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Meunram, Paramee, and Chalermchon Satirapod. "Variation of Precipitable Water Vapor derived from GNSS CORS Observations in Thailand." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199405002.
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This research aims to study a distance variation of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) between CORS stations in Thailand using a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique. Nowadays, GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) is not only used to obtain precise positioning applications but also plays an important role in meteorological applications. With a recent establishment of GNSS CORS around Thai region, the PWV can be accurately derived from these GNSS CORS data using the scientific Position and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA) GNSS processing software. One-year period of GNSS CORS data collected between 1 January and 31 December 2016 are used in this study. The GNSS CORS data used in this study are gathered from various agencies, i.e. Chulalongkorn University, Department of Lands and Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning. However, a coverage distance from each GNSS CORS station for PWV estimations is not precisely determined for Thai region. This information can help reduce expenses in an installation and maintenance of meteorology sensors at each GNSS CORS. Therefore, this paper focuses on determining the distance variation of PWV between GNSS CORS stations and the coverage distance from each CORS for PWV estimations. The result shows that the coverage distance from each CORS station at 74 km or less can provide accurate PWV in Thai region.
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Yuwono, Bambang D., M. Awaluddin, and Widi Hapsari. "ANALISIS KECEPATAN PERGERAKAN STATION GNSS CORS UDIP." JURNAL ILMIAH GEOMATIKA 23, no. 1 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24895/jig.2017.23-1.616.
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<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong></strong></p><p>Teknologi GNSS berkembang pesat seiring dengan adanya sistem pengadaan titik kontrol dasar modern yang digunakan sebagai referensi untuk penentuan posisi. Sistem tersebut dikenal dengan CORS (<em>Continously Operating Reference System </em>). Station GNSS CORS juga dikembangkan di Departemen Geodesi Fakultas Teknik UNDIP pada akhir tahun 2012 dengan nama CORS UDIP. Instalasi GNSS CORS UDIP didasarkan pada kebutuhan keperluan survei, model matematis geodesi, dan pemrosesan sinyal digital. Analisis terhadap kecepatan pergerakan stasiun GNSS CORS UDIP perlu dilakukan untuk keperluan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan nilai kecepatan pergerakan station GNSS CORS UDIP periode 2013 s.d. 2016. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengolahan jaring dengan pengikatan ke 9 stasiun IGS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stasiun GNSS CORS UDIP dalam periode 2013 s.d. 2016 memiliki kecepatan pergerakan 0,08 cm dalam arah <em>east</em> dan 0,36 cm dalam arah <em>north</em>.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: GNSS CORS, kecepatan pergerakan, pemrosesan data digital</p></div><p><em><strong><br clear="all" /> </strong></em></p><p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><em></em></p><p><em>GNSS technology is growing rapidly along with the procurement system of modern basic control points as a reference for positioning. This system is known as CORS (Continously Operating Reference System). GNSS CORS Station is also developed in the Department of Geodesy Faculty of Engineering UNDIP at the end of 2012. The GNSS CORS Station name is CORS UDIP. Installation of GNSS CORS UDIP is based on survey needs, geodetic mathematical models, and digital signal processing. An analysis of the movement speed of GNSS CORS UDIP stations is necessary for this purpose. Coordinate Sta GNSS UDIP was calculated using network processing method with 9 sta IGS (International GNSS Service) as reference stations. The results of analysis showed that GNSS UDIP in the period of 2013-2016 had velocity rate 0.08 cm in the east and 0.36 cm in the north.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>GNSS<strong> </strong>CORS, velocity rate, digital signal processing</em><em></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
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Metsar, Jaanus, Karin Kollo, and Artu Ellmann. "MODERNIZATION OF THE ESTONIAN NATIONAL GNSS REFERENCE STATION NETWORK." Geodesy and cartography 44, no. 2 (2018): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2018.2023.
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The first GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) in Estonia became operational in 1996. Starting from 2008 four Estonian CORS are incorporated into the EPN (EUREF Permanent GNSS Network). During the years 2014-2015 modernization of the GNSS CORS in Estonia was carried out. Currently the total number of the resulting ESTPOS reference stations is 28. These ESTPOS stations were interconnected to the I order national geodetic network by a special GNSS campaign in 2017. The maintenance and compilation of the ESTPOS based research products is explained. Aspects of the ESTPOS usage, including also the real time surveys, are discussed. Comparisons with SWEPOS (Swedish national GNSS CORS) and FinnRef (Finnish national GNSS CORS) networks indicate possibilities for further ESTPOS developments.
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Pirti, Atinc, R. Gursel Hosbas, Taylan Ocalan, and Nursu Tunalioglu. "An alternative method for point positioning in the forested areas." Šumarski list 140, no. 3-4 (2016): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.140.3-4.6.
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Apsolutno određivanje položaja točke s GNSS/CORS (Globalni navigacijski satelitski sustav) u šumskim područjima predstavlja značajan izazov u smislu uštede vremena, kako bi se dobile što točnije koordinate točaka. Vrijeme za rješenje neodređenosti faze cijelih brojeva nosača obično traje jedan sat ili više za apsolutno određivanje točaka pod šumskim područjem s GNSS/CORS. U ovom istraživanju predložena je alternativna metoda za određivanje položaja točke, koja daje rezultate položaja s preciznošću na razini centimetra i potrebno je skoro 15 minuta kako bi se dala nova lokacija točke u šumskom području. Predložena metoda može također imati praktičnu primjenu za unutarnje prostore sa željenom preciznošću na razini cm, koja se postiže u kratkom vremenu promatranja. U ovom istraživanju, proveli smo terenski rad kako bi dobili koordinate točaka u šumskim područjima s GNSS/CORS sustavom i dodatnim mjerenjima, utvrđivanjem dviju kontrolnih točaka promatranih s GNSS/CORS lociranih na granici šumskog područja. Rezultati pokazuju da se zadovoljavajuće rješenje za šumsko područje postiže na razini cm (≈ ± 6 cm) u kratkom vremenu promatranja.
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Yu, Chen, Nigel T. Penna, and Zhenhong Li. "Optimizing Global Navigation Satellite Systems network real-time kinematic infrastructure for homogeneous positioning performance from the perspective of tropospheric effects." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2242 (2020): 20200248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0248.
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Real-time centimetre-level precise positioning from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is critical for activities including landslide, glacier and coastal erosion monitoring, flood modelling, precision agriculture, intelligent transport systems, autonomous vehicles and the Internet of Things. This may be achieved via the real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS approach, which uses a single receiver and a network of continuously operating GNSS reference stations (CORS). However, existing CORS networks have often been established simply by attempting regular spacing or in clusters around cities, with little consideration of weather, climate and topography effects, which influence the GNSS tropospheric delay, a substantial GNSS positional error and which prevents homogeneous RTK accuracy attainment. Here, we develop a framework towards optimizing the design of CORS ground infrastructure, such that tropospheric delay errors reduce to 1.5 mm worth of precipitable water vapour (PWV) globally. We obtain average optimal station spacings of 52 km in local summer and 70 km in local winter, inversely related to the atmospheric PWV variation, with denser networks typically required in the tropics and in mountainous areas. We also consider local CORS network infrastructure case studies, showing how after network modification interpolated PWV errors can be reduced from around 2.7 to 1.4 mm.
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Romero, Marcelo, and Mike Mustafa Berber. "Subsidence determination in the Central Valley, California." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 106, no. 1 (2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0012.
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Abstract Twenty four hour GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data acquired monthly for 5 years from 8 CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) stations in Central Valley, California are processed and vertical velocities of the points are determined. To process GNSS data, online GNSS data processing service APPS (Automatic Precise Positioning Service) is used. GNSS data downloaded from NGS (National Geodetic Survey) CORS are analyzed and subsidence at these points is portrayed with graphics. It is revealed that elevation changes range from 5 mm uplift in the north to 163 mm subsidence in the southern part of the valley.
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Bakici, S., B. Erkek, A. İlbey, and E. Kulaksiz. "BUSINNES MODEL OF CORS-TR (TUSAGA-AKTIF)." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W4 (November 13, 2017): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w4-109-2017.
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CORS-TR (TUSAGA-Aktif (Turkish National Permanent GNSS Network – Active)), serves location information at cm level accuracy in Turkey and TR Northern Cyprus in few seconds, where adequate numbers of GNSS satellites are observed and communication possibilities are present. No ground control points and benchmarks are necessary. There are 146 permanent GNSS stations within the CORS-TR System. Station data are transferred online to the main control center located in the Mapping Department of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. <br><br> CORS-TR System was established in 2008 and has been updated in software, hardware, communication and pricing areas from technical and administrative point of view in order to improve the system and provide better service to the users. Thus, the added value obtained from the CORS-TR System has been increased and contributed to the more efficient use of country resources. In this paper, how the technical, administrative and financial studies in the operation of the CORS-TR System were managed with a sustainable business model, studies for solving problems encountered in operating of the system, the cost / benefit analysis of the system and the sharing of experience gained from the perspective of how web-based applications are managed and the business model of the CORS-TR System are explained in detail.
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Godah, Walyeldeen, Jagat Dwipendra Ray, Malgorzata Szelachowska, and Jan Krynski. "The Use of National CORS Networks for Determining Temporal Mass Variations within the Earth’s System and for Improving GRACE/GRACE-FO Solutions." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (2020): 3359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203359.
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Temporal mass variations within the Earth’s system can be detected on a regional/global scale using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite missions’ data, while GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data can be used to detect those variations on a local scale. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of national GNSS CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) networks for the determination of those temporal mass variations and for improving GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions. The area of Poland was chosen as a study area. Temporal variations of equivalent water thickness ΔEWT and vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface Δh were determined at the sites of the ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network of the European Position Determination System) CORS network using GRACE/GRACE-FO-based GGMs and GNSS data. Moreover, combined solutions of ΔEWT were developed by combining ΔEWT obtained from GNSS data with the corresponding ones determined from GRACE satellite mission data. Strong correlations (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.9) between detrended Δh determined from GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite mission data and the corresponding ones from GNSS data were observed at 93% of the GNSS stations investigated. Furthermore, for the determination of temporal mass variations, GNSS data from CORS network stations provide valuable information complementary to GRACE satellite mission data.
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Suárez Silva, Norbertino, Roberto Pérez Rodino, and Ricardo Yelicich Peláez. "Red de transporte de datos en formato RTCM, vía protocolo de Internet (Ntrip). Implementación en la región y proyección futura a través de SIRGAS." Revista Cartográfica, no. 89 (October 3, 2019): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35424/rcarto.i89.495.
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Las CORS (Estaciones de Referencia de Observación Continua), utilizan los GNSS (Sistemas Satelitales de Posicionamiento Global), para determinar con alta preci- sión una posición, mediante la observación de los satélites de las constelaciones disponibles (GPS, GLONNAS, próximamente Galileo y Compass/BeiDou). 
 Empleando la técnica llamada de Corrección Diferencial, es posible eliminar casi totalmente la influencia de los errores inducidos voluntariamente o producidos por la señal GNSS. El método DGNSS, tanto en modo Post Proceso como en Tiempo Real, son las modalidades más utilizadas. Actualmente están disponibles tam- bién soluciones PPP (Precise Point Positioning - Posicionamiento Puntual Preciso), a partir de desarrollos generados en varias agencias de investigación. Últimamente se han presentado ciertos avances sobre PPP (Posicionamiento de Punto Preciso), particularmente en tiempo real: PPP-RTK. 
 Las Correcciones Diferenciales pueden ser obtenidas directamente a partir de un receptor GNSS, de una CORS o de una red CORS, conectadas a un Servidor-Cáster a través de Internet. 
 El cliente o usuario móvil utilizando tecnología de telefonía móvil (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS) y un programa Cliente, puede acceder a la dirección IP del Cáster, a través de protocolo Ntrip (Red de Transporte de datos en formato RTCM a través Protocolo de Internet), a fin de obtener los datos de corrección diferencial para el receptor GNSS que está utilizando. 
 Ntrip se basa en HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol - Protocolo de Transferencia de Hipertexto), siendo capaz de trasmitir cualquier tipo de datos GNSS a través de mensajes RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) o datos en formato propietario (raw data). El usuario puede elegir entre una serie de produc- tos, como por ejemplo correcciones de una sola CORS, o corrección de una red CORS. Existen diversas soluciones de red, como ser: VRS (Estación de Referencia Virtual), FKP (Parámetros de Corrección de Planos), MAX (Máster-Auxiliar), iMAX (individual Máster-Auxiliar
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Maciuk, Kamil. "Short-term analysis of internal and external CORS clocks." Journal of Applied Geodesy 14, no. 3 (2020): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2020-0011.
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AbstractThe International GNSS Service (IGS) provides high-accuracy clock products for both GNSS satellites and stations. On board of each GNSS satellite are located 3–4 atomic oscillators. In the case of CORS oscillators, the majority of them are equipped with internal oscillators and a part uses external, high-rate clocks. In the IGS network there are four types of external oscillators: quartz, rubidium, caesium and H-maser. These CORS are often reference stations for precise GNSS measurements or for time transfer. In this paper the author provides analyses of the internal and external stability of the reference stations oscillators via the usage of Allan variations. The results show a strong advantage of the external clocks over internal ones by about five orders of magnitude.
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Li, Bofeng, and Peter J. G. Teunissen. "GNSS antenna array-aided CORS ambiguity resolution." Journal of Geodesy 88, no. 4 (2013): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-013-0688-2.
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Bakici, S., B. Erkek, V. Manti, and A. Altekin. "TRUSTED DATA COMMUNICATION AND SECURITY ISSUES IN GNSS NETWORK OF TURKEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W6 (November 13, 2017): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w6-23-2017.
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There are three main activities of General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. These are Mapping, Land Registry and Cadastre. Geomatic Department is responsible for mapping activities. The most important projects like TUSAGA-Aktif (CORS-Tr), Metadata Geoportal, Orthophoto Production and orthophoto web services and preparation of Turkish NSDI Feasibility Report have been conducted and completed by this department’s specialists since 2005.<br><br> TUSAGA-Aktif (CORS-Tr) System, serves location information at cm level accuracy in Turkey and TR Nortern Cyprus in few seconds, where adequate numbers of GNSS satellites are observed and communication possibilities are present. No ground control points and benchmarks are necessary. There are 146 permanent GNSS stations within the CORS-Tr System. Station data are transferred online to the main control center located in the Mapping Department of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre and to the control center located in the General Command of Mapping. Currently CORS-Tr has more than 9000 users. Most of them are private companies working for governmental organization. <br><br> Providing data communication between control center and both GNSS station and users via trusted and good substructure is important. Additionally, protection of the system and data against cyber attacks from domestic and foreign sources is important. This paper focuses on data communication and security issues of GNSS network named TUSAGA-Aktif.
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Rizos, Chris, and Chalermchon Satirapod. "Contribution of GNSS CORS Infrastructure to the Mission of Modern Geodesy and Status of GNSS CORS in Thailand." Engineering Journal 15, no. 1 (2011): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2011.15.1.25.
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Rover, Simone, and Alfonso Vitti. "GNSS-R with Low-Cost Receivers for Retrieval of Antenna Height from Snow Surfaces Using Single-Frequency Observations." Sensors 19, no. 24 (2019): 5536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245536.
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Snowpack is an important fresh water storage; the retrieval of snow water equivalents from satellite data permits to estimate potentially available water amounts which is an essential parameter in water management plans running in several application fields (e.g., basic needs, hydroelectric, agriculture, hazard and risk monitoring, climate change studies). The possibility to assess snowpack height from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) observations by means of the GNSS reflectometry technique (GNSS-R) has been shown by several studies. However, in general, studies are being conducted using observations collected by continuously operating reference stations (CORS) built for geodetic purposes and equipped with geodetic-grade instruments. Moreover, CORS are located on sites selected according to criteria different from those more suitable for snowpack studies. In this work, beside an overview of key elements of GNSS reflectometry, single-frequency GNSS observations collected by u-blox M8T GNSS receivers and patch antennas from u-blox and Tallysman have been considered for the determination of antenna height from the snowpack surface on a selected test site. Results demonstrate the feasibility of GNSS-R even with non-geodetic-grade instruments, opening the way towards diffuse GNSS-R targeted applications.
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Yu, Xue Xiang, Wei Cai Lü, Fa Wen Jiang, et al. "Research on the Automatic Monitoring System for Coal Mining Subsidence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 1355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.1355.
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The automatic monitoring system for coal mining subsidence is introduced from the main research contents, composition of system, construction of system, etc. in this paper. The system is based on GNSS CORS technology, GIS technology, computer network communication technology, mobile PDA technology, modern measurement data processing technology. It takes GNSS reference station subsystem, GNSS CORS monitoring station subsystem, data monitoring center subsystem, subsystem of real-time data acquisition terminal and subsystem of communication as core modules. Equipment monitoring, data collecting and transmitting, data processing and analyzing ,subsidence predicting and early warning, mining damage evaluating are built up into a automatic monitoring system for coal mining subsidence. This system can provide decision-making basis for mine safety mining and geological environmental governance.
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Park, Joon Kyu, and Min Gyu Kim. "GNSS Data Processing and Analysis for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Monitoring." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 9, no. 2 (2018): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2018070104.
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This article describes how an earthquake with highest magnitude 5.8 on the Richter scale occurred in the Gyeongju area on Sep. 12, 2016 since the first seismological observation. In addition, continuous aftershocks have occurred. There is a pressing need for proper earthquake monitoring and prevention systems. This article is intended to apprehend the dislocation and location change of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) caused by earthquake by means of data on CORS of the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) and suggest effective seismic monitoring methods. Through Precise Point Positioning (PPP) over earthquake occurrence locations, it was possible to determine the dislocation aspects of CORS for TEGN and CHSG near the seismic epicenter. The nationwide Relative Positioning processing of data for 58 CORS from Sep. 1 to Sep. 30 suggested that CORS had not transitioned coordinates due to the earthquake. For the sake of more efficient earthquake observation and monitoring, it is believed that highly frequent GNSS data acquisition and the additional installation of observation devices such as seismometers is required.
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Manurung, Parluhutan, Joshua Manurung, Hari Pramujo, and Raka Prawira. "KEMANDIRIAN TEKNOLOGI PENGEMBANGAN RECEIVER GNSS UNTUK MOBILE CORS BERBASIS CLOUD SERVER." Seminar Nasional Geomatika 3 (February 15, 2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.24895/sng.2018.3-0.1070.
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Distribusi Jaringan Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) Indonesia yang ada saat ini dapat dikatakan relatif masih jauh dari cukup untuk melayani penentuan posisi berketelian sub-desimeter dengan Teknik Real Time Kinematic (RTK) di seluruh Indonesia terutama oleh faktor jarak antar stasiun baru mencapai sekitar 500 km dari ideal sekitar 50 km. Upaya untuk mengisi gap ketersedian layanan CORS di berbagai di perkotaan, urban dan termasuk pedesaan yang sudah terjangkau akses internet of things (IOT) seperti GPRS, maka dibutuhkan inovasi teknologi pengembangan geodetic receiver GNSS CORS dengan kandungan lokal yang memadai. Kemandirian teknologi ini ditujukan untuk mengembangkan receiver CORS yang handal, baik dari aspek teknis seperti akurat, mudah dioperasikan, dan sukses keberadaan data minimal 98% per tahun, maupun dari aspek ekonomi terutama harganya lebih terjangkau dari receiver
 impor. Inisatif pengembangan ini dimulai dengan menggunakan Tersus OEM GNSS board series BX305 dan integrasi OEM board in dengan mini PC. Pengembangan yang telah dilakukan meliputi aspek berikut yaitu: i) Disain electron ic cir c uit dan perangkat untuk catu daya, ii) Kustomisasi receiver c o m m a n d s e t tin g , iii) Penambahan GSM/GPRS modem dan internet protocol untuk komunikasi data streaming ke cloud server , iv) instalasi software SNIP pada cloud server untuk layanan koreksi CORS, dan v) menguji performa dari NTRIP client pada receiver rover . Hasil uji lapangan di Kampus UI Depok dan kegiatan pengukuran bidang tanah dalam program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (PTSL) di Bandung Barat, Padang dan Tangerang menunjukkan durasi waktu yang lebih cepat untuk mendapatkan solusi fixed ambiguites . Hasil menunjukkan bahwa waktu untuk mendapatkan fixed ambiguities RTK CORS di mana jarak rover dengan base station yang lebih rapat sekitar radius 10 km dapat mencapai sekitar 5-7 detik. Waktu lebih lama dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan solusi fixed pada radius 10-20 km dan kenyataannya jauh lebih lama dan lebih sering tidak berhasil apabila rover berada pada radius diatas 20 km. Kajian lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mendapatkan ketahanan receiver dari sisi mean time between failure (MTBF) dan kestabilan aplikasi pada cloud server untuk layanan koreksi RTK CORS.
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Septiawan, Reza, Agung Syetiawan, Arief Rufiyanto, Nashrullah Taufik, Budi Sulistya, and Erik Madyo Putro. "GNSS interference reduction method for CORS site planning." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 17, no. 3 (2019): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v17i3.11744.
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Pepe, Massimiliano. "CORS ARCHITECTURE AND EVALUATION OF POSITIONING BY LOW-COST GNSS RECEIVER." Geodesy and cartography 44, no. 2 (2018): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2018.1255.
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In recent years, the use of low cost GNSS receivers is becoming widespread due to their increasing performance in the spatial positioning, flexibility, ease of use and really interesting price. In addition, a recent technique of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) survey, called Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), allows to obtain to rapid and accurate positioning measurements. The main feature of this approach is to use the raw measurements obtained and stored from a network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in order to generate more reliable error models that can mitigate the distance-dependent errors within the area covered by the CORS. Also, considering the huge potential of this GNSS positioning system, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and investigate the performance of the NTRK approach using a low cost GNSS receiver, in stop-and-go kinematic technique. By several case studies it was shown that, using a low cost RTK board for Arduino environment, a smartphone with open source application for Android and the availability of data correction from CORS service, a quick and accurate positioning can be obtained. Because the measures obtained in this way are quite noisy and, more in general, increasing with the baseline, by a simple and suitable statistic treatment, it was possible to increase the quality of the measure. In this way, this low cost architecture could be applied in many geomatics fields. In addition to presenting the main aspects of the NTRK infrastructure and a review of several types of correction, a general workflow in order to obtain quality data in NRTK mode, regardless of the type of GNSS receiver (multi constellations, single or many frequencies, etc.) is discussed.
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Sanjaya, Made Ditha Ary, T. Aris Sunantyo, and Nurrohmat Widjajanti. "GEOMETRIC ASPECTS EVALUATION OF GNSS CONTROL NETWORK FOR DEFORMATION MONITORING IN THE JATIGEDE DAM REGION." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 15, no. 2 (2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2018.v15.a2901.
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Many factors led to dam construction failure so that deformation monitoring activities is needed in the area of the dam. Deformation monitoring is performed in order to detect a displacement at the control points of the dam. Jatigede Dam deformation monitoring system has been installed and started to operate, but there has been no evaluation of the geometry quality of control networks treated with IGS points for GNSS networks processing. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the geometric quality of GNSS control networks on deformation monitoring of Jatigede Dam area. This research data includes the GNSS measurements of five CORS Jatigede Dam stations (R01, GG01, GCP04, GCP06, and GCP08) at doy 233 with network configuration scenarios of 12 IGS points on two quadrants (jat1), three quadrants (jat2), and four quadrants (jat3 and jat4). GNSS networks processing was done by GAMIT to obtain baseline vectors, followed by network processing usingparameter method of least squares adjustment. Networks processing with least squares adjustment aims to determine the most optimal by precision and reliability criterion. Results of this study indicate that network configuration with 12 IGS stations in the two quadrants provides the most accurate coordinates of CORS dam stations. Standard deviations value of CORS station given by jat1 configuration are in the range of 2.7 up to 4.1 cm in X-Z components, whereas standard deviations in the Y component are in the range 5.8 up to 6.9 cm. An optimization assessment based on network strength, precision, and reliability factors shows optimum configuration by jat1.
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Ayodele, E. G., C. J. Okolie, C. U. Ezeigbo, and F. A. Fajemirokun. "Evaluating the Stability and Adequacy of NIGNET for the Definition of Nigerian Geodetic Reference Frame." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i1.1.
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A set of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) distributed all over Nigeria constitutes the Nigerian GNSS Reference Network referred to as NIGNET. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a system tha uses satellites for autonomous position determination, and is a critical component of the modern-day geodetic infrastructure and services. Using CORS provide geodetic controls of comparable accuracy and a better alternative to the classical geodetic network. As the NIGNET infrastructure is utilised for different geodetic applications, it has become necessary to evaluate the suitability of the network data for the definition of a geodetic reference frame (GRF). This study utilised the technique of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in position estimation, and time series analysis for temporal monitoring of the network. The sufficiency and adequacy of the NIGNET data archive was also evaluated against that of an International GNSS Service (IGS) Station. The temporal stability of the station coordinates measured in terms of standard deviations varied between 10 mm and 22 mm. This analysis suggests a relative stability required for Tiers 1 and 2 CORS in line with the IGS standards. Based on this reported stability, it is concluded that NIGNET is fit for purpose in defining the Nigerian Geodetic Reference Frame. However, despite the good data quality observed, the adequacy of the network has been compromised by infrastructural failures and lack of continuity in data transmission. Accordingly, it is recommended that both practical and policy measures required to ensure the realisation of the goal of the network should be implemented.
 Keywords: Geodetic reference frame, NIGNET, CORS, precise point positioning, temporal stability and adequacy.
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Balodis, Janis, Madara Normand, and Inese Varna. "Extreme Solar Events’ Impact on GPS Positioning Results." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (2021): 3624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183624.
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The main objective of the present study is to perform an analysis of the space weather impact on the Latvian CORS (Continuously Operating GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Stations) GPS (Global Positioning System) observations, in situations of geomagnetic storms, sun flares and extreme TEC (Total Electron Content) and ROTI (Rate of change of TEC index) levels, by analyzing the results, i.e., 90-s kinematic post-processing solutions, obtained using Bernese GNSS Software v5.2. To complete this study, the 90-s kinematic time series of all the Latvian CORS for the period from 2007 to 2017 were analyzed, and a correlation between time series outliers (hereinafter referred to as faults) and extreme space weather events was sought. Over 36 million position determination solutions were examined, 0.6% of the solutions appear to be erroneous, 0.13% of the solutions have errors greater than 1 m, 0.05% have errors greater than 10 m, and 0.01% of the solutions show errors greater than 50 m. The correlation between faulty results, TEC and ROTI levels and Bernese GNSS Software v5.2 detected cycle slips was computed. This also includes an analysis of fault distribution depending on the geomagnetic latitude as well as faults distribution simultaneously occurring in some stations, etc. This work is the statistical analysis of the Latvian CORS security, mainly focusing on geomagnetic extreme events and ionospheric scintillations in the region of Latvia, with a latitude around 57°N.
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Commins, Russell, and Volker Janssen. "Improving GNSS CORS Design: The CORSnet-NSW Adjustable Antenna Mount (CAAM)." Journal of Global Positioning Systems 11, no. 2 (2012): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5081/jgps.11.2.109.
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Lê Minh, Ngọc, Hiến Lê Văn та Công Trần Đức. "Khảo sát độ chính xác bố trí tim tuyến đường bẳng công nghệ trạm tham chiếu hoạt động liên tục". Transport and Communications Science Journal 71, № 2 (2020): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/tcsj.71.2.2.
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Trạm tham chiếu hoạt động liên tục (CORS) xây dựng trên cơ sở hệ thống vệ tinh dẫn đường toàn cầu GNSS đã và đang được nghiên cứu khả năng đảm bảo độ chính xác trong đo đạc trắc địa nói chung và bố trí công trình nói riêng. Bài báo này nghiên cứu khảo sát độ chính xác công nghệ trạm CORS đơn trong công tác bố trí các cọc tim tuyến phục vụ thi công tuyến đường. Một tuyến đường thực nghiệm đã được thiết kế và bố trí tim tuyến bằng hai phương pháp là sử dụng máy toàn đạc điện tử và sử dụng phương pháp trạm CORS. Sau đó, tiến hành đánh giá độ chính xác của phương pháp trạm CORS so với phương pháp truyền thống là sử dụng máy toàn đạc điện tử. Kết quả nghiên cứu thực nghiệm chỉ ra rằng phương pháp sử dụng các trạm CORS có thể đảm bảo độ chính xác bố trí tim tuyến trong thi công tuyến đường.
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Chymyrov, A. U., Sh S. Sargazakova, and N. Y. Ismailov. "ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF THE SATELLITE POSITIONING BY USING GNSS REFERENCE STATIONS." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 3-2020 (October 5, 2020): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2020.3.350-354.
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The technology of satellite positioning by using RTK service by the KyrPOS -Control Centre of CORS Network is studied in this article. Differentially corrected satellite measurements with geodetic class GNSS receivers were done and their positioning accuracy was analyzed.
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Manurung, Parluhutan, Hari Pramujo, and Joshua BP Manurung. "Development of GNSS Receiver for Mobile CORS with RTK Correction Services Using Cloud Server." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199401010.
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Requirements for precise Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning have been significantly growing in Indonesia since early 2010, resulting from the national programs on village mapping, land cadastre certification, infrastructure developments, and one map policy. The activities require a sub-decimetre level of positioning accuracy to produce detail maps to the scale of 1:500. RTK positioning with CORS should be the most reliable technique to meet the accuracy level. However, the existing distribution of Indonesia CORS Network, consisting of 150 active stations, is still far from adequate since the inter-station distances are of around 500 km while an ideal range should be less than 50 km. This paper related to an initiative for the development of a GNSS receiver that can be transportable and easily set up in the field as a base station to provide RTK CORS correction services with local contents. The initiative supports national efforts on the densification of Indonesia CORS Network to better distribution. The development was started using the Tersus OEM GNSS board series BX305, including the integration of the board to a mini PC. Further developments have been made covering the following, namely: i) to add a long-term stable power supply in the receiver, ii) customization of receiver command settings, iii) to add a GSM modem and internet protocol for data communication from the receiver to a cloud server, iv) installation of SNIP software in a cloud server to provide CORS corrections with NTRIP caster, and v) testing the NTRIP client performance in the rover receiver. Results from the land cadastre surveys carried out in Bandung, Padang and Tangerang Cities show that the length of time for the fixed positioning with resolved ambiguities could be obtained within less than 5-7 seconds with the rover locations less than 10 km from the base station. A longer time to obtain fixed solutions required for the distance at the range of 10 to 20 km, and it is becoming more difficult to get fixed solutions over 20 km. Further developments would be carried out using affordable price GNSS OEM boards provided by different manufacturers.
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Oktar, Osman, and Hediye Erdoğan. "Research of behaviors of continuous GNSS station by signal analysis methods." Earth Sciences Research Journal 22, no. 1 (2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v22n1.62552.
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Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks consisting of multiple GNSS systems have been set up and operating in many developed countries. In Turkey, CORS-TR has been operating. The aim of CORS-TR is a fast, correct, and reliable collection of all kinds of geographic data, thus, speeding up the activities of cadastre, assuring organized urbanization, constituting the spatial infrastructure for relevant works of e-government, and monitoring plate tectonics. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated 788 days of linear and periodic of AKHR, BEYS, CIHA, KAMN, YUNA, AKSI and KNYA CORS-TR stations by linear trend analysis and Wavelet Transform in located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. As a result of trend analyses of time series, it was determined that except a single station (KAMN), other stations were moving in the Southwest direction (17.78 mm/year). This finding is consistent with the region’s tectonic plate movements. In the periodical analyses, stations’ daily, monthly, seasonal, annual and even biennial movements resulting from atmospheric and hydrologic loading, climatic and other effects were revealed. Moreover, Detail (D) component, which protects the largest percentage of energy, was determined by calculating the energy spectrum. Energies of detail components are similar in horizontal, and especially D7-D8 have the highest energy. However, the components obtained the maximum energy was varied in Up coordinate time series. These results indicate that stations of CORS-TR network located in Central Anatolia were rather stable and able to be providing reliable, accurate and continuous data for national and international studies to be conducted in many fields.
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Lee, Young-Jin, Kwang-Ho Jung, and Myeong-Jun Lee. "Configuration of GNSS CORS Network(EAREF) for Earth Observations in the East-Asia Region." Korean Journal of Geomatics 30, no. 2 (2012): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.7848/ksgpc.2012.30.2.199.
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Maciuk, Kamil, Inese Vārna, and Chang Xu. "Characteristics of seasonal variations and noises of the daily double-difference and PPP solutions." Journal of Applied Geodesy 15, no. 1 (2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2020-0042.
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AbstractLong term GNSS observations provided by networks of the continuously operating reference stations (CORS) allow for determination of the global and local tectonic plate movements and seasonal variations. In recent years, PPP (Precise Point Positioning) technique has become increasingly popular and most likely in the future will replace relative positioning with CORS stations. In this paper, we discuss the difference of the velocity and seasonal component estimates of 25 Latvian CORS stations on the basis of daily PPP solutions from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory and double-difference solutions from the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics of the University of Latvia. Time series of each coordinate component for 9-year time period were determined by the usage of the Tsview software and seasonal existence of linear, annual, semi-annual factors and their uncertainties were determined. Breaks (e. g., antenna and receiver changes) were also taken into account. We then assessed the noise characteristics of these time series with the use of overlapping Hadamard variance (OHVAR). The result shows that OHVAR is computationally cheap, and the dominating power-law noise, including flicker and random walk. However Hadamard deviation of the PPP and double-difference solutions scatters differently for a whole year averaging time due to the different GNSS data strategies.
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Wu, Qiong, Jingyu Kang, Shuwen Li, Jianing Zhen, and Hongqing Li. "GNSS Positioning by CORS and EGM2008 in Jilin Province, China." Sensors 15, no. 12 (2015): 30419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s151229806.
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Khai, Pham Cong, and Nguyen Van Hai. "Investigation and design of monitoring systems in real time landslides at Xekaman 3 hydropower plant." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 1 (2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(1).02.
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This paper presents results of investigating, designing, and building a monitoring system in real-time based on GNSS CORS technology in order to monitor landslides at Xekaman 3 hydropower plant in the Lao people’s Democratic Republic. A system with 18 monitoring stations and a CORS station has been designed to ensure the operation of system 24/7. The connection diagram for data transmission from the monitoring stations to the data processing center, as well as the connection diagram of the devices at a monitoring station has been designed. A simulation experiment has shown that the designed system can be applied for real-time monitoring of landslide.
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Lee, Young-Jin, Kwang-Ho Jung, and In-Sik Ryu. "Coordinates Computation of the EAREF 2012.0 for Earth Observations in the East-Asia Region." Korean Journal of Geomatics 31, no. 1 (2013): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7848/ksgpc.2013.31.1.11.
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Bae, Tae-Suk. "Network-based RTK Performance for Drone Navigation." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199401006.
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The Real-time Kinematic (RTK) was predominantly used for the positioning of the ground applications including moving vehicles. Due to the limited baseline lengths, the Network-based RTK (NRTK) was introduced since late-1990s, and successfully applied to the high precision surveying purposes for more than a decade. We conducted the experiments to analyze the performance of the single-baseline RTK (SRTK) as well as the NRTK using one of the operational NRTK systems of Korea, which is the Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) technique. A total of 46 Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are used for both SRTK and NRTK to secure the redundancy of the baseline lengths. Since the CORS are quite evenly located at an average of 50-60 km, the analysis of error behavior is restricted in terms of seamless variation of baseline length. Therefore, on top of the existing CORS, we simulated the GNSS RINEX data of the rover (that is, the drone position) at a specific location to get the uniform distribution to the reference stations. Furthermore, the rover was generated for different altitude to evaluate the performance of vertical component of the NRTK system. The CORS GNSS data were obtained at 1 Hz in RINEX format, and the low-cost receiver (ublox) was used for the rover with same interval, single-frequency capability. The correction information from the NRTK server was simultaneously logged for post-processing using the open source software RTKLIB. The percentage of ambiguity resolution was quite reasonable up to 50 km, and drastically drops down as the baseline gets longer. The generated VRS was located with an offset of a few meters in a certain direction, and the horizontal errors also showed a similar pattern. The vertical error behavior due to the tropospheric model deficiency should also be analyzed further.
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Tran, Dinh Trong, Dinh Huy Nguyen, Ngoc Dung Luong, and Duy Toan Dao. "Impact of the precise ephemeris on accuracy of GNSS baseline in relative positioning technique." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 43, no. 1 (2020): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/15745.
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For advanced geodesy tasks that require high-accuracy, such as tectonics, surveying services usually use not only long-baselines but also the duration of tracking GNSS satellites in a long (e.g., 24/7). The accuracy of these baselines in baseline analysis is dominated by inaccuracy satellite positioning and orbit, leading to specified accuracy may not be adequate. One way to overcome this problem is to use the final precise ephemeris, provided by IGS. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of precise ephemeris on the accuracy of GNSS baselines in relative positioning techniques in two aspects: baseline length and duration of tracking GNSS satellites. To this end, 197 baselines were generated from a total of 88 CORS stations in South Korea, and then thirteen testing cases were constructed by grouping baseline lengths from under 10 km to over 150 km. Besides, data for one day of each CORS was divided into the different duration, such as 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 hours. The GNSS measurements have been processed by TBC software with an application of the broadcast and precise ephemerides. The precision of the baseline processing from two types of ephemeris was analyzed about baseline lengths and time of data. The obtained results showed that using precise ephemeris significantly improved the accuracy of baseline solutions when the length of the baseline larger than 50km. In addition, this accuracy is independent of the length of baselines in the case of the precise ephemeris. Finally, the result of the testing baselines was enhanced when the duration of tracking data increases.
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Amarjargal, Sharav, and Gankhuyag Bulgan. "On the modernization of National Geodetic Network with GNSS CORS Reference Frame." Mongolian Geoscientist, no. 48 (July 4, 2019): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i48.1146.
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New technical developments, growing applications and requests for higher accuracy in georeferencing of national reference frame raise a demand on high accuracy National Terrestrial Reference Frame based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and other space geodetic techniques. Since the last decades many countries decided to switch main geodetic control points from triangulation points to Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). This task is currently undertaken by the geodetic authority of Mongolia in collaboration with research and private organizations. The first continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) station in Mongolia became operational in the late 1995 for the global geodetic scientific applications. Since 1997 the survey-mode GPS observations were utilized in Mongolia for crustal deformation studies and for re-survey of the national triangulation network. During the years 2011-2013 CORS network of nearly 18 stations has been built to modernize the old geodetic network. Currently the total number of the reference stations counts to nearly 40. Since Mongolia is located in the tectonically active region, its geodetic reference frame is continuously deforming, which requires regular updates of reference frame. In this paper we discuss the technical issues of the national reference frame of Mongolia considering the crustal deformation of Mongolia and the data management of the national CORS network.
 Үндэсний геодезийн сүлжээг GNSS CORS тулгуур тогтолцоогоор шинэчлэх асуудалд
 Хураангуй: Техникийн шинэчлэл болон өндөр нарийвчлалтай газарзүйн холболт хийх хэрэгцээ, шаардлагын өсөлт нь Глобаль Навигацийн Дагуулын Систем болон бусад сансрын геодезийн техникт суурилсан илүү өндөр нарийвчлалтай Үндэсний Тулгуур Тогтолцоог шаардах боллоо. Сүүлийн арваад жилд олон улс орон геодезийн хяналтын цэгүүдээ триангуляцийн цэгээс байнгын ажиллагаатай тулгуур станцаар орлуулах үйл ажиллагаа явуулж эхэлсэн бөгөөд хөгжингүй орнууд динамик тогтолцоо руу шилжиж байна. Энэ ажлыг Монгол улсад Газрын Харилцаа Геодези Зурагзүйн Газар толгойлон судалгааны болон хувийн хэвшлийн байгууллагуудтай хамтран хэрэгжүүлж байгаа билээ. Байнгын ажиллагаатай GPS станц Монголд анх 1995 оны сүүлээс ажиллаж эхэлсэн бөгөөд геодезийн шинжлэх ухааны глобаль хэрэглээнд зориулагдаж байв. 1997 оноос эхлэн давтан хэмжилтийн GPS ажиглалтуудыг царцдасын деформац болон триангуляцийн сүлжээг хэмжихэд ашиглаж эхлэв. 2011-2013 оны хооронд триангуляцийн сүлжээг шинэчлэх зориулалтаар ~18 байнгын ажиллагаатай тулгуур станцуудын сүлжээ байгуулагдсан бөгөөд эдгээр станцуудын тоо одоо 40 гарсан байна. Монгол улсын нутаг дэвсгэр нь тектоникийн идэвхтэй бүс нутагт оршдог тул геодезийн тулгуур тогтолцоо нь байнгын деформацд байна. Тиймээс тулгуур тогтолцоог тогтмол шинэчилж байх шаардлагатай. Энэ өгүүлэлд бид үндэсний тулгуур тогтолцооны техник нөхцлийг байнгын ажиллагаатай станцуудын ажиллагаа, Монгол орны царцдасын деформацыг тооцон тусгасан бөгөөд үндэсний CORS (Байнгын Ажиллагаатай Тулгуур Станцын) сүлжээний өгөгдөл, түүний зохицуулалтын талаар илтгэх болно.
 Түлхүүр үг: GPS геодези, царцдасын деформацын мониторинг, геодезийн сүлжээ
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Azhari, M., Z. Altamimi, G. Azman, et al. "Semi-kinematic geodetic reference frame based on the ITRF2014 for Malaysia." Journal of Geodetic Science 10, no. 1 (2020): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2020-0108.
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Abstract Malaysia is located at the stable part of the tec-tonic Sundaland platelet in SE Asia. The platelet is surrounded in almost every direction by tectonically active convergent boundaries, at which the Philippine Sea, the Australian and the Indian Plates are subducting respectively from the East, South and West.The current Malaysia geodetic reference frame called MGRF2000 is a static reference frame and hence did not incorporate the effects of plate motion and the ensuing deformation from (megath-rust) earthquakes. To prevent degradation of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) coordinates, a new time-dependent national reference frame was developed. Taking advantage of the availability of the GNSS data of the CORS network in Malaysia, notably the Malaysia Active GPS System (MASS) and Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet), a more accurate and robust Malaysian geodetic reference frame was determined, fully aligned and compatible with ITRF2014. The cumulative solution obtained from stacking Malaysian CORS position time series formed the basis of the new MGRF2020 realization. It consists of 100+ station positions at epoch 2020.0, station velocities and Post-Seismic Deformation (PSD) parametric models for stations subjected to major earthquakes. The (1999-2018) position time series exhibit Weighted Mean Root Square (WRMS) values of 3.0, 3.2 and 7.6 mm in respectively the East, North and Vertical components. A new semi-kinematic geodetic datum (GDM2020) for Malaysia, useable for GIS, mapping and cadastre applications is proposed to replace the existing static datum (GDM2000). A transformation suite to convert the spatial databases from GDM2000 to GDM2020 was also developed.
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Zhang, Q., M. Chen, J. Wu, C. Xu, and F. Wang. "FEASIBILITY VERIFICATION OF VIRTUAL REFERENCE STATION TECHNOLOGY IN GEOLOGICAL HAZARD MONITORING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2021 (June 28, 2021): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2021-235-2021.
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Abstract. The surveying and mapping administrative competent departments in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have built provincial-level satellite navigation and positioning reference stations and data centers, and provided CORS services. This provides a good condition for exploring the application of geological hazard monitoring and early warning using Virtual Reference Station (VRS) service based on CORS. At present, the layout mode of "one point one reference station" is usually adopted, when GNSS is used for geological disaster monitoring and early warning. However, the high deployment cost of this plan limits its largescale promotion and application. Using the existing CORS service resources of natural resource system, this paper carried out the application experiment of virtual reference station in geological hazard monitoring application at Huanglongya geological hazard monitoring site in Shaanxi Province, and assessed the virtual reference station data quality, comparative analyzed the precision of static baseline processing results and GNSS real-time deformation monitoring results. The experimental results show that the overall quality of virtual reference station data is better than that of the monitoring station, and the accuracy of the static baseline calculation results is better than 1.0cm in the X direction, and better than 2.0cm in the Y direction and Z direction, which is similar to the static baseline calculation results formed by the physical reference station. The accuracy of the baseline results of real-time observation data calculation is better than 5mm in horizontal RMS and 15mm in vertical RMS. Therefore, it can be seen that the virtual reference station is feasible to be used as the reference station for geological disaster monitoring. In addition, the application experiment of network RTK real-time dynamic single epoch positioning mode is also carried out in geological hazard monitoring. The experimental results show that the RMS values of all three directions are ±3.7mm, ±9.2mm and ±5.0mm respectively, which meet the precision requirements of GNSS disaster monitoring. Therefore, it is also a feasible scheme for geological disaster monitoring and early warning.
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Meunram, Paramee, and Chalermchon Satirapod. "Spatial variation of precipitable water vapor derived from GNSS CORS in Thailand." Geodesy and Geodynamics 10, no. 2 (2019): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2019.01.003.
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Zhang, Baocheng, Peter J. G. Teunissen, and Dennis Odijk. "A Novel Un-differenced PPP-RTK Concept." Journal of Navigation 64, S1 (2011): S180—S191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463311000361.
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In this contribution, a novel un-differenced (UD) (PPP-RTK) concept, i.e. a synthesis of Precise Point Positioning and Network-based Real-Time Kinematic concept, is introduced. In the first step of our PPP-RTK approach, the UD GNSS observations from a regional reference network are processed based upon re-parameterised observation equations, corrections for satellite clocks, phase biases and (interpolated) atmospheric delays are calculated and provided to users. In the second step, these network-based corrections are used at the user site to restore the integer nature of his UD phase ambiguities, which makes rapid and high accuracy user positioning possible. The proposed PPP-RTK approach was tested using two GPS CORS networks with inter-station distances ranging from 60 to 100 km. The first test network is the northern China CORS network and the second is the Australian Perth CORS network. In the test of the first network, a dual-frequency PPP-RTK user receiver was used, while in the test of the second network, a low-cost, single-frequency PPP-RTK user receiver was used. The performance of fast ambiguity resolution and the high accuracy positioning of the PPP-RTK results are demonstrated.
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Pham, Khai Cong. "Research on technical solution of displacement and deformation monitoring of high-rise buildings in real time." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 3 (2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(3).09.
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This article presents a technical solution of displacement and deformation monitoring in real-time based on GNSS CORS technology. The components and principles of operation of the monitoring system for displacement and deformation have been designed and established. The continuous operation reference station (CORS) with Net S8+ receiver was used to correct position for monitoring station in the RTCM format. A device for receiving and transmitting data from the monitoring station to the server has been designed and developed. NMEA messages have been decoded and filtered through three steps using our self-developed software which improves the accuracy of the monitoring results. The results of monitoring of displacement and deformation of An Binh high-rise building (in Hanoi) show that the developed equipment system can monitor displacement horizontally to 3 mm and vertical displacement to 5 mm.
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Yuwono, B. D., S. Subiyanto, A. S. Pratomo, and Najib. "Time Series of Land subsidence rate on Coastal Demak Using GNSS CORS UDIP and DINSAR." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199404004.
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Most of the studies land subsidence and impact have been done on the north coastal area of Java, especially Semarang and Demak. This landsubsidence has a very serious impact both in the infra structure, the economy and the environment. Techniques of observing landsubsidence using geodetic methods have been widely practiced. Geodetic technology is undergoing rapid development, especially in GNSS navigation satellite technology as well as satellite radar interferometry. Both have advantages and disadvantages of each. In this study will examine the application of DinSAR interferometric techniques and GNSS technology to predict the rate of land subsidence coastal of Demak regency. This paper also emphasize the role of GNSS and DinSAR application in deformation especially for landsubsidence monitoring.
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Tiryakioglu, Ibrahim, Hakan Yavasoglu, Mehmet Ali Ugur Ugur, et al. "Analysis of October 23 (Mw 7.2) and November 9 (Mw 5.6), 2011 Van Earthquakes Using Long-Term GNSS Time Series." Earth Sciences Research Journal 21, no. 3 (2017): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v21n3.62812.
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The eastern Anatolia provides one of the best examples of an area of rapid deformation and intense contraction that is the consequence of an active continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates leading to large and devastating earthquakes. The latest evidence of the active tectonism in the region is revealed by two remarkable seismic events; Van-Tabanli (Mw 7.2, October 23, 2011) and Van-Edremit (Mw 5.6, November 9, 2011) earthquakes. The study of the earthquake cycle and observation of geodetic and seismic deformation in this region is very important to hazard assessments. In this study, the inter-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic movements caused by the above-mentioned earthquakes were investigated using the time series of 2300 days of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) observations of the local stations selected from the network of the Continuously Operating Reference Stations, Turkey (CORS-TR). For the inter-seismic period, approximately 1100 daily data were obtained from 21 CORS-TR stations (prior to the earthquakes between October 1, 2008 and October 23, 2011) and evaluated using the GAMIT/GLOBK software. The behaviour of these stations was investigated by processing 1 Hz data from the GNSS stations during the earthquakes on the GAMIT/TRACK software. In addition to October 23 and November 9, the GNSS data on one day before and after the earthquakes was assessed to determine co-seismic deformations. During the October 23 earthquake, hanging-wall deformation of about 60 mm was detected in the SW direction at the MURA station. However, at the VAAN station, deformation of 200 mm (value predicted by time series) was observed in the footwall block in the NW direction. There were not any significant changes at the stations during the November 9 earthquake. For the post-seismic period, the GNSS data from 2012 to 2015 was evaluated. According to the observations, post-seismic deformation continued at the stations close to the epicenter of the earthquake.
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Vu, Dinh Toan, Sean Bruinsma, Sylvain Bonvalot, Luyen K. Bui, and Georges Balmino. "Determination of the geopotential value on the permanent GNSS stations in Vietnam based on the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem approach." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 2 (2021): 1206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab166.
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SUMMARY In the realisation of the International Height Reference System, the determination of the geopotential value and its variations in time plays an important role. In this study, the geodetic boundary value problem approach is applied for direct determination of the gravity potential value using a GOCE global gravity field model enhanced with terrestrial gravity data. This determination is carried out on the Global Navigation Satellite System-Continuously Operating Reference Stations (GNSS-CORS) stations towards the realisation of the International Height Reference System in Vietnam. First, the effects of the GOCE global gravity field model omission error, the indirect bias term on the disturbing potential and the systematic cumulative errors in levelling data are estimated. These errors affect the estimated geopotential value. The results calculated on the GNSS/levelling points show that the effect of the GOCE DIR-R5 (up to degree/order 260) omission error on the offset potential value is quite significant. This effect was eliminated using high-resolution terrestrial gravity data using the remove-compute-restore technique. The indirect bias term on the disturbing potential can be safely neglected by using a GOCE global gravity field model for degrees higher than 60 for this study region. The systematic cumulative errors in levelling data can be modelled and removed using a third-order polynomial model. Then, the mean zero-height gravity potential of the Vietnam local vertical datum is estimated equal to ${\rm{W}}_0^{{\rm{LVD}}}$ = 62 636 846.69 m2 s–2 with standard deviation of 0.70 m2 s–2 based on the proposed approach. Finally, the geodetic boundary value problem approach was used to determine the geopotential on the surface of three GNSS-CORS stations in Vietnam. Based on time-series of the vertical component derived from the GNSS observations as well as InSAR data, temporal variations in geopotential are also estimated on these permanent GNSS stations. The purpose is to monitor deformation of the vertical datum. The results indicate that the geopotential value needs to be monitored and determined with the time-dependent component on the three Vietnamese permanent GNSS stations for a vertical datum. These stations may contribute to increase the density of reference points in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, which is being researched and implemented by the International Association of Geodesy.
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Yuwono, B. D., Y. Prasetyo, and L. J. F. Islama. "Investigation of Potential Landsubsidence using GNSS CORS UDIP and DinSAR, Sayung, Demak, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 123 (February 2018): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012005.
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Park, Joon-Kyu, and Soung-Man Han. "Analysis of Signal Quality of GNSS CORS for Construction of Narional Geospatial Information." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 5, no. 2 (2015): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.04.29.
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Chen, Dezhong, Shirong Ye, Wei Zhou, et al. "A double-differenced cycle slip detection and repair method for GNSS CORS network." GPS Solutions 20, no. 3 (2015): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0452-6.
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Nguyen, Lau Ngoc, and Dung Anh Pham. "Analysis of effects of the Laos earthquake on November 20th, 2019 to some continuously operation reference stations in northern Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(5).08.
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The earthquake hit the border of Laos and Thailand on November 20th, 2019 with a magnitude of 6,2, causing some vibrations in northern Vietnam even more than 400 km from the epicenter. In order to consider its impact on some of the permanent GNSS stations in the north Vietnam area, we used the precise point positioning method to process the GNSS data of these stations in 2 days 20 and 21/11/2019. The maximum deviation of coordinates between the 2 days at the 24 hour static solutions is 3,6 mm on the horizontal and 5,9 mm on the up component. These values are less than 2 times their root mean square errors. Therefore, we conclude that no change of location of CORS stations has been detected due to the impact of the earthquake.
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Rohm, W., K. Zhang, and J. Bosy. "Limited constraint, robust Kalman filtering for GNSS troposphere tomography." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 5 (2014): 1475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1475-2014.
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Abstract. The mesoscale variability of water vapour (WV) in the troposphere is a highly complex phenomenon and modelling and monitoring the WV distribution is a very important but challenging task. Any observation technique that can reliably provide WV distribution is essential for both monitoring and predicting weather. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) tomography technique is a powerful tool that builds upon the critical ground-based GNSS infrastructure (e.g. Continuous Operating Reference Station – CORS – networks) that can be used to sense the amount of WV. Previous research shows that the 3-D WV field from GNSS tomography has an uncertainty of 1 hPa. However, all the models used in GNSS tomography heavily rely on a priori information and constraints from non-GNSS measurements. In this study, 3-D GNSS tomography models are investigated based on a limited constrained approach – i.e. horizontal and vertical correlations between voxels were not introduced, instead various a priori information were added into the system. A case study is designed and the results show that proposed solutions are feasible by using a robust Kalman filtering technique and effective removal of linearly dependent observations and parameters. Discrepancies between reference wet refractivity data derived from the Australian Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model (ACCESS) and the GNSS tomography model using both simulated and real data are 4.2 ppm (mm km−1) and 6.2 ppm (mm km−1), respectively, which are essentially in the same order of accuracy.
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Osah, S., A. A. Acheampong, C. Fosu, and I. Dadzie. "Comparative analysis of blind tropospheric correction models in Ghana." Journal of Geodetic Science 11, no. 1 (2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2020-0104.
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Abstract The impact of the earth’s atmospheric layers, particularly the troposphere on Global Navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals has become a major concern in GNSS accurate positioning, navigation, surveillance and timing applications. For precise GNSS applications, tropospheric delay has to be mitigated as accurately as possible using tropospheric delay prediction models. However, the choice of a particular prediction model can signifi-cantly impair the positioning accuracy particularly when the model does not suit the user’s environment. A performance assessment of these prediction models for a suitable one is very important. In this paper, an assessment study of the performances of five blind tropospheric delay prediction models, the UNB3m, EGNOS, GTrop, GPT2w and GPT3 models was conducted in Ghana over six selected Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) using the 1˚x1˚ gridded Vienna Mapping Function 3 (VMF3) zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) product as a reference. The gridded VMF3-ZTD which is generated for every six hours on the 1˚x1˚ grids was bilinearly interpolated both space and time and transferred from the grid heights to the respective heights of the CORS locations. The results show that the GPT3 model performed better in estimating the ZTD with an overall mean (bias: 2.05 cm; RMS: 2.53 cm), followed by GPT2w model (bias: 2.32cm; RMS: 2.76cm) and GTrop model (bias: 2.41cm; 2.82cm). UNB3m model (bias: 6.23 cm; RMS: 6.43 cm) and EGNOS model (bias: 6.70 cm; RMS: 6.89 cm) performed poorly. A multiple comparison test (MCT) was further performed on the RMSE of each model to check if there is significant difference at 5% significant level. The results show that the GPT3, GPT2w and GTrop models are significantly indifferent at 5% significance level indicating that either of these models can be employed to mitigate the ZTD in the study area, nevertheless, the choice of GPT3 model will be more preferable.
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Muslim, Buldan, Charisma Juni Kumalasari, Novie Chiuman, and Muhammad Ichsan Fadhil Arafah. "KAJIAN APLIKASI PANTULAN SINYAL GNSS UNTUK PEMANTAUAN KETINGGIAN PERMUKAAN AIR LAUT." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 16, no. 2 (2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.16.2.138-142.
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Design and experiment of ocean current power generation system have been carried out using the Bach In Indonesia, the tsunami early warning system only applies the earthquake and hydrosphere relationship model to predict tsunamis. To date, no tsunami detector has used radar or GNSS technology. GNSS technology can be applied as an early warning system for tsunamis, provided that tsunamis are caused by earthquakes greater than 7 magnitudes, occur 70 kilometers below sea level, and are caused by normal faults. This could be an alternative to Bouy GNSS which is expensive to install and maintain, especially for countries with vast oceans such as Indonesia. In this paper, a review of the application of GNSS signal reflection was carried out using one International GNSS Service (IGS) station, JOG2, and one Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS), CLSA, each located in Java and Sumatra to investigate the availability of sea level monitoring in Indonesia. Determination of sea level is obtained from two methods, the GNSS signal phase data analysis method and the GNSS Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data analysis method. Both methods use reflected GNSS signals or multipath effects to obtain sea level. The results of the study show that the number of satellites that pass through Indonesia every 15 minutes is enough to get sea-level data every 15 minutes to one hour. This shows that it is possible to apply the multipath effect to obtain sea level information in Indonesia to detect tides and tsunamis as part of the tsunami early warning system in Indonesia.