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Journal articles on the topic 'Glue sniffing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Jayanth, SH, Basappa S. Hugar, S. Praveen, and YP Girish Chandra. "Glue sniffing." Medico-Legal Journal 85, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817216671106.

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Inhalant abuse refers to the inhalation of volatile substances for their euphoric effects. Glues and adhesives have been abused inhalants for decades and so the term “glue sniffing” attached to the habit. These days many substances used are not adhesives and the most accurate title of “solvent abuse” has been given to this widespread and dangerous habit. The various methods of inhalational abuse include huffing, bagging, dusting, glading, and sniffing. We report one such case of a 22-year-old male who was found in an unresponsive state at his residence with a plastic cover around his head and empty tubes of “Fevibond” glue beside him. He died on the way to hospital. At autopsy, conjunctival and visceral congestion were found with pulmonary edema and petechiae over visceral pericardium. The viscera were analyzed, and the presence of toluene in his liver and blood was reported.

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2

KING, P. J. L., J. G. L. MORRIS, and J. D. POLLARD. "GLUE SNIFFING NEUROPATHY." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 15, no. 3 (June 1985): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1985.tb04039.x.

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3

Acharya, Anil, Naveen Shrestha, and Shishir Paudel. "Glue Sniffing Among the Street Children Residing at Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 42, no. 1 (November 27, 2022): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v42i1.37768.

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Introduction: Glue sniffing usually refers to volatile substance abuse (VSA) for psychoactive effects. Street children are the children who live, work, and earn their livelihood through the streets of urban settlements. Street children are mostly attracted to substance abuse and more particularly towards volatile substances as they are cheap, easy to access and have psychoactive effects as alcohol intoxication. This study aimed to assess the general characteristics of street children of Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal who are addicted to glue sniffing. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among street children who were addicted to glue sniffing through the snowball sampling method in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal. Results: All 88 children who were addicted to glue sniffing were males. Of the total children, 59 (67%) children started glue-sniffing at the age of five to ten years of age while nine (10.2%) children started sniffing even before they were five years old. Addiction to glue (n = 33, 37.5%), pleasure (n = 18, 20.5%)), coping with hunger (n = 14, 15.9%), and being a part of street children group (n = 13, 14.8%) were the major reasons to sniff glue for these children. Conclusions: It has been observed that the majority of street children are at increased risk of getting involved in glue sniffing. It has resulted in different ill outcomes such as self-destruction and problematic behavior, fights and police arrest. There is a need to focus on the issue of glue sniffing among the street children to save and ensure the quality of life of these vulnerable children.

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4

Tulsidas, Haresh. "Glue Sniffing: A Review." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 19, no. 4 (December 2010): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/201010581001900406.

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5

MEADOWS, RENEE, and ABRAHAM VERGHESE. "Medical Complications of Glue Sniffing." Southern Medical Journal 89, no. 5 (May 1996): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199605000-00001.

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6

THOMAS, LESTER G. "THE DENVER GLUE SNIFFING PROJECT." Juvenile Court Judges Journal 18, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1967.tb01371.x.

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7

Meher, Rajesh Kumar, Rajeswari Aghoram, and Pradeep Pankajakshan Nair. "Adrenoleukodystrophy presenting as glue sniffing." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 3 (March 2020): e233036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-233036.

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Adrenoleukodystrophy classically presents in childhood with bronze skin, spastic tetraparesis, dysphagia, behavioural abnormalities and adrenal insufficiency. However, atypical presentations are known. Here we report an adolescent with adrenoleukodystrophy who first sought medical attention for glue sniffing.

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8

JAGGER, E. A. S. M. "THE POLICING OF GLUE-SNIFFING." British Journal of Criminology 36, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014084.

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9

Robert, R., G. Touchard, J. C. Meurice, O. Pourrat, and L. Yver. "Severe Goodpasture's Syndrome After Glue Sniffing." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 3, no. 4 (1988): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a091706.

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10

Forsberg, David, and Eric Herlenius. "Astrocyte networks modulate respiration – sniffing glue." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 265 (July 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2018.06.015.

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11

Mishra, Deebya Raj, Narendra Bhatta, Bidesh Bista, Puru Koirala, and Ramhari Ghimire. "Air due to Glue: Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Young Adult with Glue Sniffing." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 56, no. 210 (April 30, 2018): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.3530.

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Solvent abuse, as inhalant specially, in the form of low cost adhesives like dendrite is common in low income countries among children and the teens. This habit is often a stepping stone to harder drugs. The neurological and neuropsychological effects of solvent abuse are well explored. But the respiratory effects are often overlooked. In this report, we present a case of a 19 year old gentleman, with regular history of sniffing of commercial “glue” compounds. This patient presented with right sided chest pain and chest x-ray showed a right sided pneumothorax. The pulmonary barotrauma, possibly due to increased intra-alveolar pressure, during the sniffing process can lead to alveolar rupture and in turn, pneumothorax. In the absence of other risk factors for Pneumothorax, the link between inhalant abuse and respiratory complications has to be explored in patients with history of such abuse.

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12

Anitha, A., Vinoth Selvaraj, Senthil Kumar Kandasamy, and Javed Ismail. "Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis Associated with Glue-Sniffing." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 83, no. 8 (January 13, 2016): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-015-2000-3.

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13

Sah, Sanjay Kumar, Nira Neupane, Anupama Pradhan (Thaiba), Sabita Shah, and Asha Sharma. "Prevalence of glue‐sniffing among street children." Nursing Open 7, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nop2.380.

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14

Gupta, R. K., J. vander Meulen, and K. V. Johny. "Oliguric Acute Renal Failure due to Glue-Sniffing." Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 25, no. 3 (January 1991): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365599109107958.

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15

Shu, Li-Ren, and Shih-Jen Tsai. "Long-Term Glue Sniffing: Report of Six Cases." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 33, no. 2 (June 2003): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/glkt-pw17-pp05-5xnb.

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16

JAGGER, ELIZABETH. "The Production of Official Discourse on ‘Glue-Sniffing’." Journal of Social Policy 26, no. 4 (October 1997): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279497005151.

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17

Qureshi, Mabood, Dorothy Rempel, Jawahar Kalra, and Lorne Massey. "A Case Report Of Glue Sniffing/toluene Overdose." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 27, no. 2 (April 2005): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200504000-00127.

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18

Tuchscherer, Jon, and Habib Rehman. "Metabolic acidosis in toluene sniffing." CJEM 15, no. 04 (July 2013): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/8000.2013.130974.

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ABSTRACT Toluene sniffing, frequently described under the generic category of “glue sniffing,” is a potential cause of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to distal renal tubular acidosis. Urine anion gap is used to diagnose metabolic acidosis of a normal anion gap variety; however, pitfalls exist when using urine anion gap in the setting of toluene sniffing. We present the case of a young woman who had a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to toluene sniffing and an unexpectedly low urine anion gap. In such a scenario, the urine anion gap will underestimate the rate of ammonia excretion when the conjugate bases of acids other than HCl are excreted in large quantities. Estimation of the urine osmolal gap will provide a more accurate ammonia excretion rate in these circumstances. The challenges in interpretation of the urine anion gap and ammonia excretion in the setting of distal renal tubular acidosis due to toluene toxicity are discussed.

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19

Cunningham, S. R., G. W. Dalzell, P. McGirr, and M. M. Khan. "Myocardial infarction and primary ventricular fibrillation after glue sniffing." BMJ 294, no. 6574 (March 21, 1987): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.294.6574.739-a.

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20

Davies, M. B., S. J. M. Weatherby, N. Haq, and S. J. Ellis. "A multiple-sclerosis-like syndrome associated with glue-sniffing." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 93, no. 6 (June 2000): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680009300609.

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21

Kwon, Bobae, Siwon Kim, Sosun Kim, Dong-Kye Lee, Yu-Jin Park, Myung-Duck Kim, Jae-Shin Lee, and Suhkmann Kim. "1H NMR spectroscopic identification of a glue sniffing biomarker." Forensic Science International 209, no. 1-3 (June 2011): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.015.

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22

Cooper, Ray, Philip Newton, and Michael Reed. "Neurophysiological signs of brain damage due to glue sniffing." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60, no. 1 (January 1985): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(85)90945-9.

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23

Ashton, J. R. "Sniffing glue is still a public health problem in adolescence." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.048892.

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24

McCormack, Thelma. "Fetal Syndromes and the Charter: The Winnipeg Glue-Sniffing Case." Canadian journal of law and society 14, no. 2 (1999): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100006074.

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AbstractThe relationship between scientific knowledge and legal discourse is raised once again by a recent decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, a case involving a young Aboriginal woman who was pregnant and ordered by the court to remain in a drug treatment program at a health center until the baby was born. Her glue-sniffing habit was deemed dangerous to the normal development of the fetus. The Court held that her solvent-dependency did not justify the original court action, but both the Court and the various interveners disregarded the current state of our knowledge on the fetal syndromes. There is thus a continuing disconnect between the scientific understanding of fetal risk and the development of Constitutional law around women's reproductive rights. This paper reviews the case and follows it through the appellate process; we examine the research literature on fetal syndromes tracking the changes over time. Finally we comment on the interventions by the Winnipeg Child and Family Services, the Women's Health Rights Coalition, by The Canadian Civil Liberties Association, and both The Canadian Abortion Rights Action League and the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund.

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25

Jansen, P., L. M. Richter, and R. D. Griesel. "Glue sniffing: a comparison study of sniffers and non-sniffers." Journal of Adolescence 15, no. 1 (March 1992): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-1971(92)90063-b.

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26

Poh, J. "(P2-57) When a Glue Sniffer Turns Weak." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11005012.

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Introduction and DiscussionInhalant abuse has become less common in Singapore. Awareness of glue sniffing and its complications has decreased among local physicians. Prolonged toluene exposure can result in renal tubular acidosis, with electrolyte and acid-base derangements, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any young patient with unexplained hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. We present a typical case to illustrate the abnormalities and to heighten awareness among emergency physicians who may not have laboratory results on hand when evaluating causes of limb weakness.

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27

Ramcharan, Kanterpersad, Amrit Ramesar, Moshanti Ramdath, Joel Teelucksingh, and Maria Gosein. "Encephalopathy and Neuropathy due to Glue, Paint Thinner, and Gasoline Sniffing in Trinidad and Tobago-MRI Findings." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/850109.

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A 29-year-old male petrol station pump attendant was admitted with ataxia and clinical evidence of a sensorimotor polyneuropathy which developed over the preceding 3 months. He had cognitive dysfunction, hearing loss, and cerebellar clinical abnormalities that came on slowly over the three years. He had a fifteen-year history of sniffing mostly glue, occasionally paint thinners, and, in the recent two years, gasoline. Magnetic resonance brain imaging showed abnormalities of the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellar atrophy, hypointensities of basal ganglia, red nuclei, and substantia nigra as previously described in toluene sniffing. Abstinence for six months led to partial clinical improvement. Clinicians need to be aware of this preventable entity which has peculiar radiological findings which are being increasingly accepted as typical.

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28

Carlisle, E. J., S. M. Donnelly, S. Vasuvattakul, K. S. Kamel, S. Tobe, and M. L. Halperin. "Glue-sniffing and distal renal tubular acidosis: sticking to the facts." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1, no. 8 (February 1991): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v181019.

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An index case is presented to introduce the subject of the acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities resulting from toluene abuse. These include metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap and excessive loss of sodium and potassium in the urine. The major question addressed is, what is the basis for the metabolic acidosis? Overproduction of hippuric acid resulting from the metabolism of toluene plays a more important role in the genesis of the metabolic acidosis than was previously believed. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the rate of excretion of ammonium was not low during metabolic acidosis in six of eight patients, suggesting that distal renal tubular acidosis was not an important acid-base abnormality in most cases where ammonium was measured. The excretion of hippurate in the urine unmatched by ammonium also mandates an enhanced rate of excretion of the cations, sodium and potassium. The loss of sodium causes extracellular fluid volume contraction and a fall in the glomerular filtration rate, which may transform the normal anion gap type of metabolic acidosis into one with a high anion gap (accumulation of hippurate and other anions). Continuing loss of potassium in the urine leads to hypokalemia. An understanding of the metabolism of toluene provides the basis for the unusual biochemical abnormalities seen with abuse of this solvent.

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29

Bonzel, K. E., D. E. M�ller-Wiefel, H. Ruder, A. M. Wingen, R. Waldherr, and M. Weber. "Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis due to glue sniffing." European Journal of Pediatrics 146, no. 3 (May 1987): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00716479.

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30

JAGGER, E. "Ambiguities in Decision Making: Social Work's Response to 'Glue-Sniffing' in Scotland." British Journal of Social Work 27, no. 3 (June 3, 1997): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011218.

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31

Skuse, D. H. "Glue Sniffing and Volatile Substance AbuseD. O'Connor, Hampshire: Gower, 1983, pp. 103." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, no. 3 (July 1985): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300011162.

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32

Becker, Cecile E. F., David E. Lee, and B. Todd Troost. "Glue sniffing polyneuropathy: an under recognized aspect of a public health hazard." Journal of Adolescent Health 34, no. 1 (January 2004): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(03)00207-6.

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33

Chao, Tzee Cheng, Danny S. T. Lo, J. Koh, T. C. Ting, L. M. Quek, T. H. Koh, C. Y. Koh-Tan, and A. Zubaidah. "Glue Sniffing Deaths in Singapore — Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Post-Mortem Blood by Headspace Gas Chromatography." Medicine, Science and the Law 33, no. 3 (July 1993): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249303300312.

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Over a period from 1983 to 1991, of a total of 19,000 post-mortems, 33 were found to have at least one aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene or xylenes) in the blood. Of the 33 deceased, 22 had a history of toluene or petrol abuse while most of the remaining 11 were suspected to be glue sniffers through evidence found at the scene. This number, which represented 0.17 per cent of all the unnatural deaths, is considered small for a nation having a glue sniffing epidemic. The low death rate, as compared to 2.1 per cent through drug and chemical poisoning during the same period, is attributed to the timely intervention by the Government who outlawed glue sniffing and the effectiveness of compulsory rehabilitation. The male gender predominates (81.8 per cent) among the 33 deceased with a mean age of 20.1 years (range 15 to 33). The mean age for the female gender is 17.7 years (range 16 to 20). The blood toluene levels were found to be in the range 0.2 to 92μg per ml blood. The causes of death are: 63.6 per cent due to falling or suicide by jumping; 18.2 per cent drowning; 6.1 per cent hanging; 6.1 per cent homicide; and 6.1 per cent acute toluene poisoning. The high proportion of traumatic deaths are discussed. Headspace gas chromatography with a suitable GC column was used for the analysis. Calibration blood standards were prepared in situ or in bulk stabilized by 10 per cent (v/v) methanol to overcome the hydrophobic and volatile nature of the aromatic hydrocarbons. Both methods of calibration gave analogous calibration factors, (slope for toluene: 0.092 to 0.095; slope for m-xylene: 0.070 to 0.071; and slope for o-xylene: 0.064 to 0.065), correlation coefficients of 0.9997 or better and standard deviation of 3.1 per cent or less. The consequences of different ways of blood standards preparations are discussed.

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34

Deswal, Shivani, Pradeep Debata, and Anuj Dhama. "Volatile Substance Abuse in Adolescents-A Growing Concern! Glue Sniffing-A Case Report." Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology) 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.22506/ti/2016/v23/i3/146728.

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35

Bouchatta, Otmane, Zakaria Ouhaz, Saadia Ba-Mhamed, Nóra Kerekes, and Mohamed Bennis. "Acute and chronic glue sniffing effects and consequences of withdrawal on aggressive behavior." Life Sciences 152 (May 2016): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.013.

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36

Burrell, S. "Glue sniffing and volatile substance abuse—case studies of children and young adults." Behaviour Research and Therapy 23, no. 4 (1985): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90208-6.

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37

Ron, Maria A. "Volatile Substance Abuse: A Review of Possible Long-Term Neurological, Intellectual and Psychiatric Sequelae." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 3 (March 1986): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.3.235.

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The possibility that chronic abuse of volatile substances can cause permanent neurological, psychiatric, and intellectual sequelae is critically reviewed. Toluene, present in the commonly used adhesives, is most often implicated in ‘glue sniffing’; this review focuses on its potential long-term effects. Many criticisms—particularly poor matching of control samples and inability to distinguish between acute and chronic effects—can be levelled at the available studies, while no adequate follow-up studies have been performed. In the light of present knowledge, the possibility that permanent structural brain damage, with accompanying psychiatric manifestations, results from solvent abuse remains inconclusive.

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38

Fajri, Rinaldi, Mustafa M. Amin, and Elmeida Effendy. "Mental Emotional Disorder due to Inhalant in Medan." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (May 16, 2021): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6339.

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BACKGROUND: Inhalants, also known as volatile substances or solvents, are volatile hydrocarbons, which become gases at room temperature. Inhalants are substances commonly used by homeless teenagers. The effects of this substance vary including stamina enhancing effect, self-resistance, agitation, paranoid, hallucinations, and chest pain. We expect that this case report is able to show how vulnerable teens are to become users of illegal substance, such as inhalants, particularly those who come from low socio-economical background. CASE REPORT: Mental emotional disorders are commonly found among a 14–18-year-old man who engages in glue sniffing that may end up with jail. Most of the cases in Medan were found in children from broken home families or with low financial background, dropping out of school, and those suffering from bullying. Therefore, we particularly report a case of a 14-year-old boy who uses inhalant (glue) in Medan. CONCLUSION: Several studies show that the use of inhalants in street children is quite high.

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39

Chao, Tzee Cheng, Danny S. T. Lo, and Bosco Chen Bloodworth. "Common Poisons in Singapore – Past and Present." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 2 (April 1992): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809203200208.

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A study on past toxicological activities in Singapore enabled us to capture the trends of poisons abused in this country over the last 108 years. Until the early sixties, corrosive alkali and acids, alcohol (poisoning cases), inorganic chemicals, heavy metals and plant alkaloids were the mainstay of poisons principally used. The seventies and eighties saw a swing towards pharmaceuticals. The 1988–89 data gave alcohol (poisoning cases), pharmaceuticals, household items such as detergents, hypochlorite and antiseptic, carbon monoxide, paraquat, malathion, organic solvents (toluene and xylenes) and narcotics as the mainstay of poisons encountered. The last two classes of poisons reflect the continuing problems of glue sniffing and narcotics abuse facing Singapore.

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40

KARABACAK, Pınar, Özlem POLAT, and Mustafa KARABACAK. "Co-Existence of Brugada Syndrome in Patient with Dilated Cardiomyopathy Due to Glue Sniffing." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Case Reports 30, no. 1 (2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/caserep.2021-85023.

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41

Taverner, D., D. J. Harrison, and G. M. Bell. "Acute Renal Failure Due to Interstitial Nephritis Induced by ‘Glue-Sniffing’ with Subsequent Recovery." Scottish Medical Journal 33, no. 2 (April 1988): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308803300208.

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We report a case of the deliberate inhalation of a toluene-containing adhesive which caused acute renal failure and hepatic damage. Renal biopsy disclosed a severe tubulo-interstitial nephritis, renal function recovered after 14 days' haemodialysis. The literature on renal complications of toluene exposure is reviewed, this is the only case of acute renal failure due to interstitial nephritis after toluene exposure with subsequent recovery. Recovery in this case may have been related to the avoidance of further toluene exposure.

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42

Lowenstein, L. F. "Recent Research Into Glue-Sniffing — Extent of the Problem Its Repercussions and Treatment Approaches." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 31, no. 2 (June 1985): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002076408503100203.

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43

Zouari, M., G. Fayache El-Euch, and F. Hentati. "FP60-FR-05 Toxic polyneuropathies due to glue sniffing: clinical, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 285 (October 2009): S153—S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(09)70591-x.

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44

Billington, A. C. "Volatile Substance Abuse: The Role of Agencies in the Community In Prevention and Counselling." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800412.

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1 Voluntary agencies fulfill a need by providing information on volatile substance abuse to schools, the parents/guardians of abusers and, last but by no means least, the abusers themselves. 2 Consideration of case file data from the period 1982-1987 shows that the average age of clients has dropped from 15.9 years (n=70 ) to 13.3 years ( n=312) while the male:female ratio has dropped from 8:1 to 3:1. 3 In 1982, 80% of clients 'sniffed' glue but by 1987, 42% of new clients claimed to abuse butane and 23% aerosols. Of the 945 clients counselled, 41 have since suffered 'sudden sniffing death'. 4 Voluntary agencies can offer intensive, confidential counselling of abusers in an informed setting. It is hoped to extend the services provided outside the Greater London area and to provide residential care for those in need.

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45

Jansen, P., L. M. Richter, R. D. Griesel, and J. Joubert. "Glue sniffing: A description of social, psychological and neuropsychological factors in a group of South African ‘street children’." South African Journal of Psychology 20, no. 3 (September 1990): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639002000303.

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46

Srinivasan, Srividya, Poorvisha Ravi, A. Visalakshi, and M. Srinivasan. "Deaths due to solvent inhalation/glue sniffing- effective extraction from blood and viscera by direct distillation as isopropanol azeotrope." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 4, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2019.035.

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47

Flanagan, R. J., and D. S. Fisher. "Volatile substance abuse and crime: Data from UK press cuttings 1996-2007." Medicine, Science and the Law 48, no. 4 (October 2008): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.48.4.295.

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Volatile substance abuse (VSA, solvent abuse, ‘glue sniffing’), carries a risk of sudden death (some 700 deaths in the UK, 1996-2006). However, mortality data take no account of the social cost of the habit. From press cuttings we have identified 508 instances (569 individuals: 507 male, median age 25 yr, range 8-51 yr and 62 female, median age 18 yr, range 11-36 yr) where VSA, either alone or together with alcohol/other drugs, was reported in association with criminal or antisocial behaviour that resulted in a criminal conviction or caution. The frequency of reports decreased from 84 per annum (1997 and 1998) to 20 (2007). The agents reported (17 individuals, two agents) were ‘glue’ (225), LPG/‘butane’/aerosol propellants (176), ‘solvents’ (158), and petrol (gasoline) (27). The offences cited (most serious crime) were: homicide (35), rape or other sexual assault (34), arson (25), assault or serious threat of assault (192), child neglect/cruelty (6), attempting to pervert the course of justice (2), criminal damage (41), burglary/robbery/theft/shoplifting (100), nuisance/breach of the peace/breach of antisocial behaviour order (104), driving whilst impaired and other vehicle-related offence (22), and supply (non-retail) (8). Thirty offenders were given life sentences or detained indefinitely under mental health legislation. Reports came from all parts of the UK, although most were from Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. There were many reports of recidivists; one 34-year-old male had made 113 court appearances, and had spent approximately nine years in custody. Although there are severe limitations to data derived from press cuttings and not-withstanding that in some cases VSA may have been raised in mitigation, these data provide an additional insight into the problem posed by VSA in the UK.

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Munawar, Khadeeja, Fahad Riaz Choudhry, Muhammad Abdul Hadi, and Tahir Mehmood Khan. "Prevalence of and Factors Contributing to Glue Sniffing in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Region: A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis." Substance Use & Misuse 55, no. 5 (December 18, 2019): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1701036.

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Urgessa Gita, Dinaol, Getachew Abeshu, and Berhanu NigussieWorku. "Street Children’s Drug Abuse and Their Psychosocial Actualities Synchronized with Intervention Strategies in South West Ethiopia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 5 (November 16, 2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1170.

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Today’s children in developing countries are growing up in an increasingly stressful circumstance. As consumption of substances is increased, the of age of beginning is falling. Hence, this research examined street children’s drug abuse, their psychosocial actualities synchronized with intervention strategies. Explanatory sequential research design was employed. A total of 150 street children and four key informants were selected through simple random sampling using lottery methods and purposive sampling technique respectively. Questionnaire, interview guide, FGD probes and observation checklist were employed as tools of data collection. The result of the study portrayed that sniffing glue and gasoline were becoming the drugs of choice for most children living on the street. Further, street children faced various psychological and social strainsfrom absence of meeting their basic social needs and services to certain disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress. Government bodies’ interventions were limited andinconsistentthat only undergoesinformal education thatcould not bring considerable change; it lacks solidity and incompatibility with the number of street children runway over a time in the study area. In conclusion, most of the street children in South west Ethiopia are at adversary peak of drug abuse and psychosocial challenges. Thus, South-West areas Women and Children Affairs Offices, Labor and Social Affairs Offices and GOs and NGOs working on these matters ought to take these issues into greater consideration and act accordingly. In collaboration with professionals, they also need to work on drug free child sensitive preventive and rehabilitation counseling and other psychosocial support.

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Zubrick, S. R., F. Mitrou, D. Lawrence, and S. R. Silburn. "Maternal death and the onward psychosocial circumstances of Australian Aboriginal children and young people." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 9 (January 5, 2011): 1971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002485.

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BackgroundThis study sought to determine the social and emotional impact of maternal loss on Aboriginal children and young people using data from the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS).MethodData were from a population-based random sample of 5289 Aboriginal children aged under 18 years. Interview data about the children were gathered from primary carers and from their school teachers. Probabilistic record linkage to death registrations was used to ascertain deaths. Association between maternal death and subsequent psychosocial outcomes was assessed using univariate analyses and logistic regression.ResultsOf the 5289 Aboriginal children, 57 had experienced the death of their birth mother prior to the survey. Multi-variable adjustment accounting for age and gender found that, relative to children who were living with their birth mother, children whose birth mother had died were at higher risk for sniffing glue or other substances [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–8.7], using other drugs (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.8), talking about suicide (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.7) and attempting suicide (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.6–31.1).ConclusionsAlthough the death of a birth mother is relatively rare and the vast majority of Aboriginal children with adverse developmental outcomes live in families and are cared for by their birth mother, the findings here suggest that the loss of a birth mother and the circumstances arising from this impart a level of onward developmental risk for mental health morbidity in Australian Aboriginal children.

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