Academic literature on the topic 'Glyfosat'

Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq, is one of the crops with the greater development and expansion at the commercial level, thanks to its high productivity of oilseed and low maintenance costs. The expansion of oil palm is of utmost importance for the agricultural sector and many small and medium producers generate resources that sustain poor rural areas. I evaluated the effect of senescence on palm used for renovation, with various herbicides and mixtures, in Río Claro, Costa Rica. The palms were injected mixtures of Glyphosate (30-40 mL), methyl metsulfuron (10-15 mL), Glyphosate (30 mL) with Plicoran (20 mL), Glyfosate 45 mL, methyl metsulfuron (30 mL), plicloran (40 ml) and MSMA (75 ml). All were mixed with water to a volume of 200 mL and compared with 150 mL of MSMA. The percentage of dry leaves was evaluated using scales of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% at 8, 22, 55 and 105 days after application. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight treatments and four replications. It was found that the herbicide MSMA had a greater affect at 8 and 22 days compared to all other treatments. However, it had similar effect as mixtures and glyphosate at 55 and 105 daa. On the other hand, the palms had tolerance to Metsulfuron methyl that inhibits the acetolactase synthase enzyme and to Plicoram that affects cell growth at the doses tested. Mixtures with water can reduce up to 50% the MSMA dose in plant death.

An operational field trial was established to compare the efficacy and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) tolerance of three alternative glyphosate formulations to Vision®, Canada's originally registered forestry formulation. The trial was done at operational scale (minimum treatment unit 7 ha) using helicopter application of all products. The tested alternatives included two new generic formulations, recently registered for forestry in Canada (Glyfos-Forza® and Vantage®), and one widely used formulation in the United States (Accord®). All four formulations provided greater than 90% control of bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.) through 23 months post-treatment (p > 0.27). Assessed over the same period, the three Canadian formulations provided equivalent white spruce tolerance (p > 0.10), with seedlings exhibiting only minor, non-lethal herbicide injury. Accord®, not registered for use in Canada, consistently provided the best crop tolerance, but differences were only statistically significant 11 months post-treatment (p = 0.10). The results suggest that foresters may choose among the glyphosate formulations available in Canada without concern for product-related differences in efficacy and white spruce tolerance. Key words: glyphosate, white spruce, conifer tolerance, Calamagrostis canadensis, efficacy

Though glyphosate is considered to be a nonselective herbicide, conifer growers have long known that under certain conditions, they could contact the lower branches of their trees with the herbicide Roundup without injuring them. Species, time of application, rate of application, surfactant, method of application, and pruning wounds are all factors affecting conifer tolerance to glyphosate. Because Roundup was widely used by conifer growers, they were very concerned when the formulation of Roundup was changed to contain a more active surfactant. The new product was marketed under the name Roundup Pro. This change increased its herbicidal activity and raised the possibility that it could damage trees if applied in the same way as Roundup. To determine the tolerance of conifers grown in the northeast to a variety of glyphosate formulations, and sulfosate, a set of studies was established. Roundup, Roundup Pro, Glyfos, Accord, and Sulfosate were all applied to field grown hemlock, white fir, Canaan fir, fraser fir, douglas fir, Colorado spruce, and eastern white pine. Rates of 1 to 3 lb active ingredient/A were applied in the fall after new growth was hardened off. In general, it was found that the risk of injuring trees with Roundup Pro is greater than with the old formulation of Roundup. However, in all cases in which Roundup Pro caused more injury than Roundup, the Roundup Pro was applied at 3 lb active ingredient/A. This rate is double the rate recommended for this use. In calibrated, directed spray applications at 1.5 lb active ingredient/A or less, Roundup Pro should be safe for use around the species tested after their growth has fully hardened in the fall.

In 1995, Monsanto Chemical Co. announced that they would replace Roundup herbicide with Roundup Pro for use in the ornamentals and turf markets. Both products contain 4 lb a.i./gal glyphosate, but Roundup Pro contains a more-active surfactant. Though Roundup was labeled as a nonselective herbicide, dormant conifers were found to have varying degrees of resistance to it. Directed sprays that hit the lower two-thirds of many dormant conifers became common practice in the industry. Because the surfactant in Roundup Pro increases the activity of the glyphosate, a series of trials were initiated in 1996 in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Vermont in which four glyphosate formulations were applied to a variety of dormant conifers. Roundup, Roundup Pro, Glyfos, and Accord (with and without surfactant) were applied either over-the-top or as directed sprays to the lower 18 inches of the plants at rates between 0.5 and 3 lb a.i./acre. Plants treated included globe arborvitae; upright yew; Canadian hemlock; Colorado, Norway and white spruce; Douglas fir; eastern white pine; and balsam, Canaan, and Fraser fir. In a preliminary study, injury to the spruces in the form of dwarfed and chlorotic new growth was primarily associated with fresh pruning wounds. Accord plus surfactant and Roundup Pro injured more spruces than Roundup, but injury was slight. No injury was observed in upright yew with any formulation at rates up to 0.75 lb a.i./acre. Injury to arborvitae was greatest with Accord plus surfactant, intermediate with Roundup Pro, and least with Roundup. Results are inconclusive at this time, but the results of additional studies available early in the next growing season.will be presented.

Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide around the world, which led to its accumulation in the environment and consequent ubiquitous human exposure. Glyphosate is marketed in numerous glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (GBHs) that include co-formulants to enhance herbicidal effect of the active ingredient, but are declared as inert substances. However, these other ingredients can have biologic activity on their own and may interact with the glyphosate in synergistic toxicity. In this study, we focused to compare the cytogenetic effect of the active ingredient glyphosate and three marketed GBHs (Roundup Mega, Fozat 480, and Glyfos) by investigating cytotoxicity with fluorescent co-labeling and WST-1 cell viability assay as well as genotoxicity with cytokinesis block micronucleus assay in isolated human mononuclear white blood cells. Glyphosate had no notable cytotoxic activity over the tested concentration range (0–10,000 μM), whereas all the selected GBHs induced significant cell death from 1,000 μM regardless of metabolic activation (S9). Micronucleus (MN) formation induced by glyphosate and its formulations at sub-cytotoxic concentrations (0–100 μM) exhibited a diverse pattern. Glyphosate caused statistically significant increase of MN frequency at the highest concentration (100 μM) after 20-h exposure. Contrarily, Roundup Mega exerted a significant genotoxic effect at 100 μM both after 4- and 20-h exposures; moreover, Glyfos and Fozat 480 also resulted in a statistically significant increase of MN frequency from the concentration of 10 μM after 4-h and 20-h treatment, respectively. The presence of S9 had no effect on MN formation induced by either glyphosate or GBHs. The differences observed in the cytotoxic and genotoxic pattern between the active principle and formulations confirm the previous concept that the presence of co-formulants in the formulations or the interaction of them with the active ingredient is responsible for the increased toxicity of herbicide products, and draw attention to the fact that GBHs are still currently in use, the toxicity of which rivals that of POEA-containing formulations (e.g., Glyfos) already banned in Europe. Hence, it is advisable to subject them to further comprehensive toxicological screening to assess the true health risks of exposed individuals, and to reconsider their free availability to any users.

På Sveriges järnvägsnät bekämpas ogräs med det kemiska bekämpningsmedlet glyfosat. En omställning är nu på gång och fler bekämpningsmetoder behöver introduceras, bland annat för att motverka resistensutveckling hos ogräsen. I detta arbete jämfördes bekämpning med pelargonsyra, hetvatten, vattenånga och elektricitet med avseende på effektivitet, kostnad, energi- och vattenåtgång. Glyfosat användes som referens. Jämförelsen gjordes genom att sammanställa tillgängliga forskningsrapporter. Bekämpningsmetodernas användbarhet analyserades genom att uppskatta resursåtgången för att ersätta den kemiska bekämpningen på linjen eller driftplatser, eller för att bekämpa restriktionsytor. Det undersöktes också huruvida kostnaden för ogräsbekämpning över tid har betydelse för val av ballastfri järnväg. Resultatet visade att de alternativa metoderna är både dyrare och kräver en högre energi- och vattenåtgång än glyfosat. De ger också en mindre effektiv ogräsbekämpning och upprepade behandlingar behöver därför göras under växtsäsongen. Detta i kombination med att de med dagens teknik appliceras i låg hastighet gör bekämpningen dyr och tidskrävande. För att kunna säga i vilken omfattning de alternativa bekämpningsmetoderna är möjliga att implementera behövs riktlinjer för vilken kostnad, effektivitet samt vatten- och energiåtgång som kan tolereras. Resultatet tyder på att det kan vara möjligt att införa alternativa bekämpningsmetoder på driftplatser och restriktionsytor. För att ersätta glyfosat längs hela järnvägslinjen behöver de utvecklas, speciellt med avseende på effektivitet. För bekämpning med hetvatten och vattenånga var den stora vattenåtgången en stor nackdel. Bekämpningsmetodernas kostnad utgjorde under 5 % av det totala underhållsbehovet på en ny järnväg av ballast. Den ökade kostnaden för ogräsbekämpning ledde som mest till att en ballastfri järnväg blev lönsam två år tidigare för de alternativa metoderna än för glyfosat. Valet mellan en ballasterad och ballastfri järnväg bedömdes inte påverkas nämnvärt av detta. Dock identifierades faktorer som kan göra bekämpningskostnaden högre än vad den här rapporten har kunnat påvisa. Vid en omställning från glyfosat till alternativa metoder bör man därför vid lönsamhetsberäkningar för ny järnväg vara vaksam på vad bekämpningen på det ballasterade alternativet skulle kosta.
Weeds are growing along the Swedish railway network. In order for them to not cause problems they are being removed chemically with the herbicide glyphosate. Due to problems such as a risk for an increase in weeds that are tolerant to glyphosate alternative methods for weed control are now being considered.  This report compared pelargonic acid, hot water, hot water steam and electricity as control methods in terms of efficacy, cost, energy and water consumption. Glyphosate was used as a reference. The comparison was made by reviewing available research articles. The usability of the control methods was then analysed by estimating the use of resources necessary to implement each method for three different scenarios. Whether the choice between a ballasted or fixed rail was affected or not by the cost for weed control was also investigated. The results showed that the alternative weed control methods required more energy and water than glyphosate. They also provide less effective weed control which means repeated treatments are necessary during the growing season. This, combined with a low application speed, makes the weed control expensive and time consuming. To be able to say to what extent each control method is possible to implement guidelines are needed for tolerated cost, effectiveness, energy- and water consumption. The result suggests that it is possible to introduce alternative control methods to a certain extent. However, in order to replace glyphosate along the entire main line, the methods all need to be developed, especially in terms of effectiveness. For hot water and steam treatment there is also a need for a decrease in water consumption.  The cost for weed control accounted for less than 5 % of the total cost for maintenance on a new ballasted railway. The rise in cost due to alternative weed management resulted in the fixed track becoming profitable up to two years earlier with the alternative management compared to glyphosate. The choice between a ballasted and fixed track was not considered to be significantly affected by this. However, factors were identified that could make the cost of weed control higher than this report showed. Therefore, when alternative methods are introduced, one should consider the cost for weed control on the ballasted track when making the choice between the two types of tracks.

The stability of railway embankment is essential for safe transport. In order to ensure safe transport, water should be allowed to freely drain. Furthermore, as the engine driver has to be able to see signs, and people working on the embankment are supposed to easily see flaws on the rails to ensure safety for the passing trains, plants should not be allowed to grow on the embankment. In Sweden there are 12 000 kilometers of railway tracks and 25–30 % of them are treated for weed control every year. The Swedish Transport Administration is currently using the pesticide “Roundup Bio” to remove weeds on the embankment. To prevent the dispersal of chemicals to sensitive ecosystems, chemical transport has to be investigated carefully. In this master thesis a transport model for the transport of pesticides has been simulated using the software “GoldSim”. The model have been developed, optimized and controlled by a sensitivity analysis. In addition to this an analysis of worst case scenarios has been tested. The pesticides “Arsenal 250” with the active substance imazapyr and “Roundup Bio” with the active substance glyphosate have been used in the calibrating of the model. The transport model for imazapyr shows a good estimation of the mass of herbicides in the embankment compared to measurements. There is also a good estimation in the groundwater even if the concentration at the beginning of the simulation period is underestimated. The simulation with glyphosate, on the on the other hand, showed very small quantities of both glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA (aminometylphosphateacid) in both the embankment and in the groundwater. The sensitivity test showed that the parameter half-life and Kd-value (adsorption capacity) were the most sensitive parameters in the model. When it comes to the concentration in the groundwater the distance to the groundwater level was the most sensitive parameter, as well as the Kd-value in the embankment, the half-life and the precipitation. As expected, the worst-case analysis showed that a small distance to the groundwater level, a low Kd-value and a short half-life produced even larger concentrations of herbicides in the groundwater. In conclusion it should be mentioned that the stimulation model generally works well in regards to with imazapyr. For stimulation of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA more work with the model is required for the Swedish Transport Administration to apply it in the future.

Glyfosat har under de senaste åren varit föremål för debatt inom EU i och med IARC och EFSA:s skilda åsikter huruvida ämnet är cancerogent eller inte. Trots denna debatt beslutade EU-kommissionen år 2017 att förlänga tillståndet för användning av glyfosat fram till 2022. Det finns en ambition från EU och därmed också från Sverige att bekämpningsmedel ska fasas ut ur samhället, vilket innebär en omställning från ett kemikalieintensivt samhälle, till ett samhälle där användningen av bekämpningsmedel är begränsad eller icke-existerande. Vi har intervjuat fyra aktörer från olika samhälleliga nivåer gällande deras åsikter och erfarenheter för att svara på följande frågeställningar: vilken uppfattning har svenska aktörer av omställningsarbetet, vilka för och hinder som finns samt vilka de drivande faktorer är i en omställning. Vårt material analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt det teoretiska ramverket för omställningar, “Multi-level-perspective”. Resultatet visar att samtliga aktörer är överens om att en utfasning bör ske då användningen av bekämpningsmedel skapar problem för både människa och natur. Förutsättningar för detta är bland annat att det finns en tydlig politisk vilja och signal, liksom en aktiv samhällsdebatt. Hinder finns bland annat i form av komplex lagstiftningen och avsaknaden av en aktiv samhällsdebatt. Mobiliserande och engagerande initiativ, en framtida resistensutveckling samt ett välfungerande samarbete mellan aktörer identifieras som potentiella drivkrafter som på sikt leder till en omställning. Aktörerna är eniga om att lantbrukare utsätts för en dubbelsidig sårbarhet, något som bör tas hänsyn till vid implementering av styrmedel eller andra åtgärder som ämnar att fasa ut bekämpningsmedel.
Glyphosate has been the subject of debate in the EU in recent years because of IARC’s and EFSA's differing views on whether the substance is carcinogenic or not. Despite this debate, the European Commission decided in 2017 to extend the use of glyphosate until 2022. There is an ambition from the EU, and thus also from Sweden, that pesticides should be phased out of society. In other words, a transition from a chemical- intensive society, to a society where the use of pesticides is limited or non-existent. We have interviewed four actors from different societal levels regarding their opinions and experiences in order to answer the following questions: What are the swedish actors’ view on the phase out? What are the conditions and contradictions for it to succeed? What are the driving factors in this transition? Our data was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis as well as using a theoretical framework on transitions: the “Multi-level perspective”. The results of our study show that all actors agree that a phase out should be done as the use of pesticides causes problems for both human and nature. A prerequisite for this is, among other things, that there is a clear political will and signal, as well as an active debate in society. Identified contradictions are for example complex legislation and the lack of a public debate. Mobilizing and engaging initiatives, a future resistance development and a well-functioning collaboration between actors are identified as potential drivers for change and in the long term a potential transition of society. There is a consensus among the actors that farmers are exposed to two-sided vulnerability, which should be considered when implementing measures that aim to phase out pesticides.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances used in agriculture against pests (animals, plants and parasitic fungi), who damage the crops, stocks of agricultural products, food and reduce livestock utility or threaten human health. The thesis consists of two parts. The first (theoretical) part describes composition and function of gut microbiota; pesticides and their classification, environmental transport and effects of these substances on human health, and glyphosate as the active substance of herbicide Roundup, its mechanism of action, environmental fate and proven effects of glyphosate on human. The aim of second (practical) part of this thesis was to test impact of pesticide Roundup on the gut microorganisms of human. The impact of pesticide was tested in in vitro pure cultures. Roundup was added in concentrations of glyphosate 17 g/L, 1,7 g/L and 0,17 g/L to the complex media and after cultivation the growth of microorganisms was evaluated. The next samples of stool were collected from human volunteers; these were cultivated similarly in the complex media with different concentrations of glyphosate. The total numbers of microorganisms, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci and coliformn bacteria were defined after cultivation. When the pesticide was tested in pure cultures, concentration of 17 g/L glyphosate significantly inhibited total bacterial growth (P < 0.05), at lower concentrations no difference was observed. The cultivated microorganisms from samples of stool demonstrated only that bifidobacteria are sensitive to glyphosate at the highest used concentration of this pesticide compared with the control sample.

Rapeseed is the world's third most important oil plant (the second seminal). It is the most cultivation and most important oil plant in Czech Republic. Winter rapeseed reaches about 85% of the harvest area of oilseeds in the country. The desiccation of oilseed crop is sphere of agricultural engineering, which is still worth discussing. The main problems are how to use the product, what dose and which dates to choose to desiccate. The results of this thesis could help to partially clarify this complex issue. The aim of the thesis is to observe the effect of different terms oilseed rape desiccation by glyphosate on yield and seed quality. Small-plot experiments to investigate the influence of the term desiccation of winter rapeseed were established in the years 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 on the lands of the experimental station of the Czech Agricultural University, Faculty of Agronomy Food and Natural Resources at the Červený Újezd. In the first experimental year 2013/2014 was founded five variants in three replications (including undesiccated control). In the year 2014/2015 was founded seven variants in four replicates (including undesiccated controls). In the first experimental year was the first term desiccation 16. 6. 2014, the second year 8. 6. 2015. Subsequent periods of desiccation were a week apart. The variety of winter rapeseed used for the experiments was a hybrid variety Rohan. The desiccating agent was used Dominator active substance glyphosate. The dose of 4 l / ha + 200 l H2O. For all samples, both experimental, years yield was determined, the weight of a thousand seeds and oiliness. For desiccated variants were carried out pre-harvest analysis for the determination of solids in pods. Further, all harvested samples taken for laboratory germination test (Determination of germination) ISTA according to the methodology. The results of the experiment sprouting were statistically analyzed using ANOVA analysis of variance. Differences between mean values were evaluated by Tukey test, the computer program SAS at a significance level of p = 0.05. Effect of desiccation term influences of winter oilseed rape seed quality in terms of weight and thousands of seeds in terms of oil content. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) HTS reduced by 7-17% and the oil content of 2-4% of the overall average. Oiliness of the observed characters minimum interference term desiccation. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased oiliness of 1-6%. Influence term desiccation oilseed rape also greatly influences seed yield. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) reduced the yield by 11-14%. Undesiccated control in both years achieved the highest yields, increase yield by 5-12%. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased the yield of attempts by 5-6%. The term desiccation of winter rapeseed, also significantly affects the vitality of seeds, where very reduces energy germinating seedlings in the first days. The term desiccation, however, does not affect overall seed germination. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) EK2 decreased by 12-40%, EK3 decreased by 4-24%, 3-4% EK4 and extended MGT of 7-15%. In the first experimental year was the most vital option undesiccated control (EK2 = 50.4% = 91.3% EK3, EK4 = 97.9%). In the second experimental year was the most vital seeds of the optimal term desiccation, (Sixth term, 17 days before harvest) = 68.9% EK2, EK3 = 98.2%, EK4 = 100%. Seed samples of 2014/15 had a higher overall vitality of seeds, than samples from 2013/14, the overall vitality is probably worse given year old and transsilaged seed. The results of the two-year experiment that term desiccation affects the quality of seeds, the yield of seeds and vitality of seeds. Pre-analysis was determined optimum solids content in siliques desiccated samples to values of 40-50%. Like most technology seems to desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) and agro technology without desiccated vegetation. As the least appropriate technology seems very early desiccation (46 to 30 days before harvest). The first scientific hypothesis: Premature desiccation reduces seed yield, oil content and HTS. Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed. The second scientific hypothesis: Desiccation made in the correct term do not affect the quality of the seeds (oiliness and HTS). Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.

4 ABSTRACT Development and testing of novel non-toxic electrode materials, detection arrangements and analytical methods applicable in determination of selected agrochemicals is the main aim of this Ph.D. Thesis. New working electrodes based on silver solid amalgam paste (AgSA-PE) with organic pasting liquid and other based on crystallic silver amalgam (CAgAE) were developed, their electrochemical behaviour investigated and further used in voltammetric determination of widespread and toxic environmental pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). This analyte could be determined by DPV at AgSA-PE with limit of detection (LD) 1×10í6 mol lí1 and using CAgAE with LD 4×10í7 mol lí1 , both in 0.2 mol lí1 acetate buffer pH 4.8. Attempts to decrease LDs by utilization of adsorptive stripping voltammetry were not successful in either case. Crystallic silver amalgam was also successfully used for construction of microcylindric flow-through cell and tested for amperometric determination of nitrophenol mixture in HPLC-ED system. Both novel electrodes were found to be suitable alternatives to toxic mercury electrodes and the CAgAE seems to be promising working electrode for flowing systems. Method for sample preparation and voltammetric determination of broad-spectrum herbicide Glyphosate in contaminated soil samples was also...

This thesis on the determination of herbicides by capillary electromigration techniques in the first part focuses on the description of electromigration methods, herbicides and possibilities of their determination using chemical analytical methods. The next section describes the Isotachophoretic analysis and electrolyte system used for the determination of glyphosate. Further described is the determination of glyphosate in effluent using accumulation at the asymmetric neutralization boundary purposefully created in capillary. The results, obtained from the real sample, are evaluateded and discused in the final part of thesis.

The thesis deals with the determination of selected ion herbicides in surface waters and in the first part describes the herbicides. Given the broad spectrum herbicide further work deals mainly with glyphosate. The next section describes the electromigration methods and the methods by which the herbicides were determined. Finally, it describes how the development of an electrolyte system along with the use of graphical possibilities of computer technology. In conclusion are presented and commented on the results of measurements of glyphosate in surface waters, compared with foreign literature and assessing the suitability of methods for the analysis of contaminants in the environment.