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Journal articles on the topic 'GmbH'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Schockenhoff, Martin. "Der Gewinnauszahlungsanspruch des GmbH-Minderheitsgesellschafters." Zeitschrift für Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht 52, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgr-2023-0001.

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Abstract 1 Der Gewinnanspruch gehört zu den wichtigsten Rechten des GmbH-Gesellschafters; je nach Realstruktur der Gesellschaft und Interessenlage ist er sogar das wichtigste Gesellschafterrecht. Bis Mitte der 1980er-Jahre konnte jeder Gesellschafter darauf vertrauen, dass der Gewinn auch tatsächlich ausgeschüttet wird, sofern nicht der Gesellschaftsvertrag etwas anderes bestimmte. § 29 GmbHG a. F. in der bis zum 31.12.1985 geltenden Fassung. Dies änderte sich durch das Bilanzrichtliniengesetz vom 19. Dezember 1985. Bundesgesetzblatt I, 1985, S. 2355. Seitdem haben die Gesellschafter nur Anspruch auf Auszahlung des Gewinns, soweit die Gesellschafterversammlung ihn nicht per Mehrheitsbeschluss in Gewinnrücklagen einstellt oder als Gewinn vorträgt (§ 29 Abs. 1 Satz 1, Abs. 2 GmbHG). Damit wurde der Minderheitenschutz im Recht der GmbH nachhaltig geschwächt. Allg. zum prekären Schutz des GmbH-Minderheitsgesellschafters vgl. Schockenhoff, GmbHR 2022, 945. Für den Gesetzgeber stand das Ziel im Vordergrund, angesichts europarechtlicher Vorgaben für die Bilanzierung die Fähigkeit der Gesellschaften zur Eigenfinanzierung zu sichern. Eine Verpflichtung zur Mindestausschüttung oder eine Begründungspflicht für Thesaurierungsbeschlüsse sah der Gesetzgeber nicht vor. Die Praxis hat gezeigt, dass das der Gesellschaftermehrheit dadurch eingeräumte weite Ermessen häufig zu dem Zweck missbraucht wird, die Gesellschafterminderheit auszuhungern.In diesem Beitrag werden nach einer Darstellung der Gesetzesgeschichte (I.) die Entstehung, der Inhalt und die Durchsetzung des Gewinnauszahlungsanspruchs nach herrschendem Verständnis (II.) sowie die Schwächen dieses Konzepts (III.) dargestellt und weitergehende Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie Minderheitsgesellschafter de lege lata ihren Gewinnauszahlungsanspruch stärken (unten IV.) und erforderlichenfalls gerichtlich durchsetzen (unten V.) können.

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Wedemann, Frauke. "Frauen in Führungspositionen von GmbHs." Zeitschrift für Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 430–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgr-2023-0015.

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Abstract 430 Den Leitstern bei der Thematik „Frauen in Führungspositionen von Gesellschaften“ bildet für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft die AG. Die GmbH erfährt bei beiden zentralen Aspekten, der Frauenquote sowie der Babypause, nur nachrangige Beachtung. Der vorliegende Beitrag unterzieht diese stiefmütterliche Behandlung der GmbH einer kritischen Analyse. Zum einen prüft er, ob und inwieweit die bestehenden Regelungen für Frauen in Führungspositionen von GmbHs – die allesamt Vorschriften des Aktienrechts nachgebildet sind – den Besonderheiten der GmbH hinreichend Rechnung tragen, und geht den GmbH-Spezifika bei der Normanwendung nach. Zum anderen hinterfragt er, ob die Aussparung der GmbH von manchen nur für die AG geltenden Bestimmungen konsistent ist oder es nicht vielmehr einer Ausdehnung auf die GmbH bedarf.

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3

Birnbauer, Wilhelm. "Bestellung eines GmbH-Geschäftsführers, Gesellschafteränderung bei einer nach § 9a GmbHG vereinfacht gegründeten GmbH." Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsrecht und angrenzendes Steuerrecht 18, no. 5 (2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/ges201905024601.

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4

Joksović, Jovana. "GmbH and UG (Mini-GmbH): Protection of creditors in German law." Pravo i privreda 58, no. 4 (2020): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2004134j.

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One of the most widespread forms of companies, not only in our, but also in other jurisdictions, are limited liability companies. This form gives clear advantages to its founders, but at the same time endangers the creditor's settlement. In this paper, the author lists and describes the ways of protecting the company's creditors in the German law, namely the creditors of GmbH and the newer UG (Mini-GmbH) with brief reviews of Serbian law and d.o.o. First of all, there is a possible liability of shareholders and directors of German companies in the very stage of establishment. Furthermore, payments to shareholders from the assets that are necessary to cover the share capital are prohibited. In addition to its legal minimum share capital of EUR 25.000, GmbH contains further institutes for adequate creditor protection, which makes it attractive not only to the founders, but also to its creditors. In 2008, with the Law on Modernization of the Rights of Limited Liability Companies and the Fight against Abuses (MoMiG), the German legal system introduced a new legal form of simplified GmbH (UG), which has the same nature with a few special characteristics. This is primarily the possibility of founding a company below the prescribed legal minimum of the share capital, namely 1 Euro. This legal form should be an alternative to the English "Limited", which was "flooding" the German market back then. This advantage brings certain restrictions, first of all in terms of capital maintenance rules. Due to the fact that d.o.o. has significant similarities with the general rules that apply to these legal forms of the German system, primarily due to similarities with UG in the form of a minimum share capital of 100 dinars, the characteristics and solutions of German law for the protection of creditors of this legal form will be analysed. At the end comes a brief review of the institute "piercing a corporate veil" in the German law system.

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5

Herbst, Jochen. "Management Buy-Out, Cash Pooling, Up-Stream Loans and Guarantees in German Group Companies: Old Concepts – New Developments." German Law Journal 5, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013183.

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For more than a century, the cardinal provision ensuring the preservation of the capital reserve in the registered share capital amount in a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – German company with limited liability) has continued unaltered. This is the payout prohibition contained in § 30 (1) Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbHG – German Act on Companies with Limited Liability), which the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH – German Federal Court of Justice) has identified as a “cornerstone of the GmbHG.“ In consideration of the impressive period of applicability and evident resistance of the provision against legislative encroachments, the lay person, for example a managing director of a GmbH as primary addressee of the provision, is now supposed to be able to assume that at least the fundamental legal issues concerning the provision have been sufficiently clarified through jurisprudence and legal practice in the meantime.

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6

Altgen, Christian. "The Acquisition of GmbH Shares in Good Faith." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000365.

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It can take a lifetime from the recognition of a legal problem until it is finally solved. Seventy-nine years after Walter Grau focused attention on gaps in the security of transactions of Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – private limited company) shares, the GmbH reform intends to solve the problem. Until this reform, a prospective buyer of a GmbH share ran the risk that the person transferring the share was, in fact, not the true shareholder and, thus, had no power to assign the share. While the former law did not provide for a bona fide acquisition, the new § 16 (3) of the Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbHG – Private Limited Companies Act) protects the true shareholder while also taking into account the buyer's reliance upon the transferor, considering him or her to be the shareholder. This little revolution results in a new kind of good faith acquisition that mixes different elements of “traditional” bona fide rules and adds new details.

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7

Szöky, Walter. "Vereinfachte GmbH-Gründung gemäß § 9a GmbHG – Erfahrungen der Firmenbuchgerichte." Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsrecht und angrenzendes Steuerrecht 18, no. 6 (2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/ges201906028301.

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8

Higham, Paul. "Profile:immaticsbiotechnologies GmbH." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 9, no. 1 (January 2013): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.23611.

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9

Beden, M. "„GmbH Light”." B&G Bewegungstherapie und Gesundheitssport 24, no. 06 (December 5, 2008): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1077040.

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10

Birnbauer, Wilhelm. "Kapitalerhöhung einer GmbH mit Sacheinlage (Geschäftsanteil einer GmbH)." Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsrecht und angrenzendes Steuerrecht 22, no. 7 (2023): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/ges202307036801.

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11

Sewerin, P., D. Abrar, M. Frenken, M. Schneider, B. Ostendorf, and C. Schleich. "THU0476 GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN REMODELLING OF LUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS IN ELITE ROWERS THROUGHOUT THEIR ANNUAL TRAINING CYCLE." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 475.2–475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6453.

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Background:To assess the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar intervertebral discs (IVD) in elite rowers (ER) at different stages of their annual training cycle and compared to healthy volunteers (HV) using GAG chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST).Objectives:Does GAG content of IVDs differs between ER in different stages of the training cycle from HV?Methods:205 lumbar IVD of 21 ER (23 ±3 years, 9 female, 11 male) and 25 HV (27 ±2 years, 13 female, 12 male) were prospectively examined with 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Standard T2 weighted (T2w) sequences were used for morphological grading according to the Pfirrmann classification. GAG content of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus was determined with gagCEST in non-degenerated discs according to Pfirrmann. ER were examined during the peak of their competition preparation (T0) and 6 months later during the peak of their post-competition recovery period (T1).Results:At T0 we found significantly higher gagCEST values in ER (A) compared to HV (C) (NP: 4.26 ±2.37% vs. 3.38 ±1.72%, p<0.05; confidence interval (CI) 0.32%/1.44%; AF: 2.75 ±1.7% vs.1.961 ±1.23%, p<0.01; CI 0.4%/1.2%). At T1 gagCEST values in ER (B) decreased and illustrated no significant difference compared to HV (C) (NP: 3.55 ± 2.31%, p = 0.531, CI 0.038%/0.73%; AF: 2.31 ±1.57%, p = 0.073, CI 0.03%/0.74%).Conclusion:Compared to HV lumbar IVD of ER show significantly higher gagCEST values during the peak of their competition preparation and similar values during the recovery period, indicating a GAG remodelling effect by training.Figure 1.Comparison of gagCEST values of lumbar IVD between ER (A, T0; B, T1) and HV.Disclosure of Interests: :Philipp Sewerin Grant/research support from: AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbHNovartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbHRheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Consultant of: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Speakers bureau: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Daniel Abrar: None declared, Miriam Frenken: None declared, Matthias Schneider Grant/research support from: GSK, UCB, Abbvie, Consultant of: Abbvie, Alexion, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, Lilly, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Chugai, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Benedikt Ostendorf: None declared, Christoph Schleich: None declared

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Sewerin, P., D. Abrar, M. Frenken, X. Baraliakos, M. Schneider, B. Ostendorf, and C. Schleich. "AB0722 LOSS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS OF LUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS IN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1655.3–1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6477.

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Background:To evaluate the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar intervertebral discs (IVD) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using GAG chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST).Objectives:Does local GAG content in non-degenerative IVDs measured by gagCEST MRI differs between AS patients and HC?Methods:195 lumbar IVD of 15 patients with AS (mean age 50 ±10 years) and 25 healthy control patients (HC) were prospectively examined with 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI protocol contained morphological T2 weighted (T2w) images to grade IVD according to the Pfirrmann classification and biochemical imaging with gagCEST to calculate a region of interest (ROI) of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). Prior to statistical testing of gagCEST effects in patients and HC, IVD were classified according to Pfirrmann.Results:Significantly lower gagCEST values of NP and AF were found in non-degenerative IVD (Pfirrmann 1 and 2) of AS patients compared to HC (NP: 1.88 % ±1.21% vs. 3.38 % ±1.71%; p<0.01; confidence interval (CI): 0.89%/2.11%. AF: 1.11 % ± 1.07 % vs. 1.96 %± 1.23 %; p<0.01; CI 0.39%/1.3%).Conclusion:GagCEST analysis of morphologically non-degenerative IVDs in T2w images showed significantly lower GAG values in patients with AS in the NP and AF compared to HC. Our results potentially allow for the detection of GAG loss prior to morphological degeneration.Figure 1.Comparison of morphological T2 weighted (T2w) images to grade IVD according to the Pfirrmann classification and biochemical imaging with gagCEST between HC (A and C) and AS patients (B and D) showing significant lower GAG levels in AS patients.Disclosure of Interests:Philipp Sewerin Grant/research support from: AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbHNovartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbHRheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Consultant of: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Speakers bureau: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Daniel Abrar: None declared, Miriam Frenken: None declared, Xenofon Baraliakos Grant/research support from: Grant/research support from: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Werfen, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Werfen, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Werfen, Matthias Schneider Grant/research support from: GSK, UCB, Abbvie, Consultant of: Abbvie, Alexion, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, Lilly, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Chugai, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Benedikt Ostendorf: None declared, Christoph Schleich: None declared

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Sewerin, P., K. Borchert, D. Meise, and J. Mahlich. "SAT0438 REAL-WORLD TREATMENT PERSISTENCE WITH BIOLOGIC DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS AMONG GERMAN PATIENTS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1176.3–1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6382.

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Background:Persistence rates of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), which refer to the duration of time from initiation to discontinuation or switch of therapy, have been shown to vary considerably depending on the country, types of health centers, as well as the specific drug being investigated. Evidence on treatment persistence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients in Germany is scarce.Objectives:Our aim was to study drug survival of bDMARDs in a German real-world cohort of adult biologic-naïve psoriatic arthritis patients.Methods:We utilized the German “Institut für angewandte Gesundheitsforschung Berlin” (InGef) research database consisting of about 4 million covered lives structured to represent the German population in terms of age and gender according to the Federal Office of Statistics (DESTATIS). Thereof, 2.9 million patients were continuously enrolled in the study period spanning from January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2018. For the analysis of persistence rates, the study population was identified based on the International Classification of Diseases, German Modification (ICD-10-GM) and claims records of biologic prescriptions based on ATC codes. Adult patients who had a diagnosis of psoriasis arthritis (L40.5 in combination with M07.0 or M07.1 or M07.2 or M07.3) in the inpatient or outpatient setting, and a claims record of biologic treatment licensed for psoriasis arthritis between January 1st, 2014 to December 31st, 2017 were included. Patients with Crohn’s disease (K50), ulcerative colitis (K51), ankylosing spondylitis (M45), and rheumatoid arthritis (M05-M07) were excluded. Biologic-naïve patients were identified as those who had no prior record of bDMARDs prescription during the 12 months before the index date (‘washout’). The index date was defined as the first claim for a biologic agent. Non-persistence occurred if a treatment gap exceeding the days of supply plus 60 days or a switch to a bDMARD other than the index therapy was observed. Days of supply were calculated based on the daily defined doses defined by the WHO for the respective bDMARDs. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to show the persistence of different biologics. The log-rank test was used to test for differences in the 1-year persistence rate.Results:Among 10,954 patients with a diagnosis of PsA, 348 biologic-naïve patients aged 18 years or above were identified. The one-year overall persistence rate was 57.5% for all bDMARD compounds. Reasons for non-persistence were switches to a different bDMARD agent in 15.8% of patients and 26.7% discontinued treatment. The highest persistence rate was observed for ustekinumab (81.3%), which was significantly higher than the respective rates for adalimumab (58.1%), certolizumab pegol (51.7%), etanercept (51.0%), or secukinumab (54.7%).Conclusion:Persistent rates for a real-world cohort of German PsA patients are modest with significant variations among different bDMARD therapies.Disclosure of Interests:Philipp Sewerin Grant/research support from: AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbHNovartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbHRheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Consultant of: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Speakers bureau: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Kathrin Borchert Consultant of: Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Dominic Meise Consultant of: Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Jörg Mahlich Shareholder of: Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Employee of: Janssen-Cilag GmbH

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Dietrich, Barbara, Susan Kubik, Wilfried Auer, Kuno Wuersch, Birgit Reipert, Frank Horling, Martin Wolfsegger, et al. "Preclinical Safety of Baxter's Recombinant Factor IX." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4654.4654.

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Abstract Abstract 4654 Baxter has developed a rFIX product which is produced by a genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line in a cell culture medium free from any animal or human proteins. The objective of this preclinical study-program was to evaluate the safety of Baxter's rFIX in different species. The preclinical program included studies on established models of general safety pharmacology (conscious, telemetered cynomolgus monkey), thrombogenicity (rabbit, Wessler test), single and repeated dose toxicity (mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey), local tolerance (rabbit), and comparative immunogenicity (mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey). Commercially available licensed rFIX and pdFIX served as active reference items. Thrombogenicity studies showed no thrombogenic potential of Baxter's rFIX. General safety pharmacology revealed no adverse effects on clinical signs, cardiovascular or respiratory variables. Single dose toxicity studies in mice, administered at doses of up to 7500 IU/kg BW, and repeated administration of Baxter's rFIX in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, administered doses of up to 750 IU/kg, confirmed the safety of the new product. Furthermore, Baxter's rFIX was well tolerated at the injection site after intravenous injection. No differences in immunogenicity between Baxter's rFIX and the reference items were revealed by comparative immunology studies. This good safety profile of Baxter's rFIX was the basis for proceeding with human trials, which have recently been initiated. Disclosures: Dietrich: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Kubik:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Auer:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Wuersch:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Reipert:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Horling:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Wolfsegger:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Schwarz:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Muchitsch:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.

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Sewerin, P., D. Abrar, A. Müller-Lutz, M. Frenken, K. L. Radke, S. Vordenbäumen, M. Schneider, B. Ostendorf, and C. Schleich. "FRI0361 CARTILAGE DEGRADATION IN PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SYNOVIAL PERFUSION AS DETECTED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 777.2–778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6314.

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Background:Even though cartilage loss is a known feature of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), research is sparse on its role in the pathogenesis of PsA and its potential use for disease detection and monitoring. Using delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE MRI), research has shown that early cartilage loss is strongly associated with synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to determine if acute inflammation is associated with early cartilage loss in small finger joints of patients with PsA.Objectives:Is local perfusion in PsA patients measured by dynamic MRI associated to local cartilage loss?Methods:Metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of 17 patients with active PsA were evaluated by high-resolution 3 Tesla dGEMRIC and DCE MRI using a dedicated 16-channel hand coil. Semi-quantitative and quantitative perfusion parameters were calculated. Images were analyzed by two independent raters for dGEMRIC indices, PsA MRI scores (PsAMRIS), total cartilage thickness (TCT), and joint space width (JSW).Results:We found significant negative correlations between perfusion parameters (except Kep) and dGEMRIC indices, with the highest value at the MCP joints (KTrans: τ = -0.54, p = 0.01; Kep: τ= -0.02, p = 0.90; IAUC: τ = -0.51, p = 0.015; Initial Slope: τ = -0.54, p = 0.01; Peak: τ = -0.67, p = 0.002). Heterogeneous correlations were detected between perfusion parameters and both, total PsAMRIS and PsAMRIS synovitis sub-scores. No significant correlation was seen between any perfusion parameter and JSW and/or TCT.Conclusion:As examined by DCE MRI and dGEMRIC, there is a significant association between early cartilage loss and acute synovial inflammation in small finger joints of PsA patients.Figure 1.dGEMRIC maps (third digit) and perfusion maps (peak parameter) of MCP, PIP, and DIP joints in 26-year-old male (A and B) and a 59-year-old female (C and D) with PsA. Lower dGEMRIC values are illustrated in D, indicating more proteoglycan loss than in A. Higher peak values are depicted in C, indicating a higher severity of synovitis than in B. Peak parameter is illustrated in mM/l per second, dGEMRIC indices in ms.Disclosure of Interests:Philipp Sewerin Grant/research support from: AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbHNovartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbHRheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Consultant of: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Speakers bureau: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Daniel Abrar: None declared, Anja Müller-Lutz: None declared, Miriam Frenken: None declared, Karl Ludger Radke: None declared, Stefan Vordenbäumen: None declared, Matthias Schneider Grant/research support from: GSK, UCB, Abbvie, Consultant of: Abbvie, Alexion, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, Lilly, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Chugai, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Benedikt Ostendorf: None declared, Christoph Schleich: None declared

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Sewerin, P., D. Abrar, A. Lautwein, S. Vordenbäumen, R. Brinks, C. Goertz, M. Frenken, M. Schneider, B. Ostendorf, and C. Schleich. "AB0226 USING 3 TESLA MRI WITH A HIGH-RESOLUTION 16-CHANNEL HAND COIL TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN RHEUMATOID AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: A PILOT STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1412.3–1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4502.

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Background:The differentiation between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is sometimes a challenge for rheumatologists in daily clinical practice. Imaging techniques such as MRI could be a helpful tool for this purpose.Objectives:To examine the value of 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a high-resolution 16-channel hand coil for the differentiation between RA and PsA.Methods:A total of 17 patients with active PsA and 27 patients with active RA were evaluated by 3T MRI. Images were analyzed by three readers according to the outcome measures for RA clinical trials (OMERACT) and RA and PsA MRI scores for the presence and intensity of the following MRI features: synovitis, flexor tenosynovitis, bone edema, bone erosion, periarticular inflammation, bone proliferation, and joint space narrowing. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was established for a calculated prediction model comprising age, gender, and the imaging features ‘periarticular inflammation’ and ‘erosion’ of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the 5th finger.Results:PsA could be differentiated from RA by extracapsular inflammatory changes (PsAMRIS sub-score ‘periarticular inflammation’), with a minimal odds ratio (OR) for the outcome ‘not RA’ of 0.06 (p< 0.01) at all MCP joints. The calculated ROC curve had an area under the curve (AUC) of 98.1%.Conclusion:3T MRI showed a strong association of extracapsular inflammatory changes with PsA at the MCP joint level, and consequently allowed differentiation between PsA and RA.Figure 1.Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve with different thresholds for the calculated prediction model for the outcome RA. Area under the curve (AUC) = 98.1%.Figure 2.51-year-old female patient with PsA. MR images show flexor tenosynovitis (FS), synovitis (Syn), and periarticular inflammation (PI). A. Sagittal PD fat-saturation of D5. PI at the volar and dorsal aspects at the MCP, PIP, and DIP levels. FS at the PIP and DIP joint levels. Black asterisks indicate PI. Black arrow points to FS. B. Coronal STIR with bone edema (BE) at the proximal portion of PIP3 and 5 accompanied by PI at PIP3 and MCP, PIP and DIP5. Asterisks indicate BE. Arrowheads point to PI. C. Transversal T2 fat-saturation with FS and PI at MCP5. Arrowhead indicates FS, arrow points to volar PI. D. Transversal T1 fat-saturation following iv contrast, with FS and PI at MCP5. Arrowhead indicates FS, arrows points to volar PI.Disclosure of Interests:Philipp Sewerin Grant/research support from: AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbHNovartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbHRheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Consultant of: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Speakers bureau: AMGEN GmbH AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Biogen GmbHBristol-Myers Squibb Celgene GmbH Chugai Pharma arketing Ltd. / Chugai Europe GmbHHexal Pharma Janssen-CilagGmbH Johnson & Johnson Deutschland GmbHLilly Deutschland GmbH / Lilly Europe / Lilly Global Novartis Pharma GmbH Pfizer Deutschland GmbH Roche Pharma Rheumazentrum Rhein-Ruhr Sanofi-Genzyme Deutschland GmbH Swedish Orphan Biovitrum GmbH UCB Pharma GmbH, Daniel Abrar: None declared, Alexander Lautwein: None declared, Stefan Vordenbäumen: None declared, Ralph Brinks: None declared, Christine Goertz: None declared, Miriam Frenken: None declared, Matthias Schneider Grant/research support from: GSK, UCB, Abbvie, Consultant of: Abbvie, Alexion, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, Lilly, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, BMS, Chugai, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Benedikt Ostendorf: None declared, Christoph Schleich: None declared

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Campbell, David A., Matthias Krings, Markus Thunecke, and Christian Elze. "Catenion Strategies, GmbH." Personalized Medicine 3, no. 1 (February 2006): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17410541.3.1.109.

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Baumgartner, Andreas. "Nichtige GmbH-Gesellschafterbeschlüsse." Juristische Blätter 144, no. 4 (2022): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/jbl202204022601.

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Baumgartner, Andreas. "Nichtige GmbH-Gesellschafterbeschlüsse." Juristische Blätter 144, no. 3 (2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/jbl202203015601.

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Gorzala, Jeannette. "Einlagensicherung AUSTRIA GmbH." Zeitschrift für das gesamte Bank- und Börsenwesen 67, no. 7 (2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.47782/oeba201907050001.

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Melmer, Georg. "GAG BioScience GmbH." Pharmacogenomics 4, no. 6 (November 2003): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/phgs.4.6.805.22818.

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Schneeberger, Christian. "GENOSENSE Diagnostics GmbH." Pharmacogenomics 5, no. 5 (July 2004): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14622416.5.5.581.

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Garber, Thorsten. "GmbH als Insolvenzverwalter." return 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03400051.

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Geisbauer, A. "Wilex Biotechnology GmbH." Der Onkologe 6, no. 4 (April 14, 2000): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007610050519.

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Garber, Thorsten. "GmbH-Führerschein bestehen?" return 6, no. 5 (October 2019): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41964-019-0134-0.

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Hehemann, Martin. "Die Krebs-GmbH." Das österreichische Gesundheitswesen ÖKZ 64, no. 12 (December 2023): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43830-023-0406-1.

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Paal, Boris P. "Die digitalisierte GmbH." Zeitschrift für Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht 46, no. 5 (January 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgr-2017-0026.

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Anlässlich des 125. Geburtstages des GmbHG wagt der nachfolgende Beitrag einen Blick in die Zukunft der GmbH. Im Fokus stehen die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der durch die Digitalisierung induzierten Entwicklungen für die Rechtsform der GmbH. Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen sind die bisherigen Legislativakte zur Anpassung des Gesellschaftsrechts im Allgemeinen und des GmbH-Rechts im Besonderen an die veränderten technischen Rahmenbedingungen. Daran anknüpfend werden wesentliche Veränderungstreiber der Digitalisierung thematisiert (i.e. das Internet der Dinge, Künstliche Intelligenz und die Blockchain-Technologie) und sodann auf Grundlage der skizzierten Entwicklungen die Perspektiven einer „GmbH 4.0“ aufgezeigt. Hier birgt etwa der Ansatz von „Publizität durch Technik“ ein erhebliches Transferpotential für rechtliche Instrumentarien: (Gesellschafts-)Register oder Anteilsübertragungen könnten perspektivisch in einer Blockchain abgebildet werden – und damit das derzeitige Transparenzregime des Unternehmensrechts ablösen. Darüber hinaus wird diskutiert, ob die Anwendungsfelder der Rechtsform der GmbH in Ansehung der Digitalisierung erweitert werden sollten: So mag die GmbH in modifizierter Form einen tauglichen Anknüpfungspunkt für die rechtliche Rahmung der Robotik bieten und auf diese Weise prominente Referenzgebiete der Robotik, so beispielsweise das automatisierte bzw. autonome Fahren, neu erschließen.

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"GmbH: Firma einer Rechtsanwalts-GmbH." Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht 75, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/mdtr-2021-751336.

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"CC-Dr Schutz GmbH acquires Eukula GmbH." Focus on Powder Coatings 2012, no. 10 (October 2012): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-5439(12)70259-9.

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"GmbH: Ausschließungsklage in der Zwei-Personen-GmbH." Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht 77, no. 22 (November 1, 2023): 1461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/mdtr-2023-772230.

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Review Editor, Business. "Intendis GmbH." PharmaDeals Review 2007, no. 85 (July 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.3833/pdr.v2007i85.322.

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"Mician GmbH." IEEE Microwave Magazine 22, no. 12 (December 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2021.3118137.

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Spekman, Robert E., Olaf Plotner, and Bulent Gogdun. "Infoterra Gmbh." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2974681.

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"Mician GmbH." IEEE Microwave Magazine 22, no. 11 (November 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2021.3111395.

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"PharmaCept GmbH." Bulletin des Médecins Suisses 97, no. 10 (March 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4414/bms.2016.04542.

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"Mician GmbH." IEEE Microwave Magazine 11, no. 1 (February 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2009.935678.

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"Mician GmbH." IEEE Microwave Magazine 11, no. 2 (April 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2010.936398.

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"Mician GmbH." IEEE Microwave Magazine 11, no. 3 (May 2010): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2010.936873.

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"Sartorius GmbH." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 18 (September 15, 1987): 1100A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00145a739.

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"Quarzwerke GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 59, no. 1 (January 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2014.12.061.

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"VELOX GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 59, no. 1 (January 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2014.12.068.

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"VELOX GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 59, no. 4 (July 2015): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.06.066.

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"Compositence GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 59, no. 4 (July 2015): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.06.067.

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"INCOTELOGY GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 59, no. 4 (July 2015): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.06.085.

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"FARRL GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 59, no. 4 (July 2015): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.06.088.

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"Langzauner GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 60, no. 1 (January 2016): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.12.016.

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"VELOX GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 60, no. 1 (January 2016): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.12.040.

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"VELOX GmbH." Reinforced Plastics 60, no. 5 (September 2016): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2016.08.095.

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"PNDetector GmbH." Microscopy Today 23, S1 (March 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929515000310.

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"Lenser Gmbh." Filtration & Separation 36, no. 6 (July 1999): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(99)80144-x.

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