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1
Lee, David S., and Oscar Ybarra. "Cultivating Effective Social Support Through Abstraction." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 4 (January 31, 2017): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216688205.
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Social support, in theory, should promote individual goal-pursuit. However, a growing number of studies shows that receiving support can undermine goal-pursuit. Addressing this paradox, we investigated a novel idea of the effects of how people think about their social support on their goal-pursuit. Four experiments showed that participants who were led to think abstractly (vs. concretely) about their social support showed higher intent to pursue their goal (Studies 1-3) and worked harder toward their goal (Study 4). The benefits of abstracting one’s social support occurred over a variety of personal goals, support types, and support-providers, indicating the generalizability and robustness of our findings. These results demonstrate that how people think about their social support influences goal-pursuit and suggest ways in which support-recipients can maximize their social support.
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Matook, Sabine, and Hans van der Heijden. "Goal Abstraction, Goal Linkage Dependency, and Perceived Utilitarian Value of Information Systems." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 25, no. 2 (April 2013): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2013040103.
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Prior research has shown that the utilitarian value of an information system influences user acceptance because of the way the system helps to achieve certain user goals. It is less recognized in the literature that users have multiple goals that influence a user’s perception regarding the information system’s utilitarian value. This paper extends this body of knowledge by incorporating different types of goals into a theoretical framework. Building on means-end chain theory, two goal characteristics are identified, goal abstraction and goal linkage dependency, that both exert an influence on the utilitarian value of an information system. Findings from a qualitative and a quantitative study indicate that perceived utilitarian value changes as goal abstraction increases, and that goal linkage dependency influences the similarity of perceived utilitarian values across goals. Implications are important because they provide insight into potentially contradicting user evaluations of information systems.
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Abel, David. "A Theory of State Abstraction for Reinforcement Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019876.
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Reinforcement learning presents a challenging problem: agents must generalize experiences, efficiently explore the world, and learn from feedback that is delayed and often sparse, all while making use of a limited computational budget. Abstraction is essential to all of these endeavors. Through abstraction, agents can form concise models of both their surroundings and behavior, supporting effective decision making in diverse and complex environments. To this end, the goal of my doctoral research is to characterize the role abstraction plays in reinforcement learning, with a focus on state abstraction. I offer three desiderata articulating what it means for a state abstraction to be useful, and introduce classes of state abstractions that provide a partial path toward satisfying these desiderata. Collectively, I develop theory for state abstractions that can 1) preserve near-optimal behavior, 2) be learned and computed efficiently, and 3) can lower the time or data needed to make effective decisions. I close by discussing extensions of these results to an information theoretic paradigm of abstraction, and an extension to hierarchical abstraction that enjoys the same desirable properties.
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Seipp, Jendrik, and Malte Helmert. "Counterexample-Guided Cartesian Abstraction Refinement for Classical Planning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 62 (July 25, 2018): 535–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11217.
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Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) is a method for incrementally computing abstractions of transition systems. We propose a CEGAR algorithm for computing abstraction heuristics for optimal classical planning. Starting from a coarse abstraction of the planning task, we iteratively compute an optimal abstract solution, check if and why it fails for the concrete planning task and refine the abstraction so that the same failure cannot occur in future iterations. A key ingredient of our approach is a novel class of abstractions for classical planning tasks that admits efficient and very fine-grained refinement. Since a single abstraction usually cannot capture enough details of the planning task, we also introduce two methods for producing diverse sets of heuristics within this framework, one based on goal atoms, the other based on landmarks. In order to sum their heuristic estimates admissibly we introduce a new cost partitioning algorithm called saturated cost partitioning. We show that the resulting heuristics outperform other state-of-the-art abstraction heuristics in many benchmark domains.
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Surynek, Pavel. "Non-Refined Abstractions in Counterexample Guided Abstraction Refinement for Multi-Agent Path Finding (Extended Abstract)." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 17 (June 1, 2024): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v17i1.31584.
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Counterexample guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) represents a powerful symbolic technique for various tasks such as model checking and reachability analysis. Recently, CEGAR combined with Boolean satisfiability (SAT) has been applied for multi-agent path finding (MAPF), a problem where the task is to navigate agents from their start positions to given individual goal positions so that agents do not collide with each other. The recent CEGAR approach used the initial abstraction of the MAPF problem where collisions between agents were omitted and were eliminated in subsequent abstraction refinements. We propose in this work a novel CEGAR-style solver for MAPF based on SAT in which some abstractions are deliberately left non-refined. This adds the necessity to post-process the answers obtained from the underlying SAT solver as these answers slightly differ from the correct MAPF solutions. Non-refining however yields order-of-magnitude smaller SAT encodings than those of the previous approach and speeds up the overall solving process.
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Sriraman, Bharath. "Discovering Steiner Triple Systems through Problem Solving." Mathematics Teacher 97, no. 5 (May 2004): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.97.5.0320.
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Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000) calls for instructional programs that emphasize problem solving and that have the goal of helping students develop sophistication with such mathematical processes as representation, mathematical reasoning, abstraction, and generalization. In particular, the Problem Solving Standard suggests that teachers should choose problems that further the mathematical goals of the class. Problem solving can be viewed as a process through which teachers can help students think mathematically, which Schoenfeld (1985, 1992) defines as developing a mathematical point of view. It includes valuing the processes of representation and abstraction and having the predisposition to generalize them. In this article, I describe my attempt to implement problem solving as a teacher of ninthgrade algebra. I had two explicit goals in mind. The first goal was to use carefully chosen problemsolving situations as a setting for an extended mathematical investigation that leads to the discovery of Steiner triple systems. The second goal was to use problem-solving situations to help students think mathematically, that is, to construct representations and to engage in mathematical reasoning, abstraction, and generalization.
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Sriraman, Bharath. "Discovering Steiner Triple Systems through Problem Solving." Mathematics Teacher 97, no. 5 (May 2004): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.97.5.0320.
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Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000) calls for instructional programs that emphasize problem solving and that have the goal of helping students develop sophistication with such mathematical processes as representation, mathematical reasoning, abstraction, and generalization. In particular, the Problem Solving Standard suggests that teachers should choose problems that further the mathematical goals of the class. Problem solving can be viewed as a process through which teachers can help students think mathematically, which Schoenfeld (1985, 1992) defines as developing a mathematical point of view. It includes valuing the processes of representation and abstraction and having the predisposition to generalize them. In this article, I describe my attempt to implement problem solving as a teacher of ninthgrade algebra. I had two explicit goals in mind. The first goal was to use carefully chosen problemsolving situations as a setting for an extended mathematical investigation that leads to the discovery of Steiner triple systems. The second goal was to use problem-solving situations to help students think mathematically, that is, to construct representations and to engage in mathematical reasoning, abstraction, and generalization.
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Wientjes, Sven, and Clay B. Holroyd. "The successor representation subserves hierarchical abstraction for goal-directed behavior." PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 2 (February 20, 2024): e1011312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011312.
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Humans have the ability to craft abstract, temporally extended and hierarchically organized plans. For instance, when considering how to make spaghetti for dinner, we typically concern ourselves with useful “subgoals” in the task, such as cutting onions, boiling pasta, and cooking a sauce, rather than particulars such as how many cuts to make to the onion, or exactly which muscles to contract. A core question is how such decomposition of a more abstract task into logical subtasks happens in the first place. Previous research has shown that humans are sensitive to a form of higher-order statistical learning named “community structure”. Community structure is a common feature of abstract tasks characterized by a logical ordering of subtasks. This structure can be captured by a model where humans learn predictions of upcoming events multiple steps into the future, discounting predictions of events further away in time. One such model is the “successor representation”, which has been argued to be useful for hierarchical abstraction. As of yet, no study has convincingly shown that this hierarchical abstraction can be put to use for goal-directed behavior. Here, we investigate whether participants utilize learned community structure to craft hierarchically informed action plans for goal-directed behavior. Participants were asked to search for paintings in a virtual museum, where the paintings were grouped together in “wings” representing community structure in the museum. We find that participants’ choices accord with the hierarchical structure of the museum and that their response times are best predicted by a successor representation. The degree to which the response times reflect the community structure of the museum correlates with several measures of performance, including the ability to craft temporally abstract action plans. These results suggest that successor representation learning subserves hierarchical abstractions relevant for goal-directed behavior.
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Calmet, Jacques, and Marvin Oliver Schneider. "Decision Making Modeled as a Theorem Proving Process." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 4, no. 3 (July 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdsst.2012070101.
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The authors introduce a theoretical framework enabling to process decisions making along some of the lines and methodologies used to mechanize mathematics and more specifically to mechanize the proofs of theorems. An underlying goal of Decision Support Systems is to trust the decision that is designed. This is also the main goal of their framework. Indeed, the proof of a theorem is always trustworthy. By analogy, this implies that a decision validated through theorem proving methodologies brings trust. To reach such a goal the authors have to rely on a series of abstractions enabling to process all of the knowledge involved in decision making. They deal with an Agent Oriented Abstraction for Multiagent Systems, Object Mechanized Computational Systems, Abstraction Based Information Technology, Virtual Knowledge Communities, topological specification of knowledge bases using Logical Fibering. This approach considers some underlying hypothesis such that knowledge is at the heart of any decision making and that trust transcends the concept of belief. This introduces methodologies from Artificial Intelligence. Another overall goal is to build tools using advanced mathematics for users without specific mathematical knowledge.
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Seipp, Jendrik, and Malte Helmert. "Diverse and Additive Cartesian Abstraction Heuristics." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 24 (May 11, 2014): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v24i1.13639.
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We have recently shown how counterexample-guided abstraction refinement can be used to derive informative Cartesian abstraction heuristics for optimal classical planning. In this work we introduce two methods for producing diverse sets of heuristics within this framework, one based on goal facts, the other based on landmarks. In order to sum the heuristic estimates admissibly we present a novel way of finding cost partitionings for explicitly represented abstraction heuristics. We show that the resulting heuristics outperform other state-of-the-art abstraction heuristics on many benchmark domains.
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Faulkner, Josh W., Rebecca Grattan, and Lisetta Darroch. "Testing the dysregulation of goal and activity identification hypothesis on mental health outcomes: The moderating effect of psychological flexibility." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 14, no. 2 (April 2023): 204380872311835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20438087231183564.
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The objective of this study is to test the dysregulation of goal/activity identification hypothesis and the role of psychological flexibility within it. A nonclinical sample of 247 adults completed the Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI) and DASS-21. Participants' goal on the PPFI were categorized into abstract or concrete. The moderating effect of psychological flexibility on the relationship between goal abstraction and stress, depression and anxiety were examined. These relationships were explored using specific dimensions of psychological flexibility: harnessing, avoidance and acceptance. A significant interaction was found between psychological flexibility and goal abstraction on stress. Individuals who stipulated an abstract goal and had lower levels of psychological flexibility had significantly higher levels of stress. This relationship was not evident for concrete goals. These findings did not emerge when examining specific dimensions of psychological flexibility suggesting that multiple facets of psychological flexibility contribute to these findings. Harnessing was, however, unique. Individuals with a concrete goal and higher levels of harnessing had significantly higher stress. This study provides preliminary findings regarding the influence of psychological flexibility within the dysregulation of goal/action identification hypothesis. Future research, particularly in clinical samples is needed to confirm these associations and their combined role as a transdiagnostic process.
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Eifler, Rebecca, Maximilian Fickert, Jörg Hoffmann, and Wheeler Ruml. "Refining Abstraction Heuristics during Real-Time Planning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 7578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017578.
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In real-time planning, the planner must select the next action within a fixed time bound. Because a complete plan may not have been found, the selected action might not lead to a goal and the agent may need to return to its current state. To preserve completeness, real-time search methods incorporate learning, in which heuristic values are updated. Previous work in real-time search has used table-based heuristics, in which the values of states are updated individually. In this paper, we explore the use of abstraction-based heuristics. By refining the abstraction on-line, we can update the values of multiple states, including ones the agent has not yet generated. We test this idea empirically using Cartesian abstractions in the Fast Downward planner. Results on various benchmarks, including the sliding tile puzzle and several IPC domains, indicate that the approach can improve performance compared to traditional heuristic updating. This work brings abstraction refinement, a powerful technique from offline planning, into the real-time setting.
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Smedley, Georgia, and Steve G. Sutton. "The Effect of Alternative Procedural Explanation Types on Procedural Knowledge Acquisition during Knowledge-Based Systems Use." Journal of Information Systems 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jis.2007.21.1.27.
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This study applies Adaptive Character of Thought-Rational (ACT-R), a theory of cognitive skill acquisition, to identify two techniques theorized to provide learners with a simplified and situation-responsive set of production rules to use in a problemsolving context. The two techniques are abstraction (an optimization technique that produces a generalized rule set) and goal structuring (another optimization technique that produces a differentiated rule set). Accordingly, abstraction and goal structuring explanations were provided to users through a knowledge-based system (KBS). Due to cognitive effort constraints on procedural learning, a subset of volunteer participants was extracted for analysis based on an exhibition of attentive learning behavior. Results of the study found that while intermediary stages of development were not detectable, participants receiving goal-structuring explanations exhibited better problem solving performance, and the joint presentation of abstraction explanations led to further problem solving improvements. Abstraction explanations did not lead to improved problem solving, however, when provided in absence of goal-structuring explanations. These findings extend ACT-R to a new venue, increase understanding of ACT-R theory, and provide developers of KBS with more substantive knowledge on optimization of KBS explanation design when knowledge transfer to less expert users is an objective.
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Arumugam, Dilip, Siddharth Karamcheti, Nakul Gopalan, Edward C. Williams, Mina Rhee, Lawson L. S. Wong, and Stefanie Tellex. "Grounding natural language instructions to semantic goal representations for abstraction and generalization." Autonomous Robots 43, no. 2 (August 13, 2018): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-018-9792-8.
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Nurcombe, Barry. "Diagnostic Reasoning and Treatment Planning: II. Treatment." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 21, no. 4 (December 1987): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678709158915.
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The concepts of therapy-oriented and problem-oriented plans are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages considered. Goal-directed planning is proposed as an alternative to intuitive decision making. Goal-directed planning involves the abstraction of pivotal problems from a diagnostic formulation, the restatement of problems as goals, the selection of appropriate therapy, the designation of a target date, the stipulation of objectives, the selection of methods of evaluation and the monitoring of progress. Systematic goal-directed planning fosters teamwork, promotes accountability, obviates therapeutic drift and enhances outcome evaluation. Its chief disadvantage is its unfamiliarity.
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Zhu, Lei, and Yi-Chang Chiu. "Transportation Routing Map Abstraction Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2528, no. 1 (January 2015): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2528-09.
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The transportation navigation map is increasingly used in various transportation network modeling applications such as navigation or traffic assignment. A typical navigation map contains all detailed facility layers and may not be as computationally efficient for path finding as a lower resolution map. A lower resolution transportation routing map retains only roadway layers related to route-finding roadway layers and is efficient for path finding, but this map may result in only suboptimal routes. With the goal of balancing the quality and computation requirements of a transportation navigation map, the systematic abstraction of the lower resolution transportation routing map from the navigation map is an important and nontrivial task. The challenge is in how the abstracted routing map balances path-finding effectiveness and efficiency. To deal with this challenge, this study proposes an innovative map abstraction method or connectivity enhancement algorithm. The algorithm starts from a low-resolution network and continues updating the routing map by adding new links and nodes when it processes each search set node. The outcome of the proposed algorithm is an abstract map that retains the original detailed map's hierarchical structure with high topological connectivity quality at a significant computation saving.
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Menegatti, Michela, and Monica Rubini. "Initiating, Maintaining, or Breaking Up?" Social Psychology 45, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000200.
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Two studies examined whether individuals vary the level of abstraction of messages composed to achieve the relational goals of initiating, maintaining, and ending a romantic relationships when the goal of communication was self-disclosure or persuading one’s partner. Study 1 showed that abstract language was preferred to disclose thoughts and feelings about initiating a romantic relationship or to persuade the partner to consolidate a long-term one. Study 2 revealed that participants used abstract terms to persuade the partner to continue a problematic relationship and to disclose their thoughts on ending it. These results show that language abstraction is a flexible means to handle individuals’ goals and influence the course of romantic relationships.
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Janzen, Michael E., and Kim J. Vicente. "Attention Allocation within the Abstraction Hierarchy." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100162.
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Rasmussen (1985) proposed the abstraction hierarchy, consisting of physical and functional system models, as a basis for interface design for complex human-machine systems. In this study, subjects used an interface consisting of four windows, each representing a level of the abstraction hierarchy, to control a thermal-hydraulic process simulation. The goal was to investigate the relationship between attention allocation strategies and performance under normal and abnormal conditions. Subjects controlled the process for about one hour per weekday for approximately one month. The results indicate that subjects who made more frequent use of functional levels of information exhibited more accurate system control under normal conditions, and more accurate diagnosis performance under fault trials. Moreover, subjects who made efficient use of functional information exhibited faster fault compensation times. These results provide specific evidence of the advantages of functional information in an abstraction hierarchy interface.
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Siddiqi, S. A., and J. Huang. "Sequential Diagnosis by Abstraction." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 41 (June 30, 2011): 329–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3296.
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When a system behaves abnormally, sequential diagnosis takes a sequence of measurements of the system until the faults causing the abnormality are identified, and the goal is to reduce the diagnostic cost, defined here as the number of measurements. To propose measurement points, previous work employs a heuristic based on reducing the entropy over a computed set of diagnoses. This approach generally has good performance in terms of diagnostic cost, but can fail to diagnose large systems when the set of diagnoses is too large. Focusing on a smaller set of probable diagnoses scales the approach but generally leads to increased average diagnostic costs. In this paper, we propose a new diagnostic framework employing four new techniques, which scales to much larger systems with good performance in terms of diagnostic cost. First, we propose a new heuristic for measurement point selection that can be computed efficiently, without requiring the set of diagnoses, once the system is modeled as a Bayesian network and compiled into a logical form known as d-DNNF. Second, we extend hierarchical diagnosis, a technique based on system abstraction from our previous work, to handle probabilities so that it can be applied to sequential diagnosis to allow larger systems to be diagnosed. Third, for the largest systems where even hierarchical diagnosis fails, we propose a novel method that converts the system into one that has a smaller abstraction and whose diagnoses form a superset of those of the original system; the new system can then be diagnosed and the result mapped back to the original system. Finally, we propose a novel cost estimation function which can be used to choose an abstraction of the system that is more likely to provide optimal average cost. Experiments with ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits indicate that our approach scales to all circuits in the suite except one that has a flat structure not susceptible to useful abstraction.
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Li, Minglong, Zhongxuan Cai, Wenjing Yang, Lixia Wu, Yinghui Xu, and Ji Wang. "Dec-SGTS: Decentralized Sub-Goal Tree Search for Multi-Agent Coordination." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 13 (May 18, 2021): 11282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i13.17345.
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Multi-agent coordination tends to benefit from efficient communication, where cooperation often happens based on exchanging information about what the agents intend to do, i.e. intention sharing. It becomes a key problem to model the intention by some proper abstraction. Currently, it is either too coarse such as final goals or too fined as primitive steps, which is inefficient due to the lack of modularity and semantics. In this paper, we design a novel multi-agent coordination protocol based on subgoal intentions, defined as the probability distribution over feasible subgoal sequences. The subgoal intentions encode macro-action behaviors with modularity so as to facilitate joint decision making at higher abstraction. Built over the proposed protocol, we present Dec-SGTS (Decentralized Sub-Goal Tree Search) to solve decentralized online multi-agent planning hierarchically and efficiently. Each agent runs Dec-SGTS asynchronously by iteratively performing three phases including local sub-goal tree search, local subgoal intention update and global subgoal intention sharing. We conduct the experiments on courier dispatching problem, and the results show that Dec-SGTS achieves much better reward while enjoying a significant reduction of planning time and communication cost compared with Dec-MCTS (Decentralized Monte Carlo Tree Search).
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Dorst, L. "Analyzing the behaviours of a car: a study in abstraction of goal-directed motions." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 28, no. 6 (1998): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3468.725352.
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Schumacher, Felix, Hagen Watschke, Sebastian Kuschmitz, and Thomas Vietor. "Goal Oriented Provision of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing to Support Conceptual Design." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.79.
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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) offers a new degree in design freedom. However, in order to exploit AM's potentials in end-use products a methodical approach and suitable tools especially during conceptual design are needed. This paper presents a methodology for application in industrial practice, which should support the component conception for additively manufactured products. The approach focuses on a benefit-oriented preparation and provision of knowledge. In addition to general design methods for abstraction and promotion of creativity, AM-specific tools are introduced which support the provision of solution principles and process-specific restrictions. A broad applicability of the solution principles is ensured by an expansion of the solution space through abstraction. Consequently, product developers are sensitised to the new design possibilities of AM, on the one hand. On the other hand, they are supported in a holistic exploitation of design potentials in ideation in order to foster innovative solution ideas. Finally, the methodological procedure and the developed tools will be demonstrated in a workshop by using an example from industrial practice of the automotive sector.
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Alali, Abdelhakim, Zineb El Hariti, Mohamed Sadik, and Kaoutar Aamali. "SoC Power Consumption Estimation at High Level of Abstraction: A Survey Study." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0322_09.
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Abstract—As electric energy consumption becomes a more pressing concern in System-on-a-Chip (SOC) design, accurate and efficient power analysis and estimation at all levels of abstraction throughout the design phase is becoming increasingly important in order to achieve low power without an expensive redesign process. This study examines dynamic power and leaky power analysis and estimation strategies for SOC design at several design levels that have recently been proposed, with the goal of presenting a unified view of power estimation methodologies at all design levels of abstraction, focusing especially on the high level. Keywords— System on Chip; Energy estimation; SoC modelling; Accuracy; High level of abstraction.
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Annette, Burguet. "Self-Presentation and Language Abstraction in Recruitment Context." Psychology of Language and Communication 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2020-0005.
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AbstractThe present research explicates how job applicants employ language abstraction to present themselves as a good or bad candidate. According to the LIB theory (Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989), we tested the hypothesis that, with positive instruction (i.e., to be recruited), participants’ responses would be more abstract with positive items and more concrete with negative items. Conversely, we expected that participants’ responses would be more concrete with positive items and more abstract with negative ones when the instruction was negative (i.e., to not be recruited). Results of this experiment (N = 85 French participants) confirm our hypothesis and revealed a strong interaction effect between level of language abstraction and goal of self-presentation. Implications for linguistic bias effect and normative behavior in the interpersonal context of recruitment are discussed.
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Thue, David, and Vadim Bulitko. "Modelling Goal-Directed Players in Digital Games." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 2, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v2i1.18751.
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The pursuit of a viable model of player behaviour has gained momentum in research in recent years, and it is beginning to attract the attention of the designers of next-generation digital games. In this paper, we present a novel enhancement to player modelling that is well-suited to the digital role-playing and puzzle game industries, titled Goal-Directed- Player Modelling, in which state abstraction based on a player's goals is used to improve the performance of a classifier for predicting player actions. We survey a set of related research, formally introduce a method for Goal-Directed-Player Modelling, and present empirical results which clearly show the ability of Goal-Directed-Player Modelling to greatly improve the accuracy of a simple, online, low cost incremental classi ier to a level near those of more advanced and complex of line methods.</p>
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Tombazos, Stavros. "Capital as ‘abstraction in action’ and economic rhythms in Marx." Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, no. 5 (August 27, 2020): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa037.
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Abstract Capital, as self-valorising value, abstraction in action, Hegelian syllogism or self-organisation of economic rhythms oriented to the unique goal of profit production, is based on the reversal of subject and object in capitalist society. The producer is subjugated to their own social relationship that acts as a subject and treats them as its object. The fetishism of social reproduction manifests itself more clearly in structural crises, in which the system persists only through accelerated social regression.
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Larsen, Bradford, Ethan Burns, Wheeler Ruml, and Robert Holte. "Searching Without a Heuristic: Efficient Use of Abstraction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7563.
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In problem domains where an informative heuristic evaluation function is not known or not easily computed, abstraction can be used to derive admissible heuristic values. Optimal path lengths in the abstracted problem are consistent heuristic estimates for the original problem. Pattern databases are the traditional method of creating such heuristics, but they exhaustively compute costs for all abstract states and are thus usually appropriate only when all instances share the same single goal state. Hierarchical heuristic search algorithms address these shortcomings by searching for paths in the abstract space on an as-needed basis. However, existing hierarchical algorithms search less efficiently than pattern database constructors: abstract nodes may be expanded many times during the course of a base-level search. We present a novel hierarchical heuristic search algorithm, called Switchback, that uses an alternating direction of search to avoid abstract node re-expansions. This algorithm is simple to implement and demonstrates superior performance to existing hierarchical heuristic search algorithms on several standard benchmarks.
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Hu, Xiaobing, and Yalin Zhang. "Research on the Development and Visual Image of Opera Culture Creative Products." Journal of Visual Art and Design 12, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.vad.2020.12.2.5.
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Huangmeixi opera is an integral part of Chinese opera culture and its visual elements are a fountainhead for designers. This study focused on the development of Huangmeixi opera cultural creative products through refining the elements of Huangmeixi opera in points, lines, and colors, redesigning them from the aspects of element extraction, form abstraction, cultural implication abstraction, and exploring the cultural elements of Huangmeixi opera and product development strategy. The goal is to develop cultural creative products based on Huangmeixi opera.
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Rudenchik, Veronika Pavlovna, and Pavel Sergeevich Andrianov. "Predicate Abstraction Refinement in Thread-Modular Analysis." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 35, no. 3 (2023): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2023-35(3)-14.
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Thread-modular approach over predicate abstraction is an efficient technique for software verification of complicated real-world source code. One of the main problems in the technique is a predicate abstraction refinement in a multithreaded case. A default predicate refiner considers only a path related to one thread, and does not refine the thread-modular environment. For instance, if we have applied an effect from the second thread to the current one, then the path in the second thread to the applied effect is not refined. Our goal was to develop a more precise refinement procedure, reusing a default predicate refiner to refine both: a path in a current thread and a path to an effect in the environment. The idea is to construct a joined boolean formula from these two paths. Since some variables may be common, a key challenge is to correctly rename and equate variables in two parts of the formula to accurately represent the way threads interact. It is essential to get reliable predicates that can potentially prove spuriousness of the path. The proposed approach is implemented on top of CPAchecker framework. It is evaluated on standard SV-COMP benchmark set, and the results show some benefit. Evaluation on the real-world software does not demonstrate significant accuracy increase, as the described flaw of predicate refinement is not the only reason of false positive results. While the proposed approach can successfully prove some specific paths to be spurious, it is not enough to fully prove correctness of some programs. However, the approach has further potential for improvements.
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Turella, Luca, Raffaella Rumiati, and Angelika Lingnau. "Hierarchical Action Encoding Within the Human Brain." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (January 14, 2020): 2924–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz284.
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Abstract Humans are able to interact with objects with extreme flexibility. To achieve this ability, the brain does not only control specific muscular patterns, but it also needs to represent the abstract goal of an action, irrespective of its implementation. It is debated, however, how abstract action goals are implemented in the brain. To address this question, we used multivariate pattern analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Human participants performed grasping actions (precision grip, whole hand grip) with two different wrist orientations (canonical, rotated), using either the left or right hand. This design permitted to investigate a hierarchical organization consisting of three levels of abstraction: 1) “concrete action” encoding; 2) “effector-dependent goal” encoding (invariant to wrist orientation); and 3) “effector-independent goal” encoding (invariant to effector and wrist orientation). We found that motor cortices hosted joint encoding of concrete actions and of effector-dependent goals, while the parietal lobe housed a convergence of all three representations, comprising action goals within and across effectors. The left lateral occipito-temporal cortex showed effector-independent goal encoding, but no convergence across the three levels of representation. Our results support a hierarchical organization of action encoding, shedding light on the neural substrates supporting the extraordinary flexibility of human hand behavior.
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Shankar, Swetha, and Andrew S. Kayser. "Perceptual and categorical decision making: goal-relevant representation of two domains at different levels of abstraction." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2088–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2016.
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To date it has been unclear whether perceptual decision making and rule-based categorization reflect activation of similar cognitive processes and brain regions. On one hand, both map potentially ambiguous stimuli to a smaller set of motor responses. On the other hand, decisions about perceptual salience typically concern concrete sensory representations derived from a noisy stimulus, while categorization is typically conceptualized as an abstract decision about membership in a potentially arbitrary set. Previous work has primarily examined these types of decisions in isolation. Here we independently varied salience in both the perceptual and categorical domains in a random dot-motion framework by manipulating dot-motion coherence and motion direction relative to a category boundary, respectively. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information, which is more relevant to subjects’ decisions, is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information, although they also have significant interactive effects on choice. Within the brain, BOLD activity within frontal regions strongly differentiated categorical salience and weakly differentiated perceptual salience; however, the interaction between these two factors activated similar frontoparietal brain networks. Notably, explicitly evaluating feature interactions revealed a frontal-parietal dissociation: parietal activity varied strongly with both features, but frontal activity varied with the combined strength of the information that defined the motor response. Together, these data demonstrate that frontal regions are driven by decision-relevant features and argue that perceptual decisions and rule-based categorization reflect similar cognitive processes and activate similar brain networks to the extent that they define decision-relevant stimulus-response mappings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we study the behavioral and neural dynamics of perceptual categorization when decision information varies in multiple domains at different levels of abstraction. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information but that perceptual and categorical domains interact to influence decisions. Frontoparietal brain activity during categorization flexibly represents decision-relevant features and highlights significant dissociations in frontal and parietal activity during decision making.
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Sudadi, Sudadi, Enos Lolang, Joko Ariawan, Iwan Henri Kusnadi, and Misbahul Munir. "The Effectiveness Analysis of Computational Thinking Patterns and Levels of Students’ Meta-Cognitive Awareness in Solving Learning Problems." Journal on Education 6, no. 1 (June 6, 2023): 2166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i1.3217.
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The goal of this study is to characterize students' computational thinking skills in problem-solving in terms of their degree of metacognition awareness. The study is descriptive and qualitative in nature. The participants were selected using purposive sampling, comprising of two students with reflective metacognitive awareness, two students with strategic metacognitive awareness, two students with aware metacognitive awareness, and two students with tacit metacognitive awareness. The data was collected through written tests and interviews and analyzed based on the computational thinking indicators. The findings reveal that the computational thinking abilities of students who use metacognitive awareness in problem-solving are abstraction, pattern recognition, and decomposition. Furthermore, students with strategic metacognitive awareness exhibit proficiency in abstraction and pattern recognition. Additionally, students who use metacognition awareness through abstraction or decomposition exhibit computational thinking abilities when solving problems. However, students with tacit metacognitive awareness do not meet the computational thinking indicators while solving problems.
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SOLODUKHINA, Anna V., and Evgeniya А. BLISKAVKA. "The impact of financial goal-setting on the financial behavior of the population." Finance and Credit 30, no. 7 (July 30, 2024): 1527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.30.7.1527.
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Subject. This article examines the impact of the existence of financial goals on the financial behavior of Russian citizens. Objectives. The article aims to find the relationship between the existence of financial goals and financial behavior of people. Methods. For the study, we used analysis and synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction, classification, as well as methods of statistical analysis of the results of an online questionnaire of 3,192 respondents with an equal gender composition of persons aged 18 to 65 years. Results. The article finds that there are statistically significant differences in the financial behavior of respondents in the selected components depending on the existence and duration of financial goals. The article confirms the hypothesis that there is a connection between the financial goals and their horizon and people's financial behavior. Conclusions and Relevance. The results obtained suggest the possibility of improving the financial models of Russian citizens by emphasizing the introduction of elements of financial goal-setting into their personal finance practices. To do this, we recommend that educational organizations focus financial literacy courses on skill development and the formation of financial planning and goal-setting habits, and that financial institutions include planning consultations in their customer service practices.
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Johnson, Clifford D., Michael E. Miller, Christina F. Rusnock, and David R. Jacques. "Applying Control Abstraction to the Design of Human–Agent Teams." Systems 8, no. 2 (April 12, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8020010.
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Levels of Automation (LOA) provide a method for describing authority granted to automated system elements to make individual decisions. However, these levels are technology-centric and provide little insight into overall system operation. The current research discusses an alternate classification scheme, referred to as the Level of Human Control Abstraction (LHCA). LHCA is an operator-centric framework that classifies a system’s state based on the required operator inputs. The framework consists of five levels, each requiring less granularity of human control: Direct, Augmented, Parametric, Goal-Oriented, and Mission-Capable. An analysis was conducted of several existing systems. This analysis illustrates the presence of each of these levels of control, and many existing systems support system states which facilitate multiple LHCAs. It is suggested that as the granularity of human control is reduced, the level of required human attention and required cognitive resources decreases. Thus, it is suggested that designing systems that permit the user to select among LHCAs during system control may facilitate human-machine teaming and improve the flexibility of the system.
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SADAOUI, SAMIRA, and PENGZHOU YIN. "GENERALIZATION AND INSTANTIATION FOR COMPONENT REUSE." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 16, no. 02 (April 2006): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194006002768.
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There is an increasing need for high-quality software components. Reusable components and formal specifications are two complementary and promising approaches to achieve this goal. One method for enhancing the reusability of existing components is generalization that creates generic components by parameterizing specific ones. Generalization and instantiation are two methods related respectively to the development for reuse and development with reuse. Generalization, that is the abstraction of existing components, identifies commonalities across a class of entities, while instantiation customizes the general properties under different circumstances. In this paper, we present several generalization and instantiation algorithms for algebraic specifications. A major difficulty during the generalization process is determining the appropriate level of generality. Highly specific components have little chance of being reused. Meanwhile, if a component is too general, its reuse might also be hard. Therefore, we introduce a novel method based on the categorized constructors to control the level of abstraction in generic components with the goal of producing effective reusable components. Through a medium-scale example, the generalization and instantiation operations are illustrated in detail.
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Kharmoum, Nassim, Sara Retal, Karim El Bouchti, Wajih Rhalem, and Soumia Ziti. "Interaction Multi-Agent Models' Automatic Alignment with MDA Higher Abstraction Level." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 19, no. 02 (February 16, 2023): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v19i02.37047.
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With the massive growth of the software sector as well as the erratic needs of end users, agent-based information systems and Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach are among the liveliest and significant fields of experimentation and improvement to emerge in the recent decade. In this vein, we suggest in this research an innovative method that automates the construction and the generation processes of the interaction multi-agent models from the business requirements engineering models at the MDA highest abstraction levels. So, our defiance is to align the Agent Modeling Language (AML) Communicative Interaction diagram with the E3value model dealing with the MDA approach. The ATLAS-Transformation Language (ATL) is applied to automate the model alignment process. The goal is to reduce project effort, time, and development costs as all alignment process is automatically done, boosting the chances of being more competitive in the software business.
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Miller, Christopher A., and Kim J. Vicente. "Toward an Integration of Task- and Work Domain Analysis Techniques for Human-Computer Interface Design." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 3 (October 1998): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200333.
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Work analysis techniques are critical, longstanding methods for designers to obtain the knowledge required for good interface design. The majority of current techniques fall into two types: task-centered and system- or work domain-centered. These approaches have different and largely complimentary strengths and weaknesses, but they focus on different aspects of the design problem and a unification is required for completeness. We discuss and compare the characteristics of both approaches. Then we present results and lessons learned from an attempt to integrate two characteristic analysis techniques in analyzing interface requirements for a simple feedwater system: Rasmussen's (1985) Abstraction Decomposition Space (also known as the Abstraction Hierarchy) and Sewell and Geddes (1994) Plan-Goal Graph.
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Mokhtari, Vahid, Luis Seabra Lopes, and Armando J. Pinho. "Experience-Based Robot Task Learning and Planning with Goal Inference." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13794.
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Learning and deliberation are required to endow a robotwith the capabilities to acquire knowledge, perform a variety of tasks and interactions, and adapt to open-ended environments. This paper explores the notion of experience-based planning domains (EBPDs) for task-level learning and planning in robotics. EBPDs rely on methods for a robot to: (i) obtain robot activity experiences from the robot's performance; (ii) conceptualize each experience to a task model called activity schema; and (iii) exploit the learned activity schemata to make plans in similar situations. Experiences are episodic descriptions of plan-based robot activities including environment perception, sequences of applied actions and achieved tasks. The conceptualization approach integrates different techniques including deductive generalization, abstraction and feature extraction to learn activity schemata. A high-level task planner was developed to find a solution for a similar task by following an activity schema. In this paper, we extend our previous approach by integrating goal inference capabilities. The proposed approach is illustrated in a restaurant environment where a service robot learns how to carry out complex tasks.
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Harpaz-Itay, Yifat, Shlomo Kaniel, and Iris Halpern. "Hierarchic Organization and Memory Recall." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/194589506787382314.
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The authors examined the hierarchic levels of templates’ organization of performance in familiar and unfamiliar key patterns conditions by expert and nonexpert typists. Using a laptop computer with a specially designed keyboard together with special software, 60 expert and 20 nonexpert typists were asked to remember the locations of 10 keys and characters. Under the condition of using a familiar keyboard, experts performed better, independent of their templates’ organization levels; however, in unfamiliar conditions, high levels of template organization affected performance. The results support the constraint attunement hypothesis (CAH) of K. J. Vicente and J. H. Wang, according to which goal-relevant constraints are defined by constructing a hierarchic abstraction. Attuning to a higher level of abstraction places constraints on the lower levels. The higher the levels of hierarchic abstraction that experts adopt, the greater the capacity achieved when attuning to these multiple constraints--thus allowing better recall. The importance of this paper is not only in its support of the CAH theory, but also in expanding the theory on elementary processes and simple motor skills such as typing.
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Shparaga, Olga. "Self- and Mutual Respect: Beyond Abstraction and Social Humiliation." Ukraina Moderna 26 (2019): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/uam.2019.26.1106.
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This article offers a look at self- and mutual respect – key concepts of the text – from the perspective of political philosophy, and attempts to show their significance in guaranteeing a decent life in contemporary society. The attempt begins with the experience of social humiliation in Belarus, quite widespread for numerous groups of people. According to John Rawls, it is precisely self- and mutual respect that are meant to reveal the social unacceptability of this experience, which runs counter to the idea of justice. In connection to this, Rawls specifies the concepts of self- and mutual respect, stressing their cognitive and volitional dimensions, as well as what types of human associations support them. By contrast, contemporary American philosopher Martha Nussbaum demonstrates that self- and mutual respect in Rawls are subordinated to the economic efficiency of social cooperation – the true criterion of a just social order, according to Rawls. To return self- and mutual respect to their essential place in the concept of justice (which directly affects the relationship between the idea of justice and the goal of assuring a decent life), Nussbaum offers a wider, somatic understanding of rationality, self and social cohesion. This interpretation also deepens the understanding of justice, connecting the contractual concept of justice with the inclusive one. According to contemporary French political theorist Pierre Rosanvallon, this renewed reading of self- and mutual respect, and thus of justice, affects the concept and justification of the notion of democracy. For this reason, we can supplement the just rules of democracy with attention to the peculiar nature of social humiliation and the privations experienced by people. In my opinion, this discussion is fundamental for post-Soviet countries like Belarus, where social humiliation is the norm, and as such, is not perceived as an obstacle to the democratization of civil society.
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Zeigler, Bernard P. "Extending the Hierarchy of System Specifications and Morphisms with SES Abstraction." Information 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14010022.
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This article works toward a unification of two related concepts that underpin system-theory-based modeling and simulation–the hierarchy of system specifications and morphisms and the System Entity Structure (SES). The hierarchy organizes system specification along levels ranging from behavior to structure capturing increasing knowledge of the system input/output processing and state dynamics. The SES is a constructive ontology describing compositions of modular components via coupling of input/output ports. Toward unification of these concepts, we propose an abstraction of the SES called the MetaSES that supports the construction of complex systems of systems with multiple components belonging to specified classes. Moreover, we place the MetaSES within a computational framework with the goal of making it easier to design and build complex hierarchical DEVS models and to communicate their structures and intended behaviors to foster continued reuse and development. We discuss several examples of applications to illustrate how the MetaSES-based enhancement of the hierarchy of system specifications and morphisms helps to push the boundaries of complexity management in the theory and practice of modeling and simulation. Research directions stemming from the proposed concepts are suggested.
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Le, Duong, and Erion Plaku. "Cooperative, Dynamics-based, and Abstraction-Guided Multi-robot Motion Planning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 63 (October 31, 2018): 361–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11244.
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This paper presents an effective, cooperative, and probabilistically-complete multi-robot motion planner that enables each robot to move to a desired location while avoiding collisions with obstacles and other robots. The approach takes into account not only the geometric constraints arising from collision avoidance, but also the differential constraints imposed by the motion dynamics of each robot. This makes it possible to generate collision-free and dynamically-feasible trajectories that can be executed in the physical world.The salient aspect of the approach is the coupling of sampling-based motion planning to handle the complexity arising from the obstacles and robot dynamics with multi-agent search to find solutions over a suitable discrete abstraction. The discrete abstraction is obtained by constructing roadmaps to solve a relaxed problem that accounts for the obstacles but not the dynamics. Sampling-based motion planning expands a motion tree in the composite state space of all the robots by adding collision-free and dynamically-feasible trajectories as branches. Efficiency is obtained by using multi-agent search to find non-conflicting routes over the discrete abstraction which serve as heuristics to guide the motion-tree expansion. When little or no progress is made, the routes are penalized and the multi-agent search is invoked again to find alternative routes. This synergistic coupling makes it possible to effectively plan collision-free and dynamically-feasible motions that enable each robot to reach its goal. Experiments using vehicle models with nonlinear dynamics operating in complex environments, where cooperation among robots is required, show significant speedups over related work.
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Xu, Juanyan. "Thinking and Practice on the Cultivation Goal and Implementation Path of the Three Compositions." Journal of Higher Education Teaching 1, no. 2 (March 2024): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.62517/jhet.202415225.
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Starting from the re-interpretation of the word "composition", this paper sets the teaching goal of "Three compositions" as "feeling, abstraction, creation and expression". The main problems encountered in this course in contemporary times are the demand to integrate the three major modules, the demand to innovate teaching methods, the demand to improve teaching output, the demand to extend teaching content to professional design, and the demand to solve the contradiction between "high requirements" and "reduced class hours". Based on these problems, this article redesigned the overall teaching framework of the "Three composition s", and based on this, expounded the implementation path of the ability training goal of this course, which is online and offline integration, hand-painting and software parallel operation, internal integration and external extension, and gradual ability training. It also shared some specific implementation methods and teaching cases.
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Paay, Jeni, Sonja Pedell, Leon Sterling, Frank Vetere, and Steve Howard. "The Benefit of Ambiguity in Understanding Goals in Requirements Modelling." International Journal of People-Oriented Programming 1, no. 2 (July 2011): 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpop.2011070102.
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This paper examines the benefit of ambiguity in describing goals in requirements modelling for the design of socio-technical systems using concepts from Agent-Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) and ethnographic and cultural probe methods from Human Computer Interaction (HCI). The authors’ aim of their research is to create technologies that support more flexible and meaningful social interactions, by combining best practice in software engineering with ethnographic techniques to model complex social interactions from their socially oriented life for the purposes of building rich socio-technological systems. Currently social needs are modelled as coordinative and collaborative goals; however the domestic space surfaces a range of purely communicative activities, which are not calculated to serve any external productive purpose (i.e., it is communication often for the sake of pleasure).The authors use a holistic approach to eliciting, analyzing, and modelling socially-oriented requirements by combining a particular form of ethnographic technique, cultural probes, with Agent Oriented Software Engineering notations to model these requirements. This paper focuses on examining the value of maintaining ambiguity in the process of elicitation and analysis through the use of empirically informed quality goals attached to functional goals. The authors demonstrate the benefit of articulating a quality goal without turning it into a functional goal. Their study shows that quality goals kept at a high level of abstraction, ambiguous and open for conversations through the modelling process add richness to goal models, and communicate quality attributes of the interaction being modelled to the design phase, where this ambiguity is regarded as a resource for design.
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Carrazza, S., S. Efthymiou, M. Lazzarin, and A. Pasquale. "An open-source modular framework for quantum computing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012148.
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Abstract In this proceedings we describe the current development status and recent technical achievements of Qibo, an open-source framework for quantum simulation. After a concise overview of the project goal, we introduce the modular layout for backend abstraction released in version 0.1.7. We discuss the advantages of each backend choice with particular emphasis on hardware accelerators for quantum state vector simulation. Finally, we summarize the primitives and models currently available.
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YERNAUX, GONZAGUE, and WIM VANHOOF. "Anti-unification in Constraint Logic Programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 19, no. 5-6 (September 2019): 773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068419000188.
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AbstractAnti-unification refers to the process of generalizing two (or more) goals into a single, more general, goal that captures some of the structure that is common to all initial goals. In general one is typically interested in computing what is often called a most specific generalization, that is a generalization that captures a maximal amount of shared structure. In this work we address the problem of anti-unification in CLP, where goals can be seen as unordered sets of atoms and/or constraints. We show that while the concept of a most specific generalization can easily be defined in this context, computing it becomes an NP-complete problem. We subsequently introduce a generalization algorithm that computes a well-defined abstraction whose computation can be bound to a polynomial execution time. Initial experiments show that even a naive implementation of our algorithm produces acceptable generalizations in an efficient way.
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Strmečki, Daniel, Ivan Magdalenić, and Danijel Radosević. "A Systematic Literature Review on the Application of Ontologies in Automatic Programming." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 28, no. 05 (May 2018): 559–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194018300014.
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One of the main goals of the Software Engineering discipline is to find higher abstraction levels and ways to reuse software in order to increase its productivity and quality. Ontologies, which are typically considered as a technique or an artifact used in one or more software lifecycle phases, may be used to help achieve that goal. This paper provides a systematic literature review of the proposed solutions for applying ontologies in automatic and generative programming. The paper aims to identify ontologies and software development tools, frameworks, prototypes, design patterns and methodologies that use them as development artifacts for source code generation or product derivation. The review provides researchers with the state of the art, while also identifying challenges and gaps that require further exploration and development.
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de la Cuétara, Isabel. "Emotional Development in People with High Capacities: Induction of Emotions through Pictorial Abstraction." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155912.
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The goal of this work was to help the researcher that studies emotions in people with high capacities (HCs) to understand and intervene in the socio-emotional aspects of this group, considering the features of their profile that present a certain specificity. The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) developed by Lang, and based on the dimensional theory of emotions, was applied using abstract works by Kandinsky and Mondrian as emotional stimuli. The study was conducted with university students not classified as HC, to represent the normative group and enable the establishment of comparisons, to verify the existence of social-emotional mismatches in the individuals considered HC. The results indicate that the stimuli used elicit emotional states with valence and medium-high arousal that are free of connotations derived from figurative representation and correspond only to the sensory properties of the stimulus (colour, shape, etc.), which facilitate the study of traits such as emotional intensity and sensitivity.
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Shchennikova, L. V. "GOAL SETTING AND ITS ACHIEVEMENT AS A CRITERION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL LAW." METODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CIVIL LAW RESEARCHES 3, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 96–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.33397/2619-0559-2021-3-3-96-123.
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Introduction: the article deals with the methodological problem of the meaning of the goal of civil law research. The author analyzes the dissertation abstracts from the point of view of goal setting, which were completed in different periods of the development of Russian civil law science, identifies the qualitative characteristics of the stages, and proves the connection of the achieved results with the researcher’s knowledge of the methodological methods of goal setting. Purpose: to show the value of goal setting in scientific research in general and in civil research in particular; to consider the relationship of goal setting with the achievement of specific scientific results on the examples of dissertations defended in the specialty 12.00.03; to justify the need to set as goals the fundamental problems associated with the identification of patterns of development of relations that are part of the subject of civil law regulation and the creation of effective mechanisms that mediate them. Methods: system-structural, system-functional, generalization, abstraction, analogy, logical, statistical, classification, legal modeling, comparative legal, forecasting, formal legal, historical. Results: civil methodology should take into account the importance of the goal in the organization of scientific work. Only a competent possession of goal setting skills can ultimately ensure the creation of scientifically-based mechanisms for effective impact of civil law norms on regulated social relations. Conclusions: 1) any science, including the science of civil law, is not only designed to study and describe existing problems, including legislative, doctrinal, and law enforcement. Research, in order to meet the criterion of scientific character, must attempt to identify the laws of development, both regulated relations and mechanisms that mediate them; 2) the significance of the goal in the development of science has been proven by outstanding philosophers. In addition, the very definition of science indicates that goal setting is one of its essential characteristics; 3) the analysis of the author’s abstracts of leading Russian tsivilists showed how the skilful setting of research goals helped to achieve them consistently, as well as to create a high-quality categorical apparatus of civil law science; 4) the analysis of modern dissertations showed that not all young researchers see the value of goal-setting and this methodological disadvantage is important for the author to eliminate.
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Bozkurt, Selen, Jafi A. Lipson, Utku Senol, and Daniel L. Rubin. "Automatic abstraction of imaging observations with their characteristics from mammography reports." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 22, e1 (October 28, 2014): e81-e92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2014-003009.
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Abstract Background Radiology reports are usually narrative, unstructured text, a format which hinders the ability to input report contents into decision support systems. In addition, reports often describe multiple lesions, and it is challenging to automatically extract information on each lesion and its relationships to characteristics, anatomic locations, and other information that describes it. The goal of our work is to develop natural language processing (NLP) methods to recognize each lesion in free-text mammography reports and to extract its corresponding relationships, producing a complete information frame for each lesion. Materials and methods We built an NLP information extraction pipeline in the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) NLP toolkit. Sequential processing modules are executed, producing an output information frame required for a mammography decision support system. Each lesion described in the report is identified by linking it with its anatomic location in the breast. In order to evaluate our system, we selected 300 mammography reports from a hospital report database. Results The gold standard contained 797 lesions, and our system detected 815 lesions (780 true positives, 35 false positives, and 17 false negatives). The precision of detecting all the imaging observations with their modifiers was 94.9, recall was 90.9, and the F measure was 92.8. Conclusions Our NLP system extracts each imaging observation and its characteristics from mammography reports. Although our application focuses on the domain of mammography, we believe our approach can generalize to other domains and may narrow the gap between unstructured clinical report text and structured information extraction needed for data mining and decision support.