. La plupart de ces maladies n'ayant pas encore de vaccins, les principales méthodes d'évitement sont basées sur les stratégies de lutte anti-vectorielle adaptées à l'écologie et au comportement alimentaire des vecteurs. Au Gabon, particulièrement dans les parcs nationaux, nous avons identifié six espèces de glossines (Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. fusca congolense, G. pallicera newsteadi, G. caliginea et G tabaniformis) vivant principalement en milieux forestiers, six espèces de stomoxes (Stomoxys calcitrans, S. inornatus, S. niger niger, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega omega et S. transvittatus) inféodées aux milieux ouverts types forêt secondaire, savane et villages. Nous avons également identifié six espèces de tabanides (Ancala sp., Atylotus sp., Chrysops sp., Haematopota sp., Tabanus par et T. taeniola), mais leur distribution n'était pas claire dans les milieux prospectés. Par ailleurs, nous constatons que ces mouches hématophages ont un régime alimentaire très diversifié, comprenant les mammifères terrestres et aquatiques, les reptiles et les oiseaux. Elles se nourrissent à 86% sur la faune, contre seulement 14% sur l'homme. Cependant, dans les milieux anthropisés les repas sanguins d'origine humaine sont très importants, notamment dans les villages (100%) et autour des camps de recherche implantés dans les parcs (24%). Ainsi en l'absence de faune dans le milieu, ces mouches hématophages se nourrissent sur l'homme. Comme 75% des maladies émergentes chez l'homme proviennent de la faune sauvage et que près de ¾ d'entre elles circulent via le sang, elles sont donc susceptibles d’être détectées dans les repas sanguins de mouches hématophages. Cette technique d'échantillonnage non-invasif de la faune sauvage semble être un bon moyen d'identifier les agents infectieux à ADN (plasmodiums et trypanosomes), mais reste encore imprécise pour les agents infectieux à ARN (arbovirus)
The contact between human and wild fauna has considerably increased during these last decades due to the increase of human population size but also to conservation policies. As a consequence, the number of zoonotic diseases soared with a mean of six new infectious diseases per year, 75% of whom being vectorially transmitted. The way to avoid the human contamination by these emergent diseases is based on the efficient vector control resulting from a deep knowledge of the ecology and the feeding behavior of the different vector species. During our work, we have identified and characterized the ecology of 6 tsetse species (Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. fusca congolense, G. pallicera newsteadi, G. caliginea and G. tabaniformis) that live in forests and 6 stomoxe species (Stomoxys calcitrans, S. inornatus, S. niger niger, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega omega and S. transvittatus) that live in and around (anthropized places) conservation areas. We have also identified 6 tabanid species (Ancala sp., Atylotus sp., Chrysops sp., Haematopota sp., Tabanus par and T. taeniola). The feeding ecology of the tsetse species have been studied through the determination of host extracted from blood meals in the insect caught with molecular techniques. These hematophagous insects had a diversified diet that was constituted of diverse mammal species but also reptiles and birds. The food intake results mostly from wild fauna (86%) and more rarely from humans (14%). However, in anthropised habitats (villages and research’s camps within the parks), the blood intakes from human origin were important, in particular in the villages (100%), suggesting that without wild fauna the flies shift on human host. In the last part of our work, we tried to identify pathogens in the blood samples extracted from the tsetse species in order to test whether these species could be used as living sampling syringe of the wild fauna. This new proposed non-invasive sampling techniques allowed to detect the DNA of various infectious agents (plasmodiums and trypanosomes), but failed to detect the RNA of viruses (arbovirus) suggesting that this approach could be useful but need to be improved

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Etienne, Bouyer Fanny. "Risque trypanosomien et innovation : le cas des éleveurs d'Afrique de l’Ouest." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS107/document.

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Les trypanosomoses animales africaines transmises par les glossines sont une des principales contraintes pathologiques au développement et à l’intensification de l’élevage en Afrique sub-saharienne. Leur contrôle repose sur deux grandes stratégies : la lutte autonome par les éleveurs qui vise à contrôler la maladie de manière à permettre une production rentable, et l’intervention étatique centralisée qui vise dans la plupart des cas l’éradication du vecteur et de la maladie. Cette seconde stratégie s’est amplifiée récemment dans le cadre de la campagne pan-africaine d’éradication des glossines et des trypanosomoses (PATTEC), coordonnée par l’Union Africaine. Je me suis attachée à caractériser les capacités d’innovation des éleveurs face au risque de santé animale et réciproquement à l’effet du contrôle du risque sur les trajectoires d’innovation des éleveurs. Le terrain d’étude a concerné deux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest: le Burkina Faso et le Sénégal. Au Sénégal, nous avons développé une approche coûts-bénéfices originale d’un projet d’éradication, et montré que les bénéfices attendus dépendent essentiellement de l’innovation, grâce aux gains de productivité dus à la transition des systèmes d’élevage utilisant la race Djakoré trypanotolérante vers des systèmes d’élevage améliorés utilisant des races plus productives trypanosensibles. Au Burkina Faso (bassin du Mouhoun), les objectifs étaient de caractériser la perception du risque par les éleveurs, les stratégies autonomes de lutte et leurs capacités à adopter une nouvelle méthode de lutte contre les glossines, le pédiluve insecticide. Enfin, pour comprendre et anticiper l’impact de l’évolution du risque trypanosomien sur les trajectoires d’innovation des éleveurs et améliorer l’évaluation économique de la campagne d’éradication au Sénégal, une analyse croisée de 10 études de cas a permis d’identifier puis de caractériser les dynamiques locales d’innovation, les logiques d’action et les indicateurs de capacités d’innovation des différents groupes d’éleveurs. Dans les deux sites d’étude, le dynamisme des réseaux socio-techniques auxquels appartiennent les éleveurs et leurs manières de le mobiliser permettent de comprendre l’impact de ce risque sanitaire sur les capacités d’innovation des éleveurs. Ces processus ont été étudiés en mobilisant une théorie de l’innovation, la SAR (sociologie de l’Acteur-Réseau) et en combinant des méthodes d’enquêtes par questionnaire, d’épidémiologie participative et une analyse compréhensive socio-technique inspirée de la méthode du GERDAL (Groupe d’Expérimentation et de Recherche, Développement et Actions Localisées). En perspective, les avancées liées à ce travail dans le domaine de l’hybridation des sciences vétérinaires et sociales sont discutées, et des pistes d’amélioration possibles sont proposées. Un des principaux enseignements de cette thèse est d’ordre méthodologique : une piste est proposée pour l’hybridation de méthodes d’épidémiologie participative et d’une analyse compréhensive socio-technique basée sur les apports de la SAR et du GERDAL
African animal trypanosomosis, transmitted by tsetse flies, are among the main animal health constraints to the development and intensification of cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa. Their control relies on two major strategies: the farmer-based control aiming at controlling the disease in order to allow a cost-effective production, and the centralized state intervention mostly targeting the eradication of the vector and the disease. This second strategy recently spread in the framework of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), coordinated by the African Union. I aimed to characterize the innovation capacities of livestock producers facing this animal health risk and vice versa the effect of risk control on innovation trajectories of livestock farmers. The study area concerned two west african countries: Burkina Faso and Senegal. In Senegal, we developed an original cost-benefit approach of the eradication program, and showed that the expected benefits mainly relie on innovation, thanks to the productivity benefits resulting from the shift from livestock breeding systems using the trypanotolerant Djakoré breed toward improved livestock breeding systems using more productive trypanosensible cattle breeds. In Burkina Faso (Mouhoun basin), the goals were to characterize the risk assessment by livestock producers, farmer-based control strategies and their capacities to adopt a new control method against tsetse flies, the insecticide footbath. At last, in order to understand and predict the impact of the evolution of the trypanosomosis risk on innovation trajectories of livestock producers and to improve the economic analysis of the eradication campaign in Senegal, a cross-sectional analysis of 10 case studies allowed identifying and characterizing the local dynamics of innovation, the rationales for action and the indicators of innovation capacities of the different groups of livestock producers. In the two study areas, the dynamism of socio-technical networks which livestock farmers belonged to and the ways they were mobilized allowed to understand the impact of this animal health risk on innovation capacities of the livestock producers. These processes were studied by mobilizing an innovation theory, the ANT (Actor Network Theory) and combining inquiry methods by questionnaires, methods of participatory epidemiology and a comprehensive socio-technical analysis inspired from the GERDAL’s method (Groupe d’Expérimentation et de Recherche, Développement et Actions Localisées). In perspective, advances linked to this work in the field of the hybridization between veterinary and social sciences are discussed, and few potential ways of improvement are proposed. One of the mains learning of this thesis is about methods: a pathway is proposed for hybridization of methods of participatory epidemiology and a comprehensive socio-technical analysis based on the inputs of SAR and GERDAL methods

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Solano, Philippe. "Implications épidémiologiques de la variabilité génétique des populations de glossines. Cas de "Glossina palpalis" en Afrique de l'ouest." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20169.

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Stiles, Jonathan K. "Studies on Glossina-trypanosome interactions." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258241.

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Guidi, Claudia. "Glossing for meaning and glossing for form a computerized study of the effects of glossing and type of linguistic item on reading comprehension, noticing, and L2 learning /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/453824066/viewonline.

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Dale, Colin. "The secondary (S-) endosymbionts of Glossina spp." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243102.

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Welburn, Susan Christina. "The rickettsia-like organisms of Glossina spp." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240341.

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Mwangi, Sarah Wambui. "In silico investigation of glossina morsitans promoters." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3990.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp) are the biological vectors for Trypanosomes, the causative magents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). HAT is a debilitating disease that continues to present a major public health problem and a key factor limiting rural development in vast regions of tropical Africa. To augment vector control efforts, the International Glossina Genome Initiative (IGGI) was established in 2004 with the ultimate goal of generating a fully annotated whole genome sequence for Glossina morsitans. A working draft genome of Glossina morsitans was availed in 2011. In this thesis, transcriptional regulatory features in Glossina morsitans were analysed using the draft genome. A method for TSS identification in the newly sequenced Glossina morsitans genome was developed using TSS-seq tags sampled from two developmental stages of Glossina morsitans. High throughput next generation sequencing reads obtained from Glossina morsitans larvae and pupae were used to locate transcription start sites (TSS) in the Glossina morsitans genome. TSS-seq tag clusters, defined as a minimum number of reads at the 5’ predicted UTR or first coding exon, were used to define transcription start sites. A total of 3134 tag clusters were identified on the Glossina genome. Approximately 45.4% (1424) of the tag clusters mapped to the first coding exons or their proximal predicted 5’UTR regions and include 31 tag clusters that mapped to transposons. A total of 1101 (35.1%) tag clusters mapped outside the genic region and/or scaffolds without gene predictions and may correspond to previously un-annotated transcripts or noncoding RNA TSS. The core promoter regions were classified as narrow or broad based on the number of TSS positions within a TSS-seq cluster. Majority (95%) of the core promoters analysed in this study were of the broad type while only 5% were of the narrow type. Comparison of canonical core promoter motif occurences between random and bona fide core promoters showed that, generally, the number of motifs in biologically functional genomic windows in the true dataset exceeded those in the random dataset (p <= 0.00164, 0.00135, 0.00185 for the narrow, broad with peak and broad without peak categories respectively). Frequency of motif co-occurrence in core promoter was found to be fundamentally different across various initiation patterns. Narrow core promoters recorded higher frequency of the TATA-box and INR motifs and two-way motif co-occurrence showed that the TATA-box-INR pair is over-represented in the narrow category. Broad core promoters showed higher frequency of the BREd and MTE motifs and two-way motif co-occurrence showed that the MTE-DPE pair is over-represented in broad core promoters. TATA-less promoters account for 77% of the core promoters in this analysis. TATA-less core promoters showed a higher frequency of the MTE and INR motifs in contrast to observations in Drosophila where the DPE motif has been reported to occur frequently in TATA-less promoters. These motif combinations suggest their equal importance to transcription in their corresponding promoter classes in Glossina morsitans.

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Okolo, C. J. "Studies on lectin binding sites of Glossina in relation to host parasite interactions with particular reference to Glossina trypanosome systems." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293804.

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Laveissière, Claude. "Épidémiologie et contrôle de la trypanosomiase humaine en Afrique de l'Ouest." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112069.

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En Afrique de l’ouest, la trypanosomiase humaine est une maladie liée à la présence de l’eau qui favorise la pérennité des espèces de glossines vectrices. Ces dernières entretiennent avec l’homme des relations étroites permettant la dissémination du parasite au groupe humain se rapprochant des gîtes. Ce schéma caractéristique des zones de savane, se complique singulièrement en zone forestière où les gîtes à glossines ne sont pas géographiquement limités mais où tous les faciès écologiques représentent, à divers niveaux, des zones à risque de transmission. L’homme, principal responsable de la création de ces gîtes à vecteurs, modèle avec eux des relations plus ou moins étroites selon son comportement dans l’espace : un système d’occupation du sol de type collectif induisant des déplacements fréquents, l’entraide de travail et bien souvent la vie au cœur des plantations, entrainent la dissémination u parasite dans le groupe ethnique tout entier avec comme autre conséquence l’introduction de l’endémie dans d’autres zones biogéographiques, identiques ou non ; inversement, un système de vie et de culture, de type individuel, familial, limite le contact homme/vecteur et restreint la circulation du trypanosome, si elle a lieu, au groupe familial. Lutter contre l’endémie sommeilleuse exige à la fois un contrôle des vecteurs et une stricte surveillance parasitologique des populations humaines, plus ou moins accessibles. L’expérience montre que cette phase importante de la lutte est favorisée par la mobilisation de toutes les communautés rurales à qui l’on confie le soin d’appliquer elles-mêmes la technique de lutte. A l’heure actuelle seul le piégeage peut être envisagé, surtout en zone forestière, eu égard à sa simplicité et sa rapidité d’emploi qui en facilite l’usage par les paysans et sa diffusion par les services de santé. Le piégeage possède en outre des qualités qui, à l’heure actuelle, en font un outil appréciable pour contrôler les glossines d’intérêt médical ou vétérinaire : son efficacité, la modicité de son coût et son innocuité pour le milieu. Il serait cependant préférable, au lieu d’appliquer le piégeage pour enrayer l’endémie sommeilleuse, de prendre les mesures adéquates pour prévenir ou limiter son extension. L’aménagement agricole et l’éducation sanitaire devraient permettre de réduire considérablement le contact homme/vecteur, donc de réduire les interventions de l’entomologiste, toujours plus ou moins onéreuses
In West Africa, human trypanosomiaisis is a disease connected with the presence of water, which favours vector species of Glossina. A close ecological relationship between such species and man leads to the dissemination of the parasite among human populations close to fly habitats. The relatively simple epidemiological situation which results in savannah is however complicated in the forest zone where tsetse habitats are not geographically limited, and where all biotopes represents, at different levels, zones of risk for transmission. Man is the main agent responsible for the creation of vector habitats, but his degree of contact with tsetse population depends greatly on his social and agricultural activities. On the one hand, agriculture of a collective type, involving frequent populations movements, co-operative work, and often life in the midst of plantations, leads to the transmission of the parasite among the entire ethnic group concerned; it may also permit the spread of the disease to other areas which are biogeographically dissimilar. In contrast, an individualistic, familial pattern of agriculture limits man-fly contact and confines the spread of the trypanosome, where this occurs, to the familial group. Control of endemic sleeping sickness requires medical surveillance and vector control. Experience shows that vector control works best when the rural communities themselves are mobilized, and involved in the application of the control technique. At the moment trapping is the only method suitable for this approach in forest areas, because its simplicity and speed of implementation allow its distribution by the national health services and its use by peasant farmers. In fact, its efficiency, moderate cost and harmlessness to the environment are qualities which should make trapping a generally useful tool for the control of glossina species of medical and veterinary importance

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Young, David John. "The Gloss and glossing : William Langland's Biblical hermeneutic." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1674/.

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This thesis investigates the use to which William Langland puts the Glossa Ordinaria to authorise his vision of ethical, social and ecclesiastical reform in Piers Plowman. There was much in late fourteenth-century England to arouse the ire of the reformer and satirist and among Langland's targets was glossing the Bible. Yet the Bible was only available in glossed editions; so why and how did he differentiate between the Glossa Ordinaria and contemporary glossing? The answer seems to lie in the exploitative and dishonest use to which glossing was often put. Langland sees beyond that, however, recognising the ethical perils of linguistic diversity and more serious still, the lack of ethical content in, and even the antinomian tendencies of conventional (mostly Augustinian) understandings of some major Christian doctrines, such as predestination and free will, original sin, grace, the image of God in man, the Incarnation of Christ, and the relationship between wisdom, knowledge and love. This thesis examines the extent to which Langland deviates from these conventional understandings and revisits older understandings with more ethical productivity and a greater motivation for the laity to live ethically. He finds in the Gloss a source of such understandings.

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Dashti, Zahra Jalali Sefid. "Computational characterization of IRE-regulated genes in Glossina morsitans." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3325.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Blood feeding is a habit exhibited by many insects. Considering the devastating impact of these insects on human health, it is important to focus research on understanding the biology behind blood-feeding, disease transmission and host-pathogen interactions. Such knowledge would pave the way for developing efficient preventative measures. Iron an important element for species survival, is at the center of events controlling tsetse’s fitness and reproductive success. Hence, targeting genes involved in iron trafficking and sequestration would present possible means of preventing disease transmission. Considering the dynamic and multi-factorial nature of iron metabolism, a well-coordinated regulatory system is expected to be at work. Despite extensive literature on the mechanism of iron regulation and key factors responsible in maintaining its homeostasis in human, less attention has been given to understand such system in insects, especially the blood-feeding insects. The availability of the genome sequences for several insect disease vectors allows for a more detailed analysis on the identification and characterization of events controlling and preventing iron-induced toxicity following a blood-meal. The International Glossina Genome Initiative (IGGI) has coordinated the sequencing and annotation of the Glossina morsitans genome that has led to the identification of 12220 genes. This knowledge-base along with current understanding of the IRE system in regulating iron metabolism, allowed for investigating the UTRs of Glossina genes for the presence of these elements. Using a combination of motif enrichment and IRE-stem loop structure prediction, an IRE-mediated regulation was inferred for 150 genes, among which, 72 were identified with 5’-IREs and 78 with 3’-IREs. Of the identified IRE-regulated genes, the ferritin heavy chain and MRCK-alpha are the only known genes to have IREs, while the rest are novel genes for which putative roles in regulating iron levels in tsetse fly have been assigned in this study. Moreover, the functional inference of the identified genes further points to the enrichment of transcription and translation. Furthermore, several hypothetical proteins with no defined functions were identified to be IRE-regulated. These include TMP007137, TMP009128, TMP002546, TMP002921, TMP003628, TMP004581, TMP008259, TMP012389, TMP005219, TMP005827, TMP007908, TMP009332, TMP01- 3384, TMP009102, TMP010544, TMP010707, TMP004292, TMP006517, TMP014030, TMP009821 and TMP003060 for which an iron-regulatory mechanism of action may be inferred. We further report 26 IRE-regulated secreted proteins in Glossina, that present good candidates for further investigation pertaining to the development of novel vector control strategies. Using the predicted data on the identified IRE-regulated genes and their functional classification, we derived at 29 genes with putative roles in iron trafficking, where several unknown and hypothetical proteins are included. Thus a novel role is inferred for these genes in cellular binding and transport in the context of iron metabolism. It is therefore possible that these genes may have evolved in Glossina, such that they compensate for the absence of an IRE- regulated mechanism for transferrin. Additionally, we propose 14 IRE-regulated genes involved in immune and stress response, which may indeed play crucial roles at the host pathogen interface through their possible mechanisms of iron sequestration. Using the subcellular localization analysis, we further categorized the putative IRE regulated genes into several subcellular localizations, where the majority of genes were found within the nucleus and the cytosol. The detection of the conserved motifs in a set of genes, is an interesting yet sophisticated area of research, that allows for identifying either co-regulated or orthologous genes, while further providing support for the putative function of a set of genes that would otherwise remain uncharacterized. This is based on the notion that co-regulated genes are often coexpressed to carry out a specific function. As such, 14 regulatory elements were identified in the 5’- and 3’-UTRs of IRE-regulated genes, involved in embryonic development and reproduction, inflammation and immune response, signaling pathways and neurogenesis as well as DNA repair. This study further proposes several IRE-regulated genes as targets for micro-RNA regulation through identifying micro-RNA binding sites in their 3’UTRs. Using a motif clustering approach we clustered IRE-regulated genes based on the number of motifs they share. Significantly co-regulated genes sharing two or more motifs were determined as critical targets for future investigation. The expression map of IRE-regulated genes was analyzed to better understand the events taking place from 3 hours to 15 days following a blood meal. Re-analysis of Anopheles microarray chip showed the significant expression of three cell envelope and transport genes as early response and six as late response to a blood meal, which could indeed be assigned a putative role in iron trafficking. Genes identified in this study with implications in iron metabolism, whose timely expression allows for maintaining iron homeostasis, represent good targets for future work. Considering the important role of evolution in species adaptation to habits such as Hematophagy, it is of importance to identify evolutionary signatures associated with these changes. To distinguish between evolutionary forces that are specific to iron-metabolism in blood-feeding insects and those that are found in other insects, the IRE-regulated genes were clustered into orthologous groups using several blood feeding and non-blood feeding insect species. Assessment of different evolutionary scenarios using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach, points to variations in the evolution of IRE-regulated genes between the two insect groups, whereby several genes indicate an increased mutation rate in the BF-insect group relative to their non-blood feeding insect counterparts. These include TMP003602 (phosphoinositide3-kinase), TMP009157 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme9), TMP010317 (general transcription factor IIH subunit1), TMP011104 (serine-pyruvate mitochondrial), TMP013137 (pentatricopeptide Transcription and translation), TMP013886 (tRNA(uridine-2-o-)-methyl-transferase-trm7) and TMP014187 (mediator 100kD). Additionally, we have indicated the presence of positively selected sites within seven blood-feeding IRE-regulated genes namely TMP002520 (nucleoporin), TMP008942 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3), TMP009871(bruno-3 transcript) , TMP010317 (general transcription factor IIH subunit1), TMP010673 (ferritin heavy-chain protein), TMP011104 (serine-pyruvate mitochondrial) and TMP011448 (brain chitinase and chia). Thus the results of this study provides an in depth understanding of iron metabolism in Glossina morsitans and confers important targets for future validations based on which innovative control strategies may be designed.

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Fumoux, Francis. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance naturelle des bovins aux trypanosomes africaines." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22014.

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15

O'Sullivan, Sinead. "Early medieval glosses on Prudentius' Psychomachia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312681.

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16

Chaves, Marcelo Donizetti. "Estudo da herdabilidade em genealogias de familias com portadores de psoriase cutanea e lingua geografica." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289225.

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Orientador: Heron Fernando de Souza Gonzaga
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T05:15:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chaves_MarceloDonizetti_D.pdf: 1424400 bytes, checksum: 35e88d5e057e2d0b7214de851a1b8e3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: A psoríase é uma doença cutânea crônica, cuja condição bucal mais freqüentemente associada é a língua geográfica. Fatores genéticos e ambientais estão relacionados com as mesmas. A descrição destes fatores mostra a importância do estudo da herdabilidade para determinação quantitativa da influência do genótipo e do ambiente. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a herdabilidade da psoríase cutânea e língua geográfica, através do estudo de genealogias de famílias com portadores destas condições. Foram estudados 356 heredogramas de pacientes com estas doenças, a partir de prontuários de um ambulatório dermatológico, independente da idade, gênero e grupo étnico. A amostra foi constituída por 128 propósitos com psoríase cutânea, do tipo vulgar e 257 língua geográfica. Os propósitos com psoríase cutânea apresentavam ou não simultaneidade de língua geográfica e os propósitos com língua geográfica apresentavam ou não simultaneidade de psoríase cutânea. Para a determinação da herdabilidade, utilizou-se o método de Falconer. Este método foi desenvolvido em genética quantitativa, para avaliar o comportamento de características de limiar, aplicado para dados da incidência das doenças, a fim de responder a questão relativa à importância da herança e do ambiente no desenvolvimento das mesmas. A partir dos resultados obtidos destas análises, constatamos que: a) a herdabilidade dos pais em famílias de portadores de psoríase foi de 89,2%, sendo esta considerada alta; b) o mesmo foi observado com relação aos filhos (86,8%) e filhas (84,4%) do propósito; c) verificou-se herdabilidade maior nos grupos de irmãos e irmãs que nos grupos dos pais do propósito, sendo todas as herdabilidades consideradas altas; d) as herdabilidades das irmãs (97%) e irmãos (98%) foram as maiores obtidas, sendo muito semelhantes entre si e maiores do que a dos pais do propósito (89,2%); e) verificou-se a correlação entre filhos/propósito (86,8%) e filhas/propósito (84,4%), ambas com herdabilidade alta e muito semelhante; f) com relação à língua geográfica, observou-se que o valor da herdabilidade filhos/propósito (80,2%) foi maior que a dos pais/propósito (41,6%), sendo o mesmo verificado para a herdabilidade filhas/propósito (68,6%) que na herdabilidade pais/propósito (41,6%); g) a herdabilidade irmãos/propósito (56,8%) foi maior que o valor para pais/propósito (41,6%) e irmãs/propósito (41,6%); h) na comparação entre as herdabilidades filhos/propósito (80,2%) e filhas/propósito (68,6%), observamos que esta foi maior na primeira que na segunda; i) observou-se herdabilidade maior na relação irmãos/propósito (56,8%) que na irmãs/propósito (41,6%); j) o cálculo da herdabilidade total para o grupo com psoríase indicou uma herdabilidade alta (92,1%); k) com relação ao grupo com língua geográfica, também se observou uma herdabilidade alta (51,5%). A partir destes dados, conclui-se que tanto na psoríase, quanto na língua geográfica existe um fator genético determinante
Abstract: Psoriasis is a chronic cutaneous disease whose oral condition is more frequently associated to benign migratory glossitis. Aspects as epidemiological association, basic lesions and microscopic characteristics similarly support the idea that benign migratory glossitis is the true form of oral psoriasis. This study was done having the objective of study the heritability to cutaneous psoriasis and benign migratory glossitis through the genealogy of family with holder these diseases. Were studied 356 heredograms of patients from the records of the dermatological ambulatory, independently of age, gender or ethnic group. The sample was made up of 128 propositi with cutaneous psoriasis and 257 with benign migratory glossitis. The patients suffering from cutaneous psoriasis presented benign migratory glossitis simultaneous or not and the patients of benign migratory glossitis group presented or not psoriasis simultaneously. To determination of heritability were applied Falconer¿s methods. This method was developed in quantitative genetics to analyze the behavior of threshold characteristics. It was applied to date of the incidence of the diseases, so as to answer the question about the role of the inheritance and environmental factors in development the psoriasis and benign migratory glossitis. The following constations were taking from the observed results: a) the heritability of parents in families with patients suffering from cutaneous psoriasis was 89,2%, being considered high; b) high heritability was observed to sons (86,8%) and daughters (84,4%) from propositi; c) it was verified heritability higher in groups of brothers and sisters than groups of parents from propositi, that showed high heritabilities; d) the heritabities of sisters (97%) and brothers (98%) were the higher obtained, and very similar among these and higher than parents from propositi (89,2%); e) it was verified the correlation among sons/propositi (86,8%) and daughters/propositi (84,4%), both having high heritability and very similar; f) beside to benign migratory glossitis, observed that value to heritability sons/propositi (80,2%) was high than parents/propositi (41,6%), being the same verified beside to heritability daughters/propositi (68,6%) that to heritability parents/propositi (41,6%); g) the heritability brothers/propositi (56,8%) was higher than the value to parents/propositi (41,6%) and sisters/propositi (41,6%); h) beside the heritabilities sons/propositi (80,2%) and daughters/propositi (68,6%), it was observed that the heritability was higher in first than second; i) it was observed heritability higher beside brothers/propositi (56,8%) than sisters/propositi (41,6%); j) the total heritability to group with cutaneous psoriasis indicated high heritability (92,6%); k) comparing to group with benign migratory glossitis was also observed a high heritability (54,8%). These data allow the conclusion that, both psoriasis and benign migratory glossitis have a determinant genetic factor
Doutorado
Patologia
Doutor em Estomatopatologia

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17

Le, Bris Daniel. "L'element breton dans le glossaire nautique de jal." Paris, EPHE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPHE4050.

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Le glossaire nautique d'augustin jal (1795-1873) est publie a paris en 1848. Cet ouvrage est un dictionnaire encyclopedique et polyglotte (60 langues) de la marine. Le vocabulaire breton de ce glossaire est une documentation en partie de premiere main, puisqu'il repose, non seulement, sur une compilation des dictionnaires bretons disponibles a cette epoque, mais aussi sur une enquete orale menee en 1841 aupres de francois ezou, marin originaire de lampaul-plouarzel, dans le nord-finistere. Jal reflete les prejuges des societes savantes de son temps : il a plus d'estime pour les sources imprimees que pour les sources orales. Il adopte sans reserve le point de vue de le gonidec. Ce dernier est un lexicographe puriste qui souhaite regenerer le breton en rejetant les mots provenant du francais. Le materiau oral, element original de la nomenclature bretonne de jal, est donc sousutilise. Afin d'etudier la valeur de ces informations orales, nous avons minutieusement releve tous les termes bretons du glossaire nautique. D'apres nos calculs, nous reunissons 1709 locutions et mots bretons. Nous avons systematiquement verifie leurs occurrences dans les trois dictionnaires bretons utilises par jal (ii s'agit des dictionnaires de gregoire de rostrenen, 1732, de le gonidec, 1821, et de troude, 1842). Nous avons confronte l'ensemble du vocabulaire breton du glossaire nautique au breton vivant de lampaul-plouarzel et aux principales donnees de terminologie nautique bretonne, disponibles dans les imprimes bretons (glossaires, autobiographie de jean conan, roman de bilzig, emgann kergidu. . . ). Nos enquetes dialectologiques de terrain ont permis de rassembler une precieuse et abondante documentation sur le parler nautique de cette commune. Nos ethnotextes tiennent compte de la variation des debits phonologiques du locuteur (lento, allegro, presto), selon la methode de wolfgang dressier.

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18

Ogwal, L. M. "Factors affecting the rate of digestion and absorbtion in Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood." Thesis, University of Bath, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355089.

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19

Najari, Hossein. "Ard-Yašt de l'Avesta : texte, traduction, commentaire et glossaire." Paris, EPHE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPHE5003.

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La religion zoroastrienne, attribuée à son prophète Zoroastre, comporte un texte sacré : l’Avesta (: éloge). Ce texte est composé de cinq parties : le Yasna; le Visprad; les Yašts; le Xorda Avesta et le Vidēvdād. Le corpus que nous avons étudié appartient aux Yašts. Ce mot désigne les recueils d’hymnes individuels adressés aux divinités autres qu’Ahura Mazdā. Nous disposons de 21 Yašts. Notre thèse porte sur l’un d’entre eux, le 17e, nommé « Ard Yašt ». Ce texte avestique récent de 61 strophes est consacré à Aú i, la déesse de la récompense, de la richesse et de la chance. Aú i est une déesse attestée très anciennement et Après l’apparition de la nouvelle foi, elle s’est adaptée à ce panthéon. L’Ard Yašt présente une valeur littéraire exemplaire. Nous y trouvons nombre de belles illustrations de la famille iranienne, envisagée à travers son éthique, ses ravissantes demeures parfumées, ainsi que le catalogue des sacrifiants (: Haošiiaŋha, Yima, Θraētaona, Haoma, Kauui Haosrauuah, Zaraýuštra et Vīštāspa). De plus, il est seul à évoquer certains mythes archaïques qui font référence à la société où Aú i est peut-être née. Il parle aussi des gémissements d’Aúi contre ses ennemis, qui sont surtout les gens hostiles à la fertilité et qui ne respectent pas les règles de la vie familiale légitime, et il évoque certains rituels religieux étranges car appartenant sans doute à un stade antérieur de la religion. Il convient également de signaler que la rencontre de Zaraýuštra avec la déesse Aú i constitue l’une des parties les plus romantiques de tout l’Avesta. Cette thèse a voulu étudier le texte avestique de l’Ard Yašt en en donnant une traduction, accompagnée des commentaires sur les difficultés de ce Yašt. Nous avons ensuite établi un glossaire avestique
The zoroastrian religion, allotted to Zoroastre, its prophet, comprises a sacred text: Avesta (: praise). This text is composed of five parts: Yasna; Visprad; Yašts; Xorda Avesta and Vidēvdād. The text which relates to our linguistic research belongs to the part of the Yašts. The Yašts are the collections of individual hymns, addressed to the divinities other than Ahura Mazdā. We have 21 Yašts which the 17e is called Ard Yašt. This Avestan text, in 61 stanzas, is devoted to Aú i: the goddess of the reward, the richness and the chance. Aú i is a very old goddess, who, after the appearance of the new faith, adapted to the religion of zoroastrianism. Ard Yašt carries a remarkable literary value. We will find there many beautiful images of the Iranian family, her ethics, its beautiful scented houses, as well, the catalogue of worshipers (:Haošiiaŋha, Yima, Θraētaona, Haoma, Kauui Haosrauuah, Zaraýuštra and Vīštāspa). Moreover, we find, the ancients unique myths, which give reference to the society, where Aúi was perhaps born. Then, complaints of Aúi against her enemies: people who are especially against the fertility and who do not comply with the rules of the legitimate family life. Also, there are strange religion rituals. It deserves to know that the meeting of Zaraýuštra with goddess Aúi , is one of the most romantic parts of Avesta. We tried here to treat the Avestan text and to give a translation, accompanied by the comments, concerning the difficulties of this Yašt and then, we would have the Avestan glossary

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20

Marshall, Chénoa. ""Le Nouveau Panurge", édition avec introduction, notes et glossaire." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28469.

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21

Perkin, Sarah A. H. "Characterisation of genes encoding peritrophins from the peritrophic matrix of Diptera : Drosophila and Glossina." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409466.

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22

Zelley, Martin John. "Ecdysteroids and juvenoids during development and reproduction in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295828.

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23

Messoussi, Saïd el. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation d'une phéromone aphrodisiaque de l'espèce Glossina tachinoides, Diptera, Glossinidae." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376163198.

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24

Esterhuizen, Johan. "Bionomics and control of Glossina austeni and G. brevipalpis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01292008-125243/.

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25

Pacelli, Gomes de Lima G. "Functional characterization of GmmHO, a heme oxygenase from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3011220/.

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Hematophagous insects ingest several times their body weight with each blood meal, obtaining nutrients needed for reproduction and survival in addition to high levels of free heme. However, they survive the high toxicity imposed by free heme due to the development of heme detoxification mechanisms such as heme degradation by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HOs). Despite being present in several disease vector insects, including tsetse flies that transmit sleeping sickness, the role and biochemical features of HOs in blood feeding insects is poorly studied. Here, we have cloned and expressed HO from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans to determine whether the enzyme was active, unveil its biochemical features and develop specific antibodies to investigate HO distribution in this insect. HPLC analysis of midgut contents from G. m. morsitans was performed to track the degradation of heme and conversion to biliverdin during the first 6 days following a single blood meal, showing that whilst heme concentration roses to 3 mM at 48 hours after a single blood meal, the maximum concentration reached by biliverdin is 0.5 μM after 96 hours, suggesting that despite HO being active in the insect, it may play a minor role in heme degradation. Comparison of recombinant HOs suggests that the heme oxygenase from G. m.morsitans (GmmHO) degrades heme slower and presents distinct spectroscopic features to HOs from other hematophagous insects and humans. However, it is similar to that observed in D. melanogaster. Confocal analysis of immunostained tissues and western blotting using antibodies raised against recombinant enzymes have been used to track the tissue distribution of GmmHO, demonstrating that the enzyme is ubiquitously expressed in the insect, particularly in the nuclei from oenocytes, liver-like cells involved in cuticle synthesis. Such results were supported by analysis of mRNA levels, which showed higher expression levels in reproductive tissues (6.5 fold), digestive tract (2.0 fold) and fat bodies/oenocytes (1.7 fold), evincing a role in reproduction. Time series analysis of HO mRNA levels after a single blood meal revealed that GmmHO is an early blood meal induced gene in digestive tract (3.4 fold) and fat bodies/oenocytes (2.2 fold), confirming a role in the defence against heme toxicity in the digestive tract as well as unveiling possible roles in the catabolism of lipids. Thus, this work has confirmed the presence and activity of HO in a hematophagous insect and revealed both biochemical and functional aspects of the enzyme, shedding new light on the role of HO in hematophagous insects.

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Messoussi, Saïd el. "Mise en evidence et caracterisation d'une pheromone aphrodisiaque de l'espece glossina tachinoides (diptera, glossinidae)." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077054.

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Un extrait hexanique comportementalement actif est obtenu par rincage superficiel de la cuticule des femelles. La composition chimique de cette fraction est analysee par chromatographie et spectrometrie. Les composes a effet aphrodisiaque sont des hydrocarbures a longues chaines (37 carbones) satures et ramifies avec 2 radicaux methyl. Les constituants epicuticulaires des males ne depassent pas 31 atomes de c. Chez les larves des 2 sexes, les composes leges disparaissent en meme temps que se mettent en place les composes plus lourds. La pheromone sexuelle supposee chez les femelles de g. T. Est assez specifique. Cependant la specificite de reponse des males n'est pas etroite

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27

Morlais, Isabelle. "Identification des trypanosomes chez les glossines en zones endémiques de trypanosomose humaine au Cameroun." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20085.

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La trypanosomose humaine, affection parasitaire rencontree en afrique sub-saharienne, connait actuellement de nouvelles flambees epidemiques dans de nombreux foyers historiques. Les relations qu'entretiennent les differents elements du cycle de transmission, le trypanosome, la glossine vectrice et l'hote, restent mal connues. Les facteurs environnementaux et humains interviennent dans le passage de l'etat d'equilibre, existant en zone endemique, a l'etat d'instabilite, declenchant le phenomene epidemique. Chez l'insecte vecteur, des trypanosomes animaux coexistent avec l'agent pathogene pour l'homme et des competitions s'exercent entre les differentes especes. Cette etude associe des enquetes entomologiques, en zones endemiques de maladie du sommeil au cameroun, a des analyses pcr, permettant l'identification specifique des trypanosomes deceles chez les glossines. La technique d'amplification genomique s'avere particulierement interessante pour detecter les infections mixtes et les pauci-infections. Cependant, la methode montre aussi certaines limites, tous les trypanosomes ne sont pas identifies par les marqueurs moleculaires utilises. La diversite genetique des souches circulant dans des zones eloignees est discutee. Comparativement aux trypanosomes infectant les animaux sauvages ou domestiques, trypanosoma brucei s. L. , l'espece potentiellement pathogene pour l'homme, n'est que rarement identifiee.

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NAZÁRIO, Carlos André Filipe. "Desenvolvimento de métodos moleculares para a deteção de Trypanosoma spp em glossinas (Diptera: Glossinidae) da República da Guiné Bissau." Master's thesis, Instituto Higiene de Medicina Tropical, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11131.

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As moscas do género Glossina são vetores de patologias provocadas por várias espécies de parasita do género Trypanosoma, como a Tripanossomose Humana Africana e as Tripanossomoses Animais. A correta identificação destes tripanossomas é um ponto fulcral quando se procura determinar o risco de doença que determinadas populações de glossinas podem provocar. No presente trabalho foram utilizadas e adaptadas diversas metodologias de diagnóstico molecular, nomeadamente o PCR em tempo real e o PCR-RFLP, que permitiram, através da utilização de primers genéricos, a determinação da carga parasitária e a correta identificação dos tripanossomas presentes no vetor. Os primers denominados Tryp18SF e Tryp18SR foram desenvolvidos especificamente para serem utilizados na identificação das espécies de tripanossoma utilizando PCR em tempo real com metodologia SYBR® Green I e PCR-RFLP. Os primers denominados Tryp18S2F, Tryp18S2R e sonda Tryp18S2P foram desenvolvidos para a quantificação dos parasitas presentes nas amostras utilizando PCR em tempo real com metodologia Taqman®. Foi estudada uma amostra de 762 glossinas provenientes do território da República da Guiné-Bissau, zona atualmente considerada como estando livre de Tripanossomose Humana Africana, mas onde não são realizadas atividades de recenseamento de casos desde o final da ocupação portuguesa. Das 762 glossinas utilizadas, 241 estavam infetadas com tripanossomas, o que representa uma percentagem de infeção geral de 31,6 %. Destas glossinas, 28.63 % encontravam-se infetadas com Trypanosoma grayi, 14.11 % com Trypanosoma congolense, 7.05 % com Trypanosoma vivax e 0.83 % com Trypanosoma brucei brucei, tendo as infeções mistas representado 1.66 %. Não foi possível a identificação conclusiva ao nível da espécie em 48.13 % das amostras positivas, tendo estas ficado consideradas como Trypanosoma spp. Não foram identificados vetores infetados com tripanossomas responsáveis pelas patologias humanas. A utilização de primers genéricos para a identificação permitiu obviar o número de reações necessárias para identificar corretamente o parasita responsável pela infeção, e este trabalho é de resto a primeira descrição da utilização de primers genéricos que permitam a identificação de Trypanosoma grayi. Esta é também a primeira descrição da utilização de PCR em tempo real com metodologia Taqman® para quantificação de tripanossomas, e a sua utilização com primers genéricos aumenta a aplicabilidade em estudos epidemiológicos de grande escala. Palavras-chave: PCR em tempo real; PCR-RFLP; República da Guiné-Bissau; Glossina; Trypanosoma; Tripanossomose.
Flies of the genus Glossinaare vectors of Human African Trypanosomosis and Animal Trypanosomosis, diseases which are caused by various parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Correct identification of trypanosomes is essential to assess the disease risk posed by certain Glossinapopulations.Several molecular diagnosis methodologies were appliedand adapted in the present work, namely real time PCR and PCR-RFLP, which allowed, through de use of generic primers, to determine the parasite loadand the correct identification of the trypanosomes present in the vector. One pair of primers, named Tryp18SF and Tryp18SR, were specifically designed for the identification of trypanosome species using real time PCR with SYBR® Green I methodology and PCR-RFLP. Another pair of primers, named Tryp18S2F, Tryp18S2R, along with the probe Tryp18S2P, wasdesigned for the quantification ofparasites present in the samples using real time PCR with Taqman® probemethodology.A sample consisting of 762 flies of the genus Glossinacaptured in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau was studied. This territory is currently listed as being free of Human African Trypanosomosis, but no large-scale epidemiologicsurveys regarding the disease have been made since the end of the portuguese occupation.Of the 762studied flies, 241 were infected with trypanosomes, which represents na overallinfection percentage of 31.6 %. Of these flies, 28.63 % were infected with Trypanosoma grayi, 14.11 % with Trypanosoma congolense, 7.05 % with Trypanosoma vivaxand 0.83 % with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, whereas mixed infections represented 1.66 %. No conclusive identification atthe species level was possible in48.13 % of the positive samples, and so these parasites wereconsidered to be Trypanosoma spp. Vectors infected with trypanossomes responsible for human diseases were not found.The use of generic primers for identification purposes allowedusto reduce the number of reactions needed to perform acorrect identification of the parasite responsible for the infection, and this work is the first to usegeneric primers that allow the identification of Trypanosoma grayi.This is also the first work to usereal time PCR with Taqman® probe methodology for the quantification of trypanosomes, and the use of generic primers will greatly improve its aplicability to large-scale epidemiological surveys.

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29

Pierre, le Chantre Sylwan Agneta. "Glossae super genesim : Prologus et Capitula 1-3 /." Göteborg : Acta universitatis gothoburgensis, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355201625.

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Obiero, George Fredrick Opondo. "Genome-wide annotation of chemosensory and glutamate-gated receptors, and related genes in Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse fly." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4347.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of trypanosomes that cause nagana and sleeping sickness in animals and humans respectively in tropical Africa. Tsetse are unique: both sexes adults are exclusive blood-feeders, females are mated young and give birth to a single mature larva in sheltered habitats per pregnancy. Tsetse use chemoreception to detect and respond to chemical stimuli, helping them to locate hosts, mates, larviposition and resting sites. The detection is facilitated by chemoreceptors expressed on sensory neurons to cause specific responses. Specific molecular factors that mediate these responses are poorly understood in tsetse flies. This study aimed to identify and characterize genes that potentially mediate chemoreception in Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies. These genes included sensory odorant (OR), gustatory (GR), ionotropic (IR), and related genes for odorant-binding (OBP), chemosensory (CSP) and sensory neuron membrane (SNMP) proteins. Synaptic transmission in higher brain sites may involve ionotropic glutamate-gated (iGluR) and metabotropic glutamate-gated (mGluR) receptors. The genes were annotated in G. m. morsitans genome scaffold assembly GMOY1.1 Yale strain using orthologs from D. melanogaster as query via TBLASTX algorithm at e-value below 1e-03. Positive blast hits were seeded as gene constructs in their respective scaffolds, and used as genomic reference onto which female fly-derived RNA sequence reads were mapped using CLC Genomics workbench suite. Seeded gene models were modified using RNA-Seq reads then viewed and re-edited using Artemis genome viewer tool. The genome was iteratively searched using the G. m. morsitans gene model sequences to recover additional similar hit sequences. The gene models were confirmed through comparisons against the NCBI conserved domains database (CDD) and non-redundant Swiss-Prot database. Trans-membrane domains and secretory peptides were predicted using TMHMM and SignalP tools respectively. Putative functions of the genes were confirmed via Blast2GO searches against gene ontology database. Evolutionary relationships amongst and between the genes were established using maximum likelihood estimates using best fitting amino acid model test in MEGA5 suite and PhyML tool. Expression profiles of genes were estimated using the RNA-seq data via CLCGenomics RNA-sequences analysis pipeline. Overall, 46 ORs, 14 GRs, and 19 IRs were identified, of which 21, 6 and 4 were manually identified for ORs, GRs, and IRs respectively. Additionally, 15 iGluRs, 6 mGluRs, 5 CSPs, 15 CD36-like, and 32 OBPs were identified. Six copies of OR genes (GmmOR41-46) were homologous to DmelOr67d, a single copy cis vacenyl acetate (cVA) receptor . Genes whose receptor homologs are associated with responses to CO2, GmmGR1-4, had higher expression profiles from amongst glossina GR genes. Known core-receptor homologs OR1, IR8a, IR25a and IR64a were conserved, and three species-specific divergent IRs (IR10a, IR56b and IR56d) were identified. Homologs of GluRIID, IR93a, and sweet taste receptors (Gr5a and Gr64a) were not identified in the genome. Homolog for LUSH protein, GmmOBP26, and sensory neuron membrane receptors SNMP1 and SNMP2 were conserved in the genome. Results indicate reduced repertoire of the chemosensory genes, and suggest reduced host range of the tsetse flies compared to other Diptera. Genes in multiple copies suggest their prioritization in chemoreception, which in turn may be tied to high specificity in host selection. Genes with high sequence conservation and expression profiles probably relate to their broad expression and utility within the fly nervous system. These results lay foundation for future comparative studies with other insects, provide opportunities for functional studies, and form the basis for re-examining new approaches for improving tsetse control tools and possible drug targets based on chemoreception.

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CARVALHO, Eliane Ochôa Arez de. ""Estrutura genética de populações de Glossina Palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) na República da Guiné-Bissau"." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13964.

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Glossina palpalis gambiensis é o principal vector de Tripanossomose Humana Africana (THA) na África Ocidental e a mosca tsé-tsé mais comum na Guiné-Bissau. Apesar da sua ampla distribuição, nenhum caso de THA tem sido reportado no país desde finais dos anos 70 do século XX. Populações naturais do Grupo palpalis demonstraram diferentes níveis de variação intraespecífica que podem influenciar a sua capacidade vectorial. Portanto, o conhecimento exacto acerca da identidade das espécies e estrutura populacional é essencial para prever o possível restabelecimento e propagação da transmissão de THA na Guiné-Bissau. A variação genética foi analisada em amostras de Glossina palpalis gambiensis de cinco regiões da Guiné-Bissau, com recurso a microssatélites. Três das regiões pertencem à parte continental e duas representam a parte insular do país. No total, 261 moscas tsé-tsé do sexo feminino foram genotipadas para 11 loci microssatélites. Baixos níveis de diferenciação genética foram observados entre as populações de G. p. gambiensis da Guiné-Bissau (FST = 0,006, P = 0,002). Este resultado está de acordo com a análise de agrupamentos, que revelou a presença de um único cluster agrupando todas as amostras, independentemente da origem geográfica. De um modo geral, estes resultados sugerem uma baixa subestruturação populacional em G. p. gambiensis nesta região. Análises de equilíbrio mutação-deriva sugerem ainda a ocorrência de expansão populacional recente. As evidências genéticas sugerem consideráveis níveis de fluxo genético entre as populações continentais e entre as populações insulares e continentais da Guiné-Bissau. No caso do restabelecimento de focos de transmissão de THA, a possibilidade de disseminação do protozoário Trypanosoma, através da dispersão activa das moscas tsé-tsé, deve ser tida em conta no planeamento de estratégias de controlo vectorial na Guiné-Bissau.
Glossina palpalis gambiensis is the most common tsetse fly in Guinea-Bissau and a major vector of Human African Trypanosomiasis in West Africa (HAT). Despite its widespread distribution, no vector-mediated HAT transmission has been reported in the country since the late 1970s. Wild populations of the palpalis group display different levels of intraspecific variation that may influence vectorial capacity. Therefore, accurate knowledge on species identity and population structure is essential to predict the possible reestablishment and spread of HAT transmission in Guinea-Bissau. Genetic variation was analyzed in Glossina palpalis gambiensis samples from five regions of Guinea Bissau. Three of the regions are in the mainland and two represent the insular part of the country. A total of 261 female tsetse flies were genotyped for 11 microsatellite loci. Low levels of genetic differentiation were observed among G. p. gambiensis populations from Guinea-Bissau (FST = 0.006, P = 0,002). This result is in agreement with model-based clustering analyses that revealed the presence of a single population cluster grouping all samples, regardless of geographic origin. These results suggest very little population substructure in G. p. gambiensis from this region. Mutation-drift equilibrium analysis suggests the occurrence of a recent population expansion. Genetic evidence suggests considerable gene flow among G. palpalis gambiensis populations within mainland and between islands and mainland Guinea-Bissau. In the case of focal reestablishment of HAT transmission, the possibility of Trypanosoma dissemination through tsetse fly active dispersal should be taken into account when planning vector control actions in Guinea-Bissau.

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Josenando, Théophile. "Prise de décision en matière de lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine africaine en Angola : informations épidémiologiques et géographiques." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUE04NR.

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Une étude longitudinale menée en Angola a montré une corrélation entre le titre des anticorps circulants anti-trypanosome détectés par le test d'agglutination directe pour la trypanosomiase (CATT) et la parasitémie chez les habitants de 503 villages du Nord-Ouest de l'Angola. Une seconde étude transversale a montré une corrélation entre les résultats du CATT et du micro-CATT dans les zones endémiques pour la trypanosomiase humaine africaine (THA) en Angola. Les résultats de ces deux études apportent des éléments importants pour la planification des activités de lutte et pour la mise ne place de la surveillance de l'endémie que ce soit de façon qualitative ou quantitative. Une troisième étude faite de façon rétrospective sur les résultats de l'analyse de 2015 liquides céphalo-rachidiens a révélé qu'un nombre de lymphocytes supérieur à 5 et inférieur ou égal à 20 constitue une phase intermédiaire (Pi) dans la classification de la maladie située entre la phase hémato-lymphatique (P1) et la phase méningo-encéphalitique (P2). A cette phase (Pi) des critères complémentaires sont nécessaires pour faire le choix du médicament à utiliser pour le traitement. L'ensemble des résultats de ces trois études et les informations complémentaires qui ont été obtenus sur le terrain ont permis de localiser les zones atteintes par la THA d'une part et d'identifier un certain nombre de villages de haute (16%) et faible prévalence. De plus, d'autres zones se sont avérées être hautement suspectes. Pour ce pays, qui compte près de 4 millions d'habitants exposés au risque d'infection, où les glossines sont présentes sur près de la moitié du pays et où plus de quinze mille malades ont été dépistés entre 1997 et 1998 alors que la surveillance est largement insuffisante, la trypanosomiase humaine africaine constitue définitivement un problème majeur de santé publique. L'auteur conclut que compte tenu des moyens limités disponibles en Angola pour lutter contre la trypanosomiase, il est essentiel d'optimiser l'utilisation de ces maigres ressources et que les efforts doivent s'orienter vers la surveillance et l'identification des zones prioritaires où il est urgent de mettre en oeuvre une lutte active.

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33

Kinnersley, Robert P. "Atomisers for the Aerial Application of Pesticides in Tsetse (Glossina sp) and Armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) Control." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4180.

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Aerial application of insecticides is likely to remain an important component in realistically-costed vector and migratory pest control operations for the foreseeable future. The objective of this work was to identify or design improved atomisers for use in two such operations, tsetse (Glossina sp. ) and African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) control, the former requiring an insecticide aerosol ýx'ith a VMD of 20 to 30ýim at rates upto 0.5 litres/minute and the latter a fine spray with a VMD of 80 to 120ýtm at rates around 16 litres/minute. In both cases rotary atomisation was confirmed as the most appropriate technique. Assessments were made of seven commerciall%, available atomisers and two existinc, prototypes, on the basis of existing reports and new data generated under simulated flight conditions in a wind tunnel. Droplet sizing was carried out using an optical array probe set to give a resolution of 54m over a range of 3.6 -3) 12.54m. None of the atomisers tested met the specification for tsetse-spraying, the limiting factors being rotation speed and inability to distribute low volumes of liquid across their full atomising surface. The Micronair AU4000 and AU5000 and the Micron X-I were found to be suitable for armyworm control, the Micron X-1 having the additional ability to produce spray with VMDs down to 40ýim. A review of rotary atomiser literature provided design guidelines for the design of an atomiser capable of meeting tsetse specifications. The principle effect of liquid flow 4D within the atomiser was found to be on the uniformity of fluid distribution. Premature ligament formation and formation of cross-flow vortices were identified as factors which could adversely influence fluid distribution under some conditions. Ligzan ment seperation from disks can be aided byI slender teeth, providing that these have a spaciniz similar to the natural spacing of ligaments predicted by Taylor instability theoInry . The effect of rotation speed and atomiser diameter on droIp let diameter is determined by the degree of stretching of the ligament due to its acceleration relative to the atomiser, implying that a finer spray would be achieved using a smaller rotating diameter disc than a larger diameter disc with the same peripheral speed. A series of experimental studies was carried out usinrgD higZDh speed photogZ_r_a phy in conjunction with the droplet sizinaprobe. Disturbancesh a,,i,n, g the forrn predicted for C cross-flow vortices were observed in liquid on a plain spinning disc. A sin(-)'Ieligament generator was constructed. With increasing rotation speed this rt\'taled a series of increasingly unstable ligament disintegration modes in which interaction with the surroundin4g15 air became a controlling-- factor. Complete shattering of the ligament occured at a Weber number of between 4 and 5, similar to reported values for liquid jets in a cross flo%v of cyas. Droplet sizing indicated that the specified performance for tsetse operations could be obtained from 50mm diameter atomisers with a total of around _'30000is suing points at a rotation speed of 26000 RPNI. This Zý sucy(yestecdN l,i ndcr rather than disc-based atomisers. A slit was found to be impractical as a means of distributing liquid unifom-ily at high rotation speeds but distribution was sucýe: ssfully achieved using a porous flow resistor. Prototype wind- and electi-ically-driven atornisers were constructed using rotating porous cylinders fed internally by spray bars designed with the help of finite element methods. Ligament formation was found to occur from a film of liquid on the outer surface of the cylinder, the variation in spacing with feedrate and rotation speed suggesting Taylor instability to be the controlling factor. The prototype atomisers achieved a performance suitable for tsetse control operations. This was not enhanced by the provision of discrete issuing points.

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Robert, Alain. "Le Contrôle de l'ovulation et de la parturition chez la Mouche Tsé-Tsé, Glossina fuscipes (Diptère)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376007965.

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Robert, Alain. "Le contrôle de l'ovulation et de la parturition chez la mouche tsé-tsé, Glossina fuscipes (Diptère)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066311.

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Etude des mécanismes physiologiques qui contrôlent l'ovulation et la parturition chez g. Fuscipes, vecteur de la maladie du sommeil. L'anatomie de l'appareil génital femelle a été étudiée et la régulation hormonale de l'ovulation et de la parturition mise en évidence. Celles-ci fait intervenir des neurohormones, des ecdystéroïdes et des neuromédiateurs.

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36

ZÚQUETE, Sara Isabel de Oliveira Rodrigues Tudela. "Expressão de proteínas anti-Trypanosoma sp. em Sodalis glossinidius no modelo Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera, Glossinidae)." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20065.

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As glossinas, moscas do sono ou moscas tsé-tsés (Glossina spp.) são responsáveis pela transmissão do protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma sspp., causador da tripanossomose animal africana, ou Nagana, e da tripanossomose humana africana (THA). Esta, é endémica em 30 países da África subsariana e estima-se que possam estar em risco de a contrair cerca de 60 milhões de pessoas. As alterações climáticas e ambientais podem vir a incrementar a incidência da referida patologia humana, assim como a sua distribuição geográfica. O combate às tripanossomoses africanas terá de adotar uma estratégia multidisciplinar, articulada entre as diferentes componentes que constituem o sistema biológico em causa e ser dirigido, e aplicado, com as populações. Contudo, terá de envolver também organismos públicos oficiais, como exercício de boa governança. O desenvolvimento das técnicas de Biologia Molecular abriu novas possibilidades no que diz respeito ao controlo vetorial. Apesar da viviparidade adenotrófica das glossinas dificultar a sua transgénese direta, a técnica da paratransgénese surgiu como alternativa, apresentando-se presentemente mais vantajosa. No presente trabalho, e com o objetivo de desenvolver um endossimbionte de Glossina spp capaz de expressar no seu genoma proteínas recombinantes com ação tripanocida (atacina e defensina), recorreu-se a diferentes técnicas para proceder à transformação de Sodalis glossinidius, nomeadamente choque térmico, tratamento químico e eletroporação. A transformação foi alcançada pela combinação de duas destas técnicas: tratamento químico, seguido de eletroporação. A transformação de S. glossinidius, pela referida combinação, foi alcançada pela primeira vez com sucesso nesta bactéria. O genoma do endossimbionte foi transformado com diferentes construções de plasmídeos, de modo a expressar as proteínas atacina e defensina, individualmente. Foram também desenvolvidas construções de plasmídeos para expressar controladamente as proteínas, de forma a poder purifica-las e usá-las, futuramente, em ensaios de função tripanocida. Por último, foi delineado e otimizado um ensaio de quantificação da expressão da atacina e da defensina, no endossimbionte transformado, por qPCR.
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are responsible for the transmission of the flagellated protozoa Trypanosoma sspp. which causes animal African trypanosomiasis (Nagana) and Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The later is endemic in 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and it is estimated that 60 million people may be at risk of infection. Climate and environmental changes are likely to increase the incidence of the human pathology as well as its geographical distribution. Strategies undertaken to fight African trypanosomiasis will have to be multidisciplinary and articulated between the different components that comprise its biological system. Actions must be directed, as well as applied, together with the populations. Public governmental entities should be involved in a good governance exercise. The development of molecular biology techniques has opened up new possibilities with respect to vector control. Despite the fact that the direct transgenesis of flies is hampered by tsetse´s adenotrofic viviparity, paratransgenesis technique emerged as an alternative, presenting itself more advantageous, nowadays. In this study and in order to develop an endosymbiont of Glossina spp, able to express recombinant proteins with trypanocidal effect (attacin and defensin), different techniques were applied for the transformation of Sodalis glossinidius. These techniques included thermal shock, chemical treatment and electroporation. Transformation was achieved by the combination of two of these techniques: chemical treatment, followed by electroporation. Transformation of S. glossinidius by this combination was, for the first time, successfully achieved. The endosymbiont was transformed with different plasmid constructs to express attacin and defensin proteins, individually. Other plasmid constructs were also designed to controllably express the refered proteins in order to purify and use them in future trypanocidal function tests. Finally, a qPCR assay was designed and optimized to later quantify the expression of attacin and defensin by the transformed endosymbiont

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Diop, Samba. "Glossaire socio-linguistique du roman sénégalais 1920-1986 : géographie, histoire, langues." Frankfurt am Main : Verl. für interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37670573d.

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38

Bertazzoni, Andrea. "Germanismen in der slowakischen Sprache: Analyse und praktische Glossare für Dolmetscher." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9897/.

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Il presente elaborato finale ha l’obiettivo di effettuare una ricerca, un’analisi e una catalogazione in glossari dei germanismi all’interno della lingua slovacca, la quale presenta all’incirca tremila termini provenienti dalle lingue germano-tedesche. Sulla base del lavoro svolto precedentemente da numerosi linguisti slovacchi (tra cui Petrovič, Žilová, Adamcová, Dolník, Decsy, Habovštiak, Habovštiaková, Žigo, Múcsková, Blanár, Doruľa, Palkovič, Papsonová, Kozmová) e altri linguisti germanofoni e ungheresi (tra cui Ziegler, Greule, Meier, Toth, Rudolf, Muhr) è stato raccolto il materiale fondamentale per la stesura della presente tesi di laurea. Tuttavia l’opera che getta le basi per l’analisi è Sprachontakte Deutsch - Tschechisch - Slowakisch dello slavista e professore presso l’Università di Vienna Stephan Michael Newerkla, il quale ha stilato un vero e proprio dizionario dei germanismi presenti nello slovacco e nel ceco suddividendoli in categorie temporali, a cominciare dal gotico per finire con il nuovo tedesco standard. All’interno della sua opera l’autore austriaco ha inserito anche le parole che solo presumibilmente o secondo alcuni precedenti linguisti avrebbero origine germanica e i termini la cui presunta provenienza dal tedesco è stata riconosciuta come erronea; nel presente elaborato sono state prese in considerazione invece solo le parole di certa origine tedesca. Le parole sono state selezionate e suddivise in quattordici categorie semantico-lessicali: 1. Industria mineraria, utensili, numismatica e minerali, 2. Edifici, locali e arredamento, 3. Tessuti e stoffe, 4. Strumenti musicali, 5. Vestiti, 6. Alimentari e consumo, 7. Termini bellici, 8. Persone e funzioni, 9. Piante ed elementi chimici, 10. Religione e costumi, 11. Animali e le loro parti del corpo, 12. Verbi, 13. Aggettivi, 14. Parole rimanenti In ogni singolo glossario vi sono tre colonne: nella prima si trova il termine slovacco accompagnato dalla sua definizione, nella seconda vi è la traduzione della parola in italiano e nella terza il significato e la spiegazione dell’origine in tedesco. Al presente elaborato viene allegato un appendice finale in cui sono riportati in ordine alfabetico tutti i germanismi analizzati assieme a quelli non più in uso.

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Kannowski, Bernd. "Die Umgestaltung des Sachsenspiegelrechts durch die Buch'sche Glosse /." Hannover : Hahnsche, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41254266f.

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Kannowski, Bernd. "Die Umgestaltung des Sachsenspiegelrechts durch die Buch'sche Glosse." Hannover Hahn, 2004. http://d-nb.info/987335480/04.

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Wamalwa, Mark. "Development of a comprehensive annotation and curation framework for analysis of Glossina Morsitans Morsitans expresses sequence tags." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5497_1325767222.

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This study has successfully identified transcripts differentially expressed in the salivary gland and midgut and provides candidate genes that are critical to response to parasite invasion. Furthermore, an open-source Glossina resource (G-ESTMAP) was developed that provides interactive features and browsing of functional genomics data for researchers working in the field of Trypanosomiasis on the African continent.

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Hamidou, Soumana Illiassou. "La Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (maladie du sommeil) : caractérisation de gènes impliqués dans les interactions symbiontes - glossines - trypanosomes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20182.

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Les glossines (mouches tsétsé) sont les vecteurs des trypanosomes africains, responsables de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) ou maladie du sommeil en Afrique sub-saharienne. De nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre la THA visent à utiliser les symbiontes de la glossine pour augmenter sa réfraction à l'infection par les trypanosomes. La mise en place de telles approches nécessite une bonne connaissance des bases moléculaires et cellulaires des interactions entre les symbiontes, la glossine et le trypanosome. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient, i) d'évaluer l'évolution des densités des symbiontes (Wigglesworthia glossinidia et Sodalis glossinidius) au cours du cycle de développement du vecteur et ii) de caractériser les gènes de Sodalis, Glossina palpalis gambiensis et Trypanosome brucei gambiense en interaction et qui s'expriment différentiellement au cours de l'infection. Nous avons pu montrer la présence permanente des deux symbiontes quel que soit le stade de développement de la glossine, ce qui permet leur utilisation dans le cadre du contrôle des vecteurs. Par la suite, des infections expérimentales ont été réalisées sur des glossines d'insectarium. Des glossines de l'espèce G. p. gambiensis ont été gorgées sur des souris infectées par T. b. gambiense. L'analyse des métatranscriptomes des glossines infectées versus réfractaires à l'infection nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les gènes de Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis et T. b. gambiense différentiellement exprimés aux étapes clé de l'infection. Les résultats qui découlent de cette thèse mettent la lumière sur la complexité des interactions Sodalis - G. p. gambiensis - T. b. gambiense et soulignent l'implication des bactériophages du symbionte S. glossinidius dans la réfraction des glossines à l'infection. Mots clés : maladie du sommeil, mouche tsétsé, trypanosome, symbiontes, compétence vectorielle, expression de gènes
Tsetse flies are the vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)in sub-saharan Africa. New sleeping sickness control strategies plan to use tsetse gut symbionts to increase tsetse flies refractoriness to trypanosomes infection. Such approaches require good knowledge on the molecular and cellular basis of interactions between symbionts, tsetse fly and trypanosome. This thesis aimed to i) assess the evolution of Glossina palpalis gambiensis symbionts (Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Sodalis glossinidius) densities throughout the host fly development cycle and ii) to characterize genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in interaction, which are differentially expressed during the infection. We showed that both symbionts are present in all tsetse fly development stages, allowing their use in the context of vector control. Subsequently, experimental infections were performed on colonies flies. G. p. gambiensis female flies were fed on T. b. gambiense hosting mice. Transcriptome of infected flies and flies that have cleared trypanosome they ingested were analysed. This allow us identifying genes of Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis and T. b. gambiense differentially expressed at the infection key stages. Our results highlight the complexity of interactions between Sodalis, G. p. gambiensis, T. b. gambiense and underline the involvement of bacteriophages hosted by S. glossinidius in tsetse fly refractoriness to trypanosome infection. Key words: sleeping sickness; tsetse fly; trypanosome; symbionts; vector competence; gene expression

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Bouyer, Jérémy. "Ecologie des glossines du Mouhoun au Burkina Faso : intérêt pour l'épidémiologie et le contrôle des trypanosomoses africaines." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20183.

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Les trypanosomoses animales africaines sont la principale contrainte pathologique à l’intensification de l’élevage dans le bassin du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso, où leurs principaux vecteurs sont Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank et G. Tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Les cordons ripicoles ont été décrits en trois écotypes subdivisés en trois niveaux de dégradation et associés aux densités apparentes de ces glossines riveraines, dont ils sont l’habitat. L’analyse des paysages péri-riverains, dont dépend leur niveau de dégradation, a alors permis de spatialiser le risque trypanosomien à travers les composantes principales de la capacité vectorielle (densité relative des vecteurs et % de glossines infectantes) sur la branche Est du Mouhoun, puis sur l’ensemble de la boucle du Mouhoun, aboutissant à la définition de 3 paysages à risque sur 702 km de réseau hydrographique. Afin d’analyser l’impact de la fragmentation des paysages sur la structure des métapopulations de glossines, leur dispersion en cordon ripicole conservé a été modélisée à partir de données anciennes, par un processus de diffusion en réseau aboutissant à réévaluer à la hausse les capacités de déplacements distants de G. P. Gambiensis. Un protocole de marquages-lâchers-recaptures a alors permis de poser les bases d’un modèle de dispersion en paysages fragmentés et d’évaluer l’impact potentiel de cette fragmentation sur la structuration entre sous-populations de glossines, mesurée sur 4 populations de la branche Ouest du Mouhoun par génétique des populations et morphométrie géométrique. Enfin, deux comportements limitant les risques associés à la prise du repas sanguin ont été mis en évidence : le détournement des préférences trophiques vers le premier hôte rencontré, qui a des conséquences épidémiologiques importantes, et un tropisme d’attaque pour l’extrémité des membres des bovins, qui a permis l’adaptation du pédiluve acaricide/insecticide contre ces vecteurs
African animal trypanosomoses, transmitted by Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank and G. Tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae), are a major constraint to the improvement of cattle productivity in the Mouhoun river basin, Burkina Faso. The apparent density of tsetse within their natural riverine habitat is associated with the underlying forest ecotype and the degree of human-related disturbance. A map of trypanosomosis risk was produced by using a landscape approach to analyse disturbance of the riverine forest and its environs (land use of the neighbouring pixels). The most important predictors of risk were two component of tsetse vectorial capacity: the relative density of vectors and their rate of mature infection. Three disease risk categories were defined along 702km of the Mouhoun river loop. To analyse the impact of habitat fragmentation on the structure of tsetse metapopulations, tsetse dispersal was modelled as a diffusion process in a linear network, using historical data from studies of G. P. Gambiensis in an undisturbed forest and results from a mark-release-recapture experiment conducted in a fragmented riverine forest. The predicted gene flows between sub-populations within a fragmented riverine system were compared with observed measurements of genetic and morphometric parameters for four tsetse populations in the western arm of the Mouhoun. Observations of tsetse feeding suggested that two components of this behaviour may reduce feeding risk for the fly. First, tsetse were biased towards feeding repeatedly from the host species that provided their first bloodmeal, which has important epidemiological implications. Second, tsetse fed largely from the legs of cattle which offers opportunities for improving the use of acaricides/insecticides to control vectors

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Premi, Nicolò. "Le troubadour Pons de la Guardia : édition critique avec commentaire et glossaire." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02905403.

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La thèse consiste en une nouvelle édition critique des huit chansons du troubadour catalan Pons de la Guardia. Tout d'abord, l'édition s'ouvre sur un bref statut quaestionis qui résume la bibliographie précédente sur le troubadour. Deuxièmement, dans une étude introductive, j'ai présenté les caractéristiques de la tradition manuscrite du poète illustrant les huit manuscrits (CEJNRSVa) qui rassemblent ses poèmes et commentant les données matérielles. Il est apparu que la tradition du troubadour se situe entièrement dans la soi-disant tradition y, définie par Avalle, et qu'elle prouve ses relations avec les sources catalanes. J’ai ensuite abordé les problèmes d’attribution, en distinguant les textes dont la paternité est sans ambiguïté de ceux controversés. J'ai consacré un chapitre à la biographie du poète et à la reconstitution du contexte historique et littéraire dans lequel il opérait. Une recherche approfondie sur les archives m'a permis de trouver un nouveau document attestant le troubadour. Le profil du poète-chevalier qui se dégage de ma reconstruction illumine un réseau dense de différents problèmes socioculturels. Quant à la culture poétique de Pons, il se place tout à fait dans la lignée du trobar leu et, à la suite de l'analyse ponctuelle des chansons dans lesquelles apparaissent de nombreux échos de Bernart de Ventadorn, on peut dire que ce dernier a été assumé par le catalan Pons comme paradigme stylistique pour s'adresser à un public occitan. Quant à la langue, Pons, bien qu'il soit de langue maternelle catalane, s'avère maîtriser correctement la langue littéraire. Seuls quelques cas de catalanismes en rime sont notés où les différents résultats du vocalisme tonique provoquent des erreurs de versification qui révèlent la patrie linguistique catalane du poète. Un glossaire complet clôt l'édition avec indication des catégories grammaticales auxquelles chaque terme appartient
The thesis consists of a new critical edition of the eight songs of the Catalan troubadour Pons de la Guardia. First, the edition opens with a brief status quaestionis that summarizes the previous bibliography on the troubadour. Secondly, in an introductory study, I presented the characteristics of the poet’s manuscript tradition illustrating the eight manuscripts (CEJNRSVa) which collect his poems and commenting on material data. It emerged that the tradition of the troubadour is entirely situated in the so-called tradition y, defined by Avalle, and that it proves its relations with Catalan sources. I then dealt with attribution’s problems, distinguishing the texts with unambiguous authorship from those controversial. I dedicated a chapter to the biography of the poet and to the reconstruction of the historical and literary context in which he operated. An in-depth archive research enabled me to find a new document attesting the troubadour. The profile of the poet-knight that emerges from my reconstruction illuminates a dense network of different socio-cultural problems. As for Pons’s poetic culture, he places himself fully in the line of the trobar leu and, as a result of the punctual analysis of the songs in which numerous echoes of Bernart de Ventadorn appear, we can say that the latter was assumed by the Catalan Pons as a stylistic paradigm in order to address an Occitan public. As for the language, Pons, although he was a Catalan native speaker, proves to master the literary language properly. Only a few cases of rhyming Catalanisms are noted where the different results of tonic vocalism cause errors of versification that reveal the poet’s Catalan linguistic homeland. A complete glossary closes the edition with indication of the grammatical categories to which each term belongs

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MIRANTE, Maria Clara Gago da Câmara. "Contribuição para o estudo da caracterização molecular de uma colónia de Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood 1850, (Díptera: Glossinidae)." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19227.

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Com esta dissertação, pretendemos contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos aspectos entomológicos da Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850, existente no insectário da Unidade de Entomologia Médica do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (UEM/IHMT), e para o início do estudo da sua análise molecular. A dissertação está dividida em quatro partes e inclui ainda uma lista de siglas, abreviaturas, índices de figuras, tabelas, gráficos e quadros, assim como anexos que se julgou pertinente incluir. A INTRODUÇÃO, consiste na primeira parte do trabalho, fazendo-se nela uma abordagem sobre o historial da mosca tsétsé, a nagana, a Tripanossomíase Humana Africana (THA) e a contribuição portuguesa para o seu estudo e também para o combate tanto da doença como para o combate do vector. Referimo-nos aos aspectos da sistemática, da distribuição geográfica e de alguns factores condicionantes, como o habitat, o comportamento trófico das glossinas, a morfologia, a fisiologia e a bioecologia dos vectores. São também abordados alguns aspectos de interesse em medicina dos agentes patogénicos e as suas relações inter hospedeiros vertebrados e modo de transmissão. Ainda neste capítulo referimos a importância da metodologia na luta contra os vectores, integrada no controlo das tripanossomíases africanas. Na segunda parte, MATERIAL E MÉTODOS, descrevemos o modelo experimental utilizado na nossa amostra, destacando a origem, as características e as técnicas de manutenção. São descritos os materiais, as técnicas e as metodologias utilizadas para a extracção e amplificação do Ácido Desoxirribonucleico (ADN) genómico, seguindo-se a purificação e sequenciação dos produtos amplificados. Na terceira parte, RESULTADOS, apresentamos os diferentes estudos realizados e resultados obtidos, durante a formação da colónia de glossinas que são utilizadas como amostra para o estudo, podendo apresentar a relação sex ratio, o número de glossinas adultas eclodidas macho e fêmea, assim como o número de pupas. Ainda neste capítulo apresentamos a análise molecular das amostras e a sua sequenciação. Na quarta parte, descrevemos as CONCLUSÕES, gerais do trabalho, onde se demonstra que o sex ratio das Glossinas morsitans morsitans, criadas em colónia é idêntico ao existente no seu habitat natural e que a sua diversidade haplotipica é extremamente baixa. A última parte, é constituída pelas REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS consultadas para esta dissertação
With this essay we try to contribute for a better knowledge of the entomological aspects pertaining to the Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850, existing in the UEM/IHMT insectariums, and the beginning of the study of its molecular analysis. The essay is divided in four parts and includes a list of initialisms, abbreviations, figure indexes, tables and graphics as well as annexes that were deemed important to include. The INTRODUCTION is the first part of this paper, and on it, an approach is made about the Tsetse fly, the “nagana”, the Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and the historical Portuguese contribution for its study and also for the combat not only against the disease but also against its vector. We refer the systematics aspects, the geographic distribution and some conditioning factors such as, habitat glossinae’s trophic behaviour, the morphology, the physiology and the vectors bioecology. Some interesting aspects for medicine are also approached, in what concerns the pathogenic agents and their vertebrate hosts as well as means of transmission. Still in this chapter we mention the importance of methodology on the struggle against the vectors, integrated on the control of African trypanosomiasis.On the second part, MATERIAL AND METHODS, we describe the experimental method that it was used on our specimen, highlighting the origin, thr characteristics and maintenance techniques. It is also described the materials, techniques and methodologies that were used for the extraction and amplification of the genomic DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), following it up with the purification and sequencing of the amplified products. On the third part, RESULTS, we present the different studies that were done and the results obtained, during the formation of the glossinae’s colony that is used as specimen for the study, being able to present the sex ratio as well as the number of hatched adult glossinae, male and female, and the number of pupae. Still on this chapter we present the specimens molecular analysis and its sequencing. On the fourth part, we mention the general CONCLUSIONS taken from this work, were it is demonstrated that the Glossina morsitans morsitans sex ratio, bred in colony, is identical to the existing one on its natural habitat and that its haplotipical diversity is extremely low. The last part consist on the BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES consulted for this essay.

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Hiltensberger, Gerald. "Die althochdeutsche Glossierung der 'vitia cardinalia' Gregors des Grossen." Heidelberg Winter, 2007. http://d-nb.info/98873026X/04.

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Dalbourg, Sophie. "Marie-Catherine Desjardins : Carmente, histoire grecque : édition avec introduction, notes, glossaire et bibliographie." Nancy 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN21012.

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Édition avec présentation et éléments d'analyse de Carmente (édité en 1668), premier roman achevé de Marie-Catherine Desjardins (1640?-1683), future Mme de Villedieu. L’introduction comporte l'étude de la place de l'œuvre dans l'évolution du roman au dix-septième siècle, celle de la structure, des sources, des clefs, de certains éléments remarquables du style et des thèmes principaux. Carmente doit encore beaucoup aux longs romans de la première moitie du siècle, tout en annonçant par ses dimensions réduites, le gout nouveau pour des œuvres plus courtes. La lecture de ce roman permet aussi de mesurer l'évolution propre a l'auteur en offrant un point de comparaison important pour la compréhension de ses œuvres ultérieures
Edition with presentation and elements of analysis of Carmente (published in 1668), first fully completed novel of Marie-Catherine Desjardins (1640?-1683), who will become Mme de Villedieu. The introduction includes the study of the position of this work in the evolution of the French novel in the seventeenth century, the study of the structure, the sources, the keys of this roman a clef, some particular elements of the style, and the main themes. Carmente is strongly inspired by the long novels of the first half of the century, and in the same time introduces, with its reduced content, the new taste for shorter achievements. The reading of this novel also permits to appreciate the author's own evolution, offering a important point of comparison which helps the understanding of his ulterior writings

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Saleh, A. T. "Time-lapse cinephotomicrography of the effects of hormones on living cells in vitro of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374815.

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Pute, Mlondolozi. "Multilingual electronic glossing: Implementing and evaluating an alternative reading aid for students at the University of the Western Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6676.

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Magister Artium - MA
Vocabulary knowledge is an indicator of language competence. There is a positive relationship between literacy levels and the medium of instruction. Research has shown that reading comprehension is largely dependent on the reader’s vocabulary knowledge in the language in which the text is written (Kieffer & Lesaux, 2007; Nation, 2001; Sutarsyah, Nation, and Kennedy, 1994). The lack of vocabulary knowledge is normally one of the major challenges for many university students struggling with their academic work, especially those for whom the language of tuition is not a first language. African (and Afrikaans mothertongue) students are unable to access information in their home languages because of the lack of terminology and texts in African languages (Edward and Ngwaru, 2011). There is research in South Africa showing that vocabulary is a challenge for university students, especially at first-year level (Butler & van Dyk, 2004, Manik, 2015: 236, Nkomo & Madiba, 2011). Vocabulary, being such a problem, ultimately affects the academic performance of many students. Although some universities have provided multilingual online glossaries (and other resources) in an effort to accommodate multilingual students struggling with comprehension in the medium of instruction, these modes of delivering glossaries are associated with a few problems. Consulting traditional glossaries/dictionaries disrupts the reading process and affects the flow of ideas. It is also possible that the reader will forget the term in question (or its context) right after consulting the dictionary/glossary, therefore readers have to look-up the same term in the dictionary/glossary several times to ensure that they match it with its definition accurately. In some dictionaries/glossary lists, readers will not find the desired term, or the term they find will not provide an adequate definition – which ends up frustrating the reader. Sometimes the list of definitions for one term that readers find in dictionaries/glossary lists is difficult to comprehend. Instead of providing clarity, the definitions can confuse readers even further. The comprehension of some definitions provided in dictionaries/glossary lists depend on prior understanding of several other terms.

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Ejeh, Nicholas. "Identification and characterisation of a set of differentially expressed genes from Glossina morsitans morsitans refractory to a trypanosome infection." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2039099/.

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Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the vectors of African trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease of humans and other animals that can be fatal if untreated. Trypanosomes undergo a complex life cycle in the fly involving a series of morphological and biochemical changes that culminate in the development of mammalian infective metacyclics in the salivary glands (Trypanosoma brucei) or the mouthparts (T. congolense). Once in the fly’s midgut, the stumpy forms, which are thought to be pre-adapted for life in the tsetse midgut, differentiate into the procyclic form. However, the majority of flies can effectively get rid of parasites before they develop or establish an infection in the midgut. One would expect that as a result of the high disease burden in Africa, there would be a corresponding large number of flies that are also infected, yet paradoxically, just very few number of flies ( < 5%) can actually transmit the parasites to susceptible mammalian hosts. This means that tsetse flies are generally resistant to trypanosome infection, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are yet to be elucidated. The reasons for this natural refractoriness to a trypanosome infection are considered to be multifactorial and include the age of the fly, maturation of the fly immune system and peritrophic matrix among others, but so far few tsetse genes have been associated with this intrinsic phenotype. In this thesis, I have identified and partially characterised several midgut genes from the tsetse vector, Glossina morsitans, that have been identified as differentially expressed (DE) in flies refractory to a trypanosome infection. A bioinformatics analysis of the 454 transcriptome data shows a total of 55 genes were DE in flies that were challenged with trypanosome. Four differentially regulated midgut genes (i.e. Chitinase (CHIT; GMOY000153), O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT; GMOY002400), secreted Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2; GMOY009713) and serine proteinase inhibitor (SPI; GMOY006016)) were further analysed in silico as representative of different metabolic pathways. RNAi knockdown of midgut-expressed CHIT, OGT, sPLA2 and SPI genes significantly increased susceptibility to T. brucei infection in young files, suggesting that these genes are involved in the immune response to trypanosome infection in G. m. morsitans. However, reversion of the infection phenotype after RNAi silencing was not higher than ~40%, indicating that several proteins/pathways may be implicated in preventing establishment of a trypanosome infection in the tsetse midgut. The potential role of the midgut-expressed sPLA2 activity as a trypanocidal molecule was also studied. Over a period of two weeks, it was found that expression of midgut sPLA2, in flies receiving blood meals infected with bloodstream forms (BSF), is suppressed at the early stage of trypanosome infection, but its rises sharply after 14 days post-infection (dpi). The level of sPLA2 expression in response to infection with procyclic forms (PCF) did not differ from the expression seen when flies were challenged with BSFs, ruling out the possibility of sPLA2 expression being in response to the presence of mature PCFs. However, expression of sPLA2 was augmented at 14 dpi in flies challenged with a higher parasite load, but not with either dead parasites or bacteria, suggesting that its expression is somewhat dependent on the density of live parasite density. Surprisingly, when flies are fed with live Staphylococcus aureus, but not Escherichia coli there was a strong induction of sPLA2 as early as 5 dpi, suggesting that its expression may be linked or modulated by the Toll pathway in response to certain pathogens. Furthermore, in vitro killing assays using recombinant sPLA2 showed that procyclic trypanosomes were lysed after 24 hours when co-cultured with at least 50 g/ml of active enzyme. Thus, it is hypothesised that at 14 dpi, when the trypanosome infection is well established in both the midgut and proventriculus of the fly, a release of PLA2 may help control parasite infection, but is unable to clear it. The data obtained from this thesis will offer new insights on the molecular dialogue that ensues between trypanosomes and tsetse following the ingestion of trypanosomes by tsetse in a blood meal.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glossine'

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