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1

Dharmaraj, B. "A brief review on newer Glucagon like Peptide-1 analogues." International Journal of Preclinical and Clinical Research 1, no. 1 (2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51131/ijpccr/v1i1.7.

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GLP-1 (Glucagon like Peptide-1) receptor agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although the first GLP-1 receptor agonist, Exenatide, was approved in the year 2000, other agents with a longer duration of action that do not require twice-daily dosing are now being developed. Indeed, Liraglutide, a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist, was approved in 2010, a once-weekly extended-release formulation of Exenatide (Exenatide ER) was approved in 2011 and now more recently Semaglutide, an oral GLP 1 receptor agonist was approved for medical use in
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2

Viby, Niels-Erik, Marie S. Isidor, Katrine B. Buggeskov, Steen S. Poulsen, Jacob B. Hansen, and Hannelouise Kissow. "Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Reduces Mortality and Improves Lung Function in a Model of Experimental Obstructive Lung Disease in Female Mice." Endocrinology 154, no. 12 (2013): 4503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1666.

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The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important insulin secretagogue and GLP-1 analogs are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 displays antiinflammatory and surfactant-releasing effects. Thus, we hypothesize that treatment with GLP-1 analogs will improve pulmonary function in a mouse model of obstructive lung disease. Female mice were sensitized with injected ovalbumin and treated with GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists. Exacerbation was induced with inhalations of ovalbumin and lipopolysaccharide. Lung function was evaluated with a measurement of enhanced pause
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3

Triplitt, Curtis, and Carolina Solis-Herrera. "GLP-1 Receptor Agonists." Diabetes Educator 41, no. 1_suppl (2015): 32S—46S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721715607981.

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4

Clark, LaDonna. "GLP-1 receptor agonists." JAAPA 37, no. 4 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0001007388.97793.41.

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ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic medical condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The burden of disease is significant, as demonstrated by high morbidity and mortality and billions of healthcare dollars spent. The pathophysiology of T2DM is complex, with eight primary deficits. In recent years, an increased focus has been placed on incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) for its glucose-lowering benefits. Several FDA-approved short-acting and long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are available in the United States for the treatmen
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Elchouemi, Mohanad, Mostafa Eysha, Mariia Kasianchyk, et al. "The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A retrospective multi-institutional US cohort study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 43, no. 16_suppl (2025): 4559. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.4559.

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4559 Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have played a pivotal role in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). At the same time, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy remains one of the mainstay treatments for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). There has been a scarcity of research on the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on ICI efficacy in cancer patients. This study presents the first real-world analysis of the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on outcomes in mRCC patients receiving ICI therapy. Methods: Data was retrospectively collected from TriNetX, a
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6

Goldenberg, Ronald M., Hwee Teoh, and Subodh Verma. "Glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor co-agonists for cardioprotection, type 2 diabetes and obesity: a review of mechanisms and clinical data." Current Opinion in Cardiology 38, no. 6 (2023): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hco.0000000000001084.

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Purpose of review Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are approved for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, and some are recommended for cardiorenal risk reduction in T2D. To enhance the benefits with GLP-RA mono-agonist therapy, GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor co-agonists are in development to capitalize on the synergism of GLP-1 and GIP agonism. We review the mechanisms of action and clinical data for GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists in T2D and obesity and their potential role in cardiovascular protection. Recent findings Tirze
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Trakoonsenathong, Ronnakrit, Ching-Feng Chiu, and Charupong Saengboonmee. "Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist: A potential game changer for cholangiocarcinoma." World Journal of Gastroenterology 30, no. 34 (2024): 3862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i34.3862.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, a subgroup of incretin-based anti-diabetic therapies, is an emerging medication with benefits in reducing blood glucose and weight and increasing cardiovascular protection. Contrarily, concerns have been raised about GLP-1R agonists increasing the risk of particular cancers. Recently, several epidemiological studies reported contradictory findings of incretin-based therapy on the risk modification for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The first cohort study demonstrated that incretin-based therapy was associated with an increased risk of CCA. Later st
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8

Sato, Tetsuhiko, Emi Ohara, Chikafumi Ozone, et al. "A Possible Advantage of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A405—A406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.826.

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Abstract Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a devastating complication of diabetes, is one of the leading causes of end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Kidney transplantation provides superior outcomes for ESKD patients with type 2 diabetes, giving opportunities to be free from dialysis, but needs lifetime immunosuppressive medications to avoid graft kidney rejection. Post-transplant hyperglycemia, however, remains to be unsolved, because immunosuppressive agents, including glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors, may result in impaired insulin secretion and sensitivity. Safe and promising anti-di
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9

Kopp, Katherine O., Yazhou Li, Elliot J. Glotfelty, David Tweedie, and Nigel H. Greig. "Incretin-Based Multi-Agonist Peptides Are Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory in Cellular Models of Neurodegeneration." Biomolecules 14, no. 7 (2024): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14070872.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based drugs have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. More recent developments of unimolecular peptides targeting multiple incretin-related receptors (“multi-agonists”), including the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) and the glucagon (Gcg) receptor (GcgR), have emerged with the aim of enhancing drug benefits. In this study, we utilized human and mouse microglial cell lines, HMC3 and IMG, respectively, together with the huma
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10

Alicic, Radica Z., and Joshua J. Neumiller. "Incretin Therapies for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 1 (2023): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010201.

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Since the early 2000s, an influx of novel glucose-lowering agents has changed the therapeutic landscape for treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists represent an important therapeutic class for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), demonstrating benefits beyond glycemic control, including lowering of blood pressure and body weight, and importantly, decreased risk of development of new or worsening chronic kidney disease (CKD) and reduced rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Plausible non-glycemic mechanisms that b
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11

Takizawa, Yusuke, Junya Oguri, Masaya Uno, et al. "Effects of A GLP‑1 Receptor Agonist on Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 11, no. 4 (2022): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i04.002.

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The number of people with diabetes worldwide has increased to 537 million, with a 3.6-fold increase occurring in the last 20 years. Various medications are used in the treatment of diabetes, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been recommended in major overseas guidelines. Although the main route of administration of GLP-1 receptor agonists is subcutaneous, orally administered GLP-1 receptor agonists were approved in 2019. Therefore, gastrointestinal epithelial cells are exposed to GLP-1 receptor agonists with poor bioavailability; however, it currently remains unclear w
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Demidova, Tatiana, Igor Nikitin, Oksana Kislyak, and Antonina Starodubova. "The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in cardiometabolic health management." FOCUS Endocrinology 5, no. 4 (2024): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.62751/2713-0177-2024-5-4-22.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1) represent an innovative class of hypoglycemic drugs, the clinical effects of which have gone far beyond glycemic control. The wide prevalence of GLP-1 receptors in organs and tissues of the human body provides many clinically significant pleiotropic effects of GLP-1. The results of a series of large randomized clinical trials demonstrated the high efficacy, good tolerability and safety of GLP-1 agonists in the management of cardiometabolic health, which determined their preferential position in clinical guidelines. A special place in the line o
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13

Shen, Sherry, Bethina Liu, Chad Fanti, et al. "Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist use and weight change among patients with breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (2024): 10607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.10607.

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10607 Background: Elevated body mass index (BMI) and post-diagnosis weight gain increase the risk of breast cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality. Chemotherapy and endocrine therapy can worsen metabolic dysfunction and are associated with weight gain. GLP-1 agonists mimic the action of endogenous GLP-1 and stimulate insulin secretion, delay gastric emptying, and promote satiety. In addition to diabetes treatment, several of these agents induce substantial (8-15%) weight loss and are indicated for obesity weight management. The efficacy of GLP-1 agonists during or after breast cancer treatm
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14

Rabenda, Michal, Adam Słomczyński, Piotr Zatyka, et al. "Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and derivatives in the treatment of obesity - review." Quality in Sport 20 (August 23, 2024): 53995. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2024.20.53995.

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Abstract: Obesity is a chronic and insidious disease that represents a significant global. The World Health Organization has announced that almost 60% of European adults are overweight or obese. Complex hormonal and metabolic adaptations in obesity can prevent weight loss, despite changes in dietary and activity habits. Over the years, the number of anti-obesity drugs has been small and their efficacy has been inadequate, but powerful new drugs from the GLP-1 receptor agonists group have emerged. Studies indicate that drugs in the GLP-1 RA group can be effective in reducing weight in obese peo
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Al-Zamel, Noura, Suleiman Al-Sabah, Yunus Luqmani, et al. "A Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Does Not Antagonize Glucagon at Its Receptor but May Act as a Biased Agonist at the GLP-1 Receptor." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 14 (2019): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143532.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are important regulators of metabolism, making their receptors (GLP-1R and GIPR) attractive targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1R agonists are used clinically to treat T2DM but the use of GIPR agonists remains controversial. Recent studies suggest that simultaneous activation of GLP-1R and GIPR with a single peptide provides superior glycemic control with fewer adverse effects than activation of GLP-1R alone. We investigated the signaling properties of a recently reported dual-i
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16

Liberio Barroso, Farley, and Marcelo Adrián Estrin. "Causal relationship between GLP-1 agonists and depressive symptomatology in patients with type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 3 (June 21, 2024): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024942.

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Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and some (Liraglutide and Semaglutide) for weight loss with significant effects on visceral fat. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea and is associated with an increased frequency of acute pancreatitis. Material and methods: This systematic review has used search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane and the Acsess Medicine platform to search for literature investigating the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus other
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Akl, Maher Monir. "Semaglutide, a GLP-1 Agonist Like 'Ozempic' and its Potential Role as a Preventive Anti-Cancer Agent." Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal 9, no. 1 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/cclsj-16000195.

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This research note explores the potential of Semaglutide, a GLP-1 agonist similar to Ozempic, as a preventive anti-cancer agent. It discusses shared pathophysiological features between cancer and diabetes, including insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipokine imbalance. The note highlights GLP-1's role in diabetes prevention, its mechanisms, and ongoing research. It also touches upon the promising relationship between GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer treatment, focusing on their impact on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis regulation. Finally, it emphasizes
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18

Bulum, Tomislav. "Nephroprotective Properties of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (2022): 2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102586.

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Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and about 30–40% of patients with diabetes will develop kidney disease. Incretin hormones have received attention during the past three decades not only as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but also for their cardiorenometabolic effects. The main incretins are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Additional to the pancreas, receptors for GLP-1 are widely distributed in various organs, causing positive effects on endothelial function and vascular atherogenes
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Young, Mark F., McKenna Andrews, Hezborn Magacha, David Berry, Sagar Nagpal, and Venkata Vedantam. "Current Evidence On GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Impact On Residual Gastric Content and Endoscopy Quality." Journal of Gastroenterology & Digestive Systems 09, no. 01 (2025): 01–06. https://doi.org/10.33140/jgds.09.01.03.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, introduced in 2005, have become crucial in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by regulating gastrointestinal motility and metabolic disorders. These agents, including exenatide and liraglutide, effectively lower HbA1c levels, reduce body weight, and minimize hypoglycemia risk by mimicking the endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1. GLP-1 receptor agonists enhance insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, and promote satiety, which aids in glucose homeostasis and weight management. Additionally, these agonists provide cardiovascular benefit
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20

Drewa, Julia, Katarzyna Lazar-Juszczak, Jan Adamowicz, and Kajetan Juszczak. "May Patients Receiving GLP-1 Agonists Be at Lower Risk of Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Progression?" Cancers 17, no. 9 (2025): 1576. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091576.

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Introduction: GLP-1 receptor agonists are valuable therapeutic agents for managing obesity and type 2 diabetes. The link between prostate cancer and obesity was described. The modulation of incretin hormone-dependent pathways may decrease the prostate cancer aggressiveness and progression. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review and summarize the literature on the role of GLP-1 agonists in prostate cancer. Material & Methods: We performed a scoping literature review of PubMed from January 2002 to February 2025. Search terms included “glucagon-peptide like 1”, “incretin hormone”
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Bloodworth, Melissa Harintho, Jian Zhang, Anne L. Hotard, et al. "Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling attenuates RSV-induced type 2 responses and immunopathology." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (2017): 153.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.153.5.

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Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are a well-accepted and safe treatment for Type II diabetes. Although GLP-1R agonists mainly act to potentiate insulin and suppress glucagon secretion, recent evidence suggests that GLP-1R signaling also has anti-inflammatory effects. Severe RSV-associated illness is partially caused by type 2-associated immunopathology. We hypothesized that GLP-1R signaling inhibits type 2-mediated immunopathology during infection with RSV 12/12-6, a strain of RSV that was isolated from a hospitalized infant with severe lower respiratory tract infect
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Hunt, Jenna Elizabeth, Jens Juul Holst, Palle Bekker Jeppesen, and Hannelouise Kissow. "GLP-1 and Intestinal Diseases." Biomedicines 9, no. 4 (2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040383.

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Accumulating evidence implicates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to have, beyond glucose maintenance, a beneficial role in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we review emerging data investigating GLP-1 as a novel treatment for intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, short-bowel syndrome, intestinal toxicities and coeliac disease. Possible beneficial mechanisms for these diseases include GLP-1′s influence on gastric emptying, its anti-inflammatory properties and its intestinotrophic effect. The current knowledge basis derives from the available GLP-1 agonist treatments in exp
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23

Ja’arah, Daria, Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi, Gamal Abdelhady, Firas Rabi, and Murtaza M. Tambuwala. "Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists in Hypoglycemia." Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes 14 (January 2021): 117955142110516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795514211051697.

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A relatively recent addition to the arsenal of antidiabetic drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been the “incretin mimetics,” a group of drugs that work on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and enhance insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner, more potently in hyperglycemic conditions, while suppressing glucagon secretion at the same time. Therefore, it was assumed that this class of drugs would have a lower risk of hypoglycemia than insulin secretagogues like sulphonylureas. However, GLP-1 receptor agonists have bee
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Barajas, Gabi, and Jessica Schmitt. "350 Effects of GLP-1 Agonist on Pediatric Populations in a Real-World Setting." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 8, s1 (2024): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2024.312.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Compare metabolic health of type 2 diabetics on GLP-1 to those on traditional therapy METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Outcomes of interest of this study include analyzing GLP-1 agonists on overall metabolic health, focusing primarily on weight loss and ability to wane off insulin without rebounding metabolic health. The data will be collected in a retrospective chart review from medical records of type II diabetics from Children’s of Alabama and will follow patients over two years. The charts have been narrowed to those patients prescribed GLP-1 agonists who have been on the medica
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Solomon, Sathishkumar, and Vyas Rashmi. "The Incretin Effect And Its Significance – Basic To Applied Physiology." International Journal of Basic & Applied Physiology 1, no. 1 (2012): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4445542.

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The gastrointestinal tract releases several hormones in response to oral food intake and absorption. The increased secretion of insulin in response to oral glucose administration when compared to intravenous glucose administration is called the Incretin effect. This is due to release of certain gut hormones which in turn cause an increased glucose stimulated insulin secretion. The incretin effect is due to two main hormones: Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypetide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide – 1 (GLP-1). The insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 is preserved in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Bello, Nicholas, and Timothy Moran. "GLP-1 Agonists and Satiety." Immunology‚ Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2008): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152208787169170.

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27

Lund, Asger, Filip K. Knop, and Tina Vilsbøll. "Emerging GLP-1 receptor agonists." Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 16, no. 4 (2011): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728214.2011.616493.

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28

Marre, Michel, and Alfred Penfornis. "GLP-1 receptor agonists today." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 93, no. 3 (2011): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.004.

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29

Larsen, Philip J. "Mechanisms behind GLP-1 induced weight loss." British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 8, no. 2_suppl (2008): S34—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474651408100525.

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Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that plays an important role in maintaining pancreatic function as well as caloric intake. Since the advent of GLP-1 receptor agonists resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) (degradation, it has become clear that their chronic use promotes negative energy balance. With regard to their effects on body weight, the principal action of GLP-1 agonists is mediated via their inhibition of eating. In searching for the underlying mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced anorexic effect, scientists have discovered pathways in the
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Ogunremi, Oluwafunke O., Sana F. Ismail, Ramneek K. Dhami, Jazmin S. Newton, Scott A. Kindle, and Valeriy Kozmenko. "A meta-analysis of the incidence of acne vulgaris in patients treated with GLP-1 agonists." International Journal of Women’s Dermatology 10, no. 2 (2024): e143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jw9.0000000000000143.

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Background: With the emerging popularity of GLP-1 receptor agonists, patients are noticing acne vulgaris side effects that are seemingly related to the concurrent treatment with the drug. Due to the correspondence between these drugs’ relatively recent emergence in the U.S. market and their high demand, it is important to investigate what is currently known in the literature so that patients can be properly informed. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship, or lack thereof, between glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist usage and acne-related side effects
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Gastaldi, Giacomo, Barbara Lucchini, Sebastien Thalmann, et al. "Swiss recommendations of the Society for Endocrinology and Diabetes (SGED/SSED) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2023)." Swiss Medical Weekly 153, no. 4 (2023): 40060. http://dx.doi.org/10.57187/smw.2023.40060.

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As a first step, the authors emphasise lifestyle changes (increased physical activity, stopping smoking), blood pressure control, and lowering cholesterol). The initial medical treatment should always be a combination treatment with metformin and a sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor or a glucagon-like 1 peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Metformin is given first and up-titrated, followed by SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists. In persons with type 2 diabetes, if the initial double combination is not sufficient, a triple combination (SGLT-2 inhibitor, GLP-1 receptor agonist
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Rached, Fabiana, and Victor Arrais. "OBESIDADE E DOENÇA CARDIOVASCULAR -COMBINAÇÃO GIP E GLP-1." Revista da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de São Paulo 33, no. 4 (2023): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29381/0103-8559/20233304418-23.

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A fisiopatologia da obesidade é complexa, o que torna sua abordagem terapêutica desafiadora. Este artigo busca revisar o estado da arte do emprego dos agonistas duplos do receptor GIP/GLP-1, detalhando suas aplicações no tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e, mais recentemente, na obesidade. Os hormônios GLP-1 e GIP, secretados no intestino em resposta à ingestão alimentar, desempenham papéis cruciais no metabolismo energético. A combinação de agonistas GIP e GLP-1 visa aproveitar seus efeitos sinérgicos, promovendo maior controle glicêmico, melhor manejo lipídico e perda de peso. A t
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Vahle, John L., Richard A. Byrd, Jamie L. Blackbourne, et al. "Effects of Dulaglutide on Thyroid C Cells and Serum Calcitonin in Male Monkeys." Endocrinology 156, no. 7 (2015): 2409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1717.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have caused hyperplasia/neoplasia of thyroid C cells in rodent carcinogenicity studies. Studies in monkeys have not identified an effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on thyroid C cells; however, group sizes were small. Dulaglutide is a once-weekly, long-acting human GLP-1 receptor agonist recently approved in the United States and the European Union. The objective of this study was to determine whether dulaglutide altered C-cell mass in monkeys. Male cynomolgus monkeys (20 per group) were sc injected wi
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McKay, Naomi J., Scott E. Kanoski, Matthew R. Hayes, and Derek Daniels. "Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists suppress water intake independent of effects on food intake." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 6 (2011): R1755—R1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00472.2011.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced by and released from the small intestine following ingestion of nutrients. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists applied peripherally or centrally decrease food intake and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects make the GLP-1 system an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. In addition to these more frequently studied effects of GLP-1R stimulation, previous reports indicate that GLP-1R agonists suppress water intake. The present experiments were designed to provide greater temporal resolution and
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Munaf, Mohammed, Pierpaolo Pellicori, Victoria Allgar, and Kenneth Wong. "A Meta-Analysis of the Therapeutic Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist in Heart Failure." International Journal of Peptides 2012 (July 1, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/249827.

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We conducted a meta-analysis of the existing literature of the therapeutic effects of using GLP-1 agonists to improve the metabolism of the failing heart. Animal studies showed significant improvement in markers of cardiac function, such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), with regular GLP-1 agonist infusions. In clinical trials, the potential effects of GLP-1 agonists in improving cardiac function were modest: LVEF improved by 4.4% compared to placebo (95% C.I 1.36–7.44, ). However, BNP levels were not significantly altered by GLP-1 agonists in heart failure. In two trials, a modest
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Monami, Matteo, Niccolò Marchionni, and Edoardo Mannucci. "Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials." European Journal of Endocrinology 160, no. 6 (2009): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-09-0101.

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ObjectiveThe role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is debated; many recent trials, which were not included in previous meta-analyses, could add relevant information.Design and methodsAll available randomized controlled trials (RCTs), either published or unpublished, performed in type 2 diabetic patients with GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide and liraglutide), with a duration>12 weeks were meta-analysed for HbA1c, body mass index, hypoglycaemia and other adverse events.Results and conclusionsA total of 21 RCTs (six of which unpublished
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KOMMU, SHARATH. "Abstract 13756: The Role of Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis From Cardiovascular Outcome Trials." Circulation 148, Suppl_1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.148.suppl_1.13756.

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Introduction: Meta-analyses on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have shown beneficial effects in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is unclear if they have similar beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure. Methods: A search was performed on online databases - MEDLINE (via PubMed) and ClinicalTrials.gov, using the search words GLP-1 receptor agonist and cardiovascular outcomes. The references from the search results were also reviewed for potential studies that
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Stanton, Eloise W., Artur Manasyan, Rakhi Banerjee, Kurt Hong, Emma Koesters, and David A. Daar. "GLP-1 Agonists." Annals of Plastic Surgery, September 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000004089.

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Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, such as exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide, effectively manage type 2 diabetes by promoting insulin release, suppressing glucagon secretion, and enhancing glucose metabolism. They also aid weight reduction and cardiovascular health, potentially broadening their therapeutic scope. In plastic surgery, they hold promise for perioperative weight management and glycemic control, potentially impacting surgical outcomes. Methods A comprehensive review was conducted to assess GLP-1 agonists' utilization in plastic surg
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Shah, Samarth, and Reshma Nair. "Brief Overview of GLP-1 Agonists: A Primer for Stroke Clinicians." Stroke Clinician 1, no. 4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.59236/sc.v1i4.70.

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The use of GLP-1 agonists very common for treatment of diabetes and weight management. The purpose of this review is to provide background information on the mechanism of how GLP-1 agonists work along with the different considerations for patients who may be on GLP-1 therapy. The paper will also briefly review the literature on the impact GLP-1 agonists have on diabetes and major adverse cardiovascular events, including stroke. Lastly, the review will provide some guidance on the management of patients who may present to the hospital with a stroke on GLP-1 agonist therapy.
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Whitley, Heather P., Jennifer M. Trujillo, and Joshua J. Neumiller. "Potential Strategies for Addressing GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Shortages." Clinical Diabetes, April 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/cd23-0023.

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Unexpected drug shortages of the long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dulaglutide and semaglutide and the dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist tirzepatide emerged in late 2022 and have persisted through the first quarter of 2023 (1). The drug shortage has not affected product doses equally; some doses are more widely available than others (2). For the purposes of this article, we will consider the dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide to be included when referring to GLP-1 receptor agonist product shortages. These shortag
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Lyons, Sulayman Aslan, and Jacqueline Leah Beaudry. "Synergistic combinations of gut-and-pancreas hormone-based therapies: Advancements in treatments for metabolic diseases." Endocrinology, October 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqad153.

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Abstract Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and liver disease, have become increasingly prevalent around the world. As an alternative to bariatric surgery, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been at the forefront of weight-loss medication to combat these metabolic complications. Recently, there has been an exciting rapid emergence of new weight-loss medications that combine GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with other gut and pancreatic-derived hormones, like glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glu
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Ahmed, Amr kamel, and Maher akl. "Exploring a Synergistic Approach: Dual GLP-1 Agonist Combined with Degludec Basal Insulin for Early Type 1 Diabetes Treatment and its Impact on Albumin-Insulin Producing Cells Expression."." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, March 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/apb.2024.040.

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This manuscript explores various aspects related to the use of dual GLP-1 agonist with degludec basal insulin as a potential treatment approach for early type 1 diabetes. The background section highlights the destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes and the emergence of GLP-1 agonists as a promising option for managing obesity and type 2 diabetes. The authors discuss a retrospective analysis of the efficacy of semaglutide, a GLP-1 agonist, in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The results show the elimination of prandial and basal insulin, increased C-peptide levels, and improv
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Levine, Irving, Shaina Sekhri, William Schreiber-Stainthorp, et al. "GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Confer No Increased Rates of IBD Exacerbation Among Patients With IBD." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, October 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izae250.

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Abstract Background In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multimorbidity with obesity and type 2 diabetes is common and increasing. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are increasingly being prescribed for patients with IBD, yet their impact on patients with IBD is largely unknown. We aimed to assess the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on the course of IBD. Methods We identified all IBD patients prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists at a large academic healthcare network between 2009 and 2023. We analyzed demographics and IBD characteristics in the year pre- and post–
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Sterling, Jacob, Peiying Hua, Joshua L. Dunaief, Qi N. Cui, and Brian L. VanderBeek. "Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use is associated with reduced risk for glaucoma." British Journal of Ophthalmology, August 19, 2021, bjophthalmol—2021–319232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319232.

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Background/aimsGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists regulate blood glucose and are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent work showed that treatment with the GLP-1R agonist NLY01 decreased retinal neuroinflammation and glial activation to rescue retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of glaucoma. In this study, we used an insurance claims database (Clinformatics Data Mart) to examine whether GLP-1R agonist exposure impacts glaucoma risk.MethodsA retrospective cohort of patients who initiated a new GLP-1R agonist was 1:3 age, gender, race, classes of active diabe
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Romain, Benoit, Vincent Pfirsch, Simone Manfredelli, et al. "Patients With Severe Obesity Are Made Eligible for Complex Abdominal Wall Repair After Preoptimization With GLP‐1 Agonists: Results of a Bicentric Pilot Study." World Journal of Surgery, March 15, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/wjs.12547.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundIncisional hernia repairs (IHRs) are not recommended in patients with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Weight loss is challenging, but new medications, such as glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 agonists), have recently attracted increased attention for their potential weight loss advantages. The aim was to analyze the preliminary results about the safety and weight loss efficiency of the use of GLP‐1 agonists in the context of prehabilitation prior to complex IHR.MethodsAll patients planned for IHR with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 and treated with preoperative GLP‐1 agoni
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Vatsia, Sohrab K., Michael F. Levidy, Nicholas D. Rowe, Andrew S. Meister, and Jesse E. Bible. "Fusion Outcomes of GLP-1 Agonist Therapy in Multilevel Cervical Spinal Fusion." Clinical Spine Surgery, March 5, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000001775.

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Study Design: Retrospective analysis. Objective: To evaluate the effects of GLP-1 agonist therapy upon the incidence of pseudarthrosis in patients undergoing multilevel cervical spinal fusion Summary of Background Data: The rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus has rendered the usage of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonists increasingly commonplace since their introduction in 2005. However, there is a dearth of evidence to suggest whether outcomes of multilevel cervical spinal fusion differ in patients treated with GLP-1 agonists. This study assesses rates of pseudarth
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Wright, Jason D., Ling Chen, Xiao Xu, et al. "Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist use and the risk of pulmonary aspiration in patients undergoing surgery." International Journal of Surgery, May 12, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000002425.

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Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are approved for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. These agents slow gastric emptying and may increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration, particularly in patients undergoing elective surgery. We used a claims database to examine the association between perioperative GLP-1 receptor agonist use and the risk of pulmonary aspiration. A total of 392 065 patients including 15 745 (4.0%) who used GLP-1 receptor agonist who underwent elective surgery were identified. The rate of pulmonary aspiration was 0.8% in those who received G
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Almeida, Osvaldo P., Zheng Fong, Lydia M. Hill Almeida, Frank M. Sanfilippo, Amy Page, and Christopher Etherton‐Beer. "Cross‐sectional, case‐control and longitudinal associations between exposure to glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and the dispensing of antidepressants." Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, April 23, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.15616.

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AbstractAimTo determine if the dispensing of glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 receptor agonists is associated with increased dispensing of antidepressants.Materials and MethodsWe used cross‐sectional, case‐control and retrospective cohort study designs to examine the association between dispensed GLP‐1 receptor agonists and antidepressants between 2012 and 2022 in the 10% random sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data. PBS‐listed GLP‐1 receptor agonists, exenatide, dulaglutide and semaglutide were the exposures. Outcomes were the odds ratio [ORs; 99% confidence interval
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Couldwell, Marie, Anna Jane Tidwell, and Ann E. Taylor. "Impact of GLP1 agonists on reproduction." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, July 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf401.

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Abstract Obesity, in animals and humans, is associated with male and female reproductive dysfunction. Elucidating the mechanisms by which excessive weight impacts reproduction and proving that weight loss improves reproductive function has been difficult. Data in animals and humans demonstrate improvements in reproductive function after weight loss, achieved with or without GLP1 agonists. In preclinical studies there is evidence that GLP1 agonists have direct effects on the hypothalamus to stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and direct beneficial effects on the gonads and the endometr
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Visvabharathy, Vidya, Sally MacPhedran, Katie Shupp, and Benjamin King. "Anorgasmia following initiation of GLP-1 agonist." Sexual Medicine 13, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfaf047.

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Abstract Introduction According to the Obesity Medicine Association, obesity is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, multifactorial and treatable neurobehavioral disease. A small number of drugs have been approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for weight loss. Liraglutide, Tirzepatide, and Semaglutide are GLP-1 agonists and anti-diabetic drugs, and are some of the latest FDA-approved medications for weight loss. Up to 50% of patients experience gastrointestinal (GI) distress, a common side effect, while taking these medications. Other side effects include tachycardia, antibody-medi
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