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1
Curran, Mary Ann, ed. Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0855-3.
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Albee, Edward. The goat, or, Who is Sylvia?: (notes toward a definition of tragedy). New York: The Overlook Press, 2005.
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Albee, Edward. The goat, or, Who is Sylvia?: (notes toward a definition of tragedy). Woodstock, USA: Overlook Press, 2003.
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Albee, Edward. Edward Albee's The goat, or, Who is Sylvia?: (notes toward a definition of tragedy). New York: Dramatists Play Service, 2003.
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Kilmer-Purcell, Josh. The bucolic plague: The definitive memoirs of the world's most famous drag queen turned goat farmer. New York: Harper, 2010.
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Charaeva, Marina. Corporate finance management strategy: investments and risks. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064905.
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The article examines and develops the methodological and methodological basis of corporate finance management in the context of their strategic development, when investment and financing decisions are particularly relevant from the point of view of determining acceptable risks and the financial well-being of the corporation. The conceptual and methodological foundations of analytical support for corporate finance management are developed, based on the definition of investment policy, its implementation through investment business planning and identification and assessment of financial risks in the framework of achieving strategic goals related to the modernization of Russian corporations. The ways of improving the quality of the corporate finance management strategy based on the introduction of budgeting technology and the use of controlling the implementation of the corporation's financial strategy are proposed. It is intended for postgraduates, undergraduates, university teachers, researchers and practitioners, full-time and part-time students studying in the areas of "Economics", "Management", "Finance and Credit" (master's level), as well as anyone interested in the problems of strategic management of corporate finance.
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Curran, Mary Ann. Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment. Springer, 2016.
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Curran, Mary Ann. Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment. Springer, 2018.
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9
Stecker, Robert. Definition of Art. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0007.
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The project of defining art most commonly consists in the attempt to find necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for the truth of the statement that an item is an artwork. That is, the goal is normally to find a principle for classifying all artworks together while distinguishing them from all non-artworks. Sometimes the goal is set higher. Some look for a ‘real’ definition: that is, one in terms of necessary conditions that are jointly sufficient for being an artwork. Sometimes the aim is to identify a metaphysical essence that all artworks have in common. This article surveys the main trends that mark the history of the project of defining art in the twentieth century before discussing the most important efforts in the past thirty years.
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Claes, Nathalie, and Winifred Gebhardt. Chronic Pain, Goal Conflict and Goal Frustration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0009.
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This chapter argues for extending models of chronic pain within an explicit goal and self-regulatory perspective. A self-regulatory perspective allows one to conceptualize pain as an experience that occurs within the real-life context comprising multiple goals. The chapter presents two fictitious cases, which will be used throughout the chapter to clarify goal concepts. Next, it outlines the possible interrelations between goals, after which it specifically focuses on goal conflict and its role in pain. The chapter then provides a definition and overview of the literature on goal frustration and offers insights into the link between goal conflict and goal frustration. It also presents an overview of interventions that focus on tackling goal conflict and goal frustration to improve quality of life. The chapter then discusses potential implications of the theoretical stance and the empirical findings for existing theories of chronic pain problems. Finally, it formulates suggestions for future research.
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Conoley, Collie W., and Michael J. Scheel. Goal Focused Positive Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190681722.001.0001.
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Goal Focused Positive Psychotherapy presents the first comprehensive positive psychology psychotherapy model that optimizes well-being and thereby diminishes psychological distress. The theory of change is the Broaden-and-Build Theory of positive emotions. The therapeutic process promotes client strengths, hope, positive emotions, and goals. The book provides the foundational premises, empirical support, theory, therapeutic techniques and interventions, a training model, case examples, and future directions. A three-year study is presented that reveals that Goal Focused Positive Psychotherapy (GFPP) was as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy and short-term psychodynamic therapies, which fits the meta-analyses of therapy outcome studies that no bona fide psychotherapy achieves superior outcome. However, GFPP was significantly more attractive to the clients. Descriptions are provided of the Broaden-and-Build Theory, therapy goals based upon clients’ values and personal meaning (i.e., approach goals and intrinsic goals), identification and use of clients’ personal strengths (including client culture), centrality of hope and hope theory, the implicit theory of personal change or the growth mindset, and finally Self-Determination Theory. The techniques and interventions of GFPP as well as the importance of the therapist’s intentions during therapy are presented. GFPP focuses upon the client and relationship while not viewing psychotherapy as a set of potent scripted treatments that acts upon the client. Goal Focused Positive Supervision is presented as a new model that supports the supervisee’s strength-based self-definition rather than a pathological one or deficit orientation. Training that includes the experiential learning of GFPP principles is underscored.
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Plough, Alonzo L., ed. Well-Being: Expanding the Definition of Progress. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080495.001.0001.
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The world is currently in the midst of unprecedented challenges—from the impacts of climate change and the humanitarian crisis of forced migration, to the rise of nationalism and epidemic growth of deaths of despair. These challenges require new approaches catalyzing communities, cities, and countries around the globe to embrace a well-being agenda to assess progress and guide solutions. Thus, this book provides ideas and guidance on advancing well-being locally, nationally, and internationally. It illuminates how diverse communities and cultures can work together to strengthen these efforts. Ultimately, the well-being framework offers an equity focus; a more human centered view of how things are going; holistic approaches; and interconnectedness. The goal here is to advance global dialogue and action on the well-being construct, and to inform the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) work with others to create a Culture of Health in the United States.
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Journals, Vepadesigns Music. Lined Journal: Musician Definition Sarcastic Funny Music Artist Gift - Black Ruled Notebook - Diary, Writing, Notes, Gratitude, Goal Journal - 6x9 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Journals, Vepadesigns Music. Lined Journal: Musician Definition Sarcastic Funny Music Artist Gift - Pink Ruled Notebook - Diary, Writing, Notes, Gratitude, Goal Journal - 6x9 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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15
Sullivan, Mark D. Health-Related Quality of Life as a Goal for Clinical Care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0005.
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The importance of chronic illness has brought a new focus on patient-reported outcomes of clinical care. Health-Related Qualify of Life (HRQL) is a new goal for clinical care that combines a physician’s view of health as an objective biological fact and the patient’s view of health as a subjective experiential state. The diagnosis of an impersonal and objective disease separable from the patient arose after the French Revolution and helped to delimit the new right to health care. But objective mortality and morbidity metrics are not adequate for capturing the burden of chronic illness. HRQL was invented to capture the burden of chronic illness, but has not been successfully incorporated into clinical trials or clinical care. Chronic low back pain is presented as an example where both objective and subjective metrics of treatment success have failed. We need an openly patient-centered definition of health that is not just a supplement to objective disease diagnosis.
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Schwarte, Lothar A., Stephan A. Loer, J. K. Götz Wietasch, and Thomas W. L. Scheeren. Cardiovascular drugs in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0019.
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Anaesthetists should be familiar with currently available cardiovascular drugs used to maintain cardiovascular stability and achieve haemodynamic goals in surgical patients. The first part of this chapter summarizes antihypertensive agents, and the second part discusses positive inotropic drugs and vasopressors, which can be used perioperatively. Selection of vasoactive agents should be guided by the therapeutic goal (e.g. decreasing or increasing blood pressure or blood flow) and the underlying pathophysiology. Choice of catecholamines in a given situation should be based on the desired effects, that is, goals that can be monitored. Generally speaking, it is easier to affect blood pressure than cardiac output, and how to optimize regional and microcirculatory blood flow remains uncertain. Regardless of the chosen intervention, its haemodynamic effects should be closely monitored and always evaluated against the clinical effects. Recent developments include the definition of haemodynamic goals (goal-directed therapy) and clinical end-points, which seem to decrease morbidity and mortality, regardless of the goals defined and interventions used. With regard to mortality, use of inotropic agents has been associated with adverse outcomes, whereas the use of vasodilators has not. Inotropes in combination with vasodilators have the highest mortality.
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Rowett, Catherine. Knowledge, Conceptual Knowledge, and the Iconic Route to Grasping an Idea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693658.003.0001.
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This chapter sketches the reasons for taking Plato’s term episteme and related ‘knowledge’ terms to refer to an irreducible kind of knowledge that is not standardly included in lists of key types of knowledge, and for identifying corresponding irreducible senses of ‘being’ and ‘truth’. Second, it reviews existing ways of understanding Plato, exploring the difference between developmental and unitarian readings, and situating this work among them. Third, it considers the reasons why one might include a search for a definition as part of a philosophical enquiry, and examines when, if ever, such a search could be helpful, and why a successful definition might not be Plato’s main goal or a goal at all. Fourth, it examines the relation between knowledge and propositional utterances expressing knowledge. Finally, it sketches the plan for the rest of the book.
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Alexandrova, Anna. A Philosophy for the Science of Well-Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.001.0001.
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Well-being, happiness, and quality of life are now established objects of social and medical research. Does this science produce knowledge that is properly about well-being? What sort of well-being? The definition and measurement of these objects rest on assumptions that are partly normative, partly empirical, and partly pragmatic, producing a great diversity of definitions depending on the project and the discipline. This book, written from the perspective of philosophy of science, formulates principles for the responsible production and interpretation of this diverse knowledge. Traditionally, a philosopher’s goal has been a single concept of well-being and a single theory about what it consists in. But for science this goal is both unlikely and unnecessary. Instead the promise and authority of the science depends on it focusing on the well-being of specific kinds of people in specific contexts. Sceptical arguments notwithstanding, this contextual well-being can be measured in a valid and credible way—but only if scientists broaden their methods to make room for normative considerations and address publicly and inclusively the value-based conflicts that inevitably arise when a measure of well-being is adopted. The science of well-being can be normative, empirical, and objective all at once, provided that we line up values to science and science to values.
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The Goals, Rationales, and Definition of Planetary Protection. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24809.
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Asirvatham, Sulo. Historiography. Edited by Daniel S. Richter and William A. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.31.
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The historiographical writings of Arrian, Appian, Herodian, and Cassius Dio pose interesting challenges to how we characterize Second Sophistic literature. With its ostensible goal of telling the truth about the past, imperial Greek historiography seems incompatible with the large bulk of imperial Greek writing that is more obviously inspired by declamation and whose main goal is the virtuosic display of erudition, or paideia. Furthermore, inasmuch as this historiography focuses primarily on Roman history, it hardly fulfills the stereotype of Second Sophistic literature as thematically Hellenocentric, even if it is similarly characterized by linguistic Atticism. This chapter therefore argues for an expanded definition of the Second Sophistic that can meaningfully accommodate the peculiarly hybrid nature of historiography on the levels of both genre and cultural politics—as “earnest” history somewhat dominated by rhetoric, and as work better described as “Greco-Roman” than as essentially “Greek.”
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Beat Your Goals: The Definitive Guide to Personal Success (Colour Guides). Financial Times Management, 2002.
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Batson, C. Daniel. What We’re Looking For. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0002.
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Whether a search for altruism is worth pursuing depends on what is meant by altruism. In recent years, seven different things have been called altruism. Four refer to specific forms of behavior, not to our motivational concern: (a) helpful behavior, (b) helping behavior, (c) high-cost helping, and (d) moral behavior. Three refer to motivation rather than behavior, but the first two of these view altruism as a special case of egoism: (e) helping in order to gain internal rather than external rewards and (f) helping in order to reduce one’s own distress caused by witnessing another’s distress. The altruism we’re looking for is (g) a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another’s welfare. Altruism in this sense is juxtaposed to egoism, a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare. This last definition is the only one that focuses on the human–nature question raised in Chapter 1.
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Brandon, David P., and Andrea B. Hollingshead. Characterizing online groups. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0008.
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The proliferation of information and communication technologies has fostered dramatic growth in both the number and variety of online groups over the past fifteen years. Such growth necessitates a more sophisticated language for describing and capturing the diversity of online groups that moves away from traditional conceptualizations of online groups. Thus, the goal of this article is to place within a theoretical framework a set of dimensions useful in describing, categorizing, and comparing online groups. The article begins with a definition and a review of previous conceptualizations of online groups. The description of online groups borrows from and expands on the locales framework.
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Watkins, Scott C., Christopher L. Cropsey, and Cory M. Furse. Teamwork and Crisis Resource Management. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0002.
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By definition, a team is two or more people who are working together. Teamwork can be thought of as the dynamic behaviors, cognitions, attitudes, and skills that allow a team to perform its stated goal. Concerning healthcare teamwork, nearly two decades ago, the Institute of Medicine issued the report To Err Is Human, which identified teamwork as a key target for improving the quality and safety of patient care. Over the last twenty-five years, crisis resource management has become synonymous with a style of teamwork and performance epitomized by healthcare providers in high acuity, time-pressured environments such as acute care practice. This chapter discusses the major themes of crisis resource management.
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Distefano, Giovanni. Use of Force. Edited by Andrew Clapham and Paola Gaeta. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199559695.003.0022.
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This chapter examines the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) concerning the comprehensive ban on the use of force in international relations between states. It provides a legal definition of aggression and self-defence and addresses some unanswered questions concerning some of the alleged exceptions to the comprehensive ban on the use of force. It shows that the obligation not to resort to threat or use of force is not subordinated to the actual functioning of the UN collective security system and highlights the UN Charter’s establishment of substantive and institutional framework for making the prohibition on the use and threat of force between states a truly attainable goal.
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Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Core topics in intensive care medicine. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0020.
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This chapter on aspects of intensive care for FRCA commences with the recognition of the critically ill patient, use of early warning scores, outreach teams and the systematic assessment of the acutely ill patient. Sepsis has been a recent focus area for healthcare systems; the definition of sepsis, pathophysiological processes leading to organ dysfunction and management including early goal-directed therapy, supportive techniques and the role of specific therapies such as steroids and activated protein C are included. Acute lung injury and respiratory distress syndrome with management and specific ventilatory strategies are described. Important aspects of providing sedation and analgesia on intensive care are explained as well as the complex ethical aspects of this speciality with regards to consent and end-of-life decisions
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Halpern, Joseph Y. Actual Causality. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035026.001.0001.
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Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification.
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Maher, Gerry. Unfitness for Trial in Scots Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788478.003.0005.
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The plea of unfitness for trial in Scots law advances the goal of ensuring that criminal trials should not proceed against anyone whose mental or physical condition makes it unsuitable for them to be subject to such a process. This chapter traces the development of the common law version of the plea, namely insanity in bar trial. It then examines more recent reforms, which considered the plea in the context of human rights and comparative law. These reforms have resulted in statutory formulation of the three key issues, namely the test or definition of the plea, the procedures to be used in determining the existence of the plea in a particular case, and the disposal options appropriate for people who have been found to be unfit for trial.
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Fye, W. Bruce. Treating Heart Failure and Preventing Cardiovascular Disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0019.
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Heart failure may result from coronary disease, valve disease, or hypertensive heart disease. The first effective pills to treat hypertension and fluid retention were introduced in the 1950s. Cardiac transplantation was first performed in a human in 1967. This radical approach to treat patients with so-called end-stage heart failure presented a series of problems, such as organ rejection and ethical issues surrounding the definition of death. The large gap between the number of patients who might benefit from transplantation and the number of available donor organs contributed to a costly and controversial program to develop an artificial heart. During the final third of the twentieth century, preventive cardiology gained momentum. The goal was to identify cardiac risk factors and to attempt to treat them. Controlled clinical trials became increasingly important in the evaluation of competing treatments. Organizations used trial results as raw materials to produce clinical practice guidelines.
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Claus, Kreß. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 27 The ICC’s First Encounter with the Crime of Genocide: The Case against Al Bashir. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0027.
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The ICC’s first substantial encounter with the crime of genocide was triggered by the prosecution’s application for a warrant of arrest against Omar Al Bashir on 14 July 2008. This chapter addresses the emerging ICC jurisprudence on the crime of genocide, including Pre-Trial Chamber I’s ‘Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir’ of 4 March 2009, which constitutes the most important engagement of an ICC Chamber with the definition of the crime of genocide to date. The chapter discusses the nature of genocide and its material and mental elements, including the controversy over the purpose versus the knowledge-based approach and whether the crime of genocide requires an objective point of reference for the perpetrator’s intent, namely, the existence of a realistic collective goal to destroy the target group in whole or in part.
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President's Council on Sustainable Development: Principles, Goals, and Definition Task Force : background papers. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, 1995.
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Brown, Mark Malloch. Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals: Definitions, Rationale, Concepts and Sources. United Nations, 2003.
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Group, United Nations Development, ed. Indicators for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals: Definitions, rationale, concepts and sources. New York: United Nations, 2003.
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Rojas, Carlos, and Andrea Bachner, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Chinese Literatures. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199383313.001.0001.
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Rather than attempt to offer a definition of modern Chinese literature or provide a comprehensive survey of all that the category might entail, this volume instead uses a series of strategic interventions to illustrate the structural conditions out of which modern Chinese literature has emerged, how it is viewed, and how it may be interpreted. Our goal, in other words, is to showcase a set of methodologies that one may use to approach modern Chinese literature, while in the process offering different ways of reassessing what modern Chinese literature is in the first place. We contend that modern Chinese literature is not a static category but rather it is a dynamic entity whose significance and limits are continually being reshaped through the process of interpretation itself. Similarly, modern Chinese literature is not a singular, unitary category, but rather a plurality of overlapping categories—of modern Chinese literatures. Divided into three parts, on “structure,” “taxonomy,” and “methodology,” this volume contains 46 original articles that examine unfamiliar texts and literary phenomena and offer new perspectives on more familiar ones.
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Roy, Amy Krain, Melissa A. Brotman, and Ellen Leibenluft, eds. Irritability in Pediatric Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190846800.001.0001.
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Pediatric irritability, defined as increased proneness to anger relative to peers, is among the most common reasons for mental health referrals. The past 15 years have witnessed a dramatic rise in the empirical study of pediatric irritability with the goal of developing more effective methods of assessing and treating these impaired youth. Irritability in Pediatric Psychopathology offers a comprehensive overview of this work, approaching the topic from multiple perspectives and disciplines including child psychiatry, clinical psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience. The book has five sections composed of chapters written by international experts. The first section provides an overview of the definition and prevalence of pediatric irritability, current assessment methods, and novel behavioral and psychophysiological indicators of irritability in youth. The second section reviews the literature on the development of pediatric irritability from preschool age through adolescence and young adulthood. The third section summarizes the current evidence for genetic and neurobiological factors contributing to pediatric irritability. The fourth section reviews the presentation of irritability across diagnoses including mood and anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, and autism. Finally, the fifth section presents evidence-based psychological and pharmacological interventions for pediatric irritability. Irritability in Pediatric Psychopathology is an essential resource for researchers, clinicians, and trainees working with children and adolescents.
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Zavatta, Benedetta. Individuality and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190929213.001.0001.
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Based on an analysis of the marginal markings and annotations Nietzsche made to the works of Emerson in his personal library, the book offers a philosophical interpretation of the impact on Nietzsche’s thought of his reading of these works, a reading that began when he was a schoolboy and extended to the final years of his conscious life. The many ideas and sources of inspiration that Nietzsche drew from Emerson can be organized in terms of two main lines of thought. The first line leads in the direction of the development of the individual personality, that is, the achievement of critical thinking, moral autonomy, and original self-expression. The second line of thought is the overcoming of individuality: that is to say, the need to transcend one’s own individual—and thus by definition limited—view of the world by continually confronting and engaging with visions different from one’s own and by putting into question and debating one’s own values and certainties. The image of the strong personality that Nietzsche forms thanks to his reading of Emerson ultimately takes on the appearance of a nomadic subject who is continually passing out of themselves—that is to say, abandoning their own positions and convictions—so as to undergo a constant process of evolution. In other words, the formation of the individual personality takes on the form of a regulative ideal: a goal that can never be said to have been definitively and once and for all attained.
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Morag-Levine, Noga. Sociological Jurisprudence and The Spirit of The Common Law. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.24.
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This chapter explores the work and influence of Roscoe Pound who offered sociological jurisprudence in response to transatlantic-inspired threats to the future of the common law. At issue was the rise of social science as an alternative, civil-law-affiliated, administrative paradigm that simultaneously threatened the academic interests of the law schools, the professional concerns of the bar, and the core constitutional principles of judicial supremacy. Within this context, Pound selectively drew on European social legal theory with the goal of saving the common law from itself. The project consisted of two primary proposals for reform, one focused on the universities, the other on the courts. Through the injection of social-scientific content into legal pedagogy and research, sociological jurisprudence forged a socio-legal paradigm that together with lowering the barriers separating law from society also ensured that law would continue to exist as a distinct field of inquiry in the universities and beyond. Where the courts were concerned, sociological jurisprudence answered pressures for radical curtailment of judicial review with a narrow, formalist, construction of the deficiency at the core of the Lochner Court’s reasoning. It was a problem definition that successfully served to deflect direct attacks on judicial supremacy. Largely hidden going forward has been the extent to which the constitutional battle lines of the early twentieth century were drawn between rival, common law- and civil-law-based paradigms of administrative governance.
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Dragojević, Mila. Amoral Communities. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739828.001.0001.
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This book examines how conditions conducive to atrocities against civilians are created during wartime in some communities. It identifies the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders as the main processes. In these places, political and ethnic identities become linked and targeted violence against civilians becomes both tolerated and justified by the respective authorities as a necessary sacrifice for a greater political goal. The book augments the literature on genocide and civil wars by demonstrating how violence can be used as a political strategy, and how communities, as well as individuals, remember episodes of violence against civilians. It focuses on Croatia in the 1990s, and Uganda and Guatemala in the 1980s. In each case, it is considered how people who have lived peacefully as neighbors for many years are suddenly transformed into enemies, yet intracommunal violence is not ubiquitous throughout the conflict zone; rather, it is specific to particular regions or villages within those zones. As the book describes, the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders limit individuals' freedom to express their views, work to prevent the possible defection of members of an in-group, and facilitate identification of individuals who are purportedly a threat. Even before mass killings begin, the book finds, these and similar changes will have transformed particular villages or regions into amoral communities, places where the definition of crime changes and violence is justified as a form of self-defense by perpetrators.
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Mukherjee, Joia S. Universal Health Coverage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0011.
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This chapter explores the seminal topic of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), an objective within the Sustainable Development goals. It reviews the theory and definitions that shape the current conversation on UHC. The movement from selective primary health care to UHC demonstrates a global commitment to the progressive realization of the right to health. However, access to UHC is limited by barriers to care, inadequate provision of care, and poor-quality services. To deliver UHC, it is critical to align inputs in the health system with the burden of disease. Quality of care must also be improved. Steady, sufficient financing is needed to achieve the laudable goal of UHC.This chapter highlights some important steps taken by countries to expand access to quality health care. Finally, the chapter investigates the theory and practice behind a morbidity-based approach to strengthening health systems and achieving UHC.
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Crawley, LaVera, and Jonathan Koffman. Ethnic and cultural aspects of palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0009.
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This chapter attempts to identify ‘differences that make a difference’ when individuals and groups negotiate institutions and practices for palliative and end-of-life care. Two influences on the practice of palliative care-immigration and health disparities-are examined. The World Health Organization definition of palliative care specifies two goals: improving quality of life of patients and families and preventing and relieving suffering. It identifies three ‘colour blind’ strategies for meeting those goals: early identification, impeccable assessment, and (appropriate) treatment. Lastly, the definition addresses four domains of care: (1) problems related to pain, (2) physical conditions, (3) the psychosocial, (4) and the spiritual. This chapter specifically addresses these goals, strategies, and domains in relation to delivering quality palliative care in cross- or multicultural settings.
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Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday. How to Write a Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0016.
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This chapter defines the process of drafting a law, beginning with understanding the goal of the law, then moving through the steps of incorporating the existing science and law, capturing the goal, the rules of conduct, and intervention in organized language and structure, which differs depending on whether the law is a regulation or a statute, and soliciting expert and stakeholder feedback. The chapter also covers technical drafting issues, such as legal definitions, cross-references, use of consistent terminology, and the use and placement of modifiers.
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Wacks, Raymond. 2. An enduring value. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198725947.003.0002.
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The notion of ‘privacy’ in its broadest, and least lucid, sense is founded upon a conception of the individual and his or her relationship with society. Individuals need privacy for psychological, emotional, and social purposes. Autonomy, creativity—and even sanity—depend on a degree of private space. Society has an interest in facilitating these goals. Privacy, moreover, enhances democratic ideals by ensuring the privacy of political choice. The pursuit of a satisfactory definition of privacy has borne little fruit, largely because the premises upon which the proposed definitions are based are materially different. The concept, particularly in the US, continues to provide a forum for contesting, inter alia, the rights of women (especially in respect of abortion), the use of contraceptives, the freedom of homosexuals and lesbians. This chapter endeavours both to set privacy in its wider social context and to clarify the issues.
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Taljanovic, Mihra S., Imran M. Omar, Kevin B. Hoover, and Tyson S. Chadaz, eds. Musculoskeletal Imaging Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190938161.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume meets the needs of radiology residents to become adept at interpreting musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging studies. It does so by presenting core knowledge and fundamentals that must be learned to accurately and effectively interpret MSK studies by the trainee and non-specialist. The goal is to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, essential facts in a concise and readable format so the reader becomes conversant with all imaging modalities used and the essentials of interpretation and technique. Other resources are at too high a level for the resident in training or contain far more information than a resident can easily assimilate during a rotation. The book is part of the Rotations in Radiology series for residents, which defines and encapsulates core knowledge for areas within Radiology, offering a guided, structured approach to imaging diagnosis. It contains sections on 10 key topics in MSK radiology: trauma; arthritis; tumors and tumor-like conditions; metabolic, hematopoietic, endocrine, and deposition diseases; infectious diseases; arthrography; internal derangements of the joints; congenital diseases; and ultrasound. Each section begins with an overview chapter, orienting the reader to the specific concerns and issues related to imaging that anatomic region or category of problem. Each clinical problem or diagnosis is concisely covered to provide a targeted discussion and highlight salient points. For each topic, concise chunks of text will review: definition; clinical features; anatomy and physiology; how to appraoch the image; what not to miss; differential diagnosis; common variants if pertinent; clinical issues; key points; high yield references.
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Taljanovic, Mihra S., Imran M. Omar, Kevin B. Hoover, and Tyson S. Chadaz, eds. Musculoskeletal Imaging Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190938178.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume meets the needs of radiology residents to become adept at interpreting musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging studies. It does so by presenting core knowledge and fundamentals that must be learned to accurately and effectively interpret MSK studies by the trainee and non-specialist. The goal is to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, essential facts in a concise and readable format so the reader becomes conversant with all imaging modalities used and the essentials of interpretation and technique. Other resources are at too high a level for the resident in training or contain far more information than a resident can easily assimilate during a rotation. The book is part of the Rotations in Radiology series for residents, which defines and encapsulates core knowledge for areas within Radiology, offering a guided, structured approach to imaging diagnosis. It contains sections on 10 key topics in MSK radiology: trauma; arthritis; tumors and tumor-like conditions; metabolic, hematopoietic, endocrine, and deposition diseases; infectious diseases; arthrography; internal derangements of the joints; congenital diseases; and ultrasound. Each section begins with an overview chapter, orienting the reader to the specific concerns and issues related to imaging that anatomic region or category of problem. Each clinical problem or diagnosis is concisely covered to provide a targeted discussion and highlight salient points. For each topic, concise chunks of text will review: definition; clinical features; anatomy and physiology; how to appraoch the image; what not to miss; differential diagnosis; common variants if pertinent; clinical issues; key points; high yield references.
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Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote the correct and appropriate use of prescription and non-prescription medicinal products and devices, and to minimize adverse effects. This is the definitive quick reference guide to clinical pharmacy, providing practising and student pharmacists with a wealth of practical information.
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Hamilton, Bruce. Running injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0041.
Full textAbstract:
Nothing in life was worth very much that did not entail some risk. So do not be afraid of strains and sprains, aches and pains.Percy Wells CeruttySchoolboy Athletics, p.115, c.1966Distance running is an extremely popular activity with many thousands of runners competing in major city marathons as well as weekly club running events. Most of these runners are not competitive in any given race, but will have their own goals and reasons for participating. As with other forms of exercise, running has significant health and social benefits, and the prevention of injury and thus maintenance of participation should be a key goal for any practitioner. While there has been some variance in the literature in defining what exactly a distance runner is, there is agreement that individuals who run on a regular basis are susceptible to overuse injuries. Up to 70% of competitive distance runners may be injured during any single year, although even this may be an underestimate because of the use of different injury definitions and study limitations (...
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Lawson, Gary, and Guy I. Seidman. Deference. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190273408.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Deference is perhaps the most important concept and practice in law. It lies at the core of every system of precedent, appellate review, federalism, and separation of powers, all of which center on how one actor should deal with previous decisions. Oddly enough, deference is also one of the most underanalyzed and undertheorized legal concepts and practices, perhaps because its applications are so varied. This book’s goal is to provide a definition of and vocabulary for deference that can be used to describe, explain, and/or criticize deference in all of its manifestations in the law, including some manifestations that are not always identified by legal actors as instances of deference, such as practices of precedent in which institutional actors consider their own prior decisions. This book undertakes a descriptive and conceptual, not normative or critical, analysis of deference. It leaves to others the question whether deference, in any particular context, is “legitimate” or “bad,” and it does not seek to prescribe whether and how any legal system should apply deference in any specific circumstance or to critique any particular deference doctrines. Rather, it hopes to bring the very concept of deference to the forefront of legal discussion; to identify, catalogue, and analyze at least the chief among its many legal applications; to set forth the many and varied rationales that can be and have been offered in support of (some species of) deference in different legal contexts; and thereby to provide a vocabulary and conceptual framework that can be employed in future projects, whether those projects are descriptive or prescriptive. While this book draws its material almost entirely from American law and practice, we hope in future work, perhaps with the help of other scholars, to expand the study to include the law and practice in other countries and particularly in non-common-law legal systems.
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Rosen, Tova, and Eli Yassif. The Study of Hebrew Literature of the Middle Ages: Major Trends and Goals. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0011.
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This article aims at a critical examination of modern research on medieval Hebrew literature. Here, the definition of ‘medieval Hebrew literature’ excludes writing in Jewish languages other than Hebrew, and singles out literature from other types of non-literary Hebrew writing. The variety of literary types included in this survey ranges from liturgical and secular poetry to artistic storytelling and folk literature. Both early liturgical poetry (piyyut) and the medieval Hebrew story are rooted in the soil of the Talmudic period. The beginnings of medieval Hebrew storytelling were even more deeply connected to the narrative traditions of the Talmud. However, the constitutive moment of the birth of piyyut and narrative as distinct medieval genres had to do with their separation from the encyclopedic, all-embracing nature of the Talmud.
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Hollingsworth, Leslie, and Larry M. Gant. Theories of Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0005.
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Abstract: This chapter describes how the University of Michigan School of Social Work’s Technical Assistance Center (UMSSW/TAC) developed its theory of change as a partner in the Skillman Foundation-funded Detroit Good Neighborhoods initiative. The definition of a theory of change accepted was of “a specification of what must be done to achieve the desired goals, what other important impacts may also be anticipated, and how these goals and impacts would be generated.” The chapter discusses the processes in the creation of iterations of Foundation and UMSSW/TAC theories of change. The chapter concludes with the benefits, limitations, issues, and challenges of aligning logic models with the varied expectations and goals of residents, funding foundations, and university partners.
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Lee, Angela, and Gebhard Wagener. Distributive Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
The distributive shock chapter reviews the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic goals of shock. It examines the cardiovascular factors and mechanisms leading to impaired oxygen delivery and its effect on the pathogenesis of shock. It reviews the compensatory mechanisms in shock that cause symptoms and organ manifestations in patients with acute circulatory failure. This chapter also discusses the limitations and benefits of different monitoring modalities during shock management including central venous pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and echocardiography. Finally, it considers therapeutic goals and treatments to restore perfusion to reverse the shock state.