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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glue protein'

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Published: 4 July 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Berg, Kyle. "Spider Aggregate Glue Sequence Characterization and Expression." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5022.

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Spider aggregate glue is secreted on to the webs of many spiders in the superfamily Araneoidea. Aggregate glue is sticky when wet and has a unique stress strain curve that varies depending on the relative humidity and speed of probe retraction. These features make it an attractive target for applications such as underwater adhesives or surgical glues. However, little is known about the genetic sequence of the glue protein itself. In this work, a method is identified to isolate the remainder of the aggregate gene sequence, and genetic constructs glue are created using known aggregate gene seque

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2

Bourouis, Marc. "Etude fonctionnelle des sequences de controle des genes de glue de drosophile." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13061.

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3

Geurts, Paul. "The Synthetic spider silk fibers spun from Pyriform Spidroin 2, a glue silk protein discovered in orb-weaving spider attachment discs." Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/759.

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Spider attachrnentdisc silk fibers are spun into a viscous liquid that rapidly solidifies, gluing dragline silk fibers to substrates for locomotion or web construction. Here we report the identification and artificial spinning of a novel attachment disc glue silk fibroin, Pyriform Spidroin 2 (PySp2), from the golden orb weaver Nephila c/avipes. MS studies support PySp2 is a constituent of the pyriform gland that is spun into attachment discs. Analysis of the PySp2 protein architecture reveals sequence divergence relative to the other silk family members, including the cob weaver glue silk fibr

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4

La, Mattina Coby Ann. "Identification of an aqueous glue protein, SCP-2, and the development of a polyclonal antiserum against the bHLH transcription factor SGSF in Latrodectus Hesperus." Scholarly Commons, 2009. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/716.

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Although numerous spider fibroins have been reported, no known silk coating peptides have been discovered. We provide the first biochemical evidence for a spider coating peptide, called SCP-2, found on gumfooted lines, scaffolding joints and egg cases. The presence of this spider coating peptide on the fibers is supported by MS/MS analysis. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, we also demonstrate that SCP-2 has a flagelliform-restricted mRNA pattern of expression. Molecular modeling of the SCP-2 amino acid sequence predicts it adopts an alpha-helical structure that is amphipathic in natu

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5

HATTORI, TOSHIKADO, та 寿門服部. "骨形成因子 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein-BMP) とフィブリン糊混合剤の骨・軟骨誘導能に関する研究". Thesis, 日本整形外科学会, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16684.

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6

Vasanthavada, Keshav. "Generation of cDNA chips from the black widow spider, latrodectus hesperus, for gene discovery and expression profiling using microarray technology, and molecular characterization of a novel silk glue protein." Scholarly Commons, 2005. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/624.

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eDNA microarray technology has generated a tremendous amount of interest among biologists because of its promise to monitor the entire genome on a single chip, thus enabling researchers to have a better picture of the interaction among thousands of genes simultaneously. In the current study, this technology was used to print over 3,000 unknown genes from various silk glands of the black widow spider to profile their expression patterns and to identify novel candidates. Spiders are remarkable creatures because of their ability to make different silks, each with a specific function. Some of thes

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7

Horsch, Justus. "Muschel-inspirierte Polymerisation: Synthetische Bioadhäsive für wasserbasierte Klebstoffe und meerwasserresistente Beschichtungen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21026.

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Miesmuscheln inspirieren zur nächsten Generation von wasserbasierten Nassklebstoffen. Muschelfußproteine (mfps) ermöglichen es den Muscheln, sich an jede Oberfläche zu haften und zeigen bemerkenswerte Eigenschaften, die insbesondere durch das Aminosäurederivat 3,4 Dihydroxyphenylalanin (Dopa) verursacht werden. Da der Einfluss von Wasser nach wie vor eine große Herausforderung für Klebeanwendungen darstellt und die Herstellung und Reinigung von Klebeproteinen viel Zeit und Kosten erfordert, ist ein einfacher Zugang zu biomimetischen Klebstoffen von großem Interesse. Die vorliegende Arbeit unt

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8

Cheung, Po Yan. "Interaction between MKK6 and p150 glued dynactin is required for microtubule-mediated p38 MAPK activation /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BICH%202002%20CHEUNG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.<br>On t.p. glued is superscript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-94). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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9

Šebesta, Pavel. "Ovlivnění zbytkových pevností slévárenských jader s biogenním pojivem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231111.

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Foundry technology is an industrial sector, where progress is still the important aspect for reducing the environmental impact and increasing competitiveness. Master's thesis is focused on the possibilities of influencing residual strength of the core moulding mixtures with the biogenic binders, which forms a new group of binder systems.

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10

Yu, Hyun Young. "Determination of the Binding Site and the Key Amino Acids on Maize β-Glucosidase Isozyme Glu1 Involved in Binding to β-Glucosidase Aggregating Factor (BGAF)". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27135.

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β-Glucosidase zymograms of certain maize genotypes (nulls) do not show any activity bands after electrophoresis. We have shown that a chimeric lectin called β-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF) is responsible for the absence of β-glucosidase activity bands on zymograms. BGAF specifically binds to maize β-glucosidase isozymes Glu1 and Glu2 and forms large, insoluble complexes. Furthermore, we have previously shown that the N-terminal (Glu⁵⁰-Val¹⁴⁵) and the C-terminal (Phe⁴⁶⁶-Ala⁵¹²) regions contain residues that make up the BGAF binding site on maize Glu1. However, sequence comparison betwee

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11

Yoshihara, Toshihiro. "Analysis of cis-Regulatory Elements Responsible for Endosperm-Specific Expression of the Rice Seed Storage Protein Gene, GluA-3." Kyoto University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157105.

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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・論文博士<br>博士(農学)<br>乙第9637号<br>論農博第2151号<br>新制||農||748(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H9||N3076(農学部図書室)<br>UT51-97-L214<br>(主査)教授内海成, 教授鬼頭誠, 教授佐藤文彦<br>学位規則第4条第2項該当

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12

GERARD, PIERRE-EMMANUEL. "Les syndromes d'insulinoresistance extreme : recherche de mutations sur les genes des recepteurs de l'insuline et les transporteurs de glucose glut-4." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE6546.

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13

Russo, Joseph F. "Effects of linoleic and palmitic acid rich diets on GLUT-4 protein content in red vastus muscle of the mouse." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834510.

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Dietary fats have been proposed to alter the amount of glucose transporters in various tissues. This study examined how diets containing linoleic or palmitic fatty acids affected the amount of the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter protein, GLUT-4, in red vastus muscle of mice. At 8 weeks of age, 28 healthy female mice were separated into 3 dietary groups, one control group (5% corn oil fat) and two high fat (15% fat) groups. One of the high fat diets was a linoleic acid rich diet (76% linoleic polyunsaturated fat), while the other was a palmitic acid rich diet (95% palmitic saturate

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14

Nout, Yvette Stephanie. "Effect of exercise and hyperglycemia on glucose transporter glut-4 protein and gene expression in skeletal muscle of the horse." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1400068827.

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15

Mukwevho, Emmanuel. "Regulation of Glut-4 Expression in Skeletal Muscle cells: The Roles of Nuclear Respiratory Factor-1 and calcium/calmodulin dependent protein Kinase." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3272.

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GLUT4 protein is the major glucose transporter in skeletal muscle and is vital in the maintenance of euglycemia (17; 108). Underexpression of GLUT4 or impairement of its translocation from intracellular compartments to the cell surface, are linked to diminished glucose transport, hyperglycemia and type II diabetes (59; 61; 153). Type II diabetes can be alleviated by increasing GLUT4 expression (223). Previous reports have shown that overexpression of NRF-1 and activation of CaMKII increases GLUT4 expression but the mechanisms involved have not be characterized (10; 173). Therefore, the objecti

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16

Roberts, Dennis A. "Design and Synthesis of Stable Glucose Uptake Inhibitors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou14791141897033.

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17

Bayayibign, Biruhalem Assefa [Verfasser]. "Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-2, independently of IGF-1, induces GLUT-4 translocation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes / Biruhalem Assefa Bayayibign." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172074402/34.

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18

Mettling, Clément. "Utilisation de la transformation pour l'etude des elements regulateurs des genes de la glu chez drosophila melanogaster." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13152.

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19

Silva, Filho Tiago Jo?o da. "Express?o imunoistoqu?mica de GLUT-1 e marcadores de prolifera??o e apoptose em anomalias vasculares orais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17131.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TiagoJSF_DISSERT.pdf: 3045279 bytes, checksum: 8153fafe331060792baf7be0c25c538f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-10<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico<br>Vascular anomalies constitute a distinct group of lesions, but they may present similar clinical and histopatological characteristics, which can lead to diagnostic mistakes. This study aimed by histopathology and immunohistochemical expression of human glucose transporter protein (GLUT-1), correctly identify and classify oral vascu

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20

Bizzotto, Sara. "Eml1 in radial glial progenitors during cortical development : the neurodevelopmental role of a protein mutated in subcortical heterotopia in mouse and human." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066118.

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Le développement du cortex cérébral résulte de processus de prolifération, neurogenèse, migration et différenciation cellulaire qui sont contrôlés génétiquement. Les malformations corticales qui résultent d'anomalies de ces processus sont associées à l'épilepsie et la déficience intellectuelle. Nous avons étudié la souris mutante HeCo (heterotopic cortex), qui présente une hétérotopie sous-cortical bilatérale (neurones présents dans la substance blanche) et nous avons identifié la présence d'une mutation sur le gène Eml1 (Echinoderm Microtubule-associated protein-Like 1). De plus, des mutation

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21

Bizzotto, Sara. "Eml1 in radial glial progenitors during cortical development : the neurodevelopmental role of a protein mutated in subcortical heterotopia in mouse and human." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066118.

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Le développement du cortex cérébral résulte de processus de prolifération, neurogenèse, migration et différenciation cellulaire qui sont contrôlés génétiquement. Les malformations corticales qui résultent d'anomalies de ces processus sont associées à l'épilepsie et la déficience intellectuelle. Nous avons étudié la souris mutante HeCo (heterotopic cortex), qui présente une hétérotopie sous-cortical bilatérale (neurones présents dans la substance blanche) et nous avons identifié la présence d'une mutation sur le gène Eml1 (Echinoderm Microtubule-associated protein-Like 1). De plus, des mutation

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22

Morato, Priscila Neder. "The effect of consuming whey proteins, their component peptides and amino acids on glucose transporters in rat muscle = Efeito do consumo das proteínas do soro do leite, componentes peptídicos e aminoácidos nos transportadores de glicose em músculos de ratos." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254506.

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Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfán<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:15:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morato_PriscilaNeder_D.pdf: 813172 bytes, checksum: 96f9ce7da352faefcc39166ef5fe4fa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: As proteínas do soro do leite apresentam propriedades nutricionais e funcionais que influenciam a modulação de funções bioquímicas e fisiológicas.Estudos têm demonstrado que as proteínas do soro do leite (PSL), principalmente na forma hidrolisada (PSLH) possuem a c

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23

Lidgren, Anders. "Hypoxia inducible factor-1α in renal cell carcinoma". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgisk och perioperativ vetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1462.

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Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Renal Cell Carcinoma Departments of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology; Radiation Sciences, Oncology; Medical Biosciences, Pathology; and Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 2-3% of all human cancers. A distinguished feature of RCC is vascularisation and among the three dominating RCC types conventional RCC (cRCC) generally is more vascularised than papillary RCC (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC). Angiogenesis is a critical step in tumour

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24

Oliveira, Lucileide Castro de. "Estudo imuno-histoqu?mico da express?o da GLUT-1 e mensura??o do ?ndice angiog?nico (CD34) em adenomas pleom?rficos, carcinomas aden?ides c?sticos e carcinomas mucoepiderm?ides de gl?ndulas salivares." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17125.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucileideCO_DISSERT.pdf: 2248988 bytes, checksum: f9aafad24354c13fb349a052f5b90d8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico<br>The expression of glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT-1), as well the angiogenesis has been associated to clinical behavior and aggressiveness in tumors of various origin. It is believed that the expression of this protein denotes metabolic demand of the tumor cells and, thus its influence upon the formation of new blood vessels

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25

Garfinkel, Mark David. "Structural and Functional Studies of the 68C Glue Protein Gene Cluster of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, 1988. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7423/1/Garfinkel_md_1988.pdf.

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<p>The 68C locus of the <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> polytene chromosomes contains the structural genes for three glue polypeptides (sgs-3, sgs-7, and sgs-8) synthesized in the third instar larval salivary glands. The three 68C glue mRNAs are coded in a gene cluster of less than 5000 base-pairs, and are expressed coordinately under the control of the steroid hormone ecdysterone. Neither amplification nor DNA rearrangement of the locus occurs in the salivary gland. The nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA that includes the entire gene cluster was determined, as were the structures of each of th

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26

Burgess, Jason. "The Clathrin Adaptor AP-1 and Type II Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase are Required for Glue Granule Biogenesis in Drosophila." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33847.

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Regulated secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes and other biologically active molecules requires formation of secretory granules. However, the molecular machinery required for secretory granule biogenesis is incompletely understood. I used powerful genetic approaches available in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the factors required for biogenesis of mucin-containing ‘glue granules,’ which form within epithelial cells of the third-instar larval salivary gland. I discovered that clathrin and the clathrin adaptor protein complex (AP-1), as well the enzyme type II phosphati

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27

Kofroňová, Pavla. "Identifikace mléčných a kolagenových pojiv používaných v barevných vrstvách uměleckých děl." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-308265.

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The task of this diploma thesis was to investigate the influence of inorganic pigments on the identification of casein oil and animal glue tempera by mass spectrometry MALDI- -TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation - Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry). First, it was necessary to prepare a set of model colour layers containing casein and animal glue tempera together with ten inorganic pigments. Consequently, the method of peptide mass fingerprinting was used to obtain mass spectra of the samples. Finally, it was possible to compare and determine the characteristic peptide fragments

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28

Shivanna, N. "Studies on the glue proteins and larval pupation site preference in different species of Drosophila." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1401.

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29

Wang, Li-Ting, and 王立婷. "Optimization of the production conditions for recombinant proteins OraSE and GlmE." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84100102141436519248.

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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>化學學系碩士班<br>93<br>Optimization of the production for recombinant proteins, OraSE and GlmE, was investigated by using several defferent growth conditions in this stusy . OraSE protein was purified by Phenyl – Sepharose HP and Ni2+ - NTA column ; GlmE protein was purified by Phenyl – Sepharose HP and Q – Sepharose FF. Significant difference in protein yield was observed when induction temperature and inducer were changed .

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30

Wang, Chia-Young, and 王家勇. "Effect of Insulin and A Single Bout Exercise on Muscle Glycogen and GLUT-4 Protien Expression." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58514417218912817586.

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碩士<br>臺北巿立體育學院<br>運動科學研究所<br>91<br>Effect of Insulin and A Single Bout Exercise on Muscle Glycogen and GLUT-4 Protien Expression Wang, Chia-Young Kuo, Chia-Hua Apr, 2003 Abstract The main purpose of study1was to investigate the effect of insulin administration on post-exercise muscle glycogen content and GLUT4 protien expression. Additionally, we also determine the interactive effect of insulin and single bout of exercise on GLUT4 expression and glycogen storage in glycogen supercompensated muscle with or without insulin treatment. Forty-

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Liao, Nai Ding, and 廖乃鼎. "The investigation of CAIX and GLUT-1 protein expressions in pleural effusion to improve the detection of malignant effusion." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62261941863103416856.

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碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>生物科技系<br>98<br>Pleural effusions are commonly occurring complications produced by a wide variety of diseases. Approximately 20% of pleural effusions are caused by malignancy and in 10–50% of cancer patients may be the initial presentation. One of the common difficulties in effusion cytology is the distinction between cancer cells and reactive mesothelial cells. Moreover, metastatic adenocarcinoma cells often are associated with prominent mesothelial hyperplasia, making the diagnosis more difficult. Pleural effusion cytology findings are positive in only 60% of cases on average.

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"Study of antisense oligonucleotides against glucose transporter 5 (Glut 5) on human breast cancer cells." 2004. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892179.

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Chung Ka Wing.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-162).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Contents --- p.i<br>Acknowledgements --- p.v<br>Abstract --- p.vi<br>論文摘要 --- p.ix<br>List of Abbreviations --- p.xi<br>List of Figures --- p.xiii<br>List of Tables --- p.xv<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Breast Cancer --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.1.1 --- Incidence Rate of Breast Cancer --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.1.2 --- Risk Factors Lead to Breast Cancer --- p.5<br>Chapter 1.1.3 --- Convention

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Chen-yehLee and 李振業. "Identification of Gamma-carboxylated Glu (Gla) Modification on Proteins by Calcium Affinity Co-precipitation Prior to LC-MSMS Analysis." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87006449844450978571.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>化學系碩博士班<br>101<br>Carboxylation at the gamma position of glutamic acid (Gla) is an important post-translational modification required for the activity of vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins. Detection and identification of Gla modifications using mass spectrometry, however, is difficult due to many problems including ion suppression effects by negative charges. We developed a method using calcium affinity precipitation method to enrich the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) peptides which can be subsequently detected by electrospray-mass spectrometry. In this approach, we used

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Chaitra, M. G. "T Cell Epitopes Of PE And PPE Family Of Proteins Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis And Analysis Of Their Vaccine Potential." Thesis, 2007. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/651.

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One-third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes over 2 million deaths every year. The current live attenuated vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), protects against miliary tuberculosis in children, but fails to consistently protect against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. The global resurgence of tuberculosis, together with the HIV pandemic and emerging multi-drug resistance, has heightened the need for an effective vaccine. Completion of the M. tuberculosis genome sequence paved way for identification of many new candidate antigens

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Chaitra, M. G. "T Cell Epitopes Of PE And PPE Family Of Proteins Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis And Analysis Of Their Vaccine Potential." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/651.

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One-third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes over 2 million deaths every year. The current live attenuated vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), protects against miliary tuberculosis in children, but fails to consistently protect against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. The global resurgence of tuberculosis, together with the HIV pandemic and emerging multi-drug resistance, has heightened the need for an effective vaccine. Completion of the M. tuberculosis genome sequence paved way for identification of many new candidate antigens f

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36

Barker, Megan. "Structural Investigation of Processing α-Glucosidase I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32660.

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N-glycosylation is the most common eukaryotic post-translational modification, impacting on protein stability, folding, and protein-protein interactions. More broadly, N-glycans play biological roles in reaction kinetics modulation, intracellular protein trafficking, and cell-cell communications. The machinery responsible for the initial stages of N-glycan assembly and processing is found on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Following N-glycan transfer to a nascent glycoprotein, the enzyme Processing α-Glucosidase I (GluI) catalyzes the selective removal of the terminal glucose re

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Odoi, Keturah. "Orthogonality and Codon Preference of the Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase-tRNAPyl pair in Escherichia coli for the Genetic Code Expansion." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-11037.

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Systematic studies of basal nonsense suppression, orthogonality of tRNAPyl variants, and cross recognition between codons and tRNA anticodons are reported. E. coli displays detectable basal amber and opal suppression but shows a negligible ochre suppression. Although detectable, basal amber suppression is fully inhibited when a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)-tRNAPyl_CUA pair is genetically encoded. trnaPyl_CUA is aminoacylated by an E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase at a low level, however, this misaminoacylation is fully inhibited when both PylRS and its substrate are present. Besides th

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