Relevant bibliographies by topics / GMPE

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'GMPE'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GMPE"

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Lan, Xiaowen, Hao Xing, Jun Zhou, and John X. Zhao. "A Comparison of the Source, Path, and Site Effects of the Strong‐Motion Records from the Western and the Southwestern Parts of China with Modern Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (November 5, 2019): 2691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180293.

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Abstract This study aims at identifying ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs) derived from large overseas datasets that may be used for the southwestern part of China (SWC) with or without modifications, identifying the source of misfits and shedding some light on the differences of physical parameters among the three regions, that is, California, Japan, and SWC region. To achieve these objectives, correction functions of physical parameters were added to six GMPEs, including two Next Generation Attenuation‐West (NGA‐West) GMPEs, two NGA‐West2 GMPEs, a GMPE from China, and the GMPE for the shallow crustal and upper‐mantle earthquakes in Japan. The correction coefficients were determined by a reasonably large dataset, including the records from the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. However, the data distribution with respect to magnitude is relatively poor and may not be suitable to develop a GMPE based on this dataset only. If the overall correction coefficients for a GMPE are the smallest, this GMPE will be considered as the best GMPE for the SWC data. We found that not all GMPEs can be modified to achieve the same goodness‐of‐fit level; the magnitude scaling rates from most GMPEs differ significantly from those of this dataset, especially at moderately long and long spectral periods; and the aftershock effect does not make a significant and consistent difference. We also found that three GMPEs do not model the site effect well either; the attenuation rates for the SWC region may be similar to those in California and for the shallow crust in Japan; and the magnitude scaling rate and the site class effect in the SWC region are similar to those in Japan. If an overseas GMPE is used for the SWC region, the GMPEs by Zhao, Zhou, et al. (2016) without the normal‐fault term and Abrahamson and Silva (2008) with or without modifications are recommended.
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Al Atik, Linda, and Norman Abrahamson. "A Methodology for the Development of 1D Reference VS Profiles Compatible with Ground-Motion Prediction Equations: Application to NGA-West2 GMPEs." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 111, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 1765–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200312.

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ABSTRACT Site response in ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) is primarily characterized as a function of the time-averaged shear-wave velocity over the top 30 m of the site profile (VS30). Although the use of VS30 as a main site-response predictor parameter is practical, GMPE site adjustments to different target regions or target site conditions require characterization of the GMPE’s rock-site response in terms of host VS profile and host kappa. Regional VS profiles and kappa values have been traditionally used to characterize GMPEs host site conditions. These regional site properties may not reflect the average site response in GMPEs. We present a methodology, based on the quarter-wavelength principles, that allows the derivation of GMPE-compatible host 1D VS profiles and kappa values. This methodology is applied to the Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) GMPEs to derive GMPE-specific host VS profiles and kappa for western United States (WUS) site conditions with VS30 of 360, 490, 620, 760, and 1100 m/s. This application uses, for input, the GMPEs’ site response in Fourier amplitude spectra domain relative to a reference VS30 of 1000 m/s and requires an assigned VS profile for the reference site condition. The impact of the choice of reference VS profile on the results is not large. Comparisons of the derived GMPE-specific VS profiles for VS30 of 760 m/s show differences in the host VS profiles among the NGA-West2 GMPEs for the same site condition in WUS. Differences are also observed when comparing the derived GMPE-compatible VS profiles with the commonly used profiles for WUS for VS30 of 760 m/s. These differences highlight the importance of using GMPE-compatible VS profiles and kappa in GMPE adjustments and in site-response analyses. Limitations of this approach for soft site conditions are discussed.
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Stewart, Jonathan P., John Douglas, Mohammad Javanbarg, Yousef Bozorgnia, Norman A. Abrahamson, David M. Boore, Kenneth W. Campbell, Elise Delavaud, Mustafa Erdik, and Peter J. Stafford. "Selection of Ground Motion Prediction Equations for the Global Earthquake Model." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/013013eqs017m.

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Ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) relate ground motion intensity measures to variables describing earthquake source, path, and site effects. From many available GMPEs, we select those models recommended for use in seismic hazard assessments in the Global Earthquake Model. We present a GMPE selection procedure that evaluates multidimensional ground motion trends (e.g., with respect to magnitude, distance, and structural period), examines functional forms, and evaluates published quantitative tests of GMPE performance against independent data. Our recommendations include: four models, based principally on simulations, for stable continental regions; three empirical models for interface and in-slab subduction zone events; and three empirical models for active shallow crustal regions. To approximately incorporate epistemic uncertainties, the selection process accounts for alternate representations of key GMPE attributes, such as the rate of distance attenuation, which are defensible from available data. Recommended models for each domain will change over time as additional GMPEs are developed.
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Atik, Linda Al, and Robert R. Youngs. "Epistemic Uncertainty for NGA-West2 Models." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 3 (August 2014): 1301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/062813eqs173m.

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The development of the NGA-West2 ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) is a collaborative effort with many interactions and exchange of ideas among the developers. The NGA-West2 developers indicate that additional epistemic uncertainty needs to be incorporated into the median ground motion estimation from each of the five NGA-West2 GMPEs in order to more fully represent an appropriate level of epistemic uncertainty. A proposed minimum additional epistemic uncertainty is evaluated based on statistical estimates of the uncertainty in the median predictions of each GMPE. The proposed additional epistemic uncertainty model is distance-independent but depends on magnitude, style of faulting (SOF), and spectral period. The epistemic uncertainty in the median predictions from each GMPE is then modeled using a three-point discrete approximation to a normal distribution.
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Fülöp, Ludovic, Vilho Jussila, Riina Aapasuo, Tommi Vuorinen, and Päivi Mäntyniemi. "A Ground-Motion Prediction Equation for Fennoscandian Nuclear Installations." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 3 (May 12, 2020): 1211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190230.

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ABSTRACT We propose a ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of nuclear installations in Finland. We collected and archived the acceleration recordings of 77 earthquakes from seismic stations on very hard rock (VHR, i.e., the shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m of the geological profile=2800 m/s according to the definition used in the nuclear industry) in Finland and Sweden since 2006 and computed the corresponding response spectra important for engineering evaluation. We augmented the narrow magnitude range of the local data by a subset of VHR recordings of 33 earthquakes from the Next Generation Attenuation for Central and Eastern North America (CENA) (NGA-East) database, mainly from eastern Canada. We adapted the backbone curves of the G16 equation proposed by Graizer (2016) for CENA. After the calibration, we evaluated the accuracy of the median prediction and the random error. We conclude that the GMPE developed can be used for predicting ground motions in Fennoscandia. Because of compatibility with the original G16 backbone curve and comparisons with the NGA-East GMPEs, we estimate that the formulation proposed is valid on VHR over the range of 2≤moment magnitude≤7.0 and 0≤ rupture distance ≤300 km, the depth range over 1.5–37 km, and frequencies between 1 and 100 Hz. The median of the composite prediction of the GMPE proposed was reasonable. The standard deviation of the prediction error (σ) was over the range of 0.73–0.86, in ln spectral acceleration units, for the relevant spectral frequencies. This is somewhat lower than the G16 σ, indicating lower aleatory variability. The new Fenno-G16 GMPE is applicable over a wider range of magnitudes than the two older GMPEs available in Finland and fits the data better, especially for peak ground acceleration and 25 Hz.
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Holmgren, Joanna M., Gail M. Atkinson, and Hadi Ghofrani. "Reconciling Ground Motions and Stress Drops for Induced Earthquakes in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 5 (March 31, 2020): 2398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190308.

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ABSTRACT A regional ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) is defined for earthquakes in the western Canada sedimentary basin. The stress parameter model that is input to the GMPE, which controls high-frequency amplitudes, is developed based on an empirical Green’s function (EGF) study in the same region (Holmgren et al., 2019). The GMPE is developed using the generic GMPE approach of Yenier and Atkinson (2015a,b); regional parameters, including attenuation and site response, are calibrated using a database of response spectra. The ground-motion database comprises 726 records from 92 earthquakes with magnitudes 2.3–4.4, at distances to 200 km; most events are believed to be related to hydraulic fracturing. To investigate discrepancies between the values of GMPE stress parameter and EGF stress drop for individual earthquakes, stress parameters are computed for each event by fitting the GMPE to observed response spectra. There is a large scatter in the EGF versus GMPE stress estimates, even though the GMPE estimates were implicitly calibrated to equal the EGF values on average. The discrepancies can be attributed to two methodological factors. First, the EGF approach removes the site and path terms through spectral division, whereas the GMPE approach relies on an average regional model as determined from regression of the source and path attenuation. The use of an average regional model results in greater uncertainty, in particular, due to directivity effects (which are better accommodated in the EGF approach). Second, the EGF approach is performed in the Fourier domain, whereas the GMPE fitting is done in the response spectral domain. We conclude that EGF stress-drop models provide useful constraints for GMPE development, when used in combination with calibration to a ground-motion database.
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Erduran, Emrah, and Conrad Lindholm. "A Critical Look at the Use of Design Spectrum Shape for Seismic Risk Assessment." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 4 (November 2012): 1711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000086.

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The effects of using design spectrum shape over actual response spectra on earthquake damage estimates has been investigated. A series of numerical simulations were conducted to estimate the expected damage. The simulations were conducted with four different spectral shapes, two different ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and three different soil classes. As a result of the numerical simulations, it was observed that the use of design spectrum shape leads to over- or underestimation of damage estimates relative to those obtained from the actual spectrum computed using GMPE. The damage estimates were observed to be sensitive to the selected design spectrum shape, the GMPE used to compute the spectral values, the soil type, and the fundamental period of the building typology. It was also observed that Eurocode- and IBC-type design spectrum shapes led to significantly different damage estimates compared to one another.
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Gülerce, Zeynep, and Norman A. Abrahamson. "Site-Specific Design Spectra for Vertical Ground Motion." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 1023–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3651317.

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This paper contains ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the vertical-to-horizontal spectral acceleration (V/H) ratio, and the methods for constructing vertical design spectra that are consistent with the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment results for the horizontal ground motion component. The GMPEs for V/H ratio consistent with the horizontal GMPE of Abrahamson and Silva (2008) are derived using the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Next Generation of Ground-Motion Attenuation Models (PEER-NGA) database (Chiou et. al. 2008). The proposed V/H ratio GMPE is dependent on the earthquake magnitude and distance, consistent with previous models, but it differs from previous studies in that it accounts for the differences in the nonlinear site-response effects on the horizontal and vertical components. This difference in nonlinear effects results in large V/H ratios at short spectral periods for soil sites located close to large earthquakes. A method to develop vertical design spectra dependent on the horizontal component uniform hazard spectrum that accounts for the correlation between the variability of the horizontal ground-motion model and the variability of the V/H ratio ground-motion model is proposed.
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Campbell, Kenneth W., and Yousef Bozorgnia. "A Comparison of Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Arias Intensity and Cumulative Absolute Velocity Developed Using a Consistent Database and Functional Form." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 3 (August 2012): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000067.

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Arias intensity (AI) and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) have been proposed as instrumental intensity measures that can incorporate the cumulative effects of ground motion duration and intensity on the response of structural and geotechnical systems. In this study, we have developed a ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) for the horizontal component of AI in order to compare its predictability to a similar GMPE for CAV. Both GMPEs were developed using the same strong motion database and functional form in order to eliminate any bias these factors might cause in the comparison. This comparison shows that AI exhibits significantly greater amplitude scaling and aleatory uncertainty than CAV. The smaller standard deviation and less sensitivity to amplitude suggests that CAV is more predictable than AI and should be considered as an alternative to AI in engineering and geotechnical applications where the latter intensity measure is traditionally used.
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Sung, Chih‐Hsuan, and Chyi‐Tyi Lee. "Improvement of the Quantification of Epistemic Uncertainty Using Single‐Station Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 1358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180044.

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Abstract The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) are sensitive to the standard deviation of the residuals of the ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs), especially for long‐return periods. Recent studies have proven that the epistemic uncertainty should be incorporated into PSHA using a logic‐tree method instead of mixing it with the aleatory variability. In this study, we propose using single‐station GMPEs with a novel approach (an epistemic‐residual diagram) to improve the quantification of epistemic uncertainty per station. The single‐station attenuation model is established from the observational recordings of a single station, hence, site‐to‐site variability (σS) can be ignored. We use 20,006 records of 497 crustal earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) greater than 4.0, obtained from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program network, to build the single‐station GMPEs for 570 stations showing the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral accelerations. A comparison is made between the total sigma of the regional GMPE (σT), the single‐station sigma of the regional GMPE as estimated by the variance decomposition method (σSS), and the sigma of single‐station GMPEs (σSS,S), for different periods. For most stations (70%), the σSS,S is about 20%–50% smaller than the σT. Furthermore, we adopt the epistemic‐residual diagram to separate the σSS,S into the epistemic uncertainty (σEP,S) and the remaining unexplained variability (σSP,S) for each station. The results show that in most areas, the σSP,S for the PGA is about 50%–80% smaller than the σT. Finally, the variations in the various sigma and model coefficients are mapped with the geographical locations of the stations for analysis of different regional characteristics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GMPE"

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Akyuz, Emre. "Development Of Site Specific Vertical Design Spectrum For Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615403/index.pdf.

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Vertical design spectra may be developed in a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) by computing the hazard using vertical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), or using a vertical-to-horizontal spectral acceleration (V/H) ratio GMPEs to scale the horizontal spectrum that was developed using the results of horizontal component PSHA. The objective of this study is to provide GMPEs that are compatible with regional ground motion characteristics to perform both alternatives. GMPEs for the V/H ratio were developed recently by Gü
lerce and Abrahamson (2011) using NGA-W1 database. A strong motion dataset consistent with the V/H ratio model parameters is developed by including strong motion data from earthquakes occurred in Turkey with at least three recordings per earthquake. The compatibility of GA2011 V/H ratio model with the magnitude, distance, and site amplification scaling of Turkish ground motion dataset is evaluated by using inter-event and intra-event residual plots and necessary coefficients of the model is adjusted to reflect the regional characteristics. Analysis of the model performance in the recent moderate-tolarge magnitude earthquakes occurred in Turkey shows that the Turkey-Adjusted GA2011 model is a suitable candidate V/H ratio model for PSHA studies conducted in Turkey. Using the same dataset, a preliminary vertical ground motion prediction equation for Turkey consistent with the preliminary vertical model based on NGA-W1 dataset is developed. Proposed preliminary model is applicable to magnitudes 5-8.5, distances 0-200 km, and spectral periods of 0-10 seconds and offers an up-to-date alternative to the regional vertical GMPEs proposed by Kalkan and Gü
lkan (2004).
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Moratto, Luca. "Ground motion estimation in the eastern-southern alps:from ground motion predictive equations to real-time shake maps." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2688.

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2006/2007
Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è la stima del moto forte del suolo nell’area delle Alpi Sud-Orientali. A tal fine sono state proposte delle relazioni empiriche che stimano i parametri del moto in funzione della magnitudo, della distanza dall’epicentro e della classificazione geologica del suolo; successivamente tali relazioni sono state usate per calibrare il software ShakeMaps con il fine di generare in tempo reale le mappe di scuotimento del terreno per la regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Le GMPEs (Ground Motion Predictive Equations) per PGA, PGV e SA sono state calcolate nell’area delle Alpi Sud-Orientali utilizzando registrazioni del moto forte del terreno. Sono state selezionate 900 forme d’onde accelerometriche filtrate tra 0.1 Hz e 30 Hz; la distanza epicentrale varia tra 1 km a 100 km, mentre la magnitudo locale, opportunamente calibrata confrontando diversi cataloghi, varia in un intervallo relativamente ampio (3.0 <= ML <= 6.3). Sono stati testati diversi modelli di attenuazione e il miglior risultato è stato individuato utilizzando specifici criteri di valutazione derivanti da considerazioni di carattere statistico (valore di R2, uso dell’ANOVA test, analisi dei residui). I coefficienti del modello finale sono stati determinati oltre che da ML, dalla distanza epicentrale e dagli effetti dovuti al sito, anche dalla saturazione della magnitudo, dalla correlazione tra magnitudo e distanza e dagli effetti di “near-source”. I coefficienti delle GMPEs sono stati calcolati per le componenti verticali ed orizzontali (rappresentata sia con la componente maggiore sia con la somma vettoriale delle due componenti); la tecnica dell’analisi dei gruppi ha permesso di ridurre l’incertezza finale sulle relazioni empiriche. Il confronto con i risultati ottenuti precedentemente evidenzia come le relazioni ottenute in questa tesi abbiano una maggiore attenuazione a basse magnitudo e a grandi distanze; risultati analoghi sono stati ottenuti per le relazioni ricavate dai dati registrati in tutta l’Italia Settentrionale. L’evoluzione recente delle reti sismiche rende oggi disponibile una grossa mole di dati acquisiti in tempo reale, per cui risulta fattibile stimare velocemente lo scuotimento del terreno tramite mappe; il software “ShakeMap” è stato adattato alle Alpi Sud-Orientali implementato allo scopo di ottenere una stabile interfaccia con il sistema di acquisizione dati “Antelope” che garantisca l’estrazione dei parametri del moto dalle forme d’onda e la creazione delle mappe di scuotimento entro 5 minuti dall’evento sismico. Questa procedura richiede una fitta e uniforme distribuzione spaziale degli strumenti di registrazione sul territorio e una classificazione geologica del suolo fatta usando le velocita’ medie, Vs30, dei primi 30m del mezzo immediatamente sotto gli strumenti. La classificazione geologica del suolo prevede la suddivisione in tre categorie (suolo rigido, suolo addensato e suolo soffice) mentre i coefficienti di amplificazione sono stati calcolati usando le relazioni proposte da Borcherdt (1994). Le relative mappe vanno calcolate usando le GMPEs e le relazioni empiriche che legano il moto del terreno all’intensità macrosismica, basate ambedue su dati registrati nella regione alpina. Le GMPEs discusse in precedenza sono state inserite nel software “ShakeMap” per la produzione delle mappe di scuotimento in tempo reale e quasi-reale nell’Italia Nord-Orientale. Per valutare l’effetto della densità di stazioni sulle mappe di scuotimento sono stati calcolati dei sismogrammi sintetici relativi al terremoto di Bovec 2004 variando il passo di griglia e la geometria dei ricevitori. I risultati ottenuti indicano come una distribuzione fitta e uniforme di strumenti sul territorio e una scelta accurata delle dimensioni della griglia dei ricevitori siano cruciali per calibrare le mappe di scuotimento in una ben determinata area geografica. Le mappe di scuotimento del suolo sono state generate per otto terremoti avvenuti nell’area considerata negli ultimi 30 anni; inoltre per gli eventi del Friuli 1976 e Bovec 1998 è stato utilizzato il modello di faglia finita con i parametri di sorgente stimati in precedenti studi. La validazione del modello è stata fatta calcolando il misfit tra le intensità macrosismiche osservate (catalogo DBMI04) e quelle “strumentali” che sono state ottenute dai sismogrammi sintetici tramite relazioni empiriche tra moto del suolo ed intensità. L’analisi è stata fatta per i terremoti del Cansiglio (1936), del Friuli (1976) e di Bovec (1998). I sismogrammi sintetici sono stati calcolati ad una frequenza massima di 10 Hz applicando il modello della riflettività; i parametri del moto sono stati estratti dai segnali sintetici calcolati nelle attuali stazioni di registrazione e successivamente sono state generate le mappe di scuotimento. L’intensità macrosismica “strumentale” è stata ricavata applicando diverse relazioni; il minor misfit è stato ottenuto usando le relazioni proposte da Kästli and Fäh (2006) per tutti e tre i terremoti considerati, il che sembra validare il nostro modello di Shake Maps.
The aim of this PhD thesis is to estimate ground motions in the South-Eastern Alps area. For this purpose we purposed empirical relationships that estimate the ground motion parameters as function of the magnitude, the epicentral distance and the soil geological characterization. Later on these relationships are used to calibrate the ShakeMaps software to generate ground motion shake maps in real time for the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. The GMPEs (Ground Motion Predictive Equations) for PGA, PGV and SA are computed in the South-Eastern Alps area using strong motion observations. 900 accelerometric waveforms are selected and filtered between 0.1 Hz and 30 Hz; the epicentral distance varies from 1 km to 100 km, while the local magnitude, calibrated by comparison with various catalogues, varies in a relatively wide range (3.0 <= ML <= 6.3). Various attenuation models are tested and the best result is selected by the adoption of specific evaluation criteria derived from statistical considerations (R2 value, ANOVA test, residuals analysis). The coefficients of the final model are determined from ML, the epicentral distance, the site effects, the magnitude saturation, the correlation between the distance and the magnitude and the near-source effects. The coefficients of the GMPEs are computed from vertical and horizontal components (the latter represented both as the largest horizontal component and the vectorial addiction); the cluster analysis reduces the final uncertainties on the empirical relations. The comparison with the previous results evidences that the obtained relationships are characterized by a strong attenuation at low magnitudes and large distances. Similar results are obtained for the relationships derived from data recorded all over Northern Italy. The recent evolution of the seismic networks provides a large number of data, available in real time, so it is possible to quickly estimate shake maps. The “ShakeMap” software has been adapted to the South-Eastern Alps region and implemented to obtain a stable interface with the “Antelope” acquisition system in order to extract the ground motion parameters from the waveforms and the generation of the shake maps within 5 minutes from the earthquake occurrence. This procedure requires a dense and uniform spatial distribution of the recording instruments in the field and a geological classification of the soil derived from the average velocities of the S waves in the first 30m below the recording instruments (Vs30). In the geological classification the soil is divided into three classes (bedrock, stiff soil and soft soil), and the amplification coefficients are computed using the relationships proposed by Borcherdt (1994). The related maps are generated using the GMPEs and the empirical relations that predict the macroseismic intensity from the ground motion, both derived from data observed in the Alpine region. The GMPEs that are obtained in this thesis are inserted in the ShakeMap software to generate shake maps in real time or quasi real time in North-Eastern Italy. To evaluate the effects of the station coverage on the shake maps, synthetic seismograms are computed for the Bovec 2004 earthquake by varying the grid size and the network geometry. The results indicate that a dense and uniform spatial distribution in the field and a careful choice of the grid size are crucial to calibrate the shake maps in a given geographical area. The shake maps are generated for eight earthquakes occurred in the studied area in the last 30 years. Furthermore, the finite-fault model is utilized for the seismic events of the Friuli 1976 and Bovec 1998 selecting the source parameters proposed in previous studies. The model validation is done computing the misfit value between the observed macroseismic data (DBMI04 catalogue) and the “instrumental” intensities that are obtained from the synthetic seismograms using empirical relationships between the ground motion and intensity. This analysis has been done for the earthquakes of Cansiglio (1936), Friuli (1976) and Bovec (1998). The synthetic seismograms are calculated for an upper cutoff frequency of 10 Hz applying the reflectivity model. The ground motion parameters are extracted from synthetic signals computed at the presently operating seismic stations and the shake maps are generated. The macroseismic intensity is derived from various relationships; the lowest misfit is obtained using the relation proposed by Kästli and Fäh (2006) for all considered seismic events and this seem to validate our Shake Maps model.
XX Ciclo
1978
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Moubarak, Majed. "Étude des effets du peptide natriurétique atrial sur les fibroblastes : implication physiopathologique dans le remodelage cardiaque." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2312/document.

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L'ANP est une hormone cardiaque libérée lors de l'insuffisance cardiaque. Les fibroblastes cardiaques, responsables de la synthèse des composants de la matrice extracellulaire (MEC), acquièrent dans les conditions pathologiques la capacité de se différencier en myofibroblastes, conduisant ainsi à une fibrose cardiaque. Les mécanismes de régulation impliquant l'ANP et ses récepteurs (NPR) restent peu connus et font l'objet de ce travail. Les fibroblastes ventriculaires ont été isolés à partir de coeurs de rats Wistar et mis en culture afin d'induire leur différenciation. Les cultures ont ensuite été soumises à différents traitements impliqués dans la voie ANP/NPR. L'ANP diminue le taux de prolifération, la migration cellulaire, et la sécrétion de collagène des myofibroblastes. Cet effet est mimé par le 8-Br-GMPc. L'analyse protéomique et génomique a permis de confirmer la présence des récepteurs natriurétiques A et B dans nos cellules. Par ailleurs, l'expression de dix isoformes de phosphodiestérases dans les myofibroblastes a été révélée par un criblage génomique. L'inhibition non sélective de ces phosphodiestérases provoque une diminution de la prolifération et de la sécrétion de collagène. Enfin, les concentrations intracellulaires de GMPc et d'AMPc ont été trouvées augmentées en présence de l'ANP. En parallèle, la caractérisation des courants ioniques présents sur les myofibroblastes a montré une absence des courants sodique rapide et potassique ATP-dépendant. Cette étude montre le rôle de la voie ANP/NPR/GMPc dans la modulation des propriétés fibroblastiques et illustre la complexité des processus de différenciation cellulaire au cours de la fibrogenèse cardiaque
ANP is a cardiac hormone released during heart failure and acts as a regulator of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cardiac fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis of ECM components and acquire under pathological conditions the capacity to differentiate into myofibroblasts, leading to cardiac fibrosis. Regulatory mechanisms involving ANP and its receptors (NPR) are poorly known and make the subject of our work. Ventricular fibroblasts were isolated from Wistar rat hearts and cultured to induce differentiation. The cultures were then subjected to various treatments involved in the ANP/NPR pathway. ANP decreases the proliferation rate, cell migration and collagen secretion. This effect was mimicked by 8-Br-cGMP. In addition, genomic and proteomic analysis confirmed the presence of the natriuretic receptor A and B in our cells. Furthermore, the expression of ten phosphodiesterases isoforms in the myofibroblasts was revealed by genomic screening. The non-selective inhibition of these phosphodiesterases causes a decrease in the proliferation and secretion of collagen. Finally, the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP were increased in the presence of ANP. In parallel, the characterization of ionic currents present in myofibroblasts revealed the absence of rapid sodium and potassium ATP-dependent currents. This study shows the role of the ANP/NPR/cGMP pathway in modulating fibroblast properties and exposes the complexity of the cell differentiation process during cardiac fibrogenesis
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Mantler, Mathias. "Der GMP-Vertrag aus bauvergaberechtlicher Sicht /." Frankfurt ; New York : Lang, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010635104&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Dissertation Koln, Universität, 2003. Zugl.: Köln, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003 u. d. T.: Der GMP-Vertrag als neue Vertrags- und Wettbewerbsform aus bauvergaberechtlicher Sicht.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-204).
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Forner, Francesco <1996&gt. "GME: A Pump and Dump Scheme?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19937.

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At the end of January 2021, an important page in financial history was written for the records as a moment in which private investors attacked hedge funds. The operation "headquarter" was Wallstreetbets, a forum of people looking for high return investments and it played a central role in the GME rally. From an economical perspective, the main reason of the exponential increase of the stock price is Short-squeeze; to make it happen, what is need is pressure from the market. This research focused on finding a relationship between activity on the Reddit platform and the change in GME stock price. Many different analysis were used, starting with a Sentiment analysis measuring the similarity beten different NLP dictionaries and verbiage within the Reddit platform. Lastly, a Fama and French model was run to find whether or not, there was an economical reason behind the return amounts for this event. Relevant data was found from all the tests conducted and the result led to believe that this event was a pump and dump scheme.
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Volant, Karine. "Les sécrétions intestinales GMPc-dépendantes chez le rat, in vivo." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T066.

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Kameni, Tcheudji Jacques Fulber. "Etude comparative des phosphodiestérases spécifiques du GMPc : relation structure-fonction." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13754.

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Tang, Katherine Mary. "Targets of cyclic GMP in blood platelets, photolabelling, mutagenesis and pharmacological analysis of the cyclic GMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0016/NQ30173.pdf.

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Engelhardt, Thomas. "The regulation of cyclic GMP during anaesthesia." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409272.

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The glutamate-NO-cyclic GMP pathway has previously been identified as a potential major target for general anaesthetic agents. An animal model of type I NOS gene disrupted mice was employed to investigate in vivo effects of the general anaesthetic agents isoflurane, ketamine, pentobarbital, and propofol on cyclic GMP in the presence or absence of the isoform specific NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole. G protein function was studied ex vivo in whole brains. Primary neuronal cell cultures were employed to investigate the effects of anaesthetic agents on glutamate stimulated cyclic GMP production. The influence of anaesthetic agents on the metabolism of cyclic GMP via phosphodiesterases was studied in vitro. The effects of anaesthetic agents on the regulation of cyclic GMP in humans are unknown. Cyclic GMP was measured in human oral mucosal transudate in volunteers and patients undergoing short general anaesthesia. A prospective double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial was conducted assessing the effects of selective PDE5 inhibition on propofol sedation requirements in healthy volunteers. Both studies indicate a potential role of cyclic GMP mediating consciousness in humans. The work presented in this thesis indicates substantial effects of anaesthetic agents on the regulation of cyclic GMP in in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro and human studies and provides new insights into the mechanisms involved in modulating general anaesthesia. However, a great deal of further work remains before the complex processes underlying general anaesthesia are fully elucidated.
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Hennan, James Kenneth. "Role of cyclic GMP, cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase and protein phosphorylation in the control of smooth muscle tension." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/NQ56558.pdf.

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Books on the topic "GMPE"

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Vogel, Patric U. B. GMP-Risikoanalysen. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35208-0.

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Sauer, Karin, ed. c-di-GMP Signaling. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7240-1.

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Zukai de manabu GMP: Gen'yaku GMP gaidorain (Q7) o chūshin to shite. 4th ed. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Jihō, 2014.

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Anisfeld, Michael H. International biotechnology, bulk chemical, and pharmaceutical GMPs. 5th ed. Denver, Colo: Interpharm Press, 1999.

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Krieg, Thomas, and Robert Lukowski, eds. Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic GMP. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-459-3.

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Durivage, Mark Allen. Certified pharmaceutical GMP professional handbook. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: ASQ Quality Press, 2014.

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The Essence of GMPs: A concise practitioner's guide. Bethesda, Md: PDA, 1998.

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J, Dent N., ed. Implementing international good practices: GAPs, GCPs, GLPs, GMPs. Buffalo Grove, IL: Interpharm Press, 1993.

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Wolfe, Alan J., and Karen L. Visick, eds. The Second Messenger Cyclic Di-GMP. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816667.

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Der GMP-Vertrag aus bauvergaberechtlicher Sicht. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "GMPE"

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Anbazhagan, P., and Ketan Bajaj. "Region Specific Consideration for GMPE Development, Representative Seismic Hazard Estimation and Rock Design Spectrum for Himalayan Region." In Advances in Earthquake Geotechnics, 131–62. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3330-1_7.

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Neels, Oliver. "GMP." In Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 87–94. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429489501-8.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "GMP." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 232. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_4457.

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Surkov, Vadim, and Masashi Hayakawa. "Geomagnetic Perturbations (GMPs)." In Ultra and Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 275–317. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54367-1_7.

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Oeser, W. "GMP-Richtlinien." In Taschenbuch für Lebensmittelchemiker und -technologen, 3–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58220-2_1.

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Nikolaevskaya, Elena A., Alexandr N. Khimich, and Tamara V. Chistyakova. "About GMP." In Programming with Multiple Precision, 13–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25673-8_2.

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Schomburg, D., M. Salzmann, and D. Stephan. "GMP reductase." In Enzyme Handbook 7, 347–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78521-4_67.

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Wilson, John Fawcett. "Cyclic GMP." In The Immunoassay Kit Directory, 1835–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0679-5_92.

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Lindgren, C. G. "GMP Documentation." In Cell Therapy, 389–402. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75537-9_24.

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Nikolaevskaya, Elena A., Alexandr N. Khimich, and Tamara V. Chistyakova. "GMP for С++." In Programming with Multiple Precision, 71–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25673-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "GMPE"

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Solakov, Dimcho, Stela Simeonova, and Plamena Raykova. "DETERMINISTIC EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO FOR THE CITY OF VARNA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s05.060.

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In the present study deterministic earthquake scenarios for the city of Varna - the thirdlargest city in Bulgaria are presented. By deterministic scenario, it is mean a representation of the severity of ground shaking over an urban area, using one or more hazard descriptors. The assessment of seismic hazard and generation of earthquake scenarios is the first step of seismic risk evaluation and society prevention. Seismic history of Varna shows that the hazard for the city is mainly influence by the earthquakes occurred in the seismogenic zone Shabla (Kaliakra fault system). The local ground shaking levels are computed using the six ground motion prediction equations (GMPE�s) for tectonically active regions that are previously selected. A reliable geotechnical zonation of the city of Varna was incorporated in the earthquake scenario generation. Deterministic ground shaking scenarios for the city of Varna are generated for two scenario earthquakes with different location and magnitudes are considered. The generated scenarios are described in terms of MSK (=EMS98) intensity, peak ground acceleration and velocity and in spectral accelerations for Sa (0.3s) and Sa (1.0s). The results in PGA and MSK intensity for scenario MW7.2 quake located on strike slip Kaliakra fault are mapped. The estimated peak ground accelerations for MW7.2 quake vary between 0.07 and 0.14 g.
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Davis, James. "GME." In Companion of the 18th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/949344.949360.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Acknowlegements." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717358.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Welcome." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717355.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Committees." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717321.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Program." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717335.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Papers Index." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717330.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Authors Index." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717333.

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"GMEPE/PAHCE 2019 Supporting Organizations." In 2019 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2019.8717334.

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"[GMEPE/PAHCE 2022 Front cover]." In 2022 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe/pahce55115.2022.9757787.

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Reports on the topic "GMPE"

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Si, Hongjun, Saburoh Midorikawa, and Tadahiro Kishida. Development of NGA-Sub Ground-Motion Model of 5%-Damped Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration Based on Database for Subduction Earthquakes in Japan. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lien3652.

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Presented within is an empirical ground-motion model (GMM) for subduction-zone earthquakesin Japan. The model is based on the extensive and comprehensive subduction database of Japanese earthquakes by the Pacific Engineering Research Center (PEER). It considers RotD50 horizontal components of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and 5%-damped elastic pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectral ordinates (PSA) at the selected periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. The model includes terms and predictor variables considering tectonic setting (i.e., interplate and intraslab), hypocentral depths (D), magnitude scaling, distance attenuation, and site response. The magnitude scaling derived in this study is well constrained by the data observed during the large-magnitude interface events in Japan (i.e., the 2003 Tokachi-Oki and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes) for different periods. The developed ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) covers subduction-zone earthquakes that have occurred in Japan for magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to as large as 9.1, with distances less than 300 km from the source.
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NA. Ground Motion Saturation Evaluation (GMSE) Data Needs Workshop. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837690.

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Shiihi, Solomon, U. G. Okafor, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Improving the Outcome of GMP Inspections by Improving Proficiency of Inspectors through Consistent GMP Trainings. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317433.

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Approximately 90% of the pharmaceutical inspectors in a pharmacy practice regulatory agency in West Africa have not updated their training on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection in at least eight years. However, in the last two years the inspectors relied on learning-on-the job skills. During this time, the agency introduced about 17% of its inspectors to hands-on GMP trainings. GMP is the part of quality assurance that ensures the production or manufacture of medicinal products is consistent in order to control the quality standards appropriate for their intended use as required by the specification of the product. Inspection reports on the Agency’s GMP inspection format in-between 2013 to 2019 across the six geopolitical zones in the country were reviewed retrospectively for gap analysis. Sampling was done in two phases. During the first phase sampling of reports was done by random selection, using a stratified sampling method. In the second phase, inspectors from the Regulatory Agency from different regions were contacted on phone to send in four reports each by email. For those that forwarded four reports, two, were selected. However for those who forwarded one or two, all were considered. Also, the Agency’s inspection format/checklist was compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) GMP checklist and the GMP practice observed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reporting skills and the ability of inspectors to interpret findings vis-à-vis their proficiency in inspection activities hence the efficiency of the system. Secondly, the study seeks to establish shortfalls or adequacies of the Agency’s checklist with the aim of reviewing and improving in-line with best global practices. It was observed that different inspectors have different styles and methods of writing reports from the same check-list/inspection format, leading to non-conformances. Interpretations of findings were found to be subjective. However, it was also observed that inspection reports from the few inspectors with the hands-on training in the last two year were more coherent. This indicates that pharmaceutical inspectors need to be trained regularly to increase their knowledge and skills in order to be kept on the same pace. It was also observed that there is a slight deviation in placing sub indicators under the GMP components in the Agency’s GMP inspection format, as compared to the WHO checklist.
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Byrne, Raymond, Todd Olinsky-Paul, and Daniel Borneo. Green Mountain Power (GMP): Significant Revenues from Energy Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1761803.

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Lubowa, Nasser, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Pharmaceutical Industry in Uganda: A Review of the Common GMP Non-conformances during Regulatory Inspections. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317442.

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The prevalence of substandard medicines in Africa is high but not well documented. Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are likely to face considerable challenges with substandard medications. Africa faces inadequate drug regulatory practices, and in general, compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in most of the pharmaceutical industries is lacking. The majority of pharmaceutical manufacturers in developing countries are often overwhelmed by the GMP requirements and therefore are unable to operate in line with internationally acceptable standards. Non-conformances observed during regulatory inspections provide the status of the compliance to GMP requirements. The study aimed to identify the GMP non-conformances during regulatory inspections and gaps in the production of pharmaceuticals locally manufactured in Uganda by review of the available 50 GMP reports of 21 local pharmaceutical companies in Uganda from 2016. The binary logistic generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was applied to estimate the association between odds of a company failing to comply with the GMP requirements and non-conformances under each GMP inspection parameter. Analysis using dummy estimation to linear regression included determination of the relationship that existed between the selected variables (GMP inspection parameters) and the production capacity of the local pharmaceutical industry. Oral liquids, external liquid preparations, powders, creams, and ointments were the main categories of products manufactured locally. The results indicated that 86% of the non-conformances were major, 11% were minor, and 3% critical. The majority of the non-conformances were related to production (30.1%), documentation (24.5%), and quality control (17.6%). Regression results indicated that for every non-conformance under premises, equipment, and utilities, there was a 7-fold likelihood of the manufacturer failing to comply with the GMP standards (aOR=6.81, P=0.001). The results showed that major non-conformances were significantly higher in industries of small scale (B=6.77, P=0.02) and medium scale (B=8.40, P=0.04), as compared to those of large scale. This study highlights the failures in quality assurance systems and stagnated GMP improvements in these industries that need to be addressed by the manufacturers with support from the regulator. The addition of risk assessment to critical production and quality control operations and establishment of appropriate corrective and preventive actions as part of quality management systems are required to ensure that quality pharmaceuticals are manufactured locally.
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Nataro, James P., and David K. Karaolis. Host Immune Response to Bacterial Cyclic Diguanylic Acid (c-di-GMP). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533324.

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McDonald, Eric, Todd Caldwell, Todd Mihevc, Sophie Baker, Steven Bacon, Sara Jenkins, Don Sabol, and Rina Schumer. Global Military Operating Environments (GMOE) Phase I: Linking Natural Environments, International Security, and Military Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada605842.

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Agu, Monica, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. The Impact of Mentoring as a GMP Capability Building Tool in The Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry in Nigeria. Purdue University, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317447.

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Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), a component of Pharmaceutical Quality Systems, is aimed primarily at managing and minimizing the risks inherent in pharmaceutical manufacture to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of products. Provision of adequate number of personnel with the necessary qualifications/practical experience and their continuous training and evaluation of effectiveness of the training is the responsibility of the manufacturer. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014; International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 2015). The classroom method of training that has been used for GMP capacity building in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Nigeria over the years, delivered by experts from stringently regulated markets, have not yielded commensurate improvement in the Quality Management Systems (QMS) in the industry. It is necessary and long over-due to explore an alternative training method that has a track record of success in other sectors. A lot of studies carried out on mentoring as a development tool in several fields such as academia, medicine, business, research etc., reported positive outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore mentoring as an alternative GMP training method in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Nigeria. Specifically, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of mentoring as a GMP capability building tool in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Nigeria, with focus on GMP documentations in XYZ pharmaceutical manufacturing company located in South-Western region of Nigeria. The methodology comprised gap assessment of GMP documentation of XYZ company to generate current state data, development of training materials based on the identified gaps and use of the training materials for the mentoring sessions. The outcome of the study was outstanding as gap assessment identified the areas of need that enabled development efforts to be targeted at these areas, unlike generic classroom training. The mentees’ acceptance of the mentoring support was evident by their request for additional training in some other areas related to the microbiology operations that were not covered in the gap assessment. This result portrays mentoring as a promising tool for GMP capacity building, but more structured studies need to be conducted in this area to generate results that can be generalized.
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Kwesiga, Victoria, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Compliance to GMP guidelines for Herbal Manufacturers in East Africa: A Position Paper. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317428.

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With the global increase in the use of traditional and complementary remedies for the prevention and treatment of illness, the quality and safety of these medicines have become a significant concern for all regulatory authorities. Herbal medicines are the most commonly used form of traditional and complementary medicines in the world and the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines, like conventional medicines, largely depends on their quality from planting to harvesting, preprocessing and final processing. Due to the inherent complexity of herbal medicines, often containing an array of active compounds, the primary processing of herbal medicines has a direct influence on their quality. Quality concerns are the reason why the medicines regulatory agencies insist that manufacturers of medicines strictly follow Good Manufacturing Practices since it is an essential tool to prevent instances of contamination, mix-ups, deviations, failures and errors. However, a strict application of GMP requirements is expensive and would drive the prices of the manufactured products up. As a result, a maturity level grading of facilities is proposed as a way of justifying the costs incurred for manufacturers desiring to reach a broader market and investing in continuous improvement. 36 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection reports of local herbal manufacturers conducted by National Drug Authority were analyzed to establish the type and extent of deficiencies to GMP requirements for local herbal manufacturers in Uganda. The different GMP chapters and related sub-parameters constituted the variables used for the analysis of conformity to requirements. The primary outcome variable was the conclusion regarding compliance or noncompliance of the inspected local herbal manufacturing facility. GMP parameters that were frequently defaulted by local herbal manufacturers and the corresponding frequencies were identified. The Pearson Chi-square test was applied independently on each category to find the association that existed between conformity and the questions in each category. Only 22% (8) of the 30 inspected facilities were found to comply with GMP requirements, as per National Drug Authority (NDA) guidelines; while the majority of the facilities, 28 (78%), were found not to comply. Of the facilities inspected, 25 were undergoing GMP inspection for the first time. A total of 1,236 deficiency observations were made in the 36 inspection reports reviewed for the study. The mean for all deficiencies was 34.3, and the standard deviation was 15.829. 91.5% of the facilities did not have mechanisms for a record of market complaints; 80.9% did not meet documentation requirements; 78.9% did not have quality control measures in place, and 65.7% did not meet stores requirements. By encouraging a culture of self/voluntary improvement through the introduction of listing of manufacturers based on a maturity level grading, the National Drug Authority will improve the Herbal Medicines sector as per the mandate of improving the herbal medicine industry. Also, increased sensitization of all relevant stakeholders regarding the requirements for GMP should be intensified.
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Uche, Chidi, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Retrospective Study of Inspectors Competency in the Act of Writing GMP Inspection Report. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317445.

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The research was a retrospective study of twenty-five Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection reports (from March 2017 through to December 2018) of a national medicine regulatory agency, drug Inspectorate, in West Africa, designed to assess the inspectors’ expertise in the act of inspection report writing. The investigation examined a paper-based tool of thirteen pre-registration Inspection reports and twelve GMP reassessment reports written prior and following an intervention program by external GMP trainers to enhance inspectors’ skill in pharmaceutical cGMP inspection. The study made use of quantitative analysis to investigate each team’s expertise in the act of writing GMP inspection report. Likewise, each report’s compliance with the requirements of three regulatory standards on GMP inspection report writing was ascertained. Impact of intervention program on lead inspectors’ competence was assessed. Lastly, gap in each team writing effectiveness, and lead inspectors’ abilities to deliver an effective report were determined. The results showed one of the inspection team (4.0%) wrote an excellent report. Two (8.0%) of the twenty-five inspection teams penned good inspection reports. Eleven (44.0%) teams drafted needs improvement reports and the remaining eleven teams (44.0%) prepared unacceptable reports. The excellent report and the two good reports had report format that meet expectation. One (50.0%) of the good reports showed the authors possess excellent knowledge of cGMP technical areas. The remain good report (50.0%) revealed the writers’ knowledge.as good. The excellent report showed the authors displayed partial mastery in the use of objective evidence while the two good reports disclosed theirs as having partial and evolving abilities. One of the teams (50.0%) that wrote good reports displayed good use of third person narrative past tense in report writing whereas the other team used the same tense and voice excellently. Generally, a sort of marginal level of performance was prominent among the inspection teams. A gap, if not tackled, will slow down regulatory process through increase report review, litigations that query report factual accuracy (AIHO, 2017) and delay in issuance of marketing authorization. In conclusion, trainings on quality attributes, such as technical content (Quality Management System (QMS) and Site), the use of objective evidence, assignment of risk levels to GMP violations and citing of applicable laws, regulation and guidelines that substantiate GMP observations, were recommended, to enhance knowledge sharing and regulators’ performance in the act of writing inspection report.
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