Academic literature on the topic 'Goals importance'

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Journal articles on the topic "Goals importance"

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Noel, Terry W., and Gary P. Latham. "The Importance of Learning Goals versus Outcome Goals for Entrepreneurs." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, no. 4 (November 2006): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006779111594.

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Little is currently known about the cognitive processes entrepreneurs engage in as they develop and implement strategies. A computer simulation was used to investigate this question. Repeated measures regression analysis indicated that participants using a learning goal were able to keep their simulated firms running longer than those using a performance outcome goal. Strategy mediated the relationship between task-specific self-efficacy and performance. Conversely, task-specific self-efficacy mediated the relationship between strategy use and performance. General self-efficacy added explanatory power to firm survival, even after controlling for the effects of specific self-efficacy. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
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Hendershot, Dennis C. "The importance of setting safety goals." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 21, no. 2 (March 2014): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2014.01.006.

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Freund, Alexandra M., and Martin J. Tomasik. "Managing conflicting goals through prioritization? The role of age and relative goal importance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247047.

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Three studies tested the role of prioritization in solving conflict between multiple goals in different age groups. Study 1 (N = 185 young, middle-aged, older adults) stressed the importance to solve two competing tasks equally well within a short time. Older adults prioritized more than younger adults. However, contrary to our expectations, prioritization led to higher perceived conflict, more negative affect, and less control. Study 2 (N = 117 younger and older adults) found that, using a more lenient instruction, deemphasizing the importance of performing equally well on both tasks, prioritization was no longer associated with perceived goal conflict. Study 3 (N = 721 young, middle-aged, older adults) was an online study using hypothetical scenarios. This study was run to substantiate the potential mechanism underlying the differences between Study 1 and 2 and supported the hypothesized effect of the instructional strictness of pursuing two goals. Thus, when encountering conflicting goals older adults prioritize more than younger adults, but prioritization might not be optimal for solving short-term goal conflict when both conflicting goals are equally important.
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Bühler, Janina Larissa, Rebekka Weidmann, Jana Nikitin, and Alexander Grob. "A Closer Look at Life Goals across Adulthood: Applying A Developmental Perspective to Content, Dynamics, and Outcomes of Goal Importance and Goal Attainability." European Journal of Personality 33, no. 3 (May 2019): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2194.

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It is well established that goals energize and direct behaviour across the lifespan. To better understand how goals are embedded in people's lives across adulthood, the present research examined life goals’ content (health, personal growth, prosocial engagement, social relations, status, work), dynamics (interplay between goal importance and goal attainability), and outcomes (subjective well–being) from a developmental perspective. We argue that people rate those goals as important and attainable that enable them to master developmental tasks, that they adapt their goals to personal capacities, and that goals predict subjective well–being after 2 and 4 years. The sample included 973 individuals (18–92 years old, M = 43.00 years) of whom 637 participated 2 years later and 573 participated 4 years later. Goal importance and well–being were assessed at all occasions and goal attainability at the first two occasions. Results indicated that age was negatively associated with importance and attainability of personal–growth, status, and work goals but positively associated with importance and attainability of prosocial–engagement goals. The association between goal importance and attainability was largely bidirectional over time; and goal attainability, rather than goal importance, was positively linked to later well–being. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of adult lifespan development. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Forester, Gerald L., Peg Thorns, and Jeffrey K. Pinto. "Importance of Goal Setting in Virtual Project Teams." Psychological Reports 100, no. 1 (February 2007): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.270-274.

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This research investigated goal setting on engineering teams with geographically dispersed members. A survey was designed to measure the Quality of Goal Setting, Goal Commitment, Perceived Task Outcomes, and Perceived Psychosocial Outcomes, all constructs and scales used in previous research on project teams. 82 respondents from 12 virtual teams participated. Analysis suggested the quality of goal setting affected Perceived Task Outcome ( t = 2.40, p<.05) but not Perceived Psychosocial Outcomes. Further regression analysis indicated goal commitment predicted significant variance in both Perceived Task Outcomes ( t = 2.35, p<.05) and Perceived Psychosocial Outcomes ( t = 4.3, p<.01). These results suggest that setting high quality goals and building commitment to goals significantly affect perceptions of outcomes on virtual project teams.
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Akperova, Hiunai Akyf kyzy. "ESSENCE, GOALS AND IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATION IN EDUCATION." Innovate Pedagogy 14, no. 1 (2019): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32843/2663-6085-2019-14-1-39.

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Bagley, Kimberly, and Lindsey M. Foley. "The Importance of Having Goals-of-Care Conversations." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 45, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20190912-02.

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Harpaz, Itzhak. "The Importance of Work Goals: An International Perspective." Journal of International Business Studies 21, no. 1 (March 1990): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490328.

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Engelsing, Eduardo. "Census Latinus 2009: Goals, Data Collected, Importance, Perspectives." Classical World 110, no. 3 (2017): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2017.0023.

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Eryomenko, A. V., and A. V. Kolesnikov. "The importance of mission vision in organizational strategy." Normirovanie i oplata truda v promyshlennosti (Rationing and remuneration of labor in industry), no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-3-2011-07.

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The mission is a certain formulation of the economic future of the organization and occupies the first position in the hierarchy of the company’s goals. Virtually, it determines the main direction of the future development of the enterprise as a whole. The vision creates a sense of perspective in the organization’s activities and ensures the continuity of the organization’s subsequent goals. Each goal limits the scope of the organization’s actions, and the vision does not have a final milestone, it creates an impulse for continuous progress.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Goals importance"

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Banes, Kelsey Elizabeth. "The Importance of Life Goals in the Treatment of Marijuana Dependence." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42720.

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Theory and previous research indicate that a person's broader set of life goals may have motivational properties for specific behavior change efforts. The present study examined the types of life goals and ratings of life goal attributes as predictors of marijuana treatment outcomes in a sample of marijuana dependent individuals. Results were generally not consistent with hypotheses. It was expected that ratings of conflict between life goals and marijuana use would be associated with less marijuana use and fewer related problems and dependence symptoms following treatment, but results indicated few associations between life goal ratings and treatment outcome variables. Similarly, types of goals expected to be associated with better treatment outcome were not significantly correlated with reductions in outcome variables at follow-up assessments. Some support was demonstrated for a causal model in which goal conflict with marijuana use influenced posttreatment symptoms of dependence via indirect associations with outcome expectancies and readiness to change.
Master of Science
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Chandler, Kristie B. (Kristie Byrne). "Importance and Responsibility of Student Development Goals Among Chief Academic and Chief Student Affairs Officers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279083/.

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The purpose of the study was to determine if there were significant differences in the perceived importance and responsibility of student development goals between chief academic officers (CAOs) and chief student affairs officers (CSAOs). The population for this study consisted of CAOs and CSAOs at liberal arts institutions located in 15 southern states.
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Dolis, Chad M. "Allocation by Association: Goal Networks and the Allocation of Resources Across Multiple Demands." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1375388896.

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Reynolds-Brewer, Gaynell D. McCarty Toni Morreau Lanny E. "Perceptions held by parents, teachers and elementary-age students with mild disabilities of the importance and responsibility for development of career goals." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9803736.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1997.
Title from title page screen, viewed June 7, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Toni McCarty, Lanny Morreau (co-chairs), Kenneth Strand, Ming-Gon John Lian. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-88) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Bullen, Patricia L. "Identity projects and positive youth development: The importance of efficacy, integrity, and belonging during adolescence." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5675.

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Theory and research have indicated that well-being can be enhanced via the fulfilment of three key well-being concerns or needs, namely efficacy, integrity, and belonging. This thesis used a positive youth development framework to explore well-being concern experiences within the context of a young person’s most salient activities and goals, referred to here as identity projects (Harré, 2007). Guided by an adaptation of the identity project model (Harré, 2007), using a longitudinal design, this thesis incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore how identity projects were negotiated during adolescence; what impact well-being concerns had on commitment to projects; and how this related to subjective well-being (SWB). In the quantitative study, 162 ethnically diverse Year 12 high school students participated at time one (T1); and one year later 87 students took part at time two (T2). Participants completed an adaptation of the Personal Project Analysis tool (Little, 1983), and two independent measures of SWB. The main foci of the quantitative study were to explore the predictive value of each well-being concern to project commitment and SWB; and to investigate if commitment mediated the link between well-being concerns and SWB. For the qualitative study, narrative interviews were conducted among 16 adolescents at three time points – Years 12 and 13, and after completing high school. The main foci of the interviews were to investigate how well-being concerns were voiced within the context of specific projects; and to gain insight into how projects were negotiated during life transitions. The quantitative results showed efficacy and integrity, but not belonging, were predictors of concurrent commitment at T1 and actual commitment to T1 projects at T2. The mediating role of commitment (between the well-being concerns and SWB) was, however, not supported. Instead, each well-being concern directly predicted different aspects of SWB, and these relationships changed over time. Overall, experiences of efficacy and belonging, within identity projects, enhanced SWB in the short term, while only experiences of integrity enhanced SWB, namely life satisfaction, in the long term. The qualitative results indicated experiences of efficacy and belonging were most prevalent within leisure pursuits, while integrity was most commonly discussed within education and career projects.
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Bengtsson, Amanda, and Olivia Wredh. "Mål, en drivkraft i projekt? Hur mål och andra faktorer har betydelse för en projektmedarbetares motivation Has the usage of goals in a project an effect on the motivation? How goals and other elements are of importance for a project member’s motivation." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21726.

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En kvalitativ studie har gjorts där intervjuer har använts som metod för insamling av data. Det har genomförts semistrukturerade intervjuer där de som har intervjuats har varit personer med olika åldrar, olika kön och som har olika yrken inom olika branscher. Studien har sitt huvudsyfte i att undersöka om och i så fall hur mål har betydelse för medarbetares motivation. Studien syftar också till att ta reda på om det finns andra faktorer som kan ha betydelse för motivationen. Resultatet visar att konkreta mål leder till att projektdeltagare blir motiverade i sitt arbete. Dessutom säger vårt resultat att faktorer som lön, belöning, kollegor, ansvar och känsla av att göra ett meningsfullt arbete har betydelse för motivationen hos medarbetare i projekt. Det visar sig också att hur mål används, exempelvis att alla medarbetare är medvetna om de mål som finns och att mål följs upp, får en betydelse för motivationen.
A qualitative study has been made where interviews were used as a method of data collection. Semi-structured interviews have been implemented were the interviewees are people with different ages, different sexes and who has different occupations in different industries. The main purpose with this study is to examine whether, and if so, how goals are of importance for a project member’s motivation. The study also aims to find out if there are other elements that can have importance for the motivation. The result shows that concrete goals make project members motivated in their work. The result also shows that elements like salary, reward, colleagues, responsibility and the feeling of doing a meaningful work have importance for a project member’s motivation. It also shows that how project groups work with goals are important for the motivation, for example all employees need to be aware of the existing goals.
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Becirovic, Emkic Medina. "Motivation - the driving force for our actions : A study of the importance of learning experiences, learner beliefs, self-determination and personal goals for motivation and attitudes in English language learning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8232.

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The pedagogical debates within language learning and language teaching have emphasized motivation as one of the key factors. Conversely, the broadness of motivation and its complexity has been acknowledged as a challenging concept which is difficult to grasp. This study aims at examining motivation as a concept determined by different internal and external factors which also shape individuals’ attitudes towards language learning. With the aim of understanding the existence of motivation and attitudes in a variety of contexts, individuals’ level of language knowledge is the point of departure in this study. Motivation and attitudes in language learning are examined in the light of individuals’ learning experiences, personal beliefs, self-determination and personal goals.
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Parlak, Rakap Asiye. "In-service Early Childhood Teachers." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613250/index.pdf.

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The aim of this research study was to investigate the early childhood teachers&rsquo
perceptions about their roles in the development of self-discipline in children. In order to specify this aim, the research question which asked &ldquo
How do early childhood teachers perceive their role in the development of self-discipline?&rdquo
was investigated. Current study was conducted based on qualitative research methodology. In order to investigate the aim, a case including seven early childhood teachers working at the same institution was reached. The main data collection instrument was an interview protocol consisting of two parts: vignettes and interview questions. The instrument included questions related to the meaning and importance of self-discipline, and how to support it in classroom environment, and was developed according to observations and related literature. Additionally this instrument was pilot tested with six early childhood teachers. The interviews for the main study were conducted between December 2009 and January 2010. According to the findings, early childhood teachers were aware of self-discipline, its importance, and its development. However, some strategies which were being used by the teachers should be discussed with them in terms of relatedness of those strategies with self-discipline.
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Walker, Ryan J. "The Effect of Goal Importance on Counterfactual Activation." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami151371153045208.

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Maposa, Leonard. "The prevalence and economic importance of nematode infection in goats in Gweru District, Zimbabwe." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03032010-173509.

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Books on the topic "Goals importance"

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Supporting the goals of World Intellectual Property Day, and recognizing the importance of intellectual property in the United States and worldwide: Report (to accompany H. Res. 210) (including Committee cost estimate). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Supporting the goals of World Intellectual Property Day, and recognizing the importance of intellectual property in the United States and worldwide: Report (to accompany H. Res. 210) (including Committee cost estimate). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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Supporting the goals of World Intellectual Property Day, and recognizing the importance of intellectual property in the United States and worldwide: Report (to accompany H. Res. 210) (including Committee cost estimate). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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Sean, Covey, and Huling Jim, eds. The 4 disciplines of execution: Make your most wildly important goals happen. Ne York, NY: Free Press, 2012.

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Staitieh, Bashar S., and Greg S. Martin. Therapeutic goals of fluid resuscitation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0070.

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Optimizing tissue perfusion by administering intravenous fluids presents a special challenge to the intensive care unit (ICU) clinician. Recent studies have drastically altered how we assess a patient’s fluid responsiveness, particularly with regard to upstream surrogates of tissue perfusion. Central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure have been found to be inaccurate markers of fluid responsiveness and have given way to methods such as cardiac output as assessed by echocardiography and the various forms of arterial waveform analysis. These newer techniques, such as stroke volume variation, systolic pressure variation, and pulse pressure variation, have been found to better delineate which patients will respond to a fluid challenge with an increase in cardiac output, and which will not. In addition, traditional methods of assessing the consequences of excessive fluid administration, such as pulmonary oedema and the non-anion gap acidosis of saline administration, have given way to more sophisticated measurements of extravascular lung water, now available at the bedside. Downstream markers of tissue perfusion, such as base deficit, central venous oxygen saturations, and lactic acid, continue to be useful in particular clinical settings, but are all relatively non-specific markers, and are therefore difficult to use as resuscitation targets for ICU patients in general. Finally, recent data on septic shock and ARDS have demonstrated the importance of conservative fluid strategies, while data in surgical populations have emphasized the need for judicious fluid administration and attention to the balance of blood products used in resuscitation efforts.
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Larsen, Ernie. Goal Setting and Achievement: Why Goals Are Important. Compcare Pub Audio, 1989.

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Stone, H. A. Fundamentals of fluid dynamics with an introduction to the importance of interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0001.

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The topics discussed are all related to basic fluid mechanics. In these introductory notes I highlight some of the main features of fluid flows and their mathematical characterization. There is much physical intuition encapsulated in the differential equations, and one of our goals is to gain more experience (i) understanding the governing equations and various related principles of kinematics, (ii) developing intuition with approximating the equations, (iii) applying the principles to a wide range of problems, which includes (iv) being able to rationalize scaling laws and quantitative trends, often without having a detailed solution in hand. Where possible we provide examples of the ideas with ‘soft interfaces’ in mind.
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A comparison of the perceptions of select Canadian and United States municipal parks and recreation directors: On the level of importance of organizational goals. 1985.

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A comparison of the perceptions of select Canadian and United States municipal parks and recreation directors on the level of importance of organizational goals. 1985.

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A comparison of the perceptions of select Canadian and United States municipal parks and recreation directors on the level of importance of organizational goals. 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Goals importance"

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Serôdio, João, and Johann Lavaud. "Diatoms and Their Ecological Importance." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_12-1.

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Muhar, S., S. Schmutz, and M. Jungwirth. "River restoration concepts — goals and perspectives." In The Importance of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones for Freshwater Fish, 183–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3360-1_17.

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Crespo, Daniel, and Miguel Ângelo Pardal. "Ecological and Economic Importance of Benthic Communities." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_5-1.

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Sivakumar, Aditi. "Importance of Training Healthcare Providers About Domestic Violence." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_151-1.

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Sivakumar, Aditi. "Importance of Training Healthcare Providers About Domestic Violence." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 805–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95687-9_151.

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Bello, Kehinde Mary. "Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_124-1.

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Bello, Kehinde Mary. "Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 324–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_124.

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Jackson, Emerson Abraham. "Importance of the Public Service in Achieving the UN SDGS." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_20-2.

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Jackson, Emerson Abraham. "Importance of the Public Service in Achieving the UN SDGS." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 551–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_20.

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Jackson, Emerson Abraham. "Importance of the Public Service in Achieving the UN SDGS." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_20-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Goals importance"

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Fum, Danilo, Giovanni Guida, and Carlo Tasso. "Tailoring importance evaluation to reader's goals." In the 11th coference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991365.991440.

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Mihajlovskaya, K. V. "The importance of intercultural professional communication in teaching students legal specialties." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. L-Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-02-2021-45.

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Kolosov, G. A., C. Magsarzhav, and I. YU Klimova. "Mental disorder and the importance of the social norm category: medical position." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: TARGETS AND GOALS. "Science of Russia", 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-08-2019-14.

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Haiying, Zheng. "Egypt Tourism and Its Importance in Sustainable Development Goals." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social Transformation, Community and Sustainable Development (ICSTCSD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icstcsd-19.2020.4.

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Leithead, W. E. "The importance of implementation issues in achieving control goals." In IEE Colloquium on Integrated Systems in Aerospace. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19970112.

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Cepkova, M. A. "The importance of developing brands of national producers for consumers, economy and culture of the Russian Federation." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. L-Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-02-2021-32.

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Vitiello, Giuliana, and Monica Sebillo. "The importance of empowerment goals in elderly-centered interaction design." In AVI '18: 2018 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3206505.3206551.

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Pietrosemoli de Dikdan, Licia, and Carlos Rodríguez Monroy. "Renewable Energy Infrastructure. Importance to Reach Sustainability goals. Venezuelan situation in 2016." In The Fourteen LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Engineering Innovations for Global Sustainability”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2016.1.1.072.

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Petrović – Ranđelović, Marija, Jelena Radojčić, and Aleksandar Manasijević. "THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS." In 4th International Scientific – Business Conference LIMEN 2018 – Leadership & Management: Integrated Politics of Research and Innovations. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2018.144.

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Saini, Privender, and Joyca Lacroix. "Self-setting of physical activity goals and effects on perceived difficulty, importance and competence." In the 4th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1541948.1541992.

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Reports on the topic "Goals importance"

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Jung, Jacob, Stephanie Hertz, and Richard Fischer. Summary of Collaborative Wildlife Protection and Recovery Initiative (CWPRI) conservation workshop : Least Bell’s Vireo. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42102.

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This special report summarizes the regional workshop held 24–26 April 2018 at the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Ecological Services Office in Carlsbad, California on the importance of collaboration among federal, state, and nongovernmental agencies to facilitate the recovery of threatened and endangered species (TES). This workshop focused primarily on one species, the least Bell’s vireo (LBVI), and how to achieve full recovery and eventual delisting through agency partnerships. A major theme of the workshop was applying the Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7(a)(1) conservation planning process as a building block towards recovery of LBVI—as well as other threatened, endangered, and at-risk riparian species within the Southwest. The main objective of this workshop was to assemble an interagency and interdisciplinary group of wildlife biologists and managers to detail how the Section 7(a)(1) conservation planning approach, in consultation with the USFWS, can assist in the recovery of LBVI primarily on federal lands but also other public and private lands. Goals of this workshop were to (1) review Section 7(a)(1); (2) outline LBVI ecosystem processes, life history, threats, and conservation solutions; and (3) develop and organize agency commitments to collaborative conservation practices.
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Ayers, R., G. P. Course, and G. R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package (2) final report WP2A: development and pilot deployment of a prototypic autonomous fisheries data harvesting system, and WP2B: investigation into the availability and adaptability of novel technological approaches to data collection. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23443.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] To enhance sustainability and foster resilience within Scotland’s inshore fishing communities an effective system of collecting and sharing relevant data is required. To support business decisions made by vessel owners as well as informing fisheries managers and those involved in marine planning it will be vital to collect a range of information which will provide a robust understanding of fishing activity, the economic value of the sector and its importance within local communities. The SIFIDS Project was conceived to assist in attaining these goals by working alongside fishers to develop and test technology to automatically collect and collate data on board vessels, thereby reducing the reporting burden on fishers. The project built upon previous research funded through the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) and was designed to deliver a step change in the way that inshore fisheries in Scotland could be managed in cooperation with the industry. The project focussed on inshore fishing vessels around Scotland, where spatio-temporal information on the distribution of vessels and associated fishing effort is data deficient. The whole project was broken down into 12 highly integrated work packages. This is the integrated report for work packages 2A and 2B, entitled’ Development and Pilot Deployment of a Prototypic Autonomous Fisheries Data Harvesting System’ (2A) and ‘Investigation into the Availability and Adaptability of Novel Technological Approaches to Data Collection’ (2B).
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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.

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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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Mendoza, Waldo, Marco Vega, Carlos Rojas, and Yuliño Anastacio. Fiscal Rules and Public Investment: The Case of Peru, 2000-2019. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003018.

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This article has three goals. First, it describes the genesis of fiscal rules in Peru and its degree of compliance. Second, it estimates the effect of fiscal rules adoption on public investment. Last, it analyzes the impact of alternative fiscal rules on public investment and public debt sustainability. Our main results are as follows. First, the implementation of fiscal rules in the year 2000 caused a 60 to 80 percent fall in public investment relative to several counterfactuals. Second, our DSGE model suggests a Structural Fiscal Rule would have increased the consumers welfare in the period 2000-2019 more than other fiscal designs. This rule reduces the procyclicality of public investment under commodity price shocks and macroeconomic volatility under world interest rate shocks. Third, a Structural Fiscal Rule has the lowest probability of exceeding the current public debt limit (30 percent of GDP), although there is a trade-off between investment-friendly rules and fiscal sustainability issues. Nevertheless, our quantitative results are limited to short spans of analysis. With a long-run perspective, we may say that fiscal rulesdespite constant modifications and recurring non-compliancehave fulfilled their original and most important goal of achieving the consolidation of public finances.
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Gómez Vidal, Analía, Fabiana Machado, and Darcia Datshkovsky. Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America: Access and Quality Outlook. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003285.

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Tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is critical to evaluate how far the water and sanitation sector is from achieving these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer to them. But this is not a simple task. To truly assess collective progress towards achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that help track all types of access, their reliability, and their quality. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources and locations because they rely on different definitions and categories. Samples are often not representative of all groups within the population. More developed areas are more likely to collect data, which results in the overrepresentation of groups that enjoy better services. Still in some areas and for some categories of information data is not available at all. In response to these challenges, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnered with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to gather nationally representative and comparable data in 18 countries in the region. The goal of this effort was to provide an initial outlook of the current landscape of water and sanitation services in the region, using two batteries of questions in the LAPOP questionnaire for the 2018-2019 wave. The main message that arises is that the Latin American and the Caribbean region faces a wide range of challenges, that vary both across and within countries. Some areas face the primary challenge of closing access gaps, while others display higher deficiency in service quality, such as continuity. The gaps in quality of services, in particular, are not clearly perceived by users. In general, levels of satisfaction with the services received is quite high among the population, much higher than warranted by the objective measures of service quality. This raises important issues for accountability in the sector. If users are mostly satisfied with the current state of affairs, it is unlikely they will pressure governments and utilities to improve service delivery. A more in-depth analysis is required to understand the reasons behind these opinions and possible ways to raise awareness.
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Kohlitz, Jeremy, Naomi Carrard, and Juliet Willett. Support Mechanisms to Strengthen Equality and Non-Discrimination (EQND) in Rural Sanitation (Part 2 of 2). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.003.

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A renewed focus on equity is being driven by the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation framework and Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, which emphasise the importance of adequate and equitable sanitation for all. However, as raised in Part 1 of this issue on equality and non-discrimination (EQND), there is evidence that CLTS processes for achieving community-wide outcomes are not always systematic, adequate, sustained, or sufficient to meet the needs of disadvantaged groups. A compilation of 50 CLTS and rural sanitation programmes around the world that significantly used support mechanisms was gathered to inform this issue. Our rapid review of the programmes found that although numerous trials existed, few had been taken to scale, few were located outside of Asia, and many did not have disaggregated monitoring and evaluation information that is publicly shared or collected at all. This issue therefore emphasises the importance of monitoring, evaluating and knowledge sharing processes in building an evidence base for facilitating equitable rural sanitation outcomes.
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Thomson, Sue, Nicole Wernert, Sima Rodrigues, and Elizabeth O'Grady. TIMSS 2019 Australia. Volume I: Student performance. Australian Council for Educational Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-614-7.

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The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international comparative study of student achievement directed by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). TIMSS was first conducted in 1995 and the assessment conducted in 2019 formed the seventh cycle, providing 24 years of trends in mathematics and science achievement at Year 4 and Year 8. In Australia, TIMSS is managed by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) and is jointly funded by the Australian Government and the state and territory governments. The goal of TIMSS is to provide comparative information about educational achievement across countries in order to improve teaching and learning in mathematics and science. TIMSS is based on a research model that uses the curriculum, within context, as its foundation. TIMSS is designed, broadly, to align with the mathematics and science curricula used in the participating education systems and countries, and focuses on assessment at Year 4 and Year 8. TIMSS also provides important data about students’ contexts for learning mathematics and science based on questionnaires completed by students and their parents, teachers and school principals. This report presents the results for Australia as a whole, for the Australian states and territories and for the other participants in TIMSS 2019, so that Australia’s results can be viewed in an international context, and student performance can be monitored over time. The results from TIMSS, as one of the assessments in the National Assessment Program, allow for nationally comparable reports of student outcomes against the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians. (Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs, 2008).
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Zhang, Yangjun. Unsettled Topics Concerning Flying Cars for Urban Air Mobility. SAE International, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021011.

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Flying cars—as a new type of vehicle for urban air mobility (UAM)—have become an important development trend for the transborder integration of automotive and aeronautical technologies and industries. This article introduces the 100-year history of flying cars, examines the current research status for UAM air buses and air taxis, and discusses the future development trend of intelligent transportation and air-to-land amphibious vehicles. Unsettled Topics Concerning Flying Cars for Urban Air Mobility identifies the major bottlenecks and impediments confronting the development of flying cars, such as high power density electric propulsion, high lift-to-drag ratio and lightweight body structures, and low-altitude intelligent flight. Furthermore, it proposes three phased goals and visions for the development of flying cars in China, suggesting the development of a flying vehicle technology innovation system that integrates automotive and aeronautic industries.
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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl. COMMUNICATIVE SYNERGY OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL VALUES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN HYBRID WAR. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11077.

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The author characterized the Ukrainian national values, national interests and national goals. It is emphasized that national values are conceptual, ideological bases, consolidating factors, important life guidelines on the way to effective protection of Ukraine from Russian aggression and building a democratic, united Ukrainian state. Author analyzes the functioning of the mass media in the context of educational propaganda of individual, social and state values, the dominant core of which are patriotism, human rights and freedoms, social justice, material and spiritual wealth of Ukrainians, natural resources, morality, peace, religiosity, benevolence, national security, constitutional order. These key national values are a strong moral and civic core, a life-giving element, a self-affirming synergy, which on the basis of homogeneity binds the current Ukrainian society with the ancestors and their centuries-old material and spiritual heritage. Attention is focused on the fact that the current problem of building the Ukrainian state and protecting it from the brutal Moscow invaders is directly dependent on the awareness of all citizens of the essence of national values, national interests, national goals and filling them with the meaning of life, charitable socio-political life. It is emphasized that the missionary vocation of journalists to orient readers and listeners to the meaningful choice of basic national values, on the basis of which Ukrainian citizens, regardless of nationality together they will overcome the external Moscow and internal aggression of the pro-Russian fifth column, achieve peace, return the Ukrainian territories seized by the Kremlin imperialists and, in agreement will build Ukrainian Ukraine.
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