Relevant bibliographies by topics / GLUT-6

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Academic literature on the topic 'GLUT-6'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "GLUT-6"

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McMillin, Shawna L., Parker L. Evans, William M. Taylor, et al. "Muscle-Specific Ablation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Does Not Impair Basal or Overload-Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (2022): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121734.

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Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is believed to solely mediate basal (insulin-independent) glucose uptake in skeletal muscle; yet recent work has demonstrated that mechanical overload, a model of resistance exercise training, increases muscle GLUT1 levels. The primary objective of this study was to determine if GLUT1 is necessary for basal or overload-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. Muscle-specific GLUT1 knockout (mGLUT1KO) mice were generated and examined for changes in body weight, body composition, metabolism, systemic glucose regulation, muscle glucose transporters, and muscle [3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake ± the GLUT1 inhibitor BAY-876. [3H]-hexose uptake ± BAY-876 was also examined in HEK293 cells-expressing GLUT1-6 or GLUT10. mGLUT1KO mice exhibited no impairments in body weight, lean mass, whole body metabolism, glucose tolerance, basal or overload-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. There was no compensation by the insulin-responsive GLUT4. In mGLUT1KO mouse muscles, overload stimulated higher expression of mechanosensitive GLUT6, but not GLUT3 or GLUT10. In control and mGLUT1KO mouse muscles, 0.05 µM BAY-876 impaired overload-stimulated, but not basal glucose uptake. In the GLUT-HEK293 cells, BAY-876 inhibited glucose uptake via GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT6, and GLUT10. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GLUT1 does not mediate basal muscle glucose uptake and suggest that a novel glucose transport mechanism mediates overload-stimulated glucose uptake.
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Navarrete Santos, Anne, Sarah Tonack, Michaela Kirstein, Silke Kietz, and Bernd Fischer. "Two insulin-responsive glucose transporter isoforms and the insulin receptor are developmentally expressed in rabbit preimplantation embryos." Reproduction 128, no. 5 (2004): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00203.

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Glucose is the most important energy substrate for mammalian blastocysts. Its uptake is mediated by glucose transporters (GLUT). In muscle and adipocyte cells insulin stimulates glucose uptake by activation of the insulin receptor (IR) pathway and translocation of GLUT4. GLUT4 is expressed in bovine preimplantation embryos. A new insulin-responsive isoform, GLUT8, was recently described in mouse blastocysts. Thus, potentially, two insulin-responsive isoforms are expressed in early embryos. The mechanism of insulin action on embryonic cells, however, is still not clear. In the present study expression of IR, GLUT1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 was studied in rabbit preimplantation embryos using RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The rabbit mRNA sequences for the complete coding region of IR, GLUT4 and a partial GLUT8 sequence were determined by RACE-PCR and sequencing. GLUT4 was expressed in 3-day-old morulae and in 4- and 6-day-old blastocysts. IR and GLUT8 transcripts were detectable only in blastocysts. Blastocysts also expressed GLUT1 and 3, but not GLUT2 and 5. Transcript numbers of GLUT4 and 8 were higher in trophoblast than in embryoblast cells. Translation of IR, GLUT4 and 8 proteins in blastocysts was confirmed by Western blotting. GLUT4 was localized mainly in the membrane and in the perinuclear region in trophoblast cells while in embryoblast cells its localization was predominantly in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The possible function(s) of two insulin-responsive isoforms, GLUT4 and GLUT8, in rabbit preimplantation embryos needs further investigation. It may not necessarily be linked to insulin-stimulated glucose transport.
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Rana, Natasha, Marwa A. Aziz, Ahmed K. Oraby, et al. "Towards Selective Binding to the GLUT5 Transporter: Synthesis, Molecular Dynamics and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel C-3-Modified 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol Analogs." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (2022): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040828.

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Deregulation and changes in energy metabolism are emergent and important biomarkers of cancer cells. The uptake of hexoses in cancer cells is mediated by a family of facilitative hexose membrane-transporter proteins known as Glucose Transporters (GLUTs). In the clinic, numerous breast cancers do not show elevated glucose metabolism (which is mediated mainly through the GLUT1 transporter) and may use fructose as an alternative energy source. The principal fructose transporter in most cancer cells is GLUT5, and its mRNA was shown to be elevated in human breast cancer. This offers an alternative strategy for early detection using fructose analogs. In order to selectively scout GLUT5 binding-pocket requirements, we designed, synthesized and screened a new class of fructose mimics based upon the 2,5-anhydromannitol scaffold. Several of these compounds display low millimolar IC50 values against the known high-affinity 18F-labeled fructose-based probe 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-fructose (6-FDF) in murine EMT6 breast cancer cells. In addition, this work used molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) with previously reported GLUT5 structures to gain better insight into hexose–GLUT interactions with selected ligands governing their preference for GLUT5 compared to other GLUTs. The improved inhibition of these compounds, and the refined model for their binding, set the stage for the development of high-affinity molecular imaging probes targeting cancers that express the GLUT5 biomarker.
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Colville, C. A., M. J. Seatter, and G. W. Gould. "Analysis of the structural requirements of sugar binding to the liver, brain and insulin-responsive glucose transporters expressed in oocytes." Biochemical Journal 294, no. 3 (1993): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2940753.

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We have expressed the liver (GLUT 2), brain (GLUT 3) and insulin-responsive (GLUT 4) glucose transporters in oocytes from Xenopus laevis by microinjection of in vitro-transcribed mRNA. Using a range of halogeno- and deoxy-glucose analogues, and other hexoses, we have studied the structural basis of sugar binding to these different isoforms. We show that a hydrogen bond to the C-3 position is involved in sugar binding for all three isoforms, but that the direction of this hydrogen bond is different in GLUT 2 from either GLUT 1, 3 or 4. Hydrogen-bonding at the C-4 position is also involved in sugar recognition by all three isoforms, but we propose that in GLUT 3 this hydrogen bond plays a less significant role than in GLUT 2 and 4. In all transporters we propose that the C-4 position is directed out of the sugar-binding pocket. The role of the C-6 position is also discussed. In addition, we have analysed the ability of fructopyranose and fructofuranose analogues to inhibit the transport mediated by GLUT2. We show that fructofuranose analogues, but not fructopyranose analogues, are efficient inhibitors of transport mediated by GLUT 2, and therefore suggest that GLUT 2 accommodates D-glucose as a pyranose ring, but D-fructose as a furanose ring. Models for the binding sites of GLUT 2, 3 and 4 are presented.
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Chin, Edward, A. Musa Zamah, Daniel Landau, et al. "Changes in Facilitative Glucose Transporter Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in the Diabetic Rat Kidney*." Endocrinology 138, no. 3 (1997): 1267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.3.5015.

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Abstract Facilitative glucose transporter (GLUTs 1, 2, 4, and 5) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are differentially distributed in the rat nephron: GLUT1 is widely expressed, GLUT4 is selectively concentrated in thick ascending limbs, and GLUT2 and 5 are exclusively localized in proximal tubules, consistent with differential roles for these transporters in renal glucose handling. In the present study, quantitative in situ hybridization was used to evaluate changes in these mRNA levels during acute (2 and 7 days) and chronic (30, 90, and 180 days) streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (STZ-DM). Medullary GLUT1 and GLUT4 mRNA levels were significantly increased during the acute phase but returned to normal after 1 week. Cortical GLUT1 mRNA levels, however, were decreased significantly from 7 days through 6 months of STZ-DM. Cortical GLUT2 mRNA was slightly increased acutely and increased 5-fold in chronic STZ-DM, with the largest increase focally concentrated in the convoluted portion of the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule GLUT5 mRNA levels also were increased significantly during chronic STZ-DM. In summary, medullary GLUT1 and GLUT4 mRNA levels are acutely increased in STZ-DM, paralleling the increased renal epithelial metabolic activity accompanying early diabetes. Proximal tubular GLUT2 and 5 mRNA levels were increased in chronic STZ-DM, possibly adapting to the increased need for glucose transport out of these epithelial cells, whereas the concomitant decrease in cortical GLUT1 expression may reflect the decreased requirement for basolateral import of glucose into these same cells. Thus, renal GLUTs demonstrate complex, nephron segment-specific and duration-dependent responses to the effects of STZ-DM.
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Navarrete Santos, Anne, Sarah Tonack, Michaela Kirstein, Marie Pantaleon, Peter Kaye, and Bernd Fischer. "Insulin acts via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rabbit blastocysts." Reproduction 128, no. 5 (2004): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00204.

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The addition of insulin during in vitro culture has beneficial effects on rabbit preimplantation embryos leading to increased cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis. We have previously described the expression of the insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-responsive glucose transporters (GLUT) 4 and 8 in rabbit preimplantation embryos. However, the effects of insulin on IR signaling and glucose metabolism have not been investigated in rabbit embryos. In the present study, the effects of 170 nM insulin on IR, GLUT4 and GLUT8 mRNA levels, Akt and Erk phosphorylation, GLUT4 translocation and methyl glucose transport were studied in cultured day 3 to day 6 rabbit embryos. Insulin stimulated phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Erk1/2 and levels of IR and GLUT4 mRNA, but not phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent protein kinase, Akt, GLUT8 mRNA levels, glucose uptake or GLUT4 translocation. Activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in the absence of GLUT4 translocation and of a glucose transport response suggest that in the rabbit preimplantation embryo insulin is acting as a growth factor rather than a component of glucose homeostatic control.
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Metzger, Shulamit, Samir Nusair, David Planer та ін. "Inhibition of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Enhanced Glucose Uptake Contribute to the Development of Hypoglycemia in Mice Bearing Interleukin-1β- Secreting Tumor". Endocrinology 145, № 11 (2004): 5150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0323.

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Abstract Mice bearing IL-1β-secreting tumor were used to study the chronic effect of IL-1β on glucose metabolism. Mice were injected with syngeneic tumor cells transduced with the human IL-1β gene. Serum IL-1β levels increased exponentially with time. Secretion of IL-1β from the developed tumors was associated with decreased food consumption, reduced body weight, and reduced blood glucose levels. Body composition analysis revealed that IL-1β caused a significant loss in fat tissue without affecting lean body mass and water content. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities and mRNA levels of these enzymes were reduced, and 2-deoxy-glucose uptake by peripheral tissues was enhanced. mRNA levels of glucose transporters (Gluts) in the liver were determined by real-time PCR analysis. Glut-3 mRNA levels were up-regulated by IL-1β. Glut-1 and Glut-4 mRNA levels in IL-1β mice were similar to mRNA levels in pair-fed mice bearing nonsecreting tumor. mRNA level of Glut-2, the major Glut of the liver, was down-regulated by IL-1β. We concluded that both decreased glucose production by the liver and enhanced glucose disposal lead to the development of hypoglycemia in mice bearing IL-1β-secreting tumor. The observed changes in expression of hepatic Gluts that are not dependent on insulin may contribute to the increased glucose uptake.
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Matsuo, Shunsuke, Miki Hiasa, and Hiroshi Omote. "Functional characterization and tissue localization of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT12." Journal of Biochemistry 168, no. 6 (2020): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvaa090.

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Abstract Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) play crucial roles in glucose utilization and homeostasis. GLUT12 was initially isolated as a novel GLUT4-like transporter involved in insulin-dependent glucose transport. However, tissue distribution and biochemical properties of GLUT12 are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the basic kinetic properties and tissue distribution of GLUT12. Human GLUT12 and GLUT1 were overexpressed and purified using Ni-NTA column chromatography. Reconstituted proteoliposomes showed time-dependent d-glucose transport activity, which was inhibited by phloretin and dehydroascorbate. Dose dependence of glucose transport revealed a KM and Vmax values of 6.4 mM and 1.2 μmol/mg/min, respectively, indicating that GLUT12 is a high-affinity type GLUT. Glucose transport by GLUT12 was inhibited by ATP and glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and disaccharides (properties similar to those of GLUT1). Indirect immunohistochemistry revealed the distribution of mouse GLUT12 in the apical region of distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney and epithelial cells of the jejunum. In addition to these cells, GLUT12 was present in chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, the anterior pituitary lobe, as well as the thyroid and pyloric glands. These tissue distributions suggest a unique function of GLUT12, besides that of an insulin-dependent glucose transport.
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Ortiz, P. A., and H. C. Haspel. "Differential control of the functional cell surface expression and content of hexose transporter GLUT-1 by glucose and glucose metabolism in murine fibroblasts." Biochemical Journal 295, no. 1 (1993): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2950067.

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The present paper evaluates the contributions of glucose and its metabolites to the post-translational regulation of hexose transport and GLUT-1 content in murine fibroblasts. The effects of 3-O-methylglucose, a nearly non-metabolizable glucose analogue, on 2-deoxyglucose-uptake, cell-surface expression and content of GLUT-1, glucose 6-phosphate levels, and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and hexokinase activities of murine fibroblasts were compared with those of glucose and fructose. Glucose (EC50 approximately 6 mM) or 3-O-methylglucose (EC50 approximately 12 mM), which are substrates of GLUT-1, but not fructose, which is not transported by GLUT-1, are able to prevent the glucose-deprivation-induced increases in both hexose transport and cell-surface expression of GLUT-1. In contrast, glucose (EC50 approximately 6 mM), but not 3-O-methylglucose or fructose, prevents the glucose-deprivation-induced accumulation of total GLUT-1 polypeptides. Glucose (> or = 5 mM), but not fructose or 3-O-methylglucose, leads to significant glucose 6-phosphate accumulation. Although 3-O-methylglucose is weakly phosphorylated by fibroblasts, accumulation of phosphorylated product does not correlate with hexose-transport regulation. The activities of hexokinase and PGI are not altered by glucose, fructose or 3-O-methylglucose. We suggest that, in murine fibroblasts: (i) hexose transport and GLUT-1 content are differentially regulated; (ii) substrates of GLUT-1 and/or their immediate metabolites regulate the cell-surface expression of functional GLUT-1; and (iii) glucose metabolism is required for the regulation of GLUT-1 content.
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Mohani, Chandra Irwanadi, Achmad Rudijanto, Aulanni’am ., and Setyawati Soeharto. "DLBS3233 reduces inflammatory marker on kidney by increasing expression GLUT1 and GLUT2 in diabetic rats." F1000Research 11 (August 23, 2022): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123091.1.

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Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as a diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) complications, is getting more prevalent nowadays. Inflammation is one of the renal injury mechanisms evaluated through the surge in in TNF-α and NF-κβ expression. Impaired expression of gluten transporter 1 (GLUT1) and GLUT2 reduces glucose uptake. DBLS3233 is a novel anti-diabetes agent and Indonesian herbal product responsible for glucose control and upregulation of insulin signal transduction. We performed an experiment on DLBS3233 to examine the response of TNF-α and NF-κβ and the expression of GLUT 1 and GLUT2. Methods: A total of 30 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=5 per group): nondiabetic rats in the control group (group 1); untreated diabetic rats (group 2); diabetic rats treated with DLBS3233 4,5mg/kgBW (group 3); 9mg/kgBW (group 4); 18mg/kgBW (group 5), and diabetic rats treated with pioglitazone (group 6). Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT2 in the pancreas and expression of TNF-α and NF-κβ in the kidney. The data was then analyzed by ANOVA. Results: In the DBLS3233 group, reduced expression of both TNF-α and NF-κβ was seen through immunohistochemistry, whereas GLUT1 and GLUT2 were intensified compared to untreated groups. From statistical analysis, we obtained significantly lower expression of TNF-α and NF-κβ, as well as enhanced GLUT1 and GLUT2 expression compared to untreated groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: DBLS3233 significantly reduces the inflammatory process and enhances the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT2 diabetic rats.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GLUT-6"

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Chilloux, Julien. "Rôle des mouvements membranaires dans la régulation de la production endogène de glucose." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002675.

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La production endogène de glucose est une fonction cruciale au maintien de l'homéostasie glucidique dont les 2 dernières étapes sont la production de glucose par la glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) et la sortie du glucose hors de la cellule par le transporteur facilité GLUT2. Les mécanismes dépendants de mouvements membranaires régulant ces deux étapes ont été étudiés. La régulation de la G6Pase par l'AMPc dépend de mouvements membranaires. Cependant les mécanismes moléculaires de cette régulation restaient à caractériser. Nous avons étudié l'hypothèse d'une phosphorylation directe des sous-unités de la G6Pase par la PKA. La PKA est capable d'induire l'activité G6Pase. Cependant, aucune phosphorylation des sous-unités G6Pase n'a pu être mise en évidence par phosphorylation in vitro, mutations dirigées de sites potentiels de phosphorylation ou analyse par spectrométrie de masse. En absence de Glut2, le glucose produit de novo sort des hépatocytes par une voie dépendante de mouvements membranaires, dont le mécanisme moléculaire n'est pas caractérisé. Cette voie vésiculaire n'est pas impliquée dans la sortie du glucose glycogénolytique. À l'inverse, 50% du glucose néoglucogénique sort des hépatocytes par une voie vésiculaire, probablement dépendante de la cavéoline-1. Par microscopie confocale à fluorescence, nous avons montré que la G6Pase se déplace dans la cellule vers la membrane plasmique et co-localise avec une partie de la cavéoline1 cellulaire. Les vésicules composées de cavéoline-1 et contenant la G6Pase pourrait donc constituer un lien entre le réticulum endoplasmique, lieu de production du glucose et la membrane plasmique, lieu de libération du glucose
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L'Ériger, Karine. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du récepteur P2X[indice inférieur 7] et son rôle dans le trafic membranaire du transporteur à glucose Glut2 dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4034.

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Le récepteur ionotropique P2X[indice inférieur 7] (P2X[indice inférieur 7]R) est impliqué dans divers rôles physiologiques tels la prolifération, l'apoptose, la réponse inflammatoire et le trafic membranaire dans plusieurs types cellulaires. Cependant, peu est connu quant aux rôles physiologiques du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales (CEIs). Dans la littérature scientifique, le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R est connu pour activer la protéine kinase Dl (PKD1/PKC[mu]) qui est impliquée dans le transport des protéines membranaires. Comme l'un des rôles physiologiques majeurs des CEIs est le transport et l'absorption du glucose, le transporteur à glucose de type 2 (Glut2) a été ciblé afin d'étudier son transport membranaire suite à l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R. Glut2 est un élément clé dans le métabolisme du glucose par les CEIs. Une hypothèse stipulant que le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R serait impliqué dans le trafic membranaire de Glut2 par une voie dépendante de la PKD1/PKC[mu] a été émise. Les objectifs majeurs de l'étude étaient de déterminer le profil d'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R selon le stade de différenciation des CEIs, d'élucider les mécanismes moléculaires régulant l'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R, d'étudier la signalisation intracellulaire affectant l'expression membranaire de Glut2 induite par l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R. D'abord, le profil d'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R en fonction de la différenciation des CEIs a été déterminé par immunofluorescence indirecte sur des sections de jéjunum de souris normales et par immunobuvardage de type western sur des lysats de cellules Caco-2/15 prolifératives et différenciées. Ensuite, la signalisation induite par l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R a été étudiée en stimulant des cellules IEC-6 avec de l'ATP ou du BzATP, deux agonistes du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R, et en prétraitant les cellules avec de l'oATP, un antagoniste du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R. Différents inhibiteurs pharmacologiques tels le UO126 (MEK1/2) et la rottlerine (PKC[delta]) ont été utilisés pour déterminer l'ordre des protéines dans les voies de signalisation. Également, différents chélateurs de calcium, comme le BAPTA-AM et l'EGTA, ont été utilisés pour étudier la dépendance des voies trouvées au calcium. L'expression de Glut2 à la membrane plasmique suite à la stimulation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R a été étudiée par immunofluorescence indirecte et par biotinylation des protéines membranaires de surface. Finalement, la régulation transcriptionnelle du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R dans les cellules HEK 293T et Caco-2/15 a été étudiée par des essais luciférase qui permettent de visualiser l'interaction entre le promoteur du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R et des facteurs de transcription cibles comme Cdx-2, GATA-4, HNF-4[alpha], C/EBP[alpha] et C/EBP[bêta]. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que l'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R augmente en fonction de l'état de différenciation des cellules Caco-2/15, ce qui coïncide avec sa localisation dans les deux tiers supérieurs de la villosité de jéjunum de souris normales. Aussi, l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R amène une augmentation de la phosphorylation des protéines PKD1/PKC[mu], PKC[delta], ERK1/2, MEK1/2, SAPK/JNK, p90RSK et CREB. Également, la PKC[delta] est en amont des protéines MEK1/2 et ERK1/2 qui elles-mêmes sont en amont de la PKD1/PKC[mu]. Cette voie PKC[delta]/MEK/ERK/PKD est également indépendante du calcium extracellulaire et intracellulaire. Aussi, il y a internalisation et diminution de l'expression membranaire de Glut2 suite à l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R par le BzATP. Finalement, le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R est régulé au niveau transcriptionnel par les facteurs de transcription HNF-4[alpha], C/EBP[alpha] et C/EBP[bêta] mais pas par Cdx-2 et GATA-4. En résumé, les résultats démontrent que le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R est impliqué dans l'internalisation et la diminution de l'expression membranaire de Glut2 par un mécanisme qui semble dépendant de la voie PKC[delta]/MEK/ERK/PKD calcium-indépendante.
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Kortenbruck, Günter [Verfasser]. "Analyse der RNA-Editierung an der Q/R-Stelle der Glutamat-Rezeptoruntereinheiten GluR 2, GluR 5 und GluR 6 im chronisch epileptischen Hirngewebe des Menschen / vorgelegt von Günter Kortenbruck." 2003. http://d-nb.info/968492754/34.

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Chou, Cheng-Hung, and 周正鴻. "Fibrin glue mixed with gelatin/hyaluronic acid/chondroitin-6-sulfate tri-copolymer for articular cartilage tissue engineering." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75259871056535859757.

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博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>醫學工程學研究所<br>96<br>Articular cartilage provides functions of lubrication to shear stress and protection from compressive force, but it has poor ability to repair itself after suffering damage. The advanced method of tissue engineering is developed and used to maintain cell functions for tissue regeneration. Autologous fibrin glue has been demonstrated as a potential scaffold with very good biocompatibility for neocartilage formation. However, fibrin glue has been reported not to provide enough mechanical strength, but with many growth factors to interfere the tissue growth. Gelatin/hyaluronic acid/chondroitin-6-sulfate (GHC6S) tricopolymer sponge has been prepared as scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering and showed very good results, but problems of cell seeding and cell distribution troubled the researchers. In this study, GHC6S particles would be added into the fibrin glue to provide better mechanical strength, better cell distribution, and easier cell seeding, which would be expected to improve cartilage regeneration in vitro. Porcine cryo-precipitated fibrinogen and thrombin prepared from prothrombin activated by 10% CaCl2 solution were used in two groups. One is the fibrin glue group in which porcine chondrocytes were mixed with thrombin–fibrinogen solution, which was then converted into fibrin glue. The other is GHC6S-fibrin glue in which GHC6S particles were added into the thrombin-fibrinogen solution with porcine chondrocytes. After culturing for 1-2 weeks, the chondrocytes cultured in GHC6S-fibrin glue showed a round shape with distinct lacuna structure and showed positive in S-100 protein immunohistochemical stain. The related gene expressions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, matrix metalloproteinase- 2, MT1-MMP, aggrecan, decorin, type I, II, X collagen, interleukin-1 b, transforming growth factor-b 1 (TGF-b1), and Fas-associating death domain were checked by real-time PCR. Total GAGs and sulfated GAGs were also quantified by p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction and 1,9- dimethymethylene blue (DMMB) assay, respectively. The results indicated that the chondrocytes cultured in GHC6S-fibrin glue would effectively promote extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and inhibit ECM degradation. The evidence could support that GHC6S-fibrin glue would be a promising scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering.
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Chou, Cheng-Hung. "Fibrin glue mixed with gelatin/hyaluronic acid/ chondroitin-6-sulfate tri-copolymer for articular cartilage tissue engineering." 2008. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2407200815575800.

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Odoi, Keturah. "Orthogonality and Codon Preference of the Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase-tRNAPyl pair in Escherichia coli for the Genetic Code Expansion." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-11037.

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Systematic studies of basal nonsense suppression, orthogonality of tRNAPyl variants, and cross recognition between codons and tRNA anticodons are reported. E. coli displays detectable basal amber and opal suppression but shows a negligible ochre suppression. Although detectable, basal amber suppression is fully inhibited when a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)-tRNAPyl_CUA pair is genetically encoded. trnaPyl_CUA is aminoacylated by an E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase at a low level, however, this misaminoacylation is fully inhibited when both PylRS and its substrate are present. Besides that it is fully orthogonal in E. coli and can be coupled with PylRS to genetically incorporate a NAA at an ochre codon, tRNAPyl_UUA is not able to recognize an UAG codon to induce amber suppression. This observation is in direct conflict with the wobble base pair hypothesis and enables using an evolved M. jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNAPyl_UUA pair and the wild type or evolved PylRS-tRNAPyl_UUA pair to genetically incorporate two different NAAs at amber and ochre codons. tRNAPyl_UCA is charged by E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, thus not orthogonal in E. coli. Mutagenic studies of trnaPyl_UCA led to the discovery of its G73U form which shows a higher orthogonality. Mutating trnaPyl_CUA to trnaPyl_UCCU not only leads to the loss of the relative orthogonality of tRNAPyl in E. coli but also abolishes its aminoacylation by PylRS.
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Books on the topic "GLUT-6"

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Publications, Salt Kreep. I Glue Animals to Rocks: Aquarium Log Book 120 Pages 6 X 9. Independently Published, 2019.

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Scissor Skills Activity Book for Kids - Book 6 - Contains 36 Fully Colored Cut and Glue Activity Pages. Independently Published, 2021.

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Creations, Colorainbow. Scissor Skills - Activity Book for Kids - Book 6 - Contains 36 Fully Colored Cut and Glue Activity Pages. Independently Published, 2022.

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Manning, James, and Nicola Ridgeway. Cut and Glue Worksheets: This Book Has 20 Full Colour Worksheets. This Book Comes with 6 Downloadable Kindergarten PDF Workbooks. CBT Books, 2020.

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Manning, James, and Nicola Ridgeway. Cut and Glue Worksheets: This Book Has 20 Full Colour Worksheets. This Book Comes with 6 Downloadable Kindergarten PDF Workbooks. CBT Books, 2020.

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Kandetzki, Marco. Photo Book Your 6. Birthday: With This Beautiful Photo Book Memories Can Be Captured Super. Just Glue in and You're Done. Independently Published, 2019.

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Monsters Truck and Numbers: Activity Workbook for Preschool to Kindergarten, Coloring, Cut Out and Glue Book for Kids Ages 3-6,. Independently Published, 2021.

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Chanlove, Ariadne. Fairytale and Numbers: Cut-Out Activity Workbook for Toddler, Hand and Eye Coordination, Coloring/Cutting/Glue Practice for Kids Ages 3-6. Independently Published, 2021.

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Manning, James, and Nicola Ridgeway. Cut and Glue Worksheets - Volume 2: This Book Has 20 Full Colour Worksheets. This Book Comes with 6 Downloadable Kindergarten PDF Workbooks. CBT Books, 2020.

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Bordoloi, Sarangapani. Scissor Activity Book for 6 Year Old: Smart Cutting Skills Practice Workbook for Kids-Cut and Paste with Glue Workbook-Scissor Playbook. Independently Published, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "GLUT-6"

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Samsudin, Dalina, Faiezah Hashim, Noor Aishatun Majid, and Hanafi Ismail. "Effect of Glut Palmitate Coupling Agent on Vulcanized Silica-Filled Natural Rubber." In Mineral-Filled Polymer Composites. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003221012-6.

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Margaria, Tiziana, Hafiz Ahmad Awais Chaudhary, Ivan Guevara, Stephen Ryan, and Alexander Schieweck. "The Interoperability Challenge: Building a Model-Driven Digital Thread Platform for CPS." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89159-6_25.

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AbstractWith the heterogeneity of the industry 4.0 world, and more generally of the Cyberphysical Systems realm, the quest towards a platform approach to solve the interoperability problem is front and centre to any system and system-of-systems project. Traditional approaches cover individual aspects, like data exchange formats and published interfaces. They may adhere to some standard, however they hardly cover the production of the integration layer, which is implemented as bespoke glue code that is hard to produce and even harder to maintain. Therefore, the traditional integration approach often leads to poor code quality, further increasing the time and cost and reducing the agility, and a high reliance on the individual development skills. We are instead tackling the interoperability challenge by building a model driven/low-code Digital Thread platform that 1) systematizes the integration methodology, 2) provides methods and techniques for the individual integrations based on a layered Domain Specific Languages (DSL) approach, 3) through the DSLs it covers the integration space domain by domain, technology by technology, and is thus highly generalizable and reusable, 4) showcases a first collection of examples from the domains of robotics, IoT, data analytics, AI/ML and web applications, 5) brings cohesiveness to the aforementioned heterogeneous platform, and 6) is easier to understand and maintain, even by not specialized programmers. We showcase the power, versatility and the potential of the Digital Thread platform on four interoperability case studies: the generic extension to REST services, to robotics through the UR family of robots, to the integration of various external databases (for data integration) and to the provision of data analytics capabilities in R.
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"6. The Glue Summit." In Model Airplanes are Decadent and Depraved. Cornell University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501757273-008.

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Klepper, Joerg. "GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome and the Ketogenic Dietary Therapies." In Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies, edited by Susan A. Masino, Detlev Boison, Dominic P. D’Agostino, Eric H. Kossoff, and Jong M. Rho. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197501207.003.0006.

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In the fed state, the human brain relies entirely on glucose for energy metabolism. Glucose entry into the brain is exclusively mediated by the facilitated glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1). Impaired glucose transport into the brain resulting from GLUT1 deficiency will cause a cerebral “energy crisis,” particularly in the young, because the developing brain requires three to four times more energy than the adult brain. Clinical features of GLUT1 deficiency are global developmental delay, early-onset epilepsy, and a complex movement disorder. In suspected cases, a lumbar puncture should be performed in a metabolic steady state following a 4- to 6-hr fast. In GLUT1 deficiency, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose concentrations usually are &lt; 50 mg/dl. GLUT1 deficiency is treatable only by means of a ketogenic diet, which provides ketone bodies as an alternative fuel for brain energy metabolism. The majority of patients with GLUT1 deficiency show immediate and continuing seizure control during ketogenic diet treatment.
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Das, Sufal, and Hemanta Kumar Kalita. "Advanced Dimensionality Reduction Method for Big Data." In Big Data. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9840-6.ch108.

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The growing glut of data in the worlds of science, business and government create an urgent need for consideration of big data. Big data is a term that describes large volumes of high velocity, complex and variable data that require advanced techniques and technologies to enable the capture, storage, distribution, management, and analysis of the information. Big data challenge is becoming one of the most exciting opportunities for the next years. Data mining algorithms like association rule mining perform an exhaustive search to find all rules satisfying some constraints. it is clear that it is difficult to identify the most effective rule from big data. A novel method for feature selection and extraction has been introduced for big data using genetic algorithm. Dimensionality reduction can be considered a problem of global combinatorial optimization in machine learning, which reduces the number of features, removes irrelevant, noisy and redundant data, to obtain the accuracy and saves the computation time and simplifies the result. A genetic algorithm was developed based approach utilizing a feedback linkage between feature selection and association rule using MapReduce for big data.
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Lovestrand, Joseph. "Lexical-Functional Grammar." In Barayin Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851158.003.0002.

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This chapter provides a detailed overview of Lexical-Functional Grammar, and explains the particular version of LFG assumed in the book. Three levels of representation are appealed to: c-structure, f-structure and s-structure. The c-structure analysis applies a recent proposal called “minimal c-structure” which updates the formal representation of phrase structure in LFG (Lowe and Lovestrand 2020). This complex system results in much simpler phrase structure representations. The level of a-structure is explicitly excluded from the architecture following the proposal of Asudeh &amp; Giorgolo (2012). This view is motivated by the ability of glue semantics to account for argument selection, thereby removing the need for Completeness and Coherence in f-structure. This formal apparatus is what enables argument sharing to be modeled in a connected s-structure in Chapters 6 and 7.
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Cao, Qing, and Qinggui Cao. "Effects of Temperature on the Properties of the New Gel Foam." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220423.

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In order to prevent coal spontaneous combustion fire effectively, a new kind of fire-fighting material – gel foam was developed in this paper. The foaming volume and half-life of foaming agent at different concentrations were measured by ROSS-Miles. Four foaming agents with less dosage and higher foaming times were selected. Then different temperatures were set to test the temperature resistance of four foaming agents and record the foaming volume data. Through analyzing the experimental results, the three optimal foaming agents were selected for pairwise compounding. Through the compounding experiment, the compound foaming agent was prepared with mass fraction of 6‰ APG and AEC at a mass ratio of 4:3, and the foaming times reached 13 times. After the addition of foam stabilizer, the foaming times of the compound were up to 15 times at room temperature, and the glue forming time is 13min. The results show that the viscosity of gel foam decreases with the increase of temperature. The higher the temperature, the shorter the gelation time. The gel does not decompose at high temperatures.
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Ives, Richard. "Disorders relating to the use of volatile substances." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0067.

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Volatile substance abuse (VSA)—also known as ‘solvent abuse’ and ‘inhalant abuse’—is the deliberate inhalation of any of a range of products (see Table 4.2.3.6.1), to achieve intoxication. Amyl (pentyl) and isobutyl nitrites (‘poppers’) have different patterns of misuse, and are not discussed here. VSA has dose-related effects similar to those of other hypnosedatives. Small doses rapidly lead to ‘drunken’ behaviour similar to the effects of alcohol, and may induce delusions and hallucinations. Some heavy misusers inhale large quantities; 6 l of adhesive weekly have been reported. Long-term effects include listlessness, anorexia, and moodiness. The hair, breath, and clothing may smell of the substance(s) used, and empty product containers (e.g. glue cans, cigarette lighter refills, and aerosol spray cans), and bags used to inhale from, may be found. Being readily available, volatile substances are, along with alcohol and tobacco, the first intoxicating substances some children try. However, most VSA is experimental and does not lead to the use of other psychoactive substances; problematic misusers have other difficulties in their lives.
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"Shelton and Lee The other carbohydrate components currently subject to tissues in barley. Soluble sugar content of normal barley is the most attention are those nonstarch polysaccharides and about 2-3%; hulless barleys, 2-4%, high lysine barleys, digestion-resistant starch constituents broadly classified as 2-6%; and high-sugar barleys, 7-13% [87]. dietary fiber. Nonstarch polysaccharides consist mainly of The major sugar of the rice embryo and endosperm is cellulose, [3-glucans, and the related hemicelluloses ac-sucrose, in addition to small amounts of raffinose, glucose, companied by lesser amounts of phenolic polymers and fructose [104]. The principal reducing sugar is glu-(lignin). cose, and the major nonreducing sugar is sucrose. Report-ed total sugar content of the embryo varied from 8 to 25%; reducing sugar ranged from 1 to 11%. Total sugars, of 6.4% in rice bran and 0.22-0.45% in milled rice were re-." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-39.

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Conference papers on the topic "GLUT-6"

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TEIXEIRA, GUILHERME PEGAS, and ROBSON XAVIER FARIA. "INIBIÇÃO DO RECEPTOR PURINÉRGICO P2X7 COMO UMA NOVA ESTRATÉGIA CONTRA DIABETES TIPO 2." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Doenças Crônicas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/cronics/7456.

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Introdução: A sinalização purinérgica é um sistema de receptores de membrana ativados por purinas, envolvidos em diversos processos fisiológicos e patológicos do organismo. O receptor purinérgico P2X7 é o mais marcante neste sistema. Trata-se de um receptor ionotrópico ativado por adenosina trifosfato (ATP) extracelular com ampla participação na resposta imunológica e na liberação das citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1 e IL-18. A superprodução destes mediadores induz resistência à insulina no tecido adiposo e muscular esquelético através da diminuição do transportador de glicose dependente de insulina GLUT 4, fator este que pode levar ao surgimento da diabetes tipo 2. Objetivo: Apresentar a influência do receptor P2X7 como nova estratégia farmacológica na diabetes tipo 2. Metodologia: Foram selecionados seis trabalhos publicados na literatura dos últimos dez anos. As palavras-chave: receptor P2X7, inflamação, resistência à insulina e diabetes tipo 2 foram usadas em diferentes combinações para a seleção dos artigos. Resultados: Durante a diabetes tipo 2, ácidos graxos livres (AGLs) em excesso levam a complicações no metabolismo da glicose. Os AGLs induzem a transcrição das formas imaturas de IL-1 e IL-18 por meio da sinalização via receptor Toll Like 4. Com o aumento de ATP extracelular, o P2X7 é ativado, promovendo o processo inflamatório através da maturação e liberação das citocinas IL-1 e IL-18 pela sinalização Nod Like Receptor protein 3. Estes mediadores desregulam a fosforilação do substrato do receptor de insulina IRS, diminuindo a translocação de GLUT 4 a membrana plasmática, desta forma aumentando a glicemia sanguínea. Estudos em camundongos C57BL/6 mostraalterações nos parâmetros cardíacos induzidos pela alta concentração de glicose, levando a processos de remodelação cardíaca e estresse oxidativo. Interessantemente, estes quadros foram melhorados com a inibição farmacológica do receptor P2X7. Neste contexto, antagonistas do receptor P2X7 foram utilizados em ensaios clínicos, como as moléculas AZD9056 e CE-224,535 para doenças inflamatórias, mostrando boa tolerabilidade. Desta forma, estes são exemplos de antagonistas que podem ser utilizados em estudos de desordens metabólicas. Conclusão: O receptor P2X7 induz o processo inflamatório na diabetes levando a desregulação da sinalização da insulina. Estratégias utilizando antagonistas deste receptor podem ser promissoras no tratamento da diabetes tipo 2.
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Gwak, HyeRan, Jae Hong No, and Yong Sang Song. "Abstract 1851: Resveratrol impairs GLUT-1 mediated glucose uptake in ovarian cancer cells ." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1851.

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Kim, Jin Young, So Jin Shin, Keon Uk Park, Young June Jeon, Chi Heum Cho, and Eunyoung Ha. "Abstract 1865: Ciglitazone increases ovarian cancer cell death by inhibiting GLUT-1 expression." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1865.

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Fahlström Myrman, Arvid, and Giampiero Salvi. "Partitioning of Posteriorgrams Using Siamese Models for Unsupervised Acoustic Modelling." In GLU 2017 International Workshop on Grounding Language Understanding. ISCA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/glu.2017-6.

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Lukash, A. A., N. P. Lukuttsova, K. P. Kolotvin, K. V. Razrezov, and A. Felluh. "SOFTWOOD COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_74-79.

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The article deals with the issues of secondary use of industrial waste from the processing of soft hardwood wood. It is shown that the disposal of man-made waste in landfills is undesirable, and the use of wood waste to generate heat for heating is limited to the autumn-winter period. It is proved that it is most expedient to make composites from the waste of processing soft hardwood wood, since the need for inexpensive building materials is constantly increasing. Wood- cement materials from soft-leaved wood are practically not produced due to the presence of water- soluble saccharides, which worsen the process of hydration of cement. It is proposed to use binders that harden quickly in the production of composites made of soft hardwood. To exclude the negative influence of the extracted substances, it is proposed to use urea-formaldehyde glue as a binder. The mathematical dependence of the compressive strength of a composite made of soft hardwood on the glue consumption, wood consumption and the duration of exposure after molding is obtained. The parameters of the composite manufacturing mode are set: wood consumption-190 ... 195 kg/m3, urea-formaldehyde glue consumption-262...270 kg/m3; the duration of exposure after molding – 6 days. Methods for reducing the release of free formaldehyde from composites have been identified. It was found that in the steam-air mixture after 12 days of exposure of the chip-and- glue composite, there are no previously detected micro-impurities of formaldehyde, and the chip- and-glue composite can be used in construction without restrictions.
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Zamarrón, C. "BINDING OF NATIVE PLASMINOGEN TO FIBRIN AND TO SOME FI BRINOGEN/FIBRIN DERIVATIVES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644832.

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In the fibrinolytic process: (a) fibrin provides a surface on which the major reactions of fibrinolysis occurs: the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the cleavage of fibrin by plasmin and the inhibition of plasmin by α2-antiplasmin, (b) some fibrinogen derivatives (e.g. the cyanogen bromide digested fibrinogen fragment denominated FCB-2) can exert stimulatory properties on the plasminogen activation and (c) the initial cleavage of fibrin by plasmin increases the rate conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.The purpose of the present work has been to correlate these three aspects of the fibrinolytic process with the binding of native plasminogen (Glu-Pg) to fibrin (Fn) , fibrinogen (Fg) and Fn/Fg derivatives.The Glu-Pg-Fg interaction, if exists, it is not detectable in equilibrium conditions by analytical centrifu gation. By using a solid-phase fibrin clot system (purified system) the Glu-Pg-Fn interaction gives the following dissociation constants: Kd=3.5×10−6 M and 1.2×10−5 m (unwashed and washed clots respectively). Being two the number of plasminogen binding sites per fibrin fibrin monomer. By activation with streptokinase or urokinase the amount of Pg required for an effective lysis of the fibrin clots is lower when the Pg is endogenous (inside the clot) versus exogenous (outside the clot).The binding of the isolated fragments of the cyanogen bromide digested fibrinogen to Glu-Pg was studied by affinity chromatography on Glu-Pg-Sepharose. The only fragment bound to Glu-Pg and eluted with 10 mM ε-amino caproic acid (ε;-ACA) was the fragment denominated FCB-2 The soluble fibrin monomer after 20 min plasmin digestion also binds to immobilized Glu-Pg and it is eluted with ε-ACA.Therefore, the binding of native plasminogen to fibrin and to some fibrinogen/fibrin derivatives is a determinant factor in the three aspects of the fibrinolytic process mencioned above.
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Cardman, Lawrence. "Building nucleons and nuclei from quarks and glue: highlights of nuclear physics research at Jefferson Lab in the “6 GeV era”." In Workshop on Precision Radiative Corrections for Next Generation Experiments, Jefferson Lab, May 16, 2016. US DOE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1987343.

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Sorokina, Elena, Zhanna Semenova, Valery Ivanovich Lukianov, et al. "BIOCHEMICAL PREDICTORS OF EARLY AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN CHILDREN." In NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-1-4.24.

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In children with mild and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), the role of various damage/repair neuromarkers in the outcomes of trauma was studied. It has been shown that in the first days after TBI with adverse outcomes, there was a significant increase in NSE, S100b, NO products and a decrease in the content of BDNF and autoantibodies to NMDA (NR2) glutamate receptors (Glu) in the blood serum. After 6 months with unfavorable outcomes, there was an increase in aAb to S100b and a decrease in BDNF.
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Golji, Javad, and Mohammad R. K. Mofrad. "Focal Adhesion Mechanotransduction: Molecular Events Leading to Vinculin Activation." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19711.

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Focal adhesions are formed as a molecular glue linking cytoskeletal actin filaments to the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are formed at the site of mechanical stimulation (1) and involve and initial recruitment of talin and vinculin to ECM bound integrin molecules at the site of external stimulation. Talin recruitment and its force-induced activation and subsequent interaction with vinculin have been extensively studied (2–4). Vinculin is natively in an auto-inhibited conformation and its activation involves removal of a steric hindrance preventing binding of Vt with actin (5) (Figure 1). Several hypotheses have been put forth regarding vinculin activation and its subsequent interaction with actin: 1) vinculin activation requires only interaction with talin at domain 1 (D1) (6), 2) a simultaneous interaction with both actin and talin is necessary to achieve vinculin activation (7), 3) once activated vinculin interacts with actin via an electrostatic interaction between Vt and two regions on F-actin (5). Each of these hypotheses is evaluated through molecular dynamics simulation and analysis.
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Hassan, Mohsin, and Kashan Nadeem. "An Experimental Approach to Investigate Role of Brine Salinity and Surfactant on Clay, Sandstone & Carbonate Samples." In PAPG/SPE Pakistan Section Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217361-ms.

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Abstract The main theme behind this experimental study is to define the effect of salinity on clay, sandstone, and carbonate samples. Secondly, interactions at liquid-liquid and solid liquid scale along with IFT and contact angle measurements has also been investigated in this study. In this study, Alcohol Alkoxy sulfate sodium salt (AAS) has been used as a surfactant. The reason of using this surfactant is that it forms type III type micro emulsion which helps in reducing the oil/water interfacial tension to a very low value and also it has a low critical micelle concentration of less than 0.1%. Brine salinity of 1-6 % is used for this experiment. Interfacial tension between different fluids is measured by injecting oil into brine of different salinities. Camera is used for recording injection of oil droplet into the brine, by the help of image software contact angle is calculated which in turn helps in estimating interfacial tension. Contact angle for solid liquid interaction is measured by pasting bentonite, sandstone, and carbonate samples on glass slide with the help of epoxy glue. After placing glass slide in front of camera oil droplet is injected using syringe then brine is added at constant flow rate due to which after certain droplet is detached and recorded on camera. The droplet is then analyzed on image grab software which estimates interfacial tension. According to this study, when there is a liquid-liquid interaction, the interfacial tension decreases as the brine is diluted. According to the results of the experiments, the concentration of NaCl in brine is gradually reduced from 6% to 1%, and the interfacial tension decreases. This is attributed to the fact that low – salinity water-flooding alters the wettability towards water – wet condition thus causing imbibition, a prominent driving force during tertiary oil recovery processes. With the ever – increasing demand of energy, this study is conducted with the sole purpose of performing an in-depth analysis on the processes governing recovery during application of tertiary recovery. In future different surfactant and salinity concentrations should be studied on actual field core samples to better characterize the dominant trend and formulation of a standard relationships for industrial applications. This could be helpful in defining and delineating the untapped oil within Pakistan and across the globe.
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