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Journal articles on the topic 'Gnous'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 13 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Bai, W. H., Y. Q. Sun, Q. F. Du, et al. "An introduction to the FY3 GNOS instrument and mountain-top tests." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 6 (2014): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1817-2014.

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Abstract. The FY3 (Feng-Yun-3) GNOS (GNSS Occultation Sounder) mission is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation mission of China for remote sensing of Earth's neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. GNOS will use both the global positioning system (GPS) and the Beidou navigation satellite systems on the China Feng-Yun-3 (FY3) series satellites. The first FY3-C was launched at 03:07 UTC on 23 September 2013. GNOS was developed by the Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSSAR). It will provide vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity, as well as ionospheric electron density profiles on a global basis. These data will be used for numerical weather prediction, climate research, and ionospheric research and space weather. This paper describes the FY3 GNOS mission and the GNOS instrument characteristics. It presents simulation results of the number and distribution of GNOS occultation events with the regional Beidou constellation and the full GPS constellation, under the limitation of the GNOS instrument occultation channel number. This paper presents the instrument performance as derived from analysis of measurement data in laboratory and mountain-based occultation validation experiments at Mt. Wuling in Hebei Province. The mountain-based GNSS occultation validation tests show that GNOS can acquire or track low-elevation radio signal for rising or setting occultation events. The refractivity profiles of GNOS obtained during the mountain-based experiment were compared with those from radiosondes. The results show that the refractivity profiles obtained by GNOS are consistent with those from the radiosonde. The rms of the differences between the GNOS and radiosonde refractivities is less than 3%.

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Bai, W., Y. Sun, Q. Du, et al. "An introduction to FY3 GNOS instrument and its performace tested on ground." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 1 (2014): 703–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-703-2014.

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Abstract. The FY3 GNOS (GNSS Occultation Sounder) mission is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation mission of China for remote sensing of Earth's neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. GNOS will use both the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Beidou navigation satellite systems on the China Feng-Yun-3 (FY3) series satellites. The first FY3-C was launched at 03:03 UTC, 23 September 2013. GNOS was developed by Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSSAR). It will provide vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity, as well as ionospheric electron density profiles on a global basis. These data will be used for numerical weather prediction, climate research, and ionospheric research and space weather. This paper describes the FY3 GNOS mission and the GNOS instrument characteristics. It presents simulation results of the number and distribution of GNOS occultation events with the Regional Beidou constellation and the full GPS constellation, under the limitation of the GNOS instrument occultation channel number. This paper presents the instrument performance as derived from analysis of measurement data in laboratory and mountain-based occultation validation experiments at Mt. Wuling in Hebei Province. The mountain-based GNSS occultation validation tests show that GNOS can acquire or track lower elevation radio signal for rising or setting occultation events. The refractivity profiles of GNOS obtained during the mountain-based experiment were compared with those from radiosondes. The results show that the refractivity profiles obtained by GNOS are consistent with those from the radiosonde. The RMS of the differences between the GNOS and radiosonde refractivities is less than 3%.

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Bai, Weihua, Guangyuan Tan, Yueqiang Sun, et al. "Comparison and Validation of the Ionospheric Climatological Morphology of FY3C/GNOS with COSMIC during the Recent Low Solar Activity Period." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22 (2019): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11222686.

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With the accumulation of the ionospheric radio occultation (IRO) data observed by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) occultation sounder (GNOS) onboard FengYun-3C (FY3C) satellite, it is possible to use GNOS IRO data for ionospheric climatology research. Therefore, this work aims to validate the feasibility of FY3C/GNOS IRO products in climatology research by comparison with that of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), laying the foundation for its application in climatology study. Since previous verification works of FY3C/GNOS were done by comparison with ionosondes, this work matched NmF2/hmF2 of FY3C/GNOS and COSMIC into data pairs to verify the profile-level accuracy of FY3C/GNOS IRO data. The statistical results show that the overall correlation coefficients of both NmF2 and hmF2 are above 0.9, the overall bias and std of NmF2 differences between FY3C/GNOS and COSMIC are −2.19% and 17.48%, respectively, and the bias and std of hmF2 differences are −3.29 and 18.01 km, respectively, indicating a high profile-level precision consistency between FY3C/GNOS and COSMIC. In ionospheric climatology comparison, we divided NmF2/hmF2 of FY3C/GNOS into four seasons, then presented the season median NmF2/hmF2 in 5° × 10° grids and compared them with that of COSMIC. The results show that the ionospheric climatological characteristics of FY3C/GNOS and COSMIC are highly matched, both showing the typical climatological features such as equatorial ionosphere anomaly (EIA), winter anomaly, semiannual anomaly, Weddell Sea anomaly (WSA) and so on, though minor discrepancies do exist like the differences in magnitude of longitude peak structures and WSA, which verifies the reliability of FY3C/GNOS IRO products in ionospheric climatology research.

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4

Collee, J. G. "The gnus:." BMJ 311, no. 7021 (1995): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7021.1717a.

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5

Sun, Yueqiang, Weihua Bai, Congliang Liu, et al. "The FengYun-3C radio occultation sounder GNOS: a review of the mission and its early results and science applications." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 10 (2018): 5797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5797-2018.

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Abstract. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Occultation Sounder (GNOS) is one of the new-generation payloads on board the Chinese FengYun 3 (FY-3) series of operational meteorological satellites for sounding the Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. FY-3C GNOS, on board the FY-3 series C satellite launched in September 2013, was designed to acquire setting and rising radio occultation (RO) data by using GNSS signals from both the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the US Global Positioning System (GPS). So far, the GNOS measurements and atmospheric and ionospheric data products have been validated and evaluated and then been used for atmosphere- and ionosphere-related scientific applications. This paper reviews the FY-3C GNOS instrument, RO data processing, data quality evaluation, and preliminary research applications according to the state-of-the-art status of the FY-3C GNOS mission and related publications. The reviewed data validation and application results demonstrate that the FY-3C GNOS mission can provide accurate and precise atmospheric and ionospheric GNSS (i.e., GPS and BDS) RO profiles for numerical weather prediction (NWP), global climate monitoring (GCM), and space weather research (SWR). The performance of the FY-3C GNOS product quality evaluation and scientific applications establishes confidence that the GNOS data from the series of FY-3 satellites will provide important contributions to NWP, GCM, and SWR scientific communities.

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Liao, Mi, Sean Healy, and Peng Zhang. "Processing and quality control of FY-3C GNOS data used in numerical weather prediction applications." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 5 (2019): 2679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2679-2019.

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Abstract. The Chinese radio occultation sounder GNOS (Global Navigation Occultation Sounder) is on the FY-3C satellite, which was launched on 23 September 2013. Currently, GNOS data are transmitted via the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), providing 450–500 profiles per day for numerical weather prediction applications. This paper describes the processing of the GNOS profiles with large biases related to L2 signal degradation. A new extrapolation procedure in bending angle space corrects the L2 bending angles using a thin ionosphere model and the fitting relationship between L1 and L2. We apply the approach to improve the L2 extrapolation of GNOS. The new method can effectively eliminate about 90 % of large departures. In addition to the procedure for the L2 degradation, this paper also describes our quality control (QC) for FY-3C GNOS. A noise estimate for the new L2 extrapolation can be used as a QC parameter to evaluate the performance of the extrapolation. A statistical comparison between GNOS bending angles and short-range ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) forecast bending angles demonstrates that GNOS performs almost as well as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS), especially in the core region from around 10 to 35 km. The GNOS data with the new L2 extrapolation are suitable for assimilation into numerical weather prediction systems.

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Vijay, Ritesh, A. Sharma, M. Kumar, V. Shende, T. Chakrabarti, and Rajesh Gupta. "GIS-Based Noise Simulation Open Source Software: N-GNOIS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 14, no. 01 (2014): 1550005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477515500054.

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Geographical information system (GIS)-based noise simulation software (N-GNOIS) has been developed to simulate the noise scenario due to point and mobile sources considering the impact of geographical features and meteorological parameters. These have been addressed in the software through attenuation modules of atmosphere, vegetation and barrier. N-GNOIS is a user friendly, platform-independent and open geospatial consortia (OGC) compliant software. It has been developed using open source technology (QGIS) and open source language (Python). N-GNOIS has unique features like cumulative impact of point and mobile sources, building structure and honking due to traffic. Honking is the most common phenomenon in developing countries and is frequently observed on any type of roads. N-GNOIS also helps in designing physical barrier and vegetation cover to check the propagation of noise and acts as a decision making tool for planning and management of noise component in environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies.

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Liu, Ziyan, Yueqiang Sun, Weihua Bai, et al. "Validation of Preliminary Results of Thermal Tropopause Derived from FY-3C GNOS Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (2019): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091139.

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The state-of-art global navigation satellite system (GNSS) occultation sounder (GNOS) onboard the FengYun 3 series C satellite (FY-3C) has been in operation for more than five years. The accumulation of FY-3C GNOS atmospheric data makes it ready to be used in atmosphere and climate research fields. This work first introduces FY-3C GNOS into tropopause research and gives the error evaluation results of long-term FY-3C atmosphere profiles. We compare FY-3C results with Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) and radiosonde results and also present the FY-3C global seasonal tropopause patterns. The mean temperature deviation between FY-3C GNOS temperature profiles and COSMIC temperature profiles from January 2014 to December 2017 is globally less than 0.2 K, and the bias of tropopause height (TPH) and tropopause temperature (TPT) annual cycle derived from both collocated pairs are about 80–100 m and 1–2 K, respectively. Also, the correlation coefficients between FY-3C GNOS tropopause parameters and each radiosonde counterpart are generally larger than 0.9 and the corresponding regression coefficients are close to 1. Multiple climate phenomena shown in seasonal patterns coincide with results of other relevant studies. Our results demonstrate the long-term stability of FY-3C GNOS atmosphere profiles and utility of FY-3C GNOS data in the climate research field.

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Hernández-Rodríguez, Estefanía, and Santiago Bordera. "Three new species of Stibeutes and Gnotus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from holm-oak and cork-oak Mediterranean forests." Insect Systematics & Evolution 35, no. 1 (2004): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631204788964736.

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AbstractThe new species Stibeutes hirsutus, S. calderonae and Gnotus klausi from Spanish holm-oak and cork-oak woods are described and illustrated. Data on their habitat and the phenology of S. hirsutus are reported. The species S. breviareolatus collected in a cork-oak forest is recorded for the first time for Spain. New keys for the Gnotus tenuipes species group and for the Spanish species of Stibeutes are provided.

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Bai, Weihua, Guojun Wang, Yueqiang Sun, et al. "Application of the Fengyun 3 C GNSS occultation sounder for assessing the global ionospheric response to a magnetic storm event." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 3 (2019): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1483-2019.

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Abstract. The rapid advancement of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) occultation technology in recent years has made it one of the most advanced space-based remote sensing technologies of the 21st century. GNSS radio occultation has many advantages, including all-weather operation, global coverage, high vertical resolution, high precision, long-term stability, and self-calibration. Data products from GNSS occultation sounding can greatly enhance ionospheric observations and contribute to space weather monitoring, forecasting, modeling, and research. In this study, GNSS occultation sounder (GNOS) results from a radio occultation sounding payload aboard the Fengyun 3 C (FY3-C) satellite were compared with ground-based ionosonde observations. Correlation coefficients for peak electron density (NmF2) derived from GNOS Global Position System (GPS) and Beidou navigation system (BDS) products with ionosonde data were higher than 0.9, and standard deviations were less than 20 %. Global ionospheric effects of the strong magnetic storm event in March 2015 were analyzed using GNOS results supported by ionosonde observations. The magnetic storm caused a significant disturbance in NmF2 level. Suppressed daytime and nighttime NmF2 levels indicated mainly negative storm conditions. In two longitude section zones of geomagnetic inclination between 40 and 80∘, the results of average NmF2 observed by GNOS and ground-based ionosondes showed the same basic trends during the geomagnetic storm and confirmed the negative effect of this storm event on the ionosphere. The analysis demonstrates the reliability of the GNSS radio occultation sounding instrument GNOS aboard the FY3-C satellite and confirms the utility of ionosphere products from GNOS for statistical and event-specific ionospheric physical analyses. Future FY3 series satellites and increasing numbers of Beidou navigation satellites will provide increasing GNOS occultation data on the ionosphere, which will contribute to ionosphere research and forecasting applications.

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Liao, Mi, Peng Zhang, Guang-Lin Yang, et al. "Preliminary validation of the refractivity from the new radio occultation sounder GNOS/FY-3C." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 2 (2016): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-781-2016.

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Abstract. As a new member of the space-based radio occultation sounders, the GNOS (Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder) mounted on Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) has been carrying out atmospheric sounding since 23 September 2013. GNOS takes approximately 800 daily measurements using GPS (Global Positioning System) and Chinese BDS (BeiDou navigation satellite) signals. In this work, the atmospheric refractivity profiles from GNOS were compared with the ones obtained from the co-located ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis. The mean bias of the refractivity obtained through GNOS GPS (BDS) was found to be approximately −0.09 % (−0.04 %) from the near surface to up to 46 km. While the average standard deviation was approximately 1.81 % (1.26 %), it was as low as 0.75 % (0.53 %) in the range of 5–25 km, where best sounding results are usually achieved. Further, COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) and MetOp/ GRAS (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) radio occultation data were compared with the ECMWF reanalysis; the results thus obtained could be used as reference data for GNOS. Our results showed that GNOS/FY-3C meets the design requirements in terms of accuracy and precision of the sounder. It possesses a sounding capability similar to COSMIC and MetOp/GRAS in the vertical range of 0–30 km, though it needs further improvement above 30 km. Overall, it provides a new data source for the global numerical weather prediction (NWP) community.

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Bai, Weihua, Congliang Liu, Xiangguang Meng, et al. "Evaluation of atmospheric profiles derived from single- and zero-difference excess phase processing of BeiDou radio occultation data from the FY-3C GNOS mission." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 2 (2018): 819–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-819-2018.

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Abstract. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Occultation Sounder (GNOS) is one of the new-generation payloads onboard the Chinese FengYun 3 (FY-3) series of operational meteorological satellites for sounding the Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. The GNOS was designed for acquiring setting and rising radio occultation (RO) data by using GNSS signals from both the Chinese BeiDou System (BDS) and the US Global Positioning System (GPS). An ultra-stable oscillator with 1 s stability (Allan deviation) at the level of 10−12 was installed on the FY-3C GNOS, and thus both zero-difference and single-difference excess phase processing methods should be feasible for FY-3C GNOS observations. In this study we focus on evaluating zero-difference processing of BDS RO data vs. single-difference processing, in order to investigate the zero-difference feasibility for this new instrument, which after its launch in September 2013 started to use BDS signals from five geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, five inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites and four medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites. We used a 3-month set of GNOS BDS RO data (October to December 2013) for the evaluation and compared atmospheric bending angle and refractivity profiles, derived from single- and zero-difference excess phase data, against co-located profiles from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses. We also compared against co-located refractivity profiles from radiosondes. The statistical evaluation against these reference data shows that the results from single- and zero-difference processing are reasonably consistent in both bias and standard deviation, clearly demonstrating the feasibility of zero differencing for GNOS BDS RO observations. The average bias (and standard deviation) of the bending angle and refractivity profiles were found to be about 0.05 to 0.2 % (and 0.7 to 1.6 %) over the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Zero differencing was found to perform slightly better, as may be expected from its lower vulnerability to noise. The validation results indicate that GNOS can provide, on top of GPS RO profiles, accurate and precise BDS RO profiles both from single- and zero-difference processing. The GNOS observations by the series of FY-3 satellites are thus expected to provide important contributions to numerical weather prediction and global climate change analysis.

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Xia, Wei, Lingling Sheng, Wanmeng Mu, Yuping Shi та Jing Wu. "Enzymatic Preparation of Gentiooligosaccharides by a Thermophilic and Thermostable β-Glucosidase at a High Substrate Concentration". Foods 11, № 3 (2022): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030357.

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Gentiooligosaccharides (GnOS) are a kind of oligosaccharide formed by glucose with β-1-6 glycosidic bonds, which has become a new type of functional oligosaccharide for its unique refreshing bitter taste and valuable probiotic effects. However, the research on the enzymatic preparation of GnOS is not thorough enough. In this study, a GH1 thermophilic β-glucosidase from Thermotoga sp. KOL6 was used as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of GnOS. TsBgl1 exhibited excellent thermophilic and thermostable properties by possessing a melting temperature of 101.5 °C and reacting at 80–90 °C efficiently. Its half-life at 90 °C was approximately 5 h, suggesting its high heat resistance as well. TsBgl1 also showed excellent glucose tolerance with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 1720 mM and was stimulated in the presence of 0–900 mM glucose. TsBgl1 showed the highest hydrolytic activity on laminaribiose (Glc-β-1,3-Glc), but mainly synthetized gentiobiose (Glc-β-1,6-Glc) during transglycosylation. By optimizing the reaction conditions and substrate concentration, the highest yield of GnOS synthesized by TsBgl1 reached 144.3 g·L−1 when 1000 g·L−1 glucose was used as a substrate, which was higher than the highest yield ever reported. The thermophilic and thermostable properties of TsBgl1 were considered to be significant advantages in the industrial production of GnOS, where long periods of high-temperature reactions are required. This study was expected to provide an excellent candidate enzyme for industrial production of GnOS and also provide a reference for studying the transglycosylation of GH1 β-glucosidases.

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Liao, M., P. Zhang, G. L. Yang, et al. "Preliminary validation of refractivity from a new radio occultation sounder GNOS/FY-3C." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 9 (2015): 9009–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-9009-2015.

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Abstract. As a new member of space-based radio occultation sounder, the GNOS (Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder) mounted on FY-3C has been carrying out the atmospheric sounding since 23 September 2013. GNOS takes a daily measurement up to 800 times with GPS (Global Position System) and Chinese BDS (BeiDou navigation satellite) signals. The refractivity profiles from GNOS are compared with the co-located ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) analyses in this paper. Bias and standard deviation have being calculated as the function of altitude. The mean bias is about 0.2 % from the near surface to 35 km. The average standard deviation is within 2 % while it is down to about 1 % in the range 5–30 km where best soundings are usually made. To evaluate the performance of GNOS, COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) and GRAS/METOP-A (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) data are also compared to ECMWF analyses as the reference. The results show that GNOS/FY-3C meets the requirements of the design well. It possesses a sounding capability similar to COSMIC and GRAS in the vertical range of 0–30 km, though it needs improvement in higher altitude. Generally, it provides a new data source for global NWP (numerical weather prediction) community.

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Carpenter, Dylan. "The Implausibility of Gnus." Wallace Stevens Journal 43, no. 1 (2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2019.0007.

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16

Yang, Guanglin, Weihua Bai, Jinsong Wang, et al. "FY3E GNOS II GNSS Reflectometry: Mission Review and First Results." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (2022): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040988.

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FengYun-3E (FY3E), launched on 5 July 2021, is one of China’s polar-orbiting meteorological satellite series. The GNOS II onboard FY3E is an operational GNSS remote sensor that for the first time combines GNSS radio occultation (GNSS RO) and GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R). It has eight reflection channels that can track eight specular points at the same time, receiving reflected signals from multiple GNSS systems, including GPS, BeiDou and Galileo. The basic GNSS-R output generated by GNOS II is a 122 × 20 non-uniform delay-Doppler map whose high resolution portion captures more information near the specular point. This paper introduces the GNSS-R aspect of the FengYun-3E GNOS II, including the instrument, power calibration and wind speed retrieval algorithm. Preliminary validation results for its first four months of data are also presented. After preliminary quality control, the overall wind speed error is less than 2 m/s at wind speeds below 20 m/s for data from both GPS satellites and BeiDou satellites when compared to the ECMWF reanalysis winds.

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Hercilla, Luis, Giancarlo Perez, Ricardo Illescas, et al. "2035. Clinical and Economic Outcomes in Patients with Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) and Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection (cIAI) in Perú: Impact of Gram-Negative Organisms (GNO) Resistant to Antibiotics." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1715.

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Abstract Background Delays in appropriate therapy of infections affect clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and economic outcomes of patients with cUTI and cIAI due to cephalosporin- and carbapenem-resistant GNOs to similar infections caused by nonresistant GNOs. Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to two tertiary care hospitals in Lima-Callao, Peru between January and December 2017. Patients with resistant strains were compared with those with nonresistant strains for the failure of initial antibiotic regimen (defined as worsened clinical status, change of initial antibiotic treatment, or in-hospital mortality), median length of stay (LOS), hospitalization ward cost and total hospitalization cost. Results A sample of 500 consecutive culture-positive patients were included: 429 (86%) with cUTI and 71 (14%) with cIAI (table). Conclusion cUTI caused by GNOs resistant to cephalosporins or carbapenems are associated with an incremental clinical and economic burden. The proportion of inappropriate therapy in patients with resistant infections is high. The cost of care for carbapenem-resistant cUTI was highest. The appropriate initial antibiotic choice may minimize the impact of GNO resistance on outcomes of patients with cIAI and cUTI. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Kothari, Damini, and Arun Goyal. "Gentio-oligosaccharides from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1426 dextransucrase as prebiotics and as a supplement for functional foods with anti-cancer properties." Food & Function 6, no. 2 (2015): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00802b.

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Clark, David. "Global Neurotrauma Outcomes Study (GNOS-1)." International Journal of Surgery Protocols 15 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isjp.2019.03.007.

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Bagherzadeh, M., M. A. Amrollahi, and S. Makizadeh. "Decoration of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on graphene oxide nanosheets." RSC Advances 5, no. 128 (2015): 105499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22315f.

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Conway, John H., Heiko Dietrich, and Eamonn A. O’Brien. "Counting Groups: Gnus, Moas, and other Exotica." Mathematical Intelligencer 30, no. 2 (2008): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985731.

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Yarchoan, Mark, Edward Gane, Thomas Marron, et al. "453 Personalized DNA neoantigen vaccine (GNOS-PV02) in combination with plasmid IL-12 and pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (2021): A481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.453.

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BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 have limited activity in HCC as monotherapy, with response rates ranging from 14–17%. Tumor neoantigens derived from tumor-specific mutations can be incorporated into personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines to generate tumor-specific T cell immunity, potentially priming the immune system for anti-PD1 therapy. DNA vaccines have been shown to elicit strong CD8 and CD4 T cell responses in preclinical and clinical trials. GNOS-PV02 is a personalized DNA vaccine, encoding up to 40 patient-specific neoantigens. In the GT-30 trial, it is used in combination with INO-9012 (plasmid-encoded IL-12) and pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced HCC.MethodsGT-30 is a single-arm phase I/II clinical trial to assess the safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy of GNOS-PV02 in combination with INO-9012 and pembrolizumab in patients with advanced HCC. Twenty-four patients are anticipated to be enrolled. Patients are recruited upon diagnosis or during first-line treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Tumors are biopsied for exome and transcriptome sequencing, and peripheral blood collected for germline sequencing and histogenetics. The tumor specific vaccine is designed, optimized and manufactured during first-line therapy. Each vaccine encodes up to 40 neoantigens. After progression or intolerance with first-line therapy, patients commence concurrent personalized vaccine and pembrolizumab. GNOS-PV02 + INO-9012 are administered Q3w for the first 4 doses and Q9w thereafter. Pembrolizumab is delivered Q3w.ResultsWe performed a data cut-off on the first 12 patients. The median age was 66 years (range 55–75 years). GNOS-PV02 + INO-9012 with pembrolizumab has had no reported DLTs or drug related SAEs. The most common treatment-related AE were grade 1 fatigue (25%) and grade 1 injection site reactions (17%). By including up to 40 epitopes in the vaccine we were able to target all neoantigens present in 83% of the patients. The objective response rate was 25% (3/12 partial response, 5/12 stable disease, 4/12 progressive disease). Analysis of the TCR repertoire in peripheral blood and tumor tissue identified novel and significantly expanded T cell clones post-vaccination in all patients analyzed. Many of the novel peripheral T cell clones were also identified to have trafficked to the TME at week 9, potentially mediating the observed tumor regressions.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate the potential of GNOS-PV02 + INO-9012 with pembrolizumab to target multiple neoepitopes, and provide initial support for the safety and efficacy of this regimen in patients with advanced HCC.Trial RegistrationNCT04251117Ethics ApprovalThe study obtained IRB approval (IRB) and all patients signed informed consent prior to taking part in the clinical trial. NZCR EC: 20/NTA/6; JHU: IRB00227771; Mount Sinai: HS#: 20–00076

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Ssemogerere, Lameck, Cornelius Sendagire, Ceaser Mbabazi, et al. "Hand Colonization with Gram-Negative Organisms of Healthcare Workers Accessing the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: A Cross-Sectional Study at the Uganda Heart Institute." Critical Care Research and Practice 2019 (October 9, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6081954.

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Background. Hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) are vehicles for pathogens responsible for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Following the identification of Gram-negative organisms (GNOs) in all cases of HAIs in the cardiac intensive care unit (ICU), we sought to determine the burden of hand colonization with GNOs among healthcare workers who access the cardiac ICU. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed results from surveillance cultures of fingertip imprints of HCWs who access the cardiac ICU at the Uganda Heart Institute. We collected data on staff category, isolates, and susceptibility to antibiotics. We analyzed the data using Microsoft Excel, and the results are summarized in proportions and percentages and presented in charts and tables. Results. Fifty-six healthcare workers participated in the surveillance. 21 were ICU clinicians, 21 non-ICU clinicians, and 14 nonclinicians. GNOs were cultured in 19 (33.9%) HCWs, in which 8/19 (42.1%) were non-ICU clinicians, 6/19 (31.2%) ICU clinicians, and 5/19 (26.3%) nonclinicians. 32 isolates were identified, of which 47%, 28%, and 25% were cultured from non-ICU clinicians, nonclinicians, and ICU clinicians, respectively. Predominant isolates were Acinetobacter (34%), Citrobacter (21.9%), and Pseudomonas (21.9%). Antimicrobial resistance ranged from 4% to 90%. 9/28 (32.1%) isolates, predominantly Acinetobacter species (spp), were carbapenem resistant. 8/28 (28.6%) isolates, predominantly Citrobacter spp, were multidrug resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefepime was low at 3.6% and 4.4%, respectively. Conclusion. Gram-negative organisms, predominantly Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas spp, were prevalent on the hands of HCWs who access the cardiac ICU irrespective of the staff category. Antimicrobial resistance was high, with multidrug resistance and carbapenem resistance common among Citrobacter spp and Acinetobacter spp, respectively. Resistance to cefepime and ciprofloxacin was low.

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Maloney, Shane K., Graeme Moss, and Duncan Mitchell. "Orientation to solar radiation in black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191, no. 11 (2005): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0031-3.

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Xiong, Chao, Chuanfang Lu, Jun Zhu, and Huoping Ding. "Orbit determination using real tracking data from FY3C-GNOS." Advances in Space Research 60, no. 3 (2017): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.04.013.

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26

COIMBRA, JOÃO CARLOS, and LILIA PINTO DE ORNELLAS. ""The Subfamily orionininai puri, 1973 (Ostracoda; Hemicytheridae) in the Brazilian Continental Shelf, part II. Sistematic of the Genus Caudites Coryell & Fields, 1973"." Pesquisas em Geociências 19, no. 19 (1987): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21682.

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Compreende o estudo sistemático das espécies do gênero Caudites Coryell & Fields, 1937, encontrados na Plataforma Continental Brasileira. É proposta a reformulação da diagnose do gênero Caudites com a inclusão de novos e importantes caracteres morfológicos diferenciais. Foram encontradas e descritas quatro novas espécies de Caudites para a região estudada: C. ohmerti, C. vandenboldi, C. fluminensis e C. gnomus. É redescrita e registrada por primeira vez a ocorrência de C. nipeensis Bold, 1946, para a costa brasileira, sendo também proposta uma emenda para sua diagnose.

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Yarchoan, Mark, Edward Gane, Thomas Urban Marron, et al. "Personalized DNA neoantigen vaccine in combination with plasmid IL-12 and pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): TPS2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.tps2680.

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TPS2680 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 have limited activity in HCC as monotherapy, with response rates ranging from 14-17%. Tumor neoantigens derived from tumor-specific mutations can be incorporated into personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines to prime T cell responses, potentially enhancing responses to anti-PD1 therapy. DNA vaccines have been shown to elicit strong CD8 and CD4 T cell responses in preclinical and clinical trials. In preclinical studies, DNA-encoded neoantigen vaccines have shown induction of CD8 T cells against 50% of predicted high affinity epitopes with the ability to impact tumor growth. GNOS-PV02 is a personalized DNA vaccine, encoding up to 40 patient-specific neoantigens. In the GT-30 trial, it is used in combination with INO-9012 (plasmid-encoded IL-12) and pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced HCC. Methods: The GT-30 trial (NCT04251117) is a single-arm phase I/II clinical trial to assess the safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy of GNOS-PV02 in combination with INO-9012 and pembrolizumab in patients with advanced HCC. Twenty-four patients are anticipated to be enrolled. Patients are recruited upon diagnosis or during first-line treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Tumors are biopsied for exome and transcriptome sequencing. The tumor specific vaccine is designed, optimized and manufactured during first-line therapy. Each vaccine encodes up to 40 neoantigens, which includes all detected neoantigens for the majority of HCC patients. After progression or intolerance with first-line therapy, patients can commence trial therapy with concurrent personalized vaccine and pembrolizumab. GNOS-PV02 + INO-9012 are administered Q3w for the first 4 doses and Q9w thereafter until disease progression. Pembrolizumab is delivered Q3w until disease progression. Immunogenicity of each of the vaccine epitopes will be determined by ex vivo ELISpot and flow cytometry. Clinical activity is assessed by RECIST1.1 at baseline and every 9 weeks. Serial biopsies will be obtained at 9 weeks and upon disease progression to evaluate changes in the exome, transcriptome and changes to the tumor microenvironment. Clinical trial information: NCT04251117.

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Schmoeckel, Julian, Ruth M. Santamaría, Roger Basner, Elisabeth Schüler, and Christian H. Splieth. "Introducing a Specific Term to Present Caries Experience in Populations with Low Caries Prevalence: Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC)." Caries Research 53, no. 5 (2019): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496932.

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Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.

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Learned, John G. "Detection of geoneutrinos: Can we make the gnus work for us?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 136, no. 2 (2008): 022007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/136/2/022007.

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Vieira, L. S., and A. L. Netto-Ferreira. "A new species of Microcharacidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Central Amazon, Brazil." Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, no. 1 (2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0138.

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A new species (Microcharacidium bombioides sp. nov.) of the genus Microcharacidium Buckup, 1993 is described from the Rio Negro, Rio Trombetas, Rio Tapajós, tributaries of the Rio Madeira, and the middle Rio Amazonas. The new species is promptly distinguished from all congeners (Microcharacidium eleotrioides (Géry, 1960), Microcharacidium gnomus Buckup, 1993, and Microcharacidium weitzmani Buckup, 1993) by the presence of 12 circumpeduncular scales, 19 precaudal vertebrae, and 7 dark bars on the flanks connected to their contralateral parts both dorsally and ventrally; 2 short, dark suborbital stripes; all teeth on both jaws conical; 10–11 total dorsal-fin rays; and 3–4 perforated lateral line scales. An updated identification key for the genus is provided and the affinities of the new species with other Microcharacidium are discussed.

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Stover, J. "Variability of uterine cervical anatomy in the white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou)." Zoo Biology 6, no. 3 (1987): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430060310.

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DOBRORUKA, LUDEK J., JIRI VAHALA, and JIRI DED. "Breeding and development of White-tailed gnu: Connochaetes gnou at Dvur Kralove Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (1989): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb01113.x.

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DOBRORUKA, LUDEK J., JIRI VAHALA, and JIRI DED. "Breeding and development of White-tailed gnu: Connochaetes gnou at Dvur Kralove Zoo." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (2007): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1990.tb03352.x.

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Jin-cheng, WANG, GONG Jian-dong, and HAN Wei. "The Impact of Assimilating FY-3C GNOS GPS Radio Occultation Observations on GRAPES Forecasts." 热带气象学报（英文版） 26, no. 3 (2020): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.46267/j.1006-8775.2020.034.

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35

Maloney, Shane K., Graeme Moss, Tammy Cartmell, and Duncan Mitchell. "Alteration in diel activity patterns as a thermoregulatory strategy in black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191, no. 11 (2005): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0030-4.

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ONO, Hiroshi. "Simulium oshimaense, a new replacement name for Simulium (Gnus) fulvipes (Ono, 1978) (Diptera : Simuliidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 40, no. 1 (1989): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.40.65_1.

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Kabongo-Kayoka, P. N., C. L. Obi, C. Nakajima, et al. "Novel Mycobacterium avium Complex Species Isolated From Black Wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou ) in South Africa." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64, no. 3 (2015): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12460.

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38

Khlyzova, T. A. "Number and taxonomic structure of blood-sucking insects community in the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen Region." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 4 (2019): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_787.

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The abundance level of blood-sucking Diptera is, to a large extent, determined by natural and climatic conditions and hydrological regime of rivers, and is subject to significant fluctuations. In order to assess the impact of meteorological conditions of the season on the abundance of blood-sucking Diptera, the abundance ratio of horseflies, mosquitoes, blackflies and midges in the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen Region for 2006, 2013-2017 was compared. The study was performed in the surroundings of Isetskoye Village and Barkhatovo Village in Isetsky District of Tyumen Region. This area belongs to the province of Tobol forest-steppe. The study area is located on the left bank of Iset river. The forest-steppe zone is located in the south of the region. The region has very cold winters, the average temperature in January is -18-20ºС. The summer season lasts about 125 days, the average temperature in July is +19-20ºC. Spring and autumn seasons are short. The region is characterized by late frosts in spring until the end of the first decade of June and early autumn, and sometimes in late August. Analysis of data obtained showed that of the six seasons studied the largest gnus abundance was registered in 2014, the minimum abundance was in 2006. The abundance level and the individual components ratio of «GNUS» complex were subject to significant changes depending on the season, in 2006 and 2014, the blackflies were mostly collected, and in 2013, 2015-2017 – mosquitoes. Meteorological and hydrological conditions of winter and spring seasons have the greatest impact on the level of insect populations of «gnuts» complex. Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of blackflies was 3 times, midges ‒ 9, horseflies and mosquitoes ‒ 10. The main limiting factors for the mass development of blood-sucking Diptera in the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen Region are hard and dry winters that cause insect death at the pre-imaginal stages of development, as well as huge temperature swings in spring and summer and small areas of breeding grounds.

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Burger, Barend V., Desmond Slade, Marlize Z. Bekker, and Aron H. Goitom. "Mammalian exocrine secretions XIX. Chemical characterization of the interdigital secretion of the Black Wildebeest, Connochaetes gnou." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 75, no. 9-10 (2020): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0159.

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AbstractUsing gas chromatography (GC) in conjunction with electron impact mass spectrometry and retention-time comparison, 94 compounds, ranging from 2-methyl-2-propenal to octadecanoic acid, were identified in the interdigital secretions of male and female black wildebeests, Connochaetes gnou (also known as the white-tailed gnu). The constituents of these secretions belong to many different compound classes, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics and aliphatic carbonyl compounds including carboxylic acids as well as carboxylic acid esters. Relatively small quantitative differences were found between the male and female interdigital secretions. It was concluded that these compounds probably do not play a significant role in territorial marking or in chemical communication between males and females of the species, but they could be involved in preserving the remarkably strong attachment between members of social subgroups in black wildebeest populations.

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ARMBRUSTER, JONATHAN W., and DONALD C. TAPHORN. "A new species of Pseudancistrus from the Rio Caroni Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)." Zootaxa 1731, no. 1 (2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1731.1.3.

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Pseudancistrus reus is a new species from the Río Caroní (Río Orinoco drainage) of Venezuela known from two individuals. It differs from all other Pseudancistrus by having a color pattern consisting of alternating dark and light bars. In addition, it differs from all except P. genisetiger and P. papariae by having an incomplete mid-dorsal plate row and from P. genisetiger and P. papariae by having 18 contiguous mid-dorsal plates vs. 14 plates, a plateless break and then two more plates at the end of the caudal peduncle. The type locality of P. reus was submerged by the construction of the Caruachi dam, and is also the only known locality of the gymnotiform Sternarchorhynchus gnomus, making it imperative that the conservation status of these and other potential Caroní endemics be assessed. Pseudancistrus reus is the first species of Pseudancistrus sensu stricto from the Orinoco. Although the relationship of the species to other Pseudancistrus is unknown, P. reus may have gained access to the Orinoco either via stream capture between the Caroní and the Rio Uraricoera (Rio Branco – Rio Negro drainage) or via stream capture between the Caroní and either the Cuyuní or Mazaruni Rivers (Essequibo River drainage).key word: Siluriformes, Loricariidae, taxonomySe describe como especie nueva Pseudancistrus reus del río Caroní (cuenca del río Orinoco) en Venezuela, basada en dos ejemplares. Difiere de todas los demás Pseudancistrus en tener un patrón de pigmentación que consiste de barras claras alternando con oscuras. Además, difiere de todas los demás, menos P. genisetiger y P. papariae en tener la fila medio-dorsal de placas incompleta, y de P. genisetiger y P. papariae difiere en tener 18 placas medio-dorsales contiguas vs. 14 placas seguidas por una zona sin placas y luego dos placas más en el pedúnculo caudal). La localidad típica de P. reus fue sumergida por las aguas del embalse Caruachi. Ese sitio es también la localidad típica de Sternarchorhynchus gnomus, haciéndolo imprescindible evaluar el estado de conservación de estas dos especies más las otras endémicas del bajo Caroní. Pseudancistrus reus es la primera especies de Pseudancistrus sensu stricto de la cuenca del río Orinoco. Aunque desconocemos las relaciones con otras Pseudancistrus, P. reus puede haber ganado acceso al Caroní vía la captura de caños en las cabeceras del río Uraricoera-Branco-Negro o del río Cuyuní o Mazaruni, afluentes del río Essequibo.

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Shange, Nompumelelo, Thandeka Makasi, Pieter Gouws, and Louwrens C. Hoffman. "Preservation of previously frozen black wildebeest meat (Connochaetes gnou) using oregano (Oreganum vulgare) essential oil." Meat Science 148 (February 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.10.012.

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Codron, Daryl, and James S. Brink. "Trophic ecology of two savanna grazers, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou." European Journal of Wildlife Research 53, no. 2 (2006): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-006-0070-2.

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43

Vahala, J., and F. Kase. "Age- and sex-related differences in haematological values of captive white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou)." Comparative Haematology International 3, no. 4 (1993): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02341969.

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VandenBerg, A. H. M. "The Ordovician graptolite subfamily Kinnegraptinae in Victoria, Australia." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 131, no. 2 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs19008.

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Victoria is emerging as the region where members of the Ordovician graptolite subfamily Kinnegraptinae, revised herein, reached its highest diversity, with 16 or 17 species present, grouped in the four genera Paradelograptus Erdtmann et al. (1987), Lignigraptus n. gen., Wuninograptus Ni, 1981 and Psenograptus n. gen. The biostratigraphic range of the subfamily extends over much of the Early and Middle Ordovician, from the late Tremadocian Aorograptus victoriae Biozone to the late Darriwilian Archiclimacograptus riddellensis Biozone. Species described are Paradelograptus antiquus (T.S. Hall, 1899a), P. pritchardi (T.S. Hall, 1899a), P. bulmani (Thomas, 1973), P. maletzi n. sp., P. orthae n. sp., P. cayleyi n. sp., Lignigraptus chapmani (Keble & Harris, 1934), L. sedecimus (Harris & Thomas, 1938a), L. ramulosus (Harris & Thomas, 1938a), L. erdtmanni (Rickards & Chapman, 1991), L. gnomus n. sp., L. absidatus n. sp., L. daangean n. sp., L. diabolus n. sp., Wuninograptus quadribrachiatus Ni, 1981, Psenograptus costermansin. sp., Psenograptus sp. A and Psenograptus sp. B. The term glossa is proposed for the elongate apparatuses that adorn thecal apertures of Kinnegraptus, Lignigraptus and Wuninograptus.

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Fiodorova. "METHOD FOR CALCULATING OF THE CATTLE PRODUCTIVITY LOSS CAUSED BY AN ATTACK OF THE GNUS COMPLEX." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.650-655.

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Two-winged blood-sucking insects - mosquitoes (Culicidae), gadflies (Tabanidae), midges (Simuliidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), cause considerable con-cern to agricultural animals and reduce their productivity in the summer grazing season. The aim of the work is to obtain more accurate objective data on the expect-ed degree of decrease in animal productivity, depending on the abundance of both individual components of gnats parasitizing on them and gnats in general, needed to determine the thresholds of the harmful numbers of these insects, the appropriate-ness, nature and extent of the corresponding events. The article presents data on the calculation of cattle productivity losses caused by the attack of the gnus complex.The article presents the formulas for calculating the definition of insect insect com-plex "cattle" for cattle, in particular for cows, including an assessment of the ef-fect of these insects on the productivity of animals, achieved by the fact that the comparative quantitative injuriousness of individuals from each of the families of bloodsucking dipterans or gnat components the average weight of their females who were sucking blood, and the harmfulness expressed by the degree of decrease in the productivity of the affected animals was calculated depending on the average about the abundance of parasitic insects (gadflies, mosquitoes, midges and biting midges) detected during the periods of their highest daily activity during the mass flight sea-son by taking one-time, 5-minute, 15-minute or daily counts for animals in a herd or humming top-shaped traps (for gadflies) on pasture.

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Grobler, Paul, Anna M. van Wyk, Desiré L. Dalton, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, and Antoinette Kotzé. "Assessing introgressive hybridization between blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) from South Africa." Conservation Genetics 19, no. 4 (2018): 981–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-018-1071-x.

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Medvedev, S. G. "The fauna of bloodsucking insects of the gnus complex (Diptera) of Northwest Russia. Analysis of distribution." Entomological Review 91, no. 9 (2011): 1092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001387381109003x.

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Cai, Yuerong, Weihua Bai, Xianyi Wang, et al. "In-orbit performance of GNOS on-board FY3-C and the enhancements for FY3-D satellite." Advances in Space Research 60, no. 12 (2017): 2812–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.001.

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Milenkovic, Pavle. "Romantisme Ethnologique de Rastko Petrovic." Sociologija 52, no. 1 (2010): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1001055m.

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(francuski) Les activit?s litt?raires de Rastko Petrovic, sauf par une fra?cheur de genre et par leur contribution avant-gardiste, se caract?risent aussi par la vue ethnologique et sociopsychologique dans la compr?hension des processus sociologiques et des cr?ations artistiques. En se servant des d?couvertes de Durkheim et de L?vi-Br?hl sur l'esprit collectif, la conscience collective et la mentalit? primitive, en assumant d'une certaine mani?re les m?taphores de Pierre Janet sur le caract?re sublimant des ?tats hyst?riques, en pol?misant enfin avec la conviction des surr?alistes de l'authenticit? gnos?ologique de l'inconscient, il appara?t dans les premi?res d?cennies du XXe si?cle comme un des plus imaginatifs ?crivains ?rudits et avant-gardiste de la culture serbe, qui lie, non sans une certaine sensualit? rabelaisienne, la litt?rature, la th?orie sociale, la peinture et le film, et cela sans l'aridit? de cabinet et sans la pose intellectueliste.

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Cramer, Christian Andreas. "Redescription of Panaqolus purusiensis(LaMonte, 1935) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with identification key to the species of the genus." Neotropical Ichthyology 12, no. 1 (2014): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252014000100006.

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Despite Panaqolus purusiensis being described nearly 80 years ago, very little is known about it. The taxon was described based on a single specimen. Researching collection catalogues has revealed two more specimens that were caught together along with the holotype but had subsequently been deposited in different museums. Recent collections, including one from the type locality, have made more specimens available. Examination of this new material reveals that this species has three distinct color patterns that are size dependent. Specimens with standard length (SL) less than 30 mm show a coloration common among various species of Panaqolus consisting of regular bands on the body, fins and head. Specimens from 30-90 mm SL have a specific color pattern with thinner bands and those larger than 90 mm SL have a uniformly dark body with only the fins continuing to show bands. The most similar species are P. changae, P. gnomus, P. maccus, and P. nocturnus.The first three can easily be distinguished by their coloration and by body proportions. Specimens of P. nocturnusof more than 90 mm SL however are nearly indistinguishable from P. purusiensisof the same size, making identification difficult.

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