Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glycogène'
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Traore, Souleymane. "Caractérisation biochimique de muscles de porc riches en glycogène : relation avec les phénomènes d'oxydation." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22207.
Full textWe aimed to better understand the mechanisms underlying sensorial and technological meat qualities. The experimental design put into relief the important role of protein oxidation in meat quality. As a consequence of oxidation, structural changes of proteins demonstrated also their implication in water holding capacity. Heating enhanced the oxidative process in which myosin and actin can be considered as favoured protein target. Moreover these proteins are implicated in aggregation /polymerization. Finally, glycogen as a catalyst of protein oxidation was demonstrated
Nagy, Véronika. "Synthèse d'inhibiteurs de glycogène phosphorylase." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10212.
Full textMathieu, Cécile. "Structure et régulation de la glycogène phosphorylase cérébrale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC159/document.
Full textGlycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the key enzyme for glycogen mobilization in cells. I human, this enzyme is found as three isoforms : liver GP (lGP), muscle GP (mGP) and brain GP (bGP). These three enzymes are allosteric enzymes, regulated by both the binding of allosteric effectors and phosphorylation. However, despite GPs are highly similar, bGP display distinguishing features. In addition, highly reactive cysteine residues are found in the primary sequence of bGP, suggesting that this enzyme might be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a consequence, we investigated the molecular and cellular regulation of the bGP. First, we determined the crystal structure of this enzyme, so far unknown. These data revealed the structural bases of bGP regulation by its allosteric effectors, leading to the activation and the inactivation of the enzyme. We then focused on the regulation of bGP by H2O2, a model of ROS. Using biochemical and cellular approaches, we showed that H2O2 induces the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond in the AMP binding site of the enzyme, avoiding its regulation by the allosteric effectors, without affecting its regulation by phosphorylation. Under oxidative condition, this regulation, unique to the brain form of GP, allows a control of the glycogenolysis through phosphorylation only. Finally, we demonstrated that electrophilic compounds from the environment (pesticides) might divert the redox regulation of bGP, leading to the alteration of glycogen metabolism which could participate to the development of neurodegenerative diseases
Gehre, Lena. "Chlamydia Trachomatis hijacks energy stores from the host and accumulates glycogen in the inclusion lumen through a dual pathway." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066306/document.
Full textThe human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, which develops in a parasitophorous compartment called inclusion. The inclusion membrane serves as a barrier to host defense mechanisms, but limits access to nutrients. One essential nutrient for C. trachomatis is glucose, and its polymer, glycogen, is highly abundant in the inclusion lumen. This work aimed to reconstitute the glucose flow in C. trachomatis infected cells and to understand the mechanisms for glycogen accumulation. In summary, our work demonstrates that glycogen storage in C. trachomatis inclusions is the result of two different strategies, bulk acquisition of host glycogen through invagination of the inclusion membrane, and de novo synthesis of glycogen within the inclusion lumen. The latter mechanism implicates the import of host UDP-glucose through a host transporter that is recruited to the inclusion membrane, and the secretion of bacterial glycogen enzymes into the inclusion lumen. These processes allow the bacteria to build an energy store within the inclusion lumen, out of reach for the host
Koubi, Harry. "Influence du jeûne sur l'utilisation des réserves énergétiques, l'activité spontanée et l'adaptation métabolique à l'exercice prolongé chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10001.
Full textGruyer, Sébastien. "Etude de la biosynthèse de l'endopolysaccharide de réserve accumulé par l'euryarchaeote hyperthermophile Thermococcus hydrothermalis." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMS019.
Full text" T. Hydrothermalis " produces a polysaccharide during the log phase, which is similar to glycogen, and hydrolyzes it quickly during the stationnary one. The elongation activity (42 kDa) is optimal at 80ʿC/pH 5,5 and is able to use ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose with the same affinity, but the Vmax is 10 fold better with ADP-glucose suggesting that is might be the physiological substrate. The branching activity appeared unstable, then avoiding further enzymatic studies. Moreover, an original structure with long chains and branched at 7,5 % was purified from the archaeon at the end of the log phase. At the beginning of the stationnary phase, hydrolases are able to degrade quickly this kind of polymer and more slowly these similar to glycogen. The structural change then appears as a way, for these degradative enzymes, to get an easier access to the glucose stores, and to allow an optimal ATP production, and it may involve the glycogen-synthase and a glucanotransferase activity
Dinadayala, Premkumar. "Analyse structurale et étude des voies de biosynthèse de l'α-D-glucane de mycobactéries." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30040.
Full textIbrahim, Nada. "Conception et synthèses régiospécifiques de purines di- et trisubstituées comme inhibiteurs de la glycogène synthase kinase-3." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112006.
Full textThe purin core is privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry which is frequently used in the preparation of combinatorial libraries. Its seven peripheral atoms may be considered as seven potential points of structural diversity. A wide variety of interesting inhibitors, such as kinases inhibitors, and modulators of key biological targets have been found among derivatives bearing various combinations of substituents at these centers. In the aim to discover new glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors which is an enzyme involved in many pathological processes such as type 2 diabete and Alzheimer desease, we developed regiospecific and efficient methods for the synthesis of 6,7,8, 6,8,9, 2 , 6 and 6,8-purines, via a copper and palladium catalyzed amidation reaction and SNaAr reaction to give access to polysubstituted purine library bearing aryl groups at C8 position, amines, ethers and amides groups at C6 and finally methyl at N7 or N9 positions. The molecules have provided promising redults as Glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors. In addition, the binding mode of the most active molecules were elucidated by docking in the active site of GSK-3
Picard, Mélanie. "Régulation du métabolisme du glycogène cérébral sous l'effet de la méthionine sulfoximine." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2011.
Full textEnjalbert, Brice. "Régulation transcriptionnelle de Gsy2p, glycogène synthase majeure de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0003.
Full textThe Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, like most of the living organisms, has to cope with stress and environmental constraints to ensure its survival and proliferation. One of this adaptive response is the synthesis of glycogen during a nutritional limitation. We have demonstrated that the whole group of genes allowing the glycogen synthesis or degradation is induced at the same time, before the end of the exponential phase of growth on glucose. Most of these genes possess STREs (STress Response Elements) in their promoter which are responsible for their increase in expression due to a stress but not to the disappearance of glucose. This induction requires at least two elements in the promoter of the GSY2 gene, encoding the major glycogen synthase. Study of the main mutations affecting GSY2 expression has led to the unraveling of a fine regulation system implicating three nutritional signaling pathways. The elements regulating the GSY2 transcription have been localized and the cAMP/PKA has been demonstrated to be the main pathway controlling the gene expression and induction. Moreover, our work on the linkage between glycogen biosynthesis and respiratory requirement have allowed to precise the production and consumption kinetics of glycogen and its function as a sugar storage
Champeix, Nathalie. "A propos d'une observation d'aglycogénose par déficit en glycogène synthétase." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET6223.
Full textVigneron-Lesens, Corinne. "L'enzyme de branchement du glycogène de la levure de boulangerie." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10027.
Full textHarlin, Jean-Christophe. "Glutamine et synthèse du glycogène : implication d'une S6 kinase de 40 kDa activée par le calcium." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES029.
Full textArroub, Mohammed. "Études des isoenzymes de la glycogène phosphorylase B dans divers tissus humains." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1T240.
Full textTresse, Emilie. "Etude génétique de la mort cellulaire autophagique chez Dictyostelium discoideum." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22113.pdf.
Full textAutophagic cell death is still incompletely defined despite its pathophysiological importance, notably during cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. In the protist Dictyostelium discoideum, autophagic cell death is induced during development. In this model organism, autophagic cell death proceeds in two steps, first, a sensitization step induced by starvation and leading to autophagy, and then an induction step by the physiological morphogen DIF-1, leading to cell death proper. To identify molecules implicated in this autophagic cell death, we used a random mutagenesis strategy. This strategy allowed us to obtain two cell death mutants. The first mutant led us to explore the role of glucose homopolymers during autophagic cell death. Our results demonstrate that a UDP-glucose derivative is necessary for autophagic cell death and that the metabolic state of cells during the sensitization stage predetermines the signalisation pathways used for cell death induction. The second mutant led us to demonstrate the role of talin, a scaffoldi protein implicated in cytoskeleton dynamics, during signalisation of cell death induction. This strategy of random insertional mutagenesis is thus a powerful tool allowing description of pathways leading to autophagic cell death. The present work contributes to the molecular definition of this cell death
Britto, Florian. "REDD1 contribue au dialogue entre le métabolisme énergétique et la masse musculaire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT013.
Full textREDD1 contributes to the crosstalk between energetic metabolism and skeletal muscle mass. REDD1 is a ubiquitous and conserved protein, which is expressed in response to numerous stresses and pathologies responsible of muscle atrophy, a parameter correlated with patient mortality. REDD1 is known to inhibit Akt/mTORC1 pathway which controls synthesis of proteins (the major component of muscle) and other macromolecules such as ribosome, nucleotide or glycogen. Our work shows on a mice model that REDD1 inhibits protein synthesis, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy, and reduces muscle glycogen storage. However, REDD1 deletion is responsible of an increase in basal metabolism, a reduction of exercise capacity and an exacerbation of hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. These metabolic alterations are not associated with a mitochondrial dysfunction but rather with an hyper activation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway which is responsible for the stimulation of energy demanding processes. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that REDD1 acts for moderating ATP demand in energetic stress conditions
Sibut, Vonick. "Approche de génomique fonctionnelle pour l'identification des gènes régulant la qualité des viandes de poulet." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4015.
Full textIn chickens, the muscle glycogen stores available at death are determinant for meat quality via their effect on the ultimate pH. This thesis aimed at identifying through functional genomic approaches genes causing changes in glycogen and therefore meat quality in chicken. A focused approach on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and several enzymes that control glycogen metabolism suggested that transcriptional regulation of several genes (PRKAG2, GYS, PYG, …) could be involved in the control of muscle glycogen stores. This study, which compared lean and fat chickens also showed activation levels 3 times higher in lean chickens whose glycogen stores are the lowest. Transcriptomic analyses performed on oligonucleotide microarrays have highlighted 439 genes differentially expressed between individuals with different levels of muscle glycogen store. Among them, some as CEBPB, PDK4 or UGDH could play a direct role in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in muscle. Analysis of positional data (Quantitative Trait Loci or QTL) allowed identifying other genes which were both regulated at the functional level and located within a QTL of meat quality. Those genes enriched the list of candidates revealed by expressional studies. Altogether these studies are a first step in identifying genes involved in meat quality changes in chicken. After validation within commercial genotypes to appreciate the real interest in term of selection, our results should ultimately help to develop molecular tools useful for selection but also for optimizing rearing practices to improve the quality of poultry meat
Colpaert, Matthieu. "Unexpected conservation of the glycogen metabolism pathway underlines a pivotal function of storage polysaccharides in the developmental cycle of Chlamydiae." Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS100.
Full textFor almost a century, the Chlamydiae phylum contained only the Chlamydiaceae family, which encompasses etiological agents of severe infectious diseases in humans. Today, fifteen families have enriched this phylum in which the so-called Chlamydia-like bacteria or environmental Chlamydiae are distributed. The hallmark of all Chlamydiae is a huge genome reduction leading to an obligate intracellular lifestyle and a biphasic lifecycle including a highly metabolically active intracellular form (i.e reticulate bodies) and an extracellular (i.e. elementary body) form. While glycogen metabolism loss is viewed as an adaptation to the intracellular lifestyle, all Chlamydiae are singularly distinguished from other intracellular pathogens by the maintenance of the GlgC-pathway, which is the one described in Escherichia coli. Some environmental Chlamydiae, however seemed to deviate from this rule. Indeed, the glgC gene, encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity is missing in the genome of Estrella lausannensis (family Criblamydiaceae) and Waddlia chondrophila (family Waddliaceae). The lack of this key enzyme suggested that chlamydial strains are therefore defective in glycogen biosynthesis. However, electron microscopic observation of thin sections of E. lausannensis and W. chondrophila elemental bodies stained with PATAg (specific glycogen staining) clearly refuted this presumption. In order to explain this unexpected result, 220 genomes reflecting chlamydial diversity were examined for their gene content of the glycogen biosynthesis pathway reported in bacteria: the GlgC pathway and the GlgE pathway, recently evidenced in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We thus identified in E. lausannensis and W. chondrophila but also in phylogenetically related Chlamydiae, the GlgE pathway, which is based on four enzymatic reactions enabling the synthesis of glycogen from trehalose. The enzymatic characterizations of TreS-Mak; a bifunctional enzyme that converts trehalose to maltose-1-phosphate and GlgE; a maltosyltransferase activity responsible for the synthesis of α-1,4 glucan chains, confirmed that this pathway is functional in these two environmental Chlamydiae. In addition, we show that, like glycogen synthase (GlgA) of the GlgC pathway, GlgE activity is capable of initiating de novo glycogen synthesis without the aid of a glucan primer. Finally, preliminary studies suggest that acetylation of lysine residues, a post-translational modification involved in the regulation of many enzymes of the carbon metabolism in bacteria, may activate GlgE activity. Altogether this study demonstrates that glycogen metabolism is conserved in all Chlamydiae, without exception, despite the genome reduction process, thus underlining an essential function, underestimated to date, of this storage polysaccharide. We propose that the degradation of glycogen may provide the energy required to sustain basal metabolic functions, which are essential for the survival and virulence of extracellular forms, i.e. elementary bodies
Benltifa, Mahmoud. "Synthèses de glyco-héterocycles inhibiteurs de la glycogène phosphorylase et de protéine kinases." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10115.
Full textWhile heterocyclic compounds have found early wide applications because if their broad spectrum of bioactivities, the development of Glycosciences has shown the importance of carbohydrates for Life, and the crucial roles they exert for the normal development of living organisms, or their control based on glycomimics. These reasons explain the topic of this thesis : SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOHETEROCYCLES AS INHIBITORS OF GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE AND PROTEIN KINASES. The first chapter describes 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions reactions between sugar-based acrylates and cinnamates and such dipoles as trimethylsilyldiazomethane and nitrile oxides. Modest stereoinductions were observed, which were enhanced by using chiral dipoles. Chapter 2 is devoted to cycloadditions between several nitrile oxides and exo-glucals, one hydroximo-lactone or benzoylated -D-glucopyranosyl cyanide. Chapter 3 concerns synthetic routes toward 3-C-glucosyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles obtained when -D-glucopyranosyl cyanides were converted into amidoximes, then reacted by O-acylation followed by thermal cyclization. The prepared glycomimics were tested as glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and protein kinases (PK) inhibitors. The best GP inhibitor was a glucosyl-spiro-isoxazoline with a 2-naphthyl substituent (Ki : 630 nM). The 5-C-glucosyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles were better inhibors of GP as compared to their 3-C-glucosyl analogs, as indicated by their Ki (respectively 2,4 and 26,2 M for molecules with a 2-naphthyl substituent). Some compounds inhibited also various PK
Sarciron, Marie-Elisabeth. "Étude de la glycogénogénèse d'Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 : recherche de points d'impact pour des molécules à visée thérapeutique." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO1T157.
Full textRousseau, Cécile. "Mise au point de nouveaux matériaux collagéniques réticulés : évaluation de leur biocompatibilité in vitro et in vivo : application à la prévention des adhérences postopératoires." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10024.
Full textLapouble, Eve. "Métabolisme cérébral et épilepsie : études de deux analogues structuraux du glutamate chez la souris." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2030.
Full textLin, Li. "Structure design and synthesis of Novel Aryl C-Glycosides as PTP-1B or GP inhibitors and their bioactivities." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258958/fr/.
Full textProtein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) are new therapeutic targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity. According to our previous work and aiming to find highly selective and active aryl C glycosides as PTP 1B or GP inhibitors, C glycosyl 1,4 naphthaquinone derivatives, 6 O benzoylated benzoquinone /naphthaquinone C glycosides, quinone derivatives of glycuronic acids and the carboxyl amides as well as the bidentate quinone C glycosyl derivatives were designed and synthesized. In total 178 compounds were prepared. The mechanism and the influence factors of the aryl C glycosylation were also investigated. Preliminary results of in vitro bioactivities test showed that some target compounds exhibited interesting activities which could bc further studied
Cheng, Keguang. "Conception, synthèse et évolution biologique des dérivés d'acide oléanolique." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DENS0025.
Full textType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with disorelers in glucose metabolism by the liver and periphery resulting in elevated blood glucose levels which, in turn, are responsible for fatal long term complications. An ideal anti-diabetic agent should be capable of lowering blood glucose in both fed and fasted states. Control of die hepatic glycogen metabolism is one of the key events through which insulin maintains blood glucose homeostasis. Among other means for influencing glucose production in the liver, inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), the rate limiting enzyme of glycogen degradation, has been regarded as a promising therapeutic approach ta the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A couple of GP inhibitors have shown efficacy in lowering blood glucose in animal models and clinical trials. We have recently reported that oleanolic acid and related pentacyclic triterpenes represented a new class of inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylases. X-Ray crystallographic studies revealed the molecular basis of their inhibitory effect demonstrating that pentacyclic triterpenes such as asiatic and maslinic acids bind ta OP at the allosteric site. On the other hand, structural modifications based on natural triterpenes have been extensively explored ta find more patent pentacyclic triterpenes as preventive and therapeutic agents. Therefore, we believe that pentacyclic triterpenes will be used as new drugs in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism one day. Thus, in this study, we have synthesized several oleanolic acid derivatives and conjugates with sugar and nucleosides, and evaluated GP inhibitory activity against RMGPa. Some molecules exhibited inhibition in micromolar range. The structural analyses of these cornpounds can be further exploited (by chemical modification) towards the development of better GP inhibitors
Gehre, Lena. "Chlamydia Trachomatis hijacks energy stores from the host and accumulates glycogen in the inclusion lumen through a dual pathway." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066306.pdf.
Full textThe human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, which develops in a parasitophorous compartment called inclusion. The inclusion membrane serves as a barrier to host defense mechanisms, but limits access to nutrients. One essential nutrient for C. trachomatis is glucose, and its polymer, glycogen, is highly abundant in the inclusion lumen. This work aimed to reconstitute the glucose flow in C. trachomatis infected cells and to understand the mechanisms for glycogen accumulation. In summary, our work demonstrates that glycogen storage in C. trachomatis inclusions is the result of two different strategies, bulk acquisition of host glycogen through invagination of the inclusion membrane, and de novo synthesis of glycogen within the inclusion lumen. The latter mechanism implicates the import of host UDP-glucose through a host transporter that is recruited to the inclusion membrane, and the secretion of bacterial glycogen enzymes into the inclusion lumen. These processes allow the bacteria to build an energy store within the inclusion lumen, out of reach for the host
Sambou, Tounkang. "Étude des voies de biosynthèse de l'alpha-glucane et du glycogène de mycobactérium tuberculosis." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1808/.
Full textTuberculosis remains a serrious health problem worlwide, with estimed one-third of the population infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and a death toll of more than 2 million people annually. Understanding the molecular mechanisms enabling the tubercle bacillus to multiply in a hostile environment such as the macrophage and to survive in the host is important to the design of novel strategies to combat the disease. The cell wall of the pathogenic mycobacteria plays important roles in host pathogen-interactions and in the resistance of the microorganisms to chemotherapeutic treatments. The outermost compartment of the cell envelope of pathogenic mycobacterial consists in a capsule and glycogen-like alpha-glucan represents the major polysaccharide. This polysaccharide is composed of 4 alpha-D-glucose-1 core branched at position 6. Thus, mycobacteria, notably pathogenic species produce two structurally related component (glycogen and alpha-glucan) differing from one another by their cell localisation. This raises questions of their biosynthesis and the structural differences between the two polysaccharides. To address these points we characterize by comparatively analyzing the structural features of the capsular alpha-glucan and the intracellular glycogen purified from the vaccine strain mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette guérin (BCG). For the second point, to determine the role of alpha-glucan in the physiology and virulence of these bacteria, orthologues of the glg genes involved in the biosynthesis of glycogen in escherichia coli were identified in M. Tuberculosis H37Rv and inactived by allelic replacement. Our biochemical analyses indicated that the synthesis of glucan and glycogen involves the alpha-1,4-glucosyltransferase GlgA (Rv1212c) and Rv3032, the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase GlgC (Rv1213) and the branching enzyme GlbG (Rv1326c). In mice the glgA mutant is impaired in its ability to persist, suggesting a role of capsular glucan in the persistence phase of infection. Instead of the essentiality of glgB gene, to crystallise the branching enzyme of M tuberculosis, we purify it after over expressing the gene in E. Coli
Huleux-Maurs, Claire. "Étude comparative de l'effet de la cytochalasine D sur les régulations adrénergiques et cholinergiques de la sécrétion des protéines et du métabolisme du glycogène dans les glandes parotides de rat." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112063.
Full textBlin, Marion. "Implication de la gluconéogenèse et de la glycogenèse dans la cancérogenèse astrocytaire." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2081.
Full textAdt, Isabelle. "Influence de facteurs environnementaux sur la physiologie et le métabolisme de SINORHIZOBIUM MELILOTI M5N1." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1421.
Full textBeaulieu, Valérie. "Modifications induites par l'entraînement en endurance sur la compartimentation et la structure du glycogène hépatique." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2002. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2544/1/000693517.pdf.
Full textPoilpré, Emmanuel. "Mécanisme d'adaptation rapide de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en métabolisme oxydatif : implication des sucres de réserve et de la capacité respiratoire." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0007.
Full textThe oxydative metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is studied on chemostat culture by disturbing transient states. It is shown that acetate pulse, spontaneous oscillation, shift-up in dilution rate induce the same cell's response, whose magnitude is determined by the initial pool of the carbohydrates storage. The main event of that response is an activation of the metabolism closely linked with an acceleration of the growth. Trehalose, glycogene and the respiratory capacity play a key role in that adaptation. During such dynamics, because of the high oxydative metabolism and acetate production, we postulate that the pyruvate deshydrogenase by-pass is used to cope with the high glycolytic flux due to the breakdown of the storage material
Leroy, Karelle. "La glycogène synthase kinase-3B: rôle dans l'étiopathogénie et dans la régulation fonctionnelle du cytosquelette microtubulaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211247.
Full textGompel, Marie. "Etude de la Glycogène Synthase Kinase-3 et des Kinases Cycline-Dépendantes pendant la différenciation neuronale." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066142.
Full textChaouachi, Anis. "Suivi de la compartimentation du glycogène lors de la glycogélyse induite par le jeûne et l'exercice." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2004. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1959/1/000113316.pdf.
Full textElla, Obame Idriss. "Réactivité des glyconitriles vis-à-vis d’organométalliques : accès à des céto-C-glycosides précurseurs de C-glycoconjugés." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1042/document.
Full textGlycoconjugates, an important series of organic molecules, are fundamental to many important biological processes such as inflammation, signal transduction, fertilization, bacterial-cell or cell-cell adhesion, virus-cell recognition and immune response…The use of such compounds as drug is limited by the significant hydrolysis occurring in physiological medium or in acidic conditions. Thus, more stable C-glycoconjugates syntheses have to be developed.A new strategy for the synthesis of C-glycoconjugates via acyl-C-glycosides precursors is described from gluco-, galacto- or manno-nitriles. First, the reactivity of O-perbenzylated glyconitriles towards various activated organozinc reagents led to various functionalized keto-C-glycosides. However, with Grignard reagents, a mixture of the corresponding compound along with glycal occurring from the elimination of benzyloxy group located in position 2 is observed. To prevent such elimination, 2-hydroxyglyconitrile was prepared. With organomagnesium or organolithium reagents, these glyconitriles led to various glyconitriles in good yieds. It is noteworthy that organolitium reagents were more efficient, leading to better yields in glucose and galactose series.With these keto derivatives in hands, the transformation of the keto group into methylene, gem-difluorine, alcool…. was performed on a galatose-derived ketone as a model for the preparation of more complex C-glycosides. Moreover, the application of the methodology was applied to the synthesis of original C-glycoconjugates as potential SGLT-2 or glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, thereby validating the synthetic strategy
Eadmusik, Sunee. "Effets de la vitesse de glycolyse post mortem du muscle de dinde : une analyse biochimique et protéomique." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7778/1/eadmusik.pdf.
Full textMinassian, Carol. "Rôle régulateur de la glucose-6 phosphatase dans la production endogène de glucose et le stockage de glycogène." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T061.
Full textBertrand, Jessica. "La glycogène synthase kinase 3 bêta : une nouvelle voie de survie des cellules souches de leucémies aiguës myéloïdes." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1826/.
Full textAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) are malignant clonal hemopathies resulting from the transformation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) or derived progenitors. The main reason of adverse prognostic in AML is recurrence of the pathology, post-chemotherapy. Relapses occur in 60% AML patients since leukemic stem cells (LSC), rare cells with self-renewal and engraftment properties, have not been eradicated by current therapy. Resistance of LSC is supported by quiescence and adhesive interactions with bone marrow microenvironment. An improved prognostic for AML patients warrants a better knowledge of specific survival pathways in LSC and HSC. The Glycogene Synthase Kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is a key regulator of adhesive interactions, cytoskeleton reorganization and cell survival pathways such as death receptors signaling. Moreover, GSK3beta is a metabolic enzyme playing a central role in cell responses to oxidant or nutritive stress. Importantly, its implication in morphogen and inflammatory signaling pathways suggest that GSK3beta could regulate dialogue between LSC and microenvironment. It is the first demonstration that GSK3beta has pro-survival role in LSC, and that apoptotic responses could be gender-determined in AML. Since our preliminary results are not in favor of the GSK3beta survival pathway regulation by sexual hormones, and others having recently demonstrated the pro-tumor role of GSK3beta in precancerous stem cells, future research could explore gender-specific mechanisms of leukemogenesis. Thus, GSK3beta involvement in growing number of tumors, sex-related or not, should be highlighted
Bacca, Hélène. "Étude des voies métaboliques des sucres chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : implication dans les mortalités estivales." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S079.
Full textGlycogen, the main form of glucose reserve in bivalves, is know to play a key energetic role in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) annual reproduction cycle. The aim of this work was to study the pathways of glycogen synthesis and utilization in order to explain the relationships between energy, reproduction and oyster summer mortality events. We first characterized full length mRNA sequences of glycogen synthase (Cg-GYS) and glycogen phosphorylase (Cg-GPH). Biochemical determination of enzymatic activities and adjustment of a RNA absolute quantification method allowed us to study several regulation levels for both markers. Quantities of Cg-GYS and Cg-GPH mRNAs showed seasonal variations, with opposite maximum periods, corresponding to glycogen accumulation or utilization. However, no difference was detected in the enzymatic activities of glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP), thus suggesting that several levels of regulation may exist in the control of C. Gigas glycogen metabolism. Moreover, glycogen synthesis was up regulated in vivo by increasing algal diet but neither glucose nor porcine insulin had any effect in vitro on GS and GP activities. Finally, in contribution to the French project MOREST (C. Gigas summer mortality), we extended this work by analyzing mRNAs quantities and enzymatic activities of several elements insolved in the glucose metabolism. Oysters genetically selected for Resistance (R) or Susceptibility (S) to summer mortality may have different strategies of glucose utilization. The potential energetic advantage of R oyster compared to S oyster is discussed
El, Rammouz Rabih. "Etude des changements biochimiques post Mortem dans le muscle des volailles : Contribution au déterminisme de l'amplitude de la diminution du pH." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000157/.
Full textGoyard, David. "Synthèse par cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire d’hétérocycles et spiro-hétérocycles glycosylés comme inhibiteurs de la glycogène phosphorylase et agents anti-hyperglycémiants : évaluation et tests biologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10351/document.
Full textFollowing many studies lead on the inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in our laboratory an trough several collaborations, this thesis describes in five chapters and a detailed experimental section, the most recent advances in the areas of synthesis and biological evaluation of GP’s catalytic site inhibitors. Chapter I is dedicated to the description of diabetes and especially type 2 diabetes of which treatment, the main goal of this project, requires knowledge of the complex mechanisms that regulates glycemia. Synthesized inhibitors are broken down into families according to their structure which associates an heterocyclic aglycon, prone to binding in the β pocket lining the active site, with a glycopyranoside or glycopyranosylidene moiety in the case of spiro compounds. Chapter II focuses on spiro-bicyclic inhibitors such as glucopyranosilidene-spiro-1,4,2-oxathiazoles and glucopranosylidene-spiro-isoxazolines. Chapter III describes the synthesis of C- and N-glycosyl-heterocycles, mainly glycopyranosyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Finally, chapter IV studies the palladium-mediated cross coupling fonctionalization of 4-substituted-5-halogenated-1,2,3-triazoles that represents an unexpected but interesting development of the project. To conclude, chapter V gathers the evaluation of synthesized molecules as GP inhibitors. Enzymology and crystallography as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments are presented
Mouterde, Olivier. "Glutamine en nutrition : étude de la synthèse de glycogène par l'hépatocyte isolé de rat : pistes thérapeutiques dans la diarrhée de l'enfant." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUE04NR.
Full textGlutamine is a non-essential amino acid, but is lacking in stress or denutrition situations. An experimental study was conducted on hepatocytes isolated from 72 hour fasting rats, to confirm its anabolizing effect, by showing paradoxical glycogen synthesis derived from glutamine, via glycogen synthase activation, a probable inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase. Acute diarrhoea is a major public health problem in the world, and the number of deaths due to dehydration or denutrition is extremely high. Medication used to shorten the diarrhoea episode is limited. A double blind study with placebo versus reference product was undertaken, which showed the efficacy of a drug containing heat killed Lactobacillus acidophilus and its culture supernatant, on the duration (reduced 27 hours) of acute diarrhoea in infants. Glutamine is a potentially interesting agent in the composition of oral rehydration solutions. Three effects were studied in a multi-center double blind controlled study in acute infant diarrhoeas. Our results suggest 1)Glutamine is well tolerated and metabolised by the enterocytes. 2) Rehydration is as effective as that of the reference product. 3) also a positive effect over the duration of the diarrhoea and the IgF1 synthesis was demonstrated. Glutamine is not only an anabolizing agent, but also a "fuel" required by enterocytes. Its absorption is coupled with sodium. Therefore, glutamine could play a role in the management of the diarrhoea by treating dehydration and denutrition and by facilitating the repair of the intestinal mucosal membrane
Xu, Elaine Meng. "Role of ceacam1 and shp1 in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23713.
Full textL’obésité et le diabète de type 2 (T2D) sont étroitement associés à la résistance à l’insuline, une maladie métabolique qui se développe suite à un défaut causé par une réduction de la signalisation de l’insuline et de sa clairance. Afin de comprendre la pathogenèse de la résistance à l’insuline plusieurs molécules qui régulent les voies de signalisation ainsi que la clairance sous contrôle du récepteur à l’insuline ont été étudiées, incluant la protéine tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP1 et la molécule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1 or CC1) qui est régulée en aval sous le contrôle de SHP1. Les nombreuses isoformes de CC1 contribuent à différentes fonctions cellulaires. Dans le foie, l’isoforme CC1-L, qui est phosphorylée sur tyrosine (Tyr), joue un rôle métabolique essentiel dans la régulation de la clairance de l’insuline et dans la suppression de l’activité de la synthase des acides gras (FAS). Nous avons démontré que des souris invalidées pour CC1 (Cc1-/-) sous un régime standard faible en gras (SD) développent néanmoins une importante stéatose hépatique qui est démontré par une augmentation de triglycérides, de cholestérol total ainsi que de cholestérol estérifié dans le foie. Sous un régime contenant 55% de gras (HFD) ces mêmes souris démontrent une prédisposition au développement de la stéatose et dysfonction hépatique induite par le régime, indiqués par une accumulation de lipides hépatiques et une augmentation d’enzymes marqueurs de dommage hépatique dans la circulation. La stéatose hépatique dans la souris Cc1-/- est liée à une augmentation significative d’importantes enzymes lipogéniques et de la synthèse du cholestérol qui sont régulés suite à une augmentation de l’activité nucléaire des facteurs de transcription Srebp1c et Srebp2. Comparées aux souris contrôle sauvages (WT) les souris CC1-/- ont démontré une réduction de la clairance de l’insuline, une intolérance au glucose, une résistance à l’insuline hépatique et une augmentation d’expression des activateurs transcriptionels hépatiques PGC-1 et FoxO1. L’absence de CC1 a aussi exacerbé l’intolérance au glucose et la résistance à l’insuline hépatique induite par le régime à haute teneur de gras mais la clairance de l’insuline n’était pas diminuée dans les souris Cc1 -/-. Nos donnés indiquent que CC1 est un important régulateur de la lipogénèse hépatique et que les souris CC1-/- sont prédisposées à développer une stéatose hépatique qui mène à une résistance à l’insuline hépatique et des dommages dans le foie qui sont surtout évidentes sous un régime riche en lipides. Une importante Tyr phosphatase de CC1 est SHP1. Précédemment nous avons démontré que SHP1 est un important régulateur de l’homéostasie du glucose et de la clairance de l’insuline par le foie, cependant son rôle dans l’obésité liée au diabète reste méconnu. Nous rapportons ici que l’expression de SHP1 est significativement augmentée dans les tissus métaboliques de souris obèses sous régime HFD. Nous avons généré des souris invalidées pour SHP1 spécifiquement dans les hépatocytes (Ptpn6H-KO) pour investiguer le rôle de SHP1 dans le développement de la résistance à l’insuline et de la stéatose hépatique. Sous régime HFD les souris Ptpn6H-KO deviennent aussi obèses que les souris non invalidées pour SHP1 (Ptpn6f/f). Malgré ceci les souris Ptpn6H-KO démontrent une amélioration de la glycémie à jeun et une protection contre la résistance à l’insuline induite par l’obésité qui est confirmée par la suppression de la synthèse de glucose hépatique ainsi qu’une amélioration de l’activation du récepteur pour l’insuline avec une augmentation concomitante des voies de signalisation Akt. Il est aussi possible que la clairance de l’insuline accrue qu’on observe dans les souris Ptpn6H-KO soit due à une augmentation de la phosphorylation sur tyrosine de CC1. Les souris obèses Ptpn6H-KO montrent une augmentation de stéatose hépatique qui est le résultat de 1) une augmentation de lipogénèse hépatique associée à une augmentation importante de l’activité et de l’expression de SREBP-1 et des enzymes lipogéniques en aval FAS et ACC, 2) une augmentation de la captation postprandiale des acides gras qui est possiblement liée à une augmentation de l’expression du gène et de l’activité nucléaire de PPARγ, 3) une diminution de la sécrétion des triglycérides et de l’apolipoprotéine B sous le forme de lipoprotéines de très basse densité (VLDL). Étonnamment, malgré le niveau élevé de stéatose hépatique, le profil inflammatoire dans le foie des souris Ptpn6H-KO était similaire ou même amélioré comparé aux souris contrôles Ptpn6f/f et ceci était accompagné d’une diminution de dommage hépatocellulaire. Ces résultats démontrent que SHP1 est un nouveau médiateur de la résistance à l’insuline dans les hépatocytes et contribue à la détérioration du métabolisme du glucose induite par l’obésité. Chez la souris Ptpn6H-KO la stéatose hépatique induite par le régime suggère par ailleurs un autre rôle de SHP1 dans la régulation du métabolisme hépatique des lipides. Malgré le fait que CC1 et SHP1 se retrouvent dans le même complexe que Cdk2 et le récepteur de l’insuline, ils jouent des rôles opposés, CC1 étant un régulateur positif et SHP1 un régulateur négatif de la clairance de l’insuline. Ceci est en accord avec la régulation hépatique par le glucose des voies de signalisation de l’insuline pour ces deux molécules car les souris Cc1-/- démontrent une détérioration du métabolisme du glucose et de la signalisation de l’insuline alors que les souris Ptpn6H-KO démontrent une amélioration. Notre observation de stéatose hépatique chez ces deux modèles animaux suggère que CC1 et SHP1 limitent la synthèse et l’entreposage des lipides hépatiques de façon dépendante ou indépendante de la signalisation de l’insuline. Les résultats de ces études utilisant des modèles invalidés pour CC1 ou SHP1 révèlent des mécanismes du contrôle de la synthèse de glucose hépatique et du métabolisme des lipides qui sont très complexes et distincts. En plus ces résultats nous apportent une compréhension importante de la régulation hépatique de l’action et de la clairance de l’insuline.
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are tightly associated with a common link, insulin resistance, a metabolic disorder developed from defective insulin action involving impaired insulin signaling and clearance. To investigate the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, many molecules modulating its signaling pathways as well as insulin receptor-mediated insulin clearance have been studied, including the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP1 and its regulated downstream molecule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1 or CC1). CC1 in multiple isoforms contributes differentially to various cellular functions, the tyrosine (Tyr)-phosphorylated isoform of CC1 (CC1-L) is known to play an essential metabolic role in the hepatic regulation of insulin clearance and insulin-mediated acute inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity. We have found that CC1-deficient (Cc1-/-) mice on standard diet (SD) already develop spontaneous hepatic steatosis with significantly elevated accretion of triglyceride (TG), total and esterified cholesterol. When challenged with a 55% kcal high-fat diet (HFD), these mice show greater susceptibility to the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and dysfunction, indicated by higher hepatic lipid content and serum levels of hepatic enzymes as markers of liver damage. Hepatic steatosis in the Cc1-/- mice is linked to a significant increase of key lipogenic (FAS, ACC) and cholesterol synthetic (HMGCR) enzymes, which is a result of increased nuclear activity of their positive gene transcription factors Srebp1c and Srebp2. Compared to their wild-type (WT) littermate controls, Cc1-/- mice exhibited impaired insulin clearance, glucose intolerance, liver insulin resistance, and elevated hepatic key gluconeogenic transcriptional activators Pgc1 and FoxO1. Lack of CC1 also exacerbated the HFD-induced glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance, while insulin clearance was not further deteriorated. These data demonstrate that CC1 is a key regulator of hepatic lipogenesis and that Cc1-/- mice are predisposed to liver steatosis, leading to hepatic insulin resistance and liver damage, particularly when chronically exposed to dietary fat. An important Tyr phosphatase of CC1, SHP1, has been found previously by our lab to regulate glucose homeostasis and liver insulin clearance, but its potential implication in obesity-linked insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis has not yet been examined. We hereby report that SHP1 expression is significantly upregulated in metabolic tissues of HFD-fed obese mice. We have also further investigated the role of hepatocyte SHP1 in promoting insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by generating hepatocyte-specific SHP1 knockout mice (Ptpn6H-KO). Upon HFD feeding, Ptpn6H-KO mice develop obesity as their Ptpn6f/f littermates. With consistently improved fasting glycemia, these mice are protected from obesity-induced liver insulin resistance as revealed by normalized insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production and hepatic insulin signaling with improved activation of insulin receptor and downstream signaling through Akt. More rapid insulin clearance in Ptpn6H-KO mice due to heightened CC1 tyrosine phosphorylation is also a possible contribution to the improved insulin action. Unexpectedly, obese Ptpn6H-KO mice exhibit enhanced hepatic steatosis. In detailed mechanisms, this is a result of 1) augmented hepatic lipogenesis, marked by upregulated activity and expression of SREBP-1 as well as the downstream regulated lipogenic enzymes such as FAS and ACC, 2) increased postprandial fatty acid uptake, possibly linked to the upregulation of PPAR gene expression and nuclear activity, and 3) decreased postprandial TG output in apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-associated lipoprotein particles, i.e. very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). More interestingly, the steatotic livers of these Ptpn6H-KO mice display comparable or even reduced level of inflammation accompanied by significantly less hepatocellular damage than that in their Ptpn6f/f counterparts. These results present hepatocyte SHP1 as a novel mediator of insulin resistance compromising hepatic glucose metabolism in diet-induced obesity. The enhanced diet-induced hepatic steatosis in Ptpn6H-KO mice provides a new role for SHP1 in liver lipid metabolism and further supports the bifurcation of insulin signaling in the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis or also confirms a possible disconnection between hepatic regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Although both CC1 and SHP1 are found in the same complex with Cdk2 and insulin receptor to regulate insulin clearance, they play opposing roles as CC1 is the positive regulator and SHP1 being the negative one. This is in accordance with the hepatic glucoregulation of insulin signaling for both molecules, since Cc1-/- mice show impaired glucose metabolism and insulin signaling whereas Ptpn6H-KO mice exhibit improvement. Interestingly, our observation of hepatic steatosis in both animal models, though with different characteristics, suggests that both CC1 and SHP1 limit hepatic lipid synthesis and storage, dependent or independent of insulin signaling. Findings from these studies using animal models lacking CC1 and SHP1 reveal complex and differential regulatory mechanisms of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and they also provide important understanding of the hepatic regulation of insulin action and clearance.
Girard, Jean-Marie. "Caractérisation moléculaire de la laforine impliquée dans la maladie de Lafora : une protéine phosphatase humaine à double spécificité associée à un domaine de fixation à l'amidon." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112334.
Full textMutations in the EPM2A gene cause Lafora disease, a fatal progressive myoclonus epilepsy characterized by the presence of polyglucosan inclusion bodies in nervous tissues. Sequence analysis of the gene product (laforin), suggested two domains: an N-terminal starch-binding domain (CBM20), found for the first time in a human protein, and a C-terminal dual specificity phosphatase catalytic domain (DSPc). The gene was cloned from human muscle cDNA. Different constructs were assayed to express and purify the laforin which aggregated easily. Adsorption experiments demonstrate that laforin binds granular starch as predicted, and ultracentrifugation studies showed the protein also binds to glycogen. Competition experiments between granular starch with either glycogen or beta-cyclodextrin indicated the binding to be specific. To demonstrate the second predicted function, the catalytic activity was tested with p-nitrophenyl phosphate and O-methylfluorescein phosphate (OMFP), two non physiological substrates. Laforin exhibited a better efficiency toward OMFP, indicating that laforin bears a DSP function. Further experiments showed that neither glycogen nor smaller sugars affected the laforin catalytic activity. This is in contrast with MAP kinases phosphatases (MKP). Indeed, the laforin catalytic domain is homologous to that of MKPs but CBM20 is different from their regulatory domain. For MKPs, the catalytic activity is increased when the regulatory domain binds to their substrates. Thus it appears that the role of the laforin CBM20 domain is to target the protein to glycogen in the cells. In conclusion laforin may play a role in glycogen metabolism which has to be elucidated
Paquet-Durand, François. "Role of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 for the Retinal Development and Homeostasis." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS060/document.
Full textPost-translational modifications (PTMs) allow a higher degree of regulation for the control of gene expression by generating functional diversity at the proteome level. In the central nervous system, PTMs regulate stability or activity of transcription factors allowing a rapid response to external signals and a quick adaptation to a dynamic cellular microenvironment. In this context, I focused on the ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved Glycogen Synthase Kinases 3 (GSK3s). They are at the crossroad of multifunctional signalling pathways. During mammalian brain development, GSK3 kinases control the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Deregulation of GSK3 kinases activity has also a key role in neurodegenerative diseases by causing the accumulation/aggregations of proteins causing neuronal cell death. Drugs targeting GSK3s hold a lot of promises to treat such diseases. Whether these kinases are also important during retinal development and involved in retinal diseases remains an open question. Several studies suggest the importance of regulating GSK3 function in photoreceptor under pathological conditions. Therefore, the main objective of my PhD was to investigate the role of these kinases during photoreceptor development and homeostasis. To better understand the role of these two kinases during retinal development and to highlight potential differences with the developing brain, we also investigated their function in the control of the balance between proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitors. To achieve my work, I used conditional knockout mice for Gsk3α and Gsk3β specifically deleted either in photoreceptor precursors or in retinal progenitors during early development. The lack of GSK3 kinases in photoreceptor precursors led to impaired photoreceptor maturation and function followed by their degeneration. Transcriptomic analysis (RNAseq) 6, 10 and 14 days postnatally prior degeneration revealed several genes downregulated belonging to biological processes involved in eye development and visual functions. Among them, the expression of the transcription factor Nrl that is required for rod photoreceptor development was decreased. Astonishingly, NRL expression was highly increased at protein level. By in vitro approaches, I demonstrated that GSK3-dependent phosphorylation regulates NRL protein stability. Despite such increase, a large number of NRL target genes were downregulated leading to impaired photoreceptor maturation and function. Surprisingly, a vast majority of these downregulated genes were also target genes for CRX, another transcription factor working in synergy with NRL. This work demonstrates that PTMs of NRL play a critical role in fine tuning the expression of a subset of genes involved photoreceptor development and homeostasis. Such findings could allow the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for retinal dystrophies. The functional characterisation of GSK3 in the course of retinal development by invalidating both Gsk3α and Gsk3β in retinal progenitors early during development revealed their requirement for controlling cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation. Indeed, the complete lack of Gsk3α and Gsk3β led to microphtalmia in adults. Interestingly, the expression of only one Gsk3 allele was enough to rescue the phenotype. However, further analysis revealed a large number of displaced ganglion cells in the inner nuclear layer. The function of these cells remains to be determined, but their timing of production corresponds to other ganglion cells. Strikingly, these displaced ganglion cells project in distinct brain regions than normal ganglion cells. Therefore, our work could provide the first step toward determining the function of the displaced ganglion cells, which appear at low number in wildtype but whose function remains to be clarified
Pelletier, Joffrey. "AMPK, signalisation hypoxique et métabolisme tumoral." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067130.
Full textJlali, Maamer. "Etudes des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les variations de qualité des viandes de volailles." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4017/document.
Full textSeveral molecular mechanisms involved in the variations of poultry meat quality were recently identified in chickens. My thesis aims to further study their regulation by exploring the impact of dietary factors in interaction with the genetic origin of animals. It was structured around two themes that involve independent molecular mechanisms and meat quality criteria: the role of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) in the control of muscle glycogen turnover and related meat traits (pH, water retention, color), and the involvement of BCMO1 (β, β-carotene-15, 15'-monooxygenase) in controlling levels of carotenoid pigments and yellow color. Our results emphasize in both cases the possibility of modulating quality traits through nutrition, with effects that depend on the genetic characteristics of animals. Our work has also improved the understanding of the regulation of studied biomarkers by genetics and nutrients. This should contribute to the development of new production strategies to optimize the quality of broilers in response to expectations of poultry producers and consumers
Grassot, Vincent. "Détermination des glyco-gènes régulés au cours de la différenciation des cellules satellites murines et étude de leur implication dans le processus de fusion." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f092965f-6274-43a2-8bc1-f19305e4cdbd/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4034.pdf.
Full textSatellite cells are undifferentiated cells present in skeletal muscle and they are responsible for post-natal growth and regeneration of this organ. Activation and differentiation of satellite cells require many changes in their surrounding environment. These modifications are tightly regulated over time and can be related to gene expression variations that occur during these processes. A study on the initial myogenesis steps, using the myoblastic murine cell line C2C12 as a model showed significant variations in glycogenome expression (Janot et al. , 2009). In this study, we use murine satellite cells (MSC) and their ability to differentiate into myotubes or early fat storage cells to proceed to a transcriptomic screening of 383 genes to select glycosylation related genes whose expression variations are specific to myogenic or ealry adipogenic differentiations of MSC. The transcriptomic studies and the comparison of the expression patterns of the 383 genes in both MSC differentiation pathways allows us to identified 31 genes particularly involved in myogenesis and 72 genes mainly associated to early adipogenesis. Classification according to the function of their products showed that a large remodelling of the extracellular matrix and the presence of adhesion proteins such as integrins are required in both pathways. Functional studies on Itga11 and Chst5 demonstrated their great involvement in fusion step during myogenic differentiation, and enhance the robustness of our selection. Finally, two models of regulatory network were purposed to explain the links between gene regulations and the different steps of myogenic and early adipogenic differentiation
Ducatez, Mathieu. "Nouvel aperçu dans l'évolution du métabolisme des polysaccharides de réserve chez les Archaeplastides." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10149/document.
Full textThe Archaeplastida appear approximately 1.6 billion years ago when a heterotrophic eukaryote cell established a symbiotic relationship with two partners: a cyanobacterium and a chlamydiales. During the endosymbiosis process, the cyanobacterium has evolved to plastid, while chlamydiales have left in Archaeplastida a fingerprint of 50 genes. In parallel Archaeplastida have substituted the glycogen biosynthesis by starch. If the role of ancestral cyanobacteria is pretty obvious in the emergence of Archaeplastida, what about those parasitic bacteria? One effectors secreted by the chlamydiales corresponds to glycogen synthase activity (GlgA). Phylogenetic analyses point out that starch synthase III/IV isoforms have probably evolved from GlgA of chlamydiales. We hypothesize that GlgA activity of chlamydiales displays unique biochemical properties that could explain why this activity has been selected in the Archaeplastida. In this manuscript, we, first, report the characterization of mutant strain of cyanobacterium strain, which produce only glycogen. This phenotype is correlated with a defect in the GlgA2 isoform, which belongs to the same family of SSIII/IV of plants. Altogether, results suggest that GlgA2 is indispensable to starch in the Cyanobacterium sp. CLg1. We also carry out the biochemical characterization of synthase activities of the chlamydiales. We show that GlgA activities of some chlamydiales are able to use both nucleotide-sugars: ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose. These results stress out that GlgA activities of some chlamydial species have evolved to be more efficient to hijack the carbohydrate storage of infected cell
Douillard-Guilloux, Gaëlle. "Nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans la glycogénose de type 2." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077119.
Full textGlycogen storage disease type II is caused by defects in the lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) gene. This pathology is characterized by glycogen accumulation, especially in muscles. Enzyme Replacement Therapy efficiency is restricted. Therefore, our aim is to develop a novel therapeutical approach for this pathology. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted to the two major genes for glycogen synthesis (glycogenin and glycogen synthase) were designed to explore the possibility of silencing these two genes. A viral vector AAV with the shARN-GYS2 was injected in the muscle of GAA-/- mice and reduced the glycogen accumulation. In the same time, an approach by knock-out was developped. Mice GAA-/- were crossed with mice KO for the muscular form of GYS. These double KO mice do not present accumulation of glycogen and their muscular activity is clearly improved compared to GAA-/- mice. We also tested the possibility to induce a immunotolerance against the recombinante enzyme by using bone marrow transplantation. The development of tolerance to the recombinante enzyme induce no more production of anti-GAA antibody in the mice having received the CSH-GAA. In parallel, to decrease the massive destruction of the recombinante enzyme by the anti-GAA antibody, An over-expression of the GAA was obtained on the muscular cells of patients transduites by a vector lentiviral containing gene of the GAA under the control of a strong muscle-specific promotor