Dissertations / Theses: 'Goats – Feeds and feeding'

1

Phiri, Donald Mwelwa. "The effect of leguminous browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats indigenous to the eastern province of Zambia /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60531.

Full text

Abstract:

Small maize livestock farmers in the Eastern Province of Zambia badly need forage high in protein to supplement the protein deficient pasture grass. Nutrient intake, especially for the small ruminants with small gastro-intestinal capacity compared to metabolizable energy requirement, will be near or below maintenance if these poor quality feeds are not supplemented. High quality supplements however, are beyond the reach of the small scale farmers. The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena as a mixture or separately on voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40 day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. In a separate experiment the effect of browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats was studied. The treatments were; maize husk plus urea; maize husk plus Leucaena leucocephala (3:2); maize husk plus Calliandra calothyrsus (3:2); and maize husk plus leucaena plus calliandra (3:1:1). The results of the study indicate that leucaena and calliandra are both potentially valuable feed components.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Leite, Rafael Fernandes [UNESP]. "Feed digestion of growing Saanen goats." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124101.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000832495.pdf: 500908 bytes, checksum: d28d71caf64194fbb19d1187888295ae (MD5)
O objetivo principal foi determinar a contribuição dos diferentes segmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) para a digestão da fibra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, os quais foram determinados o tempo médio de retenção (TMR) de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e pesos dos tecidos nos diferentes segmentos pelo método do abate. O primeiro estudo avaliou TMR de partículas e líquido de cabritos Saanen em crescimento de diferentes sexos e submetidos a diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar. Foram utilizados 54 cabritos da raça Saanen (18 fêmeas, 18 machos castrados e 18 machos inteiros) em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3 que compreendeu os três sexos e três níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum / sem restrição, restrição moderada e severa). Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar o efeito linear e quadrático da restrição alimentar, enquanto o efeito do sexo foi comparado pelo teste de Tukey. Os efeitos do sexo e interação entre sexo e restrição alimentar não foram significativos na maioria das variáveis avaliadas. A restrição alimentar aumentou o TMR de partículas e fluído. O TMR foi um recurso importante para aumentar a oferta de nutrientes, quando os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, como indicado pelo aumento da digestibilidade total. O segundo estudo avaliou aspectos fisiológicos da digestão da fibra, retenção de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e peso dos tecidos em todo o TGI de cabritos da raça Saanen. O total de 58 cabritos da raça Saanen foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3, composto por três sexos (fêmeas, machos castrados, machos inteiros) e três pesos de abate (aproximadamente 16, 23, e 30 kg de peso no abate). Os efeitos do tratamento foram avaliados em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com o sexo como efeito principal e peso de abate como sub parcela. Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos ...
The main objective was to assess the contribution of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the fiber digestion. Two experiments were conducted, which mean retention time (MRT) of particulate and liquid matter, pool size, and tissues weight in different segments were determined by slaughter technique. The study one evaluated MRT of particulate and liquid matter in growing Saanen goats of different sexes and subjected to different levels of feed restriction. Fifty-four Saanen goats (18 each of females, castrated males and intact males) were used in a 3×3 factorial arrangement comprising the three sexes and three levels of feed restriction (unrestricted/ad libitum, moderate and severe restriction). Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effect of feed restriction, while the effect of sex was compared by Tukey test. The effects of sex and the interaction between sex and feed restriction were not significant on most of variables evaluated. In conclusion, the level of feed restriction increased the MRT of particulate and liquid matter. The MRT was an important mechanism to increase nutrient supply when animals were subjected to feed restriction, as indicated by increased total tract digestibility. The second study examined physiological aspects in the digestion of fiber, particulate and liquid matter residence, pool size, and tissues weight in the whole tract of growing Saanen goats. A total of 58 Saanen goats were disposed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement consisting of three sexes (female, castrated males, intact males) and three slaughter weights (target BW 16, 23, and 30 kg at slaughter). Treatment effects were evaluated in a split-plot design, with sex as the main plot and slaughter weight as the subplot. Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of slaughter weight. Thus increased BW at slaughter resulted in greater MRT of particulate and liquid matter in ...

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Leite, Rafael Fernandes. "Feed digestion of growing Saanen goats /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124101.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Banca: Gustavo Rezende Siqueira
Banca: Antonello Cannas
Banca: Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior
Banca: Renata Helena Branco Arnandes
Resumo: O objetivo principal foi determinar a contribuição dos diferentes segmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) para a digestão da fibra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, os quais foram determinados o tempo médio de retenção (TMR) de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e pesos dos tecidos nos diferentes segmentos pelo método do abate. O primeiro estudo avaliou TMR de partículas e líquido de cabritos Saanen em crescimento de diferentes sexos e submetidos a diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar. Foram utilizados 54 cabritos da raça Saanen (18 fêmeas, 18 machos castrados e 18 machos inteiros) em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3 que compreendeu os três sexos e três níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum / sem restrição, restrição moderada e severa). Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar o efeito linear e quadrático da restrição alimentar, enquanto o efeito do sexo foi comparado pelo teste de Tukey. Os efeitos do sexo e interação entre sexo e restrição alimentar não foram significativos na maioria das variáveis avaliadas. A restrição alimentar aumentou o TMR de partículas e fluído. O TMR foi um recurso importante para aumentar a oferta de nutrientes, quando os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, como indicado pelo aumento da digestibilidade total. O segundo estudo avaliou aspectos fisiológicos da digestão da fibra, retenção de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e peso dos tecidos em todo o TGI de cabritos da raça Saanen. O total de 58 cabritos da raça Saanen foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3, composto por três sexos (fêmeas, machos castrados, machos inteiros) e três pesos de abate (aproximadamente 16, 23, e 30 kg de peso no abate). Os efeitos do tratamento foram avaliados em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com o sexo como efeito principal e peso de abate como sub parcela. Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos ...
Abstract: The main objective was to assess the contribution of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the fiber digestion. Two experiments were conducted, which mean retention time (MRT) of particulate and liquid matter, pool size, and tissues weight in different segments were determined by slaughter technique. The study one evaluated MRT of particulate and liquid matter in growing Saanen goats of different sexes and subjected to different levels of feed restriction. Fifty-four Saanen goats (18 each of females, castrated males and intact males) were used in a 3×3 factorial arrangement comprising the three sexes and three levels of feed restriction (unrestricted/ad libitum, moderate and severe restriction). Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effect of feed restriction, while the effect of sex was compared by Tukey test. The effects of sex and the interaction between sex and feed restriction were not significant on most of variables evaluated. In conclusion, the level of feed restriction increased the MRT of particulate and liquid matter. The MRT was an important mechanism to increase nutrient supply when animals were subjected to feed restriction, as indicated by increased total tract digestibility. The second study examined physiological aspects in the digestion of fiber, particulate and liquid matter residence, pool size, and tissues weight in the whole tract of growing Saanen goats. A total of 58 Saanen goats were disposed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement consisting of three sexes (female, castrated males, intact males) and three slaughter weights (target BW 16, 23, and 30 kg at slaughter). Treatment effects were evaluated in a split-plot design, with sex as the main plot and slaughter weight as the subplot. Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of slaughter weight. Thus increased BW at slaughter resulted in greater MRT of particulate and liquid matter in ...
Doutor

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Gomes, Hilton de Souza. "Phenolic profile of shrub live oak and its relation to goat diets in central Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184968.

Full text

Abstract:

The occurrence and concentration of substances like glycosides, alkaloids, certain amino acids, and, especially, phenolics in vegetation has been seen as a defense against environmental perturbations. Whether this phenomenon is associated with the disruptive effect of man, herbivore predation or the invasion of arthropods and microorganisms remains to be ascertained by ecologists. However, contemporary research shows that most so-called secondary metabolites in plants render them less sensitive to adverse factors in the natural environment. Likewise, herbivores that adapted to chemical defense in plants were rewarded with wider food source and might have been able to more efficiently exploit rapidly changing foraging environments. This study focuses on relationships between goats, their ruminal microbes and tannin-rich plants in a central Arizona chaparral vegetation type dominated by shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella). The study tested hypotheses involving goat dietary selection, estimated through microhistological analysis of feces; phenolic profile of shrub live oak, expressed as condensed and hydrolyzable tannins, protein binding capacity of oak leaves extract, expressed as bovine serum albumin (BSA) precipitation; and apparent dry matter digestibility of mature and immature oak leaves by goat ruminal microbes measured at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Findings of this research indicated that goats prefer leaf and shoot ends of shrubs, mainly shrub live oak, despite the constant high concentration of tannins in that plant. Hydrolyzable tannins in oak are synthesized during summer/fall and late spring, and the synthesis of condensed tannins is mostly restricted to winter and early spring. Precipitation of BSA by extract of oak leaves, apparently associated with hydrolyzable tannins, did not discourage oak consumption by goats. The digestibility of younger and older oak leaves was more influenced by time of incubation than level of phenolics in plant tissue. This research emphasizes the adaptability of goats to ecological zones where presence of toxins and digestion reducing compounds in plants adversely affects survival and fitness of non-adapted herbivores.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Sanon, Hadja Oumou. "The importance of some Sahelian browse species as feed for goats /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200784.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Visagie, Willem. "The digestibility and degradability of feeds and protein sources in Dohne merino sheep and boer goats." Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5303.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate Dohne Merino sheep and Boer goats in terms of the degradable parameters of a high-fibre diet, a low-fibre diet and two vegetable protein sources commonly used in South Africa. Differences between species were evaluated following the potential differences within species. The feedstuffs used were those for the following diets: low-fibre diet (LF); high-fibre diet (HF); sunflower meal (SFM) oilcake; and soybean meal (SBM) oilcake. In the first trial, the digestible characteristics of the HF and LF diets were determined by means of a digestibility study. A 6 × 6 Latin square design was used to determine whether Dohne Merino sheep or Boer goat wethers differ regarding the digestibility characteristics of low- and high-fibre diets. The diets were fed once daily at 1.24 kg to all the wethers, which had ad libitum access to fresh water. Each period consisted of 10 days of adaptation and seven days of faecal and urinary sampling. The results indicated that the intake and digestibility characteristics of nutrients did not differ between sheep and goats. However, the different diets differed in terms of the nutrient intake and digestibility range of sheep and goats. The second trial was an in sacco degradability trial to determine the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of the LF, HF, SBM and SFM diets. Six Dohne Merino and six Boer goat wethers were fitted with rumen cannulae so that they could be used in the trial. All wethers received the same basal diet. The samples were incubated in the rumen in polyester Dacron bags, with the bags being removed at intervals of 0h, 3h, 9h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h for the LF and HF diets. All the oilcake was removed at intervals of 0h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h and 48h. The sheep and goats were found not to differ from one another in terms of effective degradability of any of the feedstuffs concerned. However, within species differences were observed. To establish a fully integrated outcome of degradability, the study described in the current thesis was structured in such a way that the in vitro trial ran parallel with the in sacco trial, being performed with the aid of a Daisy Incubator (ANKOM Technology Corp., Fairport, NY). Such a procedure was only adopted in relation to the SFM and SBM diets in order to evaluate their in vitro data in relation to the in sacco data. The same oilcake was tested in the case of both trials, with the composite sample of rumen liquid of four sheep or goats, which was used in the in sacco trial, also being used in the in vitro study. In the study, DM disappearance values were determined and fitted to a single-compartment model by means of an iterative least-square procedure in order to determine the DM and CP degradability parameters. The DM used in vitro or in sacco was compared, using the actual values obtained after 8h incubation, due to only a limited amount of residue being left after incubation. In the study, the in vitro method overestimated the digestibility of SBM by 37% to 39% and the digestibility of SFM by 17% to 20% compared with that found to occur in the in sacco method. In vitro DM disappearance values for all SBM samples were found to be higher than those that were detected in the SFM samples. The percentage of in vitro true digestibility parameters was also calculated. No significant differences were found between species for effective degradability, though differences were observed within species between the two substrates concerned. In conclusion, the sheep and goats used in the study were not found to differ in terms of digestion parameters when they were compared on different types of roughage or protein sources. However, within species differences were, indeed, found to occur. Sheep and goats digested the SBM better than they did the SFM.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of Dohne Merino skape verskil van Boerbokke in terme van degradeerbaarheidsparameters van ‘n hoë vesel-, ‘n lae veseldieët en twee plantaardige proteïenbronne wat algemeen in Suid-Afrika gebruik word. Die verskille tussen spesies is ge-evalueer en daarna die potensiële verskille binne spesies. Die volgende grondstowwe is geëvalueer: ‘n laevesel-dieët (LF), ‘n hoëvesel-dieët (HF), sonneblom-oliekoekmeel (SFM) en sojaboon-oliekoekmeel (SBM). In die eerste proef is die degradeerbaarheidsparameters van die HF dieët en die LF dieët met behulp van ‘n verteerbaarheidstudie bepaal. Dohne Merino hamels of Boerbok kapaters was gebruik om te bepaal of skape en bokke verskil in terme van inname en degradeerbaarheid van voedingstowwe wanneer hul hoë- en lae vesel voere gevoer word. Al die hamels en kapaters het ad libitum toegang tot vars water gehad en hul was een keer per dag (1.24 kg) gevoer. Elke periode het bestaan uit ‘n 10 dag aanpassingsperiode en ‘n toegelate 7 dae vir mis- en urienmonster versameling. Die resultate het aangedui dat die inname- en degradeerbaarheidsparameters van nutriënte beinvloed word deur verskillende diëte binne spesies. Geen verskille is gevind tussen spesies wanneer daar hoë- en lae kwaliteit voere gevoer is nie. Die tweede proef was ‘n in sacco-degradeerbaarheidsstudie om te bepaal wat die droë materiaal (DM) en ruproteïen (RP) verteerbaarheidsparameters van die HF dieët, die LF dieët, die SBM en die SFM is. Ses Dohne Merino’s en ses Boer bokke met rumen kanullas is in die studie gebruik en al die diere het dieselfde basale dieët ontvang. Die monsters is in die rumen geïnkubeer in poliester dakronsakkies en die sakkies is verwyder na onderskeidelik 0 uur, 3 uur, 9 uur, 12 uur, 24 uur, 48 uur, 72 uur en 96 uur intervalle. Laasgenoemde intervalle was geldig vir die lae vesel- en hoëveseldieët. Die oliekoeke se intervalle het verskil en is verwyder na 0 uur, 2 uur, 4 uur, 8 uur, 12 uur, 16 uur, 24 uur, 36 uur en 48 uur. Daar was geen verskille tussen spesies in effektiewe degradeerbaarheid nie, alhoewel verskille voorgekom het binne spesies. Skape verteer veselagtige grondstowwe meer effektief terwyl bokke weer hoë proteïn bevattende grondstowwe beter verteer. Om ‘n volkome geïntegreede uitkoms van degradeerbaarheid te bewerkstellig is die in vitro proef en die in sacco proef gelyktydig gedoen. Die in vitro-degradeerbareheidstudie is met behulp van ‘n ANKOM Daisy Inkubeerder uitgevoer (ANKOM Tegnologie Korp., Fairport, NY) vir net die oliekoek behandelings. Gedurende die studie is dieselfde oliekoeke gebruik. ‘n Saamgestelde monster van die rumenvloeistof van vier van die skape of bokke wat vir die in sacco-studie gebruik was, is gebruik vir die in vitro-inkubasie van die monsters. DM verdwyningparameters is bereken en dan met ‘n interaktiewe kleinste kwadraat prosedure op ‘n een-kompartement model gepas om die in sacco DMdegradeerbaarheidsparameters te bepaal. Die DM verdwyning, na 8h inkubasie, was gebruik om die in vitro en die in sacco metodes met mekaar te vergelyk, weens ‘n beperkte residu na die afloop van die elke inkubasiestudie. Tydens die studie het die in vitro metode degradering oorskat in vergelyking met die in sacco metode. DM verdwyningswaardes vir al die SBM monsters was hoër in vitro as die SFM monsters. In die studie is die persentasie in vitro ware degradeerbaarheidswaardes bereken. Geen verskille is opgemerk tussen spesies vir effektiewe degradeerbaarheid nie. Daar was wel verskille binne spesies. Om af te sluit het dit voorgekom dat skape en bokke nie verskil aan degradeerbaarheidswaardes wanneer daar ‘n vergelyking was tussen verskillende vesels- en proteϊenbronne nie, alhoewel verskille voorgekom het binne spesies. Skape en bokke het SBM effektief beter verteer as SFM.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Tapiwa, Chikwanda Allen. "Effects of grazing and housing management systems on greenhouse gas emissions, blood profiles and meat quality of Nguni goats." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2314.

Full text

Abstract:

The broad objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grazing and housing management systems on greenhouse gas emissions, blood profiles and meat quality of Nguni goats. A total of 64 castrated Nguni goats were used and a housing structure was designed to accommodate the goats as well as evaluate effects of type of floor on greenhouse gases, meat quality, blood metabolites and fatty acid profiles. In the first experiment: Forty-eight castrated Nguni goats, at 6-7 months old were used for herding (H) or tethering (T) management systems and randomly allocated to pens with earth (E) or slatted (S) floors. Gas sampling was done using static chambers and analysed using a SRI 8610C gas chromatography machine. The highest CH4 fluxes were from the manure of herded goats on earth floors (HE). The highest CO2 fluxes were from manure of herded goats that were housed on slatted floors (HS): The highest N2O fluxes were from the manure of tethered goats that were sheltered on slatted floors (TS). It was concluded from the first experiment that goat manure is an important source of GHG that is influenced by grazing and floor type management systems. The second experiment was done to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from disused (DP) vs occupied goat pens (OP) with earth (EF) or slatted (SF) floors. Eight previously occupied pens were used in this study. Sixteen goats were randomly put in the pens labelled occupied pens with earth floors (OPEF) and occupied pens with slatted floors (OPSF) resulting in four goats per OP. There were month by pen use; month by floor type; and use by floor type interaction effects (P < 0.05) on CH4 production. Floor type, use (DP vs OP) and month affected (P < 0.05) CH4 production. Manure on earth floors of occupied pens (OPEF) emitted the highest (P < 0.05) methane followed by earth floors of disused pens (DPEF). The least CH4 was emitted from DPSF. There was pen use (DP vs OP) by floor type interaction effect (P < 0.05) on CO2 emission. Floor type and pen use affected (P < 0.05) CO2 production. Manure in occupied pens with slatted floors (OPSF) produced the highest CO2 and the least CO2 was from disused pens with slatted floors (DPSF). Floor type and month influenced (P < 0.05) N2O production. It was concluded that continued use of goat pens increased GHG emissions. However, disused goat pens with manure remain an important source of GHG as they continued to emit quantifiable levels of CH4, CO2 and N2O. The third experiment was done to determine the effects of grazing and housing management systems on the concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and carcass characteristics using 48 castrated Nguni goats. Tethered goats had higher (P<0.05): urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin concentrations and more activity of CK than herded goats. On the other hand, herded goats had higher (P<0.05) plasma glucose (H: 3.39±0.020 vs T: 3.23±0.020 mmol/L), serum albumin (H: 15.30±0.147 vs T: 14.82±0.144 g/L) concentration. It was concluded that serum concentrations of all the metabolites and the activity of CK were sensitive to grazing system. Herding of goats promoted more glucose concentration and preservation of muscle protein and hence superior body weights and BCS than tethered goats. The fourth experiment was done to determine the effects of grazing and housing management systems on the activity of creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol concentration, and chevon quality. Further, the effect of muscle type [Muscularis longissimus thoracis et. Lumborum (LTL) and triceps brachii (TB)] on chevon quality was also investigated. Forty eight castrated Nguni goats aged 6- 7 months were randomly allocated to tethering (n=24) and herding (n=24) treatments. Floor type affected meat (P<0.05) pH24. Tethered goats had higher (P < 0.05) L* and CL percent than herded goats. Muscle type had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on a*, WBSF and pH. It was observed and concluded that T resulted in higher L* and more CL percent whilst SF lowered the pH24 of chevon; at the same time meat from the TB muscle was more tender, despite having a higher pH24 and more CL percent relative to LTH cuts. The fifth experiment was done to determine the effect of grazing and floor type on fatty acid composition of chevon from tethered and herded Nguni goats. Floor type had no effect on fatty acid composition. Oleic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic were the major fatty acids. Chevon from tethered goats had higher (P < 0.05) proportions of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and more total SFA, total PUFA, total Omega- 6 and total omega 3 fatty acids than herded goats. On the other hand, chevon from herded goats had more (P < 0.05) C18:1c9, C18:2t9, 12 (n-6), C20:3c11, 14, 17 (n-3) and total MUFA than tethered goats. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the PUFA: SFA and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios between the herded and tethered goats. It was concluded that tethering promoted higher proportions of beneficial PUFAs which were more in TB than LTH muscle. The overall conclusions from the whole study were that goat manure is an important source of GHG with high CH4 being emitted from earth floors of herded goats. High CO2 and N2O are emitted from SF of herded and tethered goats, respectively. There were no major differences in meat quality between herded and tethered goats. However, herding promoted more live weight gain than tethering. On the other hand, tethering promoted more beneficial fatty acids. Therefore depending on the objective of the enterprise, smallholder farmers can safely tether or herd their goats. Further, there is need to develop technologies to harness CH4 from goat manure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Milne, Tracey Anne. "The effects of thicket transformation on the diet and body condition of Angora goats." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/700.

Full text

Abstract:

Climate change is predicted to have a negative effect on the rangelands of sub-Saharan Africa, affecting the distribution, productivity and extent of these rangelands. Similarly, Subtropical Thicket vegetation in the Eastern Cape, South Africa is expected to experience a reduction in plant growth with conditions becoming similar to those experienced under desertification. The transformation of thicket results in a decrease in perennial plant species cover and richness, which is replaced by an ephemeral layer of grasses and forbs. Assessing the responses of herbivores to this transformation thus allows the testing of the hypothesis that climate change and desertification will lead to a broadening of diet and a decline in secondary productivity. In this study, the diet and productivity of Angora goats in intact and transformed thicket in adjacent paddocks was investigated from August 2005 to July 2006. Faecal analysis was used to compare the diets of the Angora goats in the intact and transformed thicket treatments. Goats in the transformed treatment consumed a higher diversity of plant species (94 species) compared to those in the intact thicket (42 species). The higher species richness per faecal sample and the larger seasonal variation in plant species utilized by the goats in the transformed treatment reflected the variability of this treatment in response to rainfall. Dietary shifts to include less palatable species not found in the intact treatment diet were clear, but due to the high rainfall year an abundant ephemeral layer, comprising grasses and forbs, was available in the transformed treatment. The diet quality of the transformed treatment goats was higher, as indexed by faecal lignin, than the intact treatment goats, although there was no statistical difference in the NDF and ash levels between the treatments. There was however, more variation in the nutritional quality of the transformed thicket diet, as indexed by dietary phosphorous, showing that intact thicket retains a more constant nutritional level. There was no difference in the body condition and mohair production of the goats in the two treatments. The hypothesis of broadening of the diet was thus supported, but there was no evidence for the predicted decline in secondary productivity. This study was undertaken during an above average rainfall period and large quantities of nutritious ephemeral grasses were available in the transformed treatment. This resource would not be available in a drought; therefore goats in the intact thicket will likely perform better over longer periods; providing stocking rates are realistic. This is the first study to measure the response of domestic herbivores to transformation either in terms of resource use or production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Oji, Michael Isaiah. "Herbage productivity and goat performance from legume-seeded pasture (fodder banks) managed by small-scale farmers in Nigeria." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68235.

Full text

Abstract:

This study was conducted on the grazing of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats managed by 41 farmers in Nigeria. The study focused on the use of "fodder banks" by small-scale farmers. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of seeding Stylosanthes hamata on herbage productivity and goat performance under three grazing management systems: tethering (conventional), free grazing natural pasture or free grazing legume-seeded pasture (fodder bank).
Irrespective of the system of management, goats grazing the various pastures had a weaning weight of 6.0 $ pm$ 0.3 kg. At 6, 9 and 12 months the body weights were 9.3 $ pm$ 0.41, 11.7 $ pm$ 1.36 and 12.6 $ pm$ 0.73 kg, resulting from an average daily gain (ADG) of 49.0 $ pm$ 4.0, 33.4 $ pm$ 4.0, 31.0 $ pm$ 0.1 and 25.0 $ pm$ 0.03 g day$ sp{-1}$ for the growth periods of birth to 3 months (pre-weaning) 3-6, 3-9, and 3-12 month (post-weaning) growth periods, respectively. There were no significant differences among the grazing systems with regard to birth weights and 3-month body weight (weaning weight). However, during the 3 to 6-month growth period, the ADG of goats tethered on natural pasture was higher than that observed for goats grazing S. hamata seeded pasture or fenced natural pasture, but this difference disappeared with time. At the 12-month period goats grazing fodder banks were heavier than goats tethered on natural pasture during the late wet season period, but the effect was not significant. Although animals lost weight during the late rainy season, animals grazing fodder banks seemed to have lost less weight than those grazing natural pasture. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Bakare, Archibold Garikayi. "Feeding behaviour of Xhosa lop-eared, Nguni and Nguni x Boer goat genotypes kept on rangelands of the false thornveld." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/396.

Full text

Abstract:

Feeding behaviour of Xhosa lop-eared, Nguni and Nguni × Boer goat genotypes kept on rangelands of the False Thornveld By Archibold Garikayi Bakare The study was conducted at the University of Fort Hare farm to assess the feeding behaviour of three goat genotypes: Xhosa lop-eared (XLE), Nguni (NGN) and Nguni × Boer crossbred (NBC) genotypes. The time spent on different activities (grazing, browsing and other activities) on rangelands was recorded using stop watches. The micro-histological faecal analysis technique was used to identify and quantify the plant species that were consumed by the goats across the four seasons. Time spent browsing was high in post-rainy season for XLE (55.94 %) compared to NGN (52.97 %) and crossbred NBC (45.95 %) goats. The high browsing activity was also noted for XLE in hot-wet and cool-dry season (P < 0.05). The NBC goats on the other hand; devoted most of their time grazing compared to XLE and NGN goats across seasons (P < 0.05). Generally, time of day had no effect (P > 0.05) on foraging activities among the goat breeds. Grewia occidentalis, Panicum maximum and Diospyros lycioides were the most preferred plant species by all genotypes across seasons in the paddock. It was concluded that crossbreds spent more time grazing as compared to XLE, which are more of browsers. It could, therefore, be recommended that XLE complement with grazers (cattle and sheep) for efficient management of feed resources in rangelands.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Ajibola, Abdulwahid. "The effect of water deprivation and atropine administration on gastro-intestinal function in goats." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23385.

Full text

Abstract:

The effects of limited and infrequent drinking, and atropine administration on feed intake and utilization was investigated in South African indigenous goats. Sixteen goats with an average body weight of 29.1 kg were subjected to water restriction and deprivation with concurrent atropine administration. They were fed ad libitum with a mixture of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and eragrostis hay (Eragrostis curvula), blended with molasses. The diet contained 10.47% crude protein, 38% crude fibre and 17.5 MJ/kg gross energy. Fifteen goats were randomly divided into 3 groups and were watered ad Libitum, 50% of ad libitum and 30% of ad libitum water intake respectively (Trial 1). In trial 2, a group of 8 animals were deprived of water for 3 days while the other group had free access to water daily (phase1). During phase 2, another group of 8 were watered on the 5th day while others had water ad libitum. A subgroup of 4 goats each were injected with atropine in both phases. The results showed that these goats have high water efficiency. The limited and infrequent supply of water decreased feed intake but enhanced nutrient utilisation. The provision of water at the 50% ad libitum level or once in 3 days is economical and beneficial to goat production in water-scarce areas. There is a need for complimentary investigations using atropine at high doses to further elucidate the effects of this drug on the gastro-intestinal functions of ruminants.
Dissertation (MSc (Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Anatomy and Physiology
unrestricted

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Smit, Hendrik Petrus Jordaan. "The effect of a natural feed additive, fenugreek, on feed digestibility and milk response in dairy goats." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96003.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Little research has been done on natural feed additives which enhance milk production in dairy animals. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) is a member of the legume family and is found in India, Middle East, North Africa and South Europe. Fenugreek is used as an herb in traditional medicine to promote lactation in lactating women. It also influences the lactation performance in ruminants such as dairy cows, water buffaloes and dairy goats. Diocin is a natural saponin found in Fenugreek and has structural similarity to oestrogen, which leads to an increased release of growth hormone (GH) and ultimately milk production. Three different trials were carried out to investigate Fenugreek’s effects. Each trial consisted of three treatment groups where dairy goats were randomly assigned. Nutrifen®, NutrifenPlus® and a control treatment served as the three treatments used in this study. Forty-eight goats per treatment group were used in the first trial where the main objective was to evaluate Fenugreek’s effect on milk production and milk composition. The second trial consisted of eight goats per treatment group, where Fenugreek’s effect on the in vivo and in vitro digestibility of the feed served as the main objective of this study. In the final part of the study, growth hormone found in plasma was subsequently investigated using the same goats from trial two. Fenugreek’s effect on elevating GH levels was the objective from the third part of the study. The first trial showed promising results in terms of an increase in milk production (P = 0.01) from dairy goats using the Nutrifen® treatment and an increase in milk lactose (P = 0.03) using the NutrifenPlus® treatment. Blood cholesterol and cholesterol content found in the milk did not differ between treatments used. Apparent digestibility of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) from the feed did not increase and did not differ between treatments and therefore concluded that the dairy goats digested the different treatments with similar efficiency regardless of the additive added to the feed. Growth hormone levels found in plasma also did not differ between treatments used in the third part of the study. Variation was found in GH plasma levels and this was expected as GH levels are known to have variation within ruminants. It appears that Fenugreek used as a natural feed additive can increase the milk yield from dairy goats, which would be beneficial to the commercial dairy goat farmer. However, the process on how Fenugreek exerts its effect on milk production still remains unclear.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tot datum is min navorsing gepubliseer wat die invloed van natuurlike voer bymiddels op melkproduksie aanspreek. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) is ‘n peulgewas en kom voor in Indië, die Midde Ooste, Noord Afrika en Suid Europa. Fenugreek word in tradisionele medisyne gebruik om sodoende melkproduksie in lakterende vroue te verhoog. Dit verhoog ook melkprodukise in melkkoeie, waterbuffels en melkbokke. Diocin is ‘n natuurlike saponien, met sterk oestrogeniese strukturele ooreenkomste, wat in Fenugreek voorkom. Diocin lei tot die verhoogde afskeiding van groeihormoon (GH) en uiteindelik ‘n toename in melkproduksie. Drie proewe is uitgevoer ten einde die effek van Fenugreek te ondersoek. Elke proef het bestaan uit drie behandelingsgroepe en melkbokke is ewekansig aan die groepe toegedeel. Nutrifen®, NutrifenPlus® en ‘n kontrole sonder enige additief is gebruik as behandelings. Agt-en-veertig bokke is per behandeling gebruik in die eerste proef. Die doel van hierdie proef was om die invloed van Fenugreek op melkproduksie en melksamestelling te bepaal. Die tweede proef het agt bokke per behandelingsgroep gehad en het ten doel gehad om te bepaal wat die invloed van Fenugreek op die in vitro en in vivo verteerbaarheid van die voere was. In die derde proef is dieselfde bokke as die in proef twee gebruik en hier is groeihormoon vlakke in sirkulerende bloedplasma gemeet om die invloed van Fenugreek op hierdie parameter te bepaal. Resultate van die eerste proef het getoon dat melkproduksie van bokke wat Nutrifen® ontvang het betekenisvol verhoog het (P = 0.01) terwyl NutrifenPlus® gelei het tot ‘n verhoging (P = 0.03) in melk laktose vlakke. Bloed cholesterol en melk cholesterol vlakke was onveranderd. Skynbare verteerbaarheid van die totale verteerbare voedingstowwe (TVV) van die voer het nie verander (P = 0.34) met die insluiting van Fenugreek nie. Plasma groeihormoonvlakke was nie betekenisvol verskillend (P > 0.05) tussen behandelingsgroepe nie en die gebrek aan verskille kan waarskynlik toegeskryf word aan die variasie wat binne behandelings groepe opgemerk is vir hierdie parameter. Sodanige variasie in plasma groeihormoon word as algemeen beskou in herkouers. Gevolglik kan aanvaar word dat die natuurlike voerbymiddel, Fenugreek, gebruik kan word om melkproduksie in lakterende melkbokke te verhoog. Hierdie praktyk behoort voordele in te hou vir die kommersiële melkprodusent. Die proses waardeur hierdie verhoging plaasvind is egter steeds nie duidelik nie.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Nguyen, Thi Mui. "Feeding systems for goats based on foliages and whole sugar cane /." Uppsala, Sweden : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009768566&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Sverges lantbruksuniversitet, 2001.
Thesis statement in Swedish and English abstract inserted. Based on 4 previously prepared or published papers reprinted here. Includes bibliographical references.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Lourençon, Raquel Vasconcelos [UNESP]. "Parâmetros ruminais e produtivos de cabras alimentadas com raspa de mandioca em substituição ao milho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126639.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-03. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844813.pdf: 750137 bytes, checksum: 455e0184a4c4de470cab844b2d958c25 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição do milho pela raspa de mandioca na dieta de cabras Alpinas sobre o consumo de massa seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e energia metabolizável (EM), sobre a produção e composição do leite, digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB e FDN e também sobre o comportamento ingestivo dos animais em pastagem de capim-tobiatã. O experimento teve duração de 72 dias, em que foram utilizadas oito cabras em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos (4 x 4) balanceados. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de 0, 33, 67 e 100% de substituição do milho pela raspa de mandioca no concentrado. A inclusão da mandioca proporcionou aumento linear no consumo de CNF e na digestibilidade da MS. A substituição não influenciou a produção e composição do leite e no comportamento ingestivo dos animais, dessa maneira, a raspa de mandioca pode substituir totalmente o milho no concentrado fornecido às cabras sem trazer prejuízos à produção de leite.
This study was conducted to evaluate the substitution of corn by cassava in supplementation of Alpine does on dry matter intake (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME), yield and milk composition, apparent digestibility of DM, CP and NDF and also on the grazing behavior in tobiatã grass. The experiment lasted 72 days, were used eight lactating does, distributed in two Latin squares (4 x 4) balanced. The treatments were as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava. The inclusion of cassava caused a linear increase in the NFC consumption and DM digestibility. The substitution had no effect on milk yield and feeding behavior of the animals in this way, cassava can replace totally the corn in the supplement provided to does without harming the production of milk.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Lourençon, Raquel Vasconcelos 1981. "Parâmetros ruminais e produtivos de cabras alimentadas com raspa de mandioca em substituição ao milho /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126639.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves
Banca: Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles
Banca: Marco Aurélio Factori
Banca: Otavio Rodrigues Machado Neto
Banca: Kleber Tomasde Resende
Banca: Carla Maris Machado Bittar
Resumo: O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição do milho pela raspa de mandioca na dieta de cabras Alpinas sobre o consumo de massa seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e energia metabolizável (EM), sobre a produção e composição do leite, digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB e FDN e também sobre o comportamento ingestivo dos animais em pastagem de capim-tobiatã. O experimento teve duração de 72 dias, em que foram utilizadas oito cabras em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos (4 x 4) balanceados. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de 0, 33, 67 e 100% de substituição do milho pela raspa de mandioca no concentrado. A inclusão da mandioca proporcionou aumento linear no consumo de CNF e na digestibilidade da MS. A substituição não influenciou a produção e composição do leite e no comportamento ingestivo dos animais, dessa maneira, a raspa de mandioca pode substituir totalmente o milho no concentrado fornecido às cabras sem trazer prejuízos à produção de leite.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the substitution of corn by cassava in supplementation of Alpine does on dry matter intake (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME), yield and milk composition, apparent digestibility of DM, CP and NDF and also on the grazing behavior in tobiatã grass. The experiment lasted 72 days, were used eight lactating does, distributed in two Latin squares (4 x 4) balanced. The treatments were as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava. The inclusion of cassava caused a linear increase in the NFC consumption and DM digestibility. The substitution had no effect on milk yield and feeding behavior of the animals in this way, cassava can replace totally the corn in the supplement provided to does without harming the production of milk.
Doutor

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Ngambu, Simthembile. "Effects of Acacia karroo supplementation on the quality of meat from Xhosa lopeared goats." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/450.

Full text

Abstract:

Effects of Acacia karroo supplementation on meat quality of Xhosa Lop-Eared goats The objective of the study was to determine the effects of A. karroo supplementation on the quality of meat from Xhosa lop-eared goats. Eighteen castrated 4-month-old Xhosa lop-eared male kids were kept at the University of Fort Hare Farm until slaughter. At the beginning of the experiment the goats had a mean body weight of 13.5 ± 0.31 kg (mean ± S.E.) and a mean body condition score (BCS) of 3.3 ± 0.16 (mean ± S.E.). From birth until weaning the kids were kept on natural pastures with their mothers. After weaning the goats were housed in an open sided barn for a period of 60 days, and were fed 500 g/head/day of Medicago sativa hay covering their maintenance and growth needs. For the purpose of the experiment, the goats were randomly divided into two balanced treatment groups of nine goats each, supplemented group (AK) and non-supplemented group (NS). The supplemented group received an additional 200g per head per day of fresh A. karroo leaves collected each day for two months. Supplementary feed was given to the goats individually in feeding troughs. The kids were slaughtered at 60 days old and samples for meat quality assessment were taken from the Longistimus dorsi muscle. The effect of A. karroo supplementation on meat quality measurements such as ultimate pH, colour and cooking losses of meat from indigenous Xhosa lop-eared goats were determined. The effect of A. karroo supplementation on the consumer sensory characteristic scores of the meat from the indigenous Xhosa lop-eared breed was also determined. There was a significant effect of the A. karroo supplementation on the meat quality measurements except for L* and a* colour coordinates. Meat from the A. karroo supplemented goats had lower pH and cooking loss scores than that of the non-supplemented goats. Acacia karroo supplementation improves meat tenderness and juiciness. There were no significant effects of A. karroo supplementation on the flavour and off- iv flavours of the meat from the supplemented goats. However, thermal preparation and consumer background had a significant effect on the meat sensory characteristics. The cooked meat had significantly higher sensory scores than the roasted meat. Female consumers reported higher sensory scores than male consumers. Consumers of different tribes and ages also reported significantly different sensory scores of meat from indigenous Xhosa lop-eared goats. Therefore, this study indicated that A. karroo supplementation can be fed to the Xhosa lop-eared goats to improve their meat quality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Xazela, Nomasonto Martha. "Effects of dietary supplementation on physico-chemical and consumer sensory characteristics of chevon from South African indigenous goat genotypes." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/357.

Full text

Abstract:

The study was conducted at the University of Fort Hare farm to assess the effect of dietary supplementation on physico-chemical and consumer sensory characteristics of chevon from South African indigenous goat genotypes. Forty-eight 6-month-old Xhosa lop-eared (XLE), Nguni (NGN), Xhosa-Boer cross (XBC) and Boer (BOR) castrated goats with a body weight range from 20 to 25 kg were used in this study. Half of the goats in each genotype were supplemented with 200g/head/day of sunflower cake. The other half of goats in each genotype was not supplemented. The goats were slaughtered at day 90 to determine slaughter weight (SLW), cold dress mass (CDM), meat colour, cooking loss, meat pH and Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear force values. Furthermore, a consumer sensory evaluation of cooked or fried chevon from supplemented and non-supplemented goats was conducted with consumers of different ages, tribes and gender. The XLE and NGN goats had higher pH24 (P < 0.05) than BOR and XBC goats. Supplemented BOR goats had higher L* values than their non-supplemented counterparts (P < 0.05). The other meat quality attributes in XLE and NGN were comparable to those in meat from the Boer goat. Female respondents gave higher (P < 0.05) sensory scores than male respondents for both cooked and fried meat on aroma intensity. Shona consumers gave higher (P < 0.05) aroma intensity scores than the Xhosa and the Zulu consumers for both cooked and fried meat. In the non-supplemented goats, fried meat for all genotypes was superior (P < 0.05) to the cooked meat for initial impression of juiciness. Age and gender of respondents and thermal iv treatment influenced initial impression of juiciness scores (P < 0.05). The quality of chevon from XLE and NGN was comparable to that of the Boer goat, and dietary supplementation improved most meat quality attributes. Chevon from the supplemented goats had higher consumer sensory scores than chevon from the non-supplemented goats. Keywords: supplementation, meat colour, ultimate pH, consumer sensory evaluation, Xhosa lop eared, Nguni, Boer goats.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Pastor, López Francisco Javier [UNESP]. "Abacate (Persea americana Mill.) na alimentação de cabras: produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos no leite e parâmetros ruminais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126640.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-06. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844494.pdf: 950401 bytes, checksum: 3c8c3567770f69b3eab85141a009262a (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A estratégia mais rápida para alterar o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de maneira a beneficiar a saúde do consumidor é aumentar o teor do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) por meio da suplementação da dieta dos animais com óleos vegetais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a inclusão de abacate na dieta de cabras, por meio da polpa da fruta com 16% de extrato etéreo (EE) na matéria seca (MS) e óleo comercial com 8% de EE na MS sobre: consumo, produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Foram usadas seis cabras Anglo-nubianas em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 balanceados. A dieta com polpa reduziu e a de óleo aumentou o consumo de MS em relação ao controle (3% EE na MS), sendo observada a mesma tendência para os nutrientes, exceção para o EE que foi mais consumido na dieta com polpa em relação ao controle. Os teores de sólidos totais e gordura do leite foram maiores na dieta com óleo em relação ao controle, e estes não diferirem da polpa, os demais constituintes e a produção de leite não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Observou-se redução no teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no leite das cabras suplementadas com fontes lipídicas em relação ao controle, e aumento no nível de CLA em 56,88 e 66,10% nas dietas com polpa e óleo respectivamente. A suplementação de ácidos graxos insaturados por meio do óleo ou da polpa de abacate aumenta a concentração de CLA e diminui os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, melhorando assim as propriedades nutracêuticas do leite podendo beneficiar a saúde dos consumidores
The fastest strategy that alters Milk fatty acid profile in order to benefit consumer health is to improve the level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by supplementing animal diets with vegetable oils. This research aimed to evaluate goat diets supplemented with avocado addition using a fruit polp with 16% of ether extract (EE) in dry matter (DM) and commercial oil with 8% EE in DM on: intake and milk production, chemical composition and fatty acid profile. There were used six Anglo Nubian lactating goats, distributed in two balanced 3 x 3 latin squares. Pulp diet reduced and oil diet improved DM intake in relation to control (3% EE), and the nutrients followed the same tendency, except for EE, that was more consumed in pulp and oil diets. The content of milk total solids and fat were higher in oil diet in relation to control, and did not differ from pulp diet, the other constituents and the milk production were not influenced by diets. In relation to fatty acids, it was observed reduction in short chain fatty acids in milk from goats supplemented with lipid sources in relation to control and increase on CLA level in 56,88 and 66,10/% in treatments with pulp and oil respectively. The supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids by avocado oil and pulp increases CLA concentration and decreases short chain fatty acids, improving milk nutraceutical properties, what can benefit consumer health.
FAPESP: 13/07146-0

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Pastor, López Francisco Javier 1975. "Abacate (Persea americana Mill.) na alimentação de cabras: produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos no leite e parâmetros ruminais /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126640.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves
Banca: Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles
Banca: Simone Fernandes
Banca: Helen Fernanda Barros Gomes
Banca: Gil Ignacio Lara Canizares
Resumo: A estratégia mais rápida para alterar o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de maneira a beneficiar a saúde do consumidor é aumentar o teor do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) por meio da suplementação da dieta dos animais com óleos vegetais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a inclusão de abacate na dieta de cabras, por meio da polpa da fruta com 16% de extrato etéreo (EE) na matéria seca (MS) e óleo comercial com 8% de EE na MS sobre: consumo, produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Foram usadas seis cabras Anglo-nubianas em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 balanceados. A dieta com polpa reduziu e a de óleo aumentou o consumo de MS em relação ao controle (3% EE na MS), sendo observada a mesma tendência para os nutrientes, exceção para o EE que foi mais consumido na dieta com polpa em relação ao controle. Os teores de sólidos totais e gordura do leite foram maiores na dieta com óleo em relação ao controle, e estes não diferirem da polpa, os demais constituintes e a produção de leite não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Observou-se redução no teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no leite das cabras suplementadas com fontes lipídicas em relação ao controle, e aumento no nível de CLA em 56,88 e 66,10% nas dietas com polpa e óleo respectivamente. A suplementação de ácidos graxos insaturados por meio do óleo ou da polpa de abacate aumenta a concentração de CLA e diminui os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, melhorando assim as propriedades nutracêuticas do leite podendo beneficiar a saúde dos consumidores
Abstract: The fastest strategy that alters Milk fatty acid profile in order to benefit consumer health is to improve the level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by supplementing animal diets with vegetable oils. This research aimed to evaluate goat diets supplemented with avocado addition using a fruit polp with 16% of ether extract (EE) in dry matter (DM) and commercial oil with 8% EE in DM on: intake and milk production, chemical composition and fatty acid profile. There were used six Anglo Nubian lactating goats, distributed in two balanced 3 x 3 latin squares. Pulp diet reduced and oil diet improved DM intake in relation to control (3% EE), and the nutrients followed the same tendency, except for EE, that was more consumed in pulp and oil diets. The content of milk total solids and fat were higher in oil diet in relation to control, and did not differ from pulp diet, the other constituents and the milk production were not influenced by diets. In relation to fatty acids, it was observed reduction in short chain fatty acids in milk from goats supplemented with lipid sources in relation to control and increase on CLA level in 56,88 and 66,10/% in treatments with pulp and oil respectively. The supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids by avocado oil and pulp increases CLA concentration and decreases short chain fatty acids, improving milk nutraceutical properties, what can benefit consumer health.
Doutor

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Souza, Pedro Paulo Sobolow de [UNESP]. "Efeitos do sistema de alimentação e grupo racial no desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de cabritos confinados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105100.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_pps_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 531123 bytes, checksum: 13de4f067ef997c14711de62dfacffde (MD5)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar efeitos do sistema de alimentação e grupo racial no desempenho, medidas biométricas e análise morfológica do estômago de cabritos confinados. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos (gênero) casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo os grupos raciais: A (Alpino), AN (Anglo-Nubiano), 1/2 BA (1/2 Boer + 1/2 Alpino), 3/4 BA (3/4 Boer + 1/4 Alpino) e 7/8 BA (7/8 Boer + 1/8 Alpino), e os sistemas de alimentação: dieta experimental sem leite e dieta experimental mais 1,5 L de leite/animal/dia. Os animais foram abatidos após atingirem 30 kg de peso vivo. Como o melhor desempenho foi obtido com animais 1/2 BA, não há necessidade de o produtor manter fêmeas mestiças 1/2 BA e 3/4 BA no rebanho. A utilização de leite excedente pode ser recomendada, uma vez que não trouxe prejuízos ao desempenho e medidas biométricas dos animais, ajudou a reduzir o peso total do estômago, além de uma economia de 51,39 % no consumo da dieta
The experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of feeding system and racial group in the performance, biometric measurements and morphological analysis of the stomach of confined goats. It was used a block design (gender) randomized in a factorial scheme 5 x 2, being the racial groups: A (Alpine), AN (Anglo-Nubian), 1/2 BA (1/2 Boer + 1/2 Alpine), 3/4 BA (3/4 Boer + 1/4 Alpine) and 7/8 BA (7/8 Boer + 1/8 Alpine), and the feeding systems: experimental diet without milk and experimental diet more 1.5 L of milk/animal/day. The animals were slaughtered after reaching 30 kg of live weight. As the best performance was obtained with the 1/2 BA, no have need the producer keep crossbred females 1/2 BA and 3/4 BA in the herd. The use of surplus milk can be recommended, since it did not caused damage to the biometric measurements and performance of the animals, helped reduce the total weight of the stomach, besides an economy of 51,39 % in the diet consumption

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Souza, Pedro Paulo Sobolow de 1956. "Efeitos do sistema de alimentação e grupo racial no desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de cabritos confinados /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105100.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves
Banca: Roberto de Oliveira Roça
Banca: Cyntia Ludovico Martins
Banca: Sirlei Aparecida Maestá
Banca: Helen Fernanda Barros Gomes
Resumo: O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar efeitos do sistema de alimentação e grupo racial no desempenho, medidas biométricas e análise morfológica do estômago de cabritos confinados. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos (gênero) casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo os grupos raciais: A (Alpino), AN (Anglo-Nubiano), 1/2 BA (1/2 Boer + 1/2 Alpino), 3/4 BA (3/4 Boer + 1/4 Alpino) e 7/8 BA (7/8 Boer + 1/8 Alpino), e os sistemas de alimentação: dieta experimental sem leite e dieta experimental mais 1,5 L de leite/animal/dia. Os animais foram abatidos após atingirem 30 kg de peso vivo. Como o melhor desempenho foi obtido com animais 1/2 BA, não há necessidade de o produtor manter fêmeas mestiças 1/2 BA e 3/4 BA no rebanho. A utilização de leite excedente pode ser recomendada, uma vez que não trouxe prejuízos ao desempenho e medidas biométricas dos animais, ajudou a reduzir o peso total do estômago, além de uma economia de 51,39 % no consumo da dieta
Abstract : The experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of feeding system and racial group in the performance, biometric measurements and morphological analysis of the stomach of confined goats. It was used a block design (gender) randomized in a factorial scheme 5 x 2, being the racial groups: A (Alpine), AN (Anglo-Nubian), 1/2 BA (1/2 Boer + 1/2 Alpine), 3/4 BA (3/4 Boer + 1/4 Alpine) and 7/8 BA (7/8 Boer + 1/8 Alpine), and the feeding systems: experimental diet without milk and experimental diet more 1.5 L of milk/animal/day. The animals were slaughtered after reaching 30 kg of live weight. As the best performance was obtained with the 1/2 BA, no have need the producer keep crossbred females 1/2 BA and 3/4 BA in the herd. The use of surplus milk can be recommended, since it did not caused damage to the biometric measurements and performance of the animals, helped reduce the total weight of the stomach, besides an economy of 51,39 % in the diet consumption
Doutor

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Lechmere-Oertel, Richard Geoffrey. "The effects of goat browsing on ecosystem patterns and processes in succulent thicket, South Africa." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/309.

Full text

Abstract:

Transformation in the arid succulent thicket of the Eastern Cape of South Africa in response to unsustainable livestock production has been widespread, with less than 10 percent remaining intact. Transformation in succulent thicket has resulted in large areas of dense thicket (comprising a two-phase mosaic of perennial-vegetated patches separated by animal paths and bare patches) being replaced with a ‘pseudo-savanna’ of remnant canopy trees with a structurally simple field layer of ephemeral and short- lived perennial grasses and forbs. There is an extensive literature describing the transformation of succulent thicket, with many speculative statements about the underlying mechanisms of transformation. The central focus of this study was to improve our mechanistic understanding of transformation in succulent thicket using field experiments. Hopefully these results will set another foundation upon which future management of succulent thicket can be improved and large-scale restoration initiated. This study comprises four themes that are linked to the concept of landscape function. The central premise of landscape function is that functional landscapes have mechanisms that capture and retain scarce resources. Conversely, as landscapes become increasingly dysfunctional, so these mechanisms become disrupted. In succulent thicket, dysfunctio n appears to be linked to the reduced ability to harvest water, cycle carbon and a loss of organic carbon. In this thesis I examined some of the key processes that influence water and organic carbon fluxes: perennial vegetation cover, soil fertility, litter fall and decomposition, and runoff and soil erosion. The experimental design that was used for all this work was a factorial ANOVA based on replicated fenceline contrasts that reflect differences in long-term management history. The main objectives of this thesis were to: quantify the patterns of transformation in an arid form of succulent thicket, including changes in the biomass, cover and structure of the dominant vegetation guilds; test the stability of the transformed succulent thicket ecosystem to show whether it is a new stable state or an intermediate stage in a trajectory towards a highly desertified state where only the ephemeral grasses and forbs persist; describe and compare soil fertility across transformation contrasts, concentrating on changes in the spatial patterns of soil resources and the ability of the soil to harvest precipitation; to compare litter fall and decomposition of leaf material from the dominant plants in intact and transformed succulent thicket; to quantify and compare run-off and erosion from run-off plots in intact and transformed succulent thicket. Transformation and stability I quantified the changes in plant diversity, physiognomy and biomass that occur across transformation contrasts. Thicket transformation results in a significant loss of plant diversity and functional types. There is also a significant reduction in the biomass (c. 80 t.ha-1) and structural complexity of the vegetation, both vertically and horizontally. These results were interpreted in terms of their implications for ecosystem functioning and stability. To test the stability of the transformed succulent thicket I used aerial photographs and ground-truthing to track the survivorship of canopy trees over 60 years in pseudo-savanna landscapes. I also measured seedling establishment in different habitats. I show that the pseudo-savanna is not a stable state owing to ongoing adult mortality and no recruitment of canopy trees. Soil fertility and water status I hypothesised that the above-ground changes in ve getation would be accompanied by similar trends in the pattern and levels of soil nutrient resources and the ability of the landscape to harvest precipitation. I compared soil fertility (organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus), texture, matric potential, and surface micro-topography in the two main micro- habitats on either side of the replicated fenceline contrasts. The results show that intact spekboom thicket has a distinct spatial pattern of soil fertility where nutrients and organic carbon are concentrated under the patches of perennial shrubs, compared to under canopy trees and open spaces. Transformation results in a significant homogenisation out of this pattern and an overall reduction in the fertility of the landscape. The proportion of the landscape surface that would promote infiltration of water decreases from 60 – 0.6 percent. Soil moisture retention (matric potential) also decreases with transformation. I interpreted these patterns in terms of the ability of the landscape to harvest and release water after rainfall events. Litter fall and decomposition Surface litter and soil organic matter are critical components to wooded ecosystems; contributing to several ecosystem functions. The rates of litter fall and decomposition are ratelimiting steps in nutrient cycling and incorporation of organic matter into the soil. The ecological mechanisms behind the collapse of succulent thicket in the face of domestic herbivory are not fully understood, but are believed to include the breakdown of several ecosystem processes, including litter fall and decomposition. I quantified the changes in litter fall and litter decomposition of four of the dominant perennial woody plants (Euclea undulata, Pappea capensis, Portulacaria afra and Rhus longispina) across the replicated fenceline. Litter fall was measured over 14 months using mesh traps. Decomposition was measured over 15 months using a combination of litterbags and unprotected leaf packs. I also quantified soil microclimate during the experimental period; hypothesising that transformation would lead to soil conditions less amenable for biotic activity. Litter fall in succulent thicket was very high for a semi-arid system, comparing more to temperate forests. The leaf-succulent P. afra contributed the largest single component of the total litter production at a landscape scale. The effect of transformation on litter fall was species specific. Deep-rooted or drought-adapted species showed no change in litter yield with transformation; shallow-rooted species showed a significant decrease. There were few significant differences in decomposition rates across the transformation gradient and between litter types. Portulacaria afra litter had the steepest rate of mass loss, and was most affected by transformation. The more recalcitrant (high C:N ratio) leaves of P. capensis remained largely unaffected by transformation. These results indicate the critical role of the perennial vegetation in incorporating organic carbon into the soil. Transformation of succulent thicket leads to a disruption of the flow of carbon into the soil, reinforcing the cycle of transformation through reduced fertility. Rehabilitation of this ecosystem will require the active establishment of species, such as P. afra, that will restart the flow of carbon into the soil. Run-off & Erosion The landscape function model predicts that functional semi-arid shrublands efficiently conserve limiting resources such as water and water-bourn sediments (soil and organic matter). As these rangelands become transformed through unsustainable livestock production, so their ability to conserve resources decreases. The primary determinant of landscape function and conservation of resources appears to be the proportional cover of perennial vegetation. I hypothesised that the switch from a two-phase mosaic dominated by perennial succulent and woody shrubs to a single phase system dominated by an ephemeral field layer would be accompanied by disruption of the mechanisms that conserve resources. Specifically, I tested the hypothesis that transformation of succulent thicket increases runoff volume, sediment concentration of runoff, soil erosion and loss of organic matter at a patch scale (c. 100 m2). Runoff and water-borne sediment were measured from runoff plots established across replicated fenceline contrasts. Data were collected from eight extreme weather events over two years. There were no significant differences between runoff and erosion across the transformation contrast, as each extreme weather event was unique in terms of its runoff response. The transformed runoff plots alone also gave inconsistent results, largely due to differences in the cover of ephemeral forbs and weakly perennial grasses. Runoff and erosion were not predictable from the data across the transformation gradient due to complex interactions between the nature of the above-ground vegetation, soil micro-topography and land use history. The results highlighted the need for longer-term catchment experiments to generate a predictive understanding of the effect of transformation on runoff and erosion in succulent thicket.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Van, der Merwe Daniel Andre. "Developing a model for feedlot production of Boer goat slaughter kids." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97903.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, the effects of energy content of the feedlot diet as well as the length of the production period were investigated for Boer goat slaughter kids. The kids were housed in individual pens on the Elsenburg experimental farm, Western Cape, South Africa. Boer goat castrate kids were weaned at approximately 18 weeks of age (weighing 22.2 ± 3.5 kg) and were randomly allocated to one of three trial diets that varied in energy content; namely a low, medium and high energy diet (11.3, 12.0 and 12.7 MJ ME/ kg feed respectively) which were supplied ad libitum. The goats were further randomly allocated to one of five slaughter groups that were slaughtered at five week intervals at a commercial abattoir. The first group of goats was slaughtered at the start of the trial in order to serve as a baseline reference. During the study the effects of dietary energy content, and time spent in the feedlot were investigated for the feedlot production and slaughter characteristics of Boer goat kids. Additionally the effect of the energy content of the feedlot diets on the sensory and chemical properties of goat meat were evaluated. During the production period individual feed intake and live weight gain were monitored on a weekly basis. It was observed that live weight of the goats increased throughout the production period. Quadratic functions were used to describe the change in average daily gain and dry matter intake of the goats during the feeding period. Goats that were fed the low and medium energy diets exhibited higher daily gains (P= 0.02) and dry matter intakes (P< 0.01) than goats on the high energy diets. Dietary energy content and age of the animal in the feedlot did not influence the feed conversion ratio to produce a unit of live weight. A linear function was used to model the growth of the goats during this production period. The goats were not able to reach the point of inflection on the growth curve. Therefore the sigmoidal growth curve could not be plotted which could have been modelled by a function similar to the Gompertz model. Dressing percentages of the carcasses varied throughout the production period for all the diets, with goats on the low energy diet having the lowest dressing percentage (45.8%; P= 0.04). The energy content of the trial diets had no effect on the yield of the offal components and retail cuts of the carcass. Generally it was observed that the yields of the hindquarter and neck cuts decreased whilst that of the forequarter increased with the age of the goats at slaughter. The degree of carcass fatness increased with time spent in the feedlot, with the majority of fat being deposited in the abdominal cavity, rather than in the subcutaneous fat depot. Dietary energy content was expected to influence the levels of intramuscular fat, which in turn would affect the eating quality of the meat. However, the levels of energy in the diets fed to goats did not influence the tenderness, juiciness or the aroma and flavour profiles of the goat meat as observed during descriptive sensory analysis of the meat by a trained panel. Chemical analysis of the cooked meat samples also showed that the levels of intramuscular fat did not vary between the samples, resulting in the lack of differences detected between treatments in the sensory evaluation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die effek van die energie-inhoud van die voerkraal dieet, tesame met die lengte van die produksie tydperk, vir Boerbok lammers ondersoek. Die lammers is in individuele kampies gehuisves op die Elsenburg proefplaas, Wes- Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die gekastreerde Boerbok lammers is gespeen op ’n ouderdom van ongeveer 18 weke (gewig van 22.2 ± 3.5 kg) en is ewekansig toegewys aan een van die drie proefdiëte waarvan die energie-inhoud gewissel het; naamlik 'n lae, medium en hoë-energie dieet (11.3, 12.0 en 12.7 MJ ME / kg voer onderskeidelik) wat ad libitum verskaf is. Die bokke is verder lukraak toegewys aan een van vyf slag groepe, wat met vyf weke tussenposes by ’n kommersiële abattoir geslag is. Die eerste groep bokke is aan die begin van die proef geslag om sodoende as basislyn verwysing te dien. Tydens die studie is die effek van die verskil in energie-inhoud van die dieet en die tyd wat in die voerkraal gespandeer is, op die voerkraal produksie en slag eienskappe van die Boerbok lammers ondersoek. Daarbenewens is die effek van die verskil in energie-inhoud van die voerkraal dieet op die sensoriese en chemiese eienskappe van bokvleis geëvalueer. Tydens die produksie periode is individuele voerinname en liggaamsgewig toename op ’n weeklikse basis gemonitor. Dit is waargeneem dat die liggaamsgewig van die bokke tydens die hele produksie tydperk toegeneem het. Kwadratiese funksies is gebruik om die verandering in die gemiddelde daaglikse toename tydens die voerperiode, sowel as die droëmateriaal inname van die bokke te beskryf. Bokke wat die lae en medium-energie diëte gevoer is, het hoër daaglikse toenames (P = 0.02) en droë materiaal inname (P< 0.01) as bokke op die hoë-energie dieet getoon. Die voeromset verhouding benodig om ’n eenheid lewendige gewig te produseer is nie beïnvloed deur die energie-inhoud van die dieet, of die ouderdom van die bokke in die voerkraal nie. ’n Lineêre funksie is toegepas om die groei van die bokke gedurende die produksie tydperk te modelleer. Die groei van die bokke kon nie die infleksiepunt van die groeikurwe bereik nie. Dus kon die sigmoïdale groeikurwe nie getrek word nie, wat deur ’n funksie soortgelyk aan die Gompertz model gemodelleer kon word. Uitslag persentasies van die karkasse het l regdeur die produksie tydperk varieër vir al die diëte; bokke op die lae-energie dieet het die laagste uitslagpersentasie gehad (45.8%; P = 0.04). Die energie-inhoud van die proefdiëte het geen effek op die opbrengs van die afval komponente en handelsnitte van die karkasse gehad nie. Oorhoofs is dit waargeneem dat die opbrengs van die agterkwart en neksnitte afgeneem het, terwyl dié van die voorkwart toegeneem het met slag ouderdom. Die vetheidsgraad van die karkas het toegeneem met tyd spandeer in die voerkraal, met die meerderheid van die vet gedeponeer in die buikholte, eerder as in die onderhuidse vetlaag. Daar is verwag dat die energie-inhoud van die dieet die vlakke van binnespierse vet sal beïnvloed, wat op sy beurt ‘n effek op die eetkwaliteit van die vleis sal hê.. Teenstrydig met verwagtinge het die vlakke van energie in die dieet van die bokke geen invloed gehad op die sagtheid, sappigheid of die aroma en geur profiele van bokvleis nie, soos waargeneem deur middel van beskrywende sintuiglike analise van die vleis deur 'n opgeleide paneele. Chemiese ontleding van die gaar vleismonsters het ook geen verskillein die vlakke van binnespierse vet tussen die verskillende monsters getoon nie, wat gelei het tot daar geen verskille tussen die behandelings in die sensoriese evaluasie waargeneem is nie.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Dibbern, Lucas Schimidt [UNESP]. "Perfil de ácidos graxos e análise sensorial de carne e iogurte de leite de caprinos alimentados com óleos vegetais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/113924.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-11-18Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806806.pdf: 933867 bytes, checksum: 98faab06827ea01fa858865831f7b280 (MD5)
Alimentos com menores teores de gordura e ou com melhor perfil de ácidos graxos são o principal enfoque do mercado para produtos de origem animal. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a inclusão de três fontes de óleo vegetal na dieta de cabras em lactação sobre a composição, o perfil de ácidos graxos e os parâmetros sensoriais do iogurte produzido com o leite destas cabras. Foram utilizadas 32 cabras da raça Anglo-nubiana distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: dieta controle versus com inclusão de 3% de óleos de canola, girassol e soja. Foram avaliadas as influências de tratamentos e períodos de lactação sobre a composição, o perfil de ácidos graxos e os parâmetros sensoriais do iogurte. Para determinação dos constituintes, foram colhidas amostras aos 21, 51, 81 e 111 dias de lactação e para o perfil de ácidos graxos aos 21 e 111 dias de lactação. A produção leiteira em 120 dias de lactação foi de 182,75 kg e não houve diferença para os tratamentos. Os constituintes, não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, entretanto o teor de proteína apresentou efeito para período. Para gordura e extrato seco desengordurado houve interação entre tratamento e período. A inclusão de óleos de girassol e soja promoveu aumento no teor total de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) e de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA). O índice de aterogenicidade (IA) melhorou com a adição de óleo na dieta dos animais, sendo mais acentuada nos tratamentos com óleo de girassol e soja. Para a análise sensorial os iogurtes dos tratamentos com inclusão de óleos de girassol e soja não apresentaram diferença do tratamento controle (sem adição de óleo) para o parâmetro sabor, já o iogurte do tratamento com óleo de canola demonstrou diferença. Para a consistência todos os tratamentos com adição de óleo foram diferentes do tratamento controle, sendo ainda o iogurte ...
Foods with lower fat and or better fatty acid profile are the main focus of the market for animal products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of three vegetable oil sources in the diet of lactating goats on the composition, fatty acid profile and sensory parameters of yogurt made from milk of these goats. Were used 32 Anglo-Nubian goats distributed in four treatments: control diet versus with inclusion of 3% of canola, sunflower and soybean oil. The influences of treatments and lactation periods on the composition, fatty acid profile and sensory parameters of the yoghurt were evaluated. For determination of the constituents, samples were taken at 21, 51, 81 and 111 days of lactation and the profile of fatty acids at 21 and 111 days of lactation. Milk production in 120 days of lactation was 182.75 kg and there is no difference to the treatments. The constituents were not affected by the treatments, but difference on the protein content was seen at period. For fat and defated dry extract was interaction between treatment and period. The inclusion of sunflower and soybean oils promoted an increase in the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The index of atherogenicity (IA) improved with the addition of oil in the diet of animals, being more pronounced in the treatments with sunflower and soybean oil. For sensory analysis of the yogurt the treatments including sunflower oil and soybean showed no difference from the control treatment (no addition of oil) for taste parameter but yogurt of the treatment with canola oil showed a difference. For consistency all treatments with the addition of oil were different from the control treatment, still yogurt from the treatment with canola oil the less accurate than the control. These results suggest that the addition of 3% of vegetable oils in the diet of lactating goats improves ...

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Dibbern, Lucas Schimidt. "Perfil de ácidos graxos e análise sensorial de carne e iogurte de leite de caprinos alimentados com óleos vegetais /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/113924.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça
Banca: Simone Fernandes
Banca: Marcelo Henrique de Faria
Resumo: Alimentos com menores teores de gordura e ou com melhor perfil de ácidos graxos são o principal enfoque do mercado para produtos de origem animal. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a inclusão de três fontes de óleo vegetal na dieta de cabras em lactação sobre a composição, o perfil de ácidos graxos e os parâmetros sensoriais do iogurte produzido com o leite destas cabras. Foram utilizadas 32 cabras da raça Anglo-nubiana distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: dieta controle versus com inclusão de 3% de óleos de canola, girassol e soja. Foram avaliadas as influências de tratamentos e períodos de lactação sobre a composição, o perfil de ácidos graxos e os parâmetros sensoriais do iogurte. Para determinação dos constituintes, foram colhidas amostras aos 21, 51, 81 e 111 dias de lactação e para o perfil de ácidos graxos aos 21 e 111 dias de lactação. A produção leiteira em 120 dias de lactação foi de 182,75 kg e não houve diferença para os tratamentos. Os constituintes, não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, entretanto o teor de proteína apresentou efeito para período. Para gordura e extrato seco desengordurado houve interação entre tratamento e período. A inclusão de óleos de girassol e soja promoveu aumento no teor total de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) e de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA). O índice de aterogenicidade (IA) melhorou com a adição de óleo na dieta dos animais, sendo mais acentuada nos tratamentos com óleo de girassol e soja. Para a análise sensorial os iogurtes dos tratamentos com inclusão de óleos de girassol e soja não apresentaram diferença do tratamento controle (sem adição de óleo) para o parâmetro sabor, já o iogurte do tratamento com óleo de canola demonstrou diferença. Para a consistência todos os tratamentos com adição de óleo foram diferentes do tratamento controle, sendo ainda o iogurte ...
Abstract: Foods with lower fat and or better fatty acid profile are the main focus of the market for animal products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of three vegetable oil sources in the diet of lactating goats on the composition, fatty acid profile and sensory parameters of yogurt made from milk of these goats. Were used 32 Anglo-Nubian goats distributed in four treatments: control diet versus with inclusion of 3% of canola, sunflower and soybean oil. The influences of treatments and lactation periods on the composition, fatty acid profile and sensory parameters of the yoghurt were evaluated. For determination of the constituents, samples were taken at 21, 51, 81 and 111 days of lactation and the profile of fatty acids at 21 and 111 days of lactation. Milk production in 120 days of lactation was 182.75 kg and there is no difference to the treatments. The constituents were not affected by the treatments, but difference on the protein content was seen at period. For fat and defated dry extract was interaction between treatment and period. The inclusion of sunflower and soybean oils promoted an increase in the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The index of atherogenicity (IA) improved with the addition of oil in the diet of animals, being more pronounced in the treatments with sunflower and soybean oil. For sensory analysis of the yogurt the treatments including sunflower oil and soybean showed no difference from the control treatment (no addition of oil) for taste parameter but yogurt of the treatment with canola oil showed a difference. For consistency all treatments with the addition of oil were different from the control treatment, still yogurt from the treatment with canola oil the less accurate than the control. These results suggest that the addition of 3% of vegetable oils in the diet of lactating goats improves ...
Mestre

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Brown, David Adekunle. "Evaluation of mixtures of acacia karroo leaf meal and setaria verticillata grass hay for indigenous Pedi goat production." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1579.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Mui, Nguyen Thi. "Feeding systems for goats based on foliages and whole sugar cane /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5825-0.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Moela, Abram Kahlodi. "Assessment of the relationship between body weight and body measurement in indigenous goats using path analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1112.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MA. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
Body measurements have been used in animals to estimate body weight especially in rural areas where scales are not readily available. The study was conducted in Sekhukhune District of the Limpopo province, South Africa where the goats between the ages of 20 and 30 months were used. Body weight and four morphological traits were taken on each goat in the morning before they were released for grazing in a total of 613 indigenous goats of both sexes (62 male and 551 female). Body weight was measured in kilogram (kg) using a balance scale, hip height and shoulder height measurement (cm) were done using a graduated measuring stick and the body length and heart girth were measured in centimetre (cm) using a tape rule. Means, standard deviations (SD) and coefficients of variation (CV) of body weight and morphological traits were calculated. Pair wise correlations among body weight and morphological traits were also determined and range from 0.81-0.91 for male and 0.72-0.89 for female goats, respectively and were significant (P<0.01). The direct effect of heart girth on body weight was the strongest in both sexes (path coefficient of 0.58 and 0.62 in males and females, respectively). Body length (males) and body length and hip height (females) also positively (P<0.05) influenced body weight. The direct effects of other linear type traits on body weight in both sexes were non-significant as revealed by t-test. These traits were indirectly realized mostly via heart girth. Thus, they were removed from the final regression equations to obtain much more simplified prediction models. The optimum multiple regression equation for male goats included heart girth and body length, In female goats, however, the v variables included in the final prediction model were heart girth, body length and shoulder height. The forecast indices obtained in this study could aid in weight estimation, selection and breeding programmes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Lee, Cheuk-hung, and 李卓雄. "Microbial contamination of enteral feeds." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245596.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Chavez, Stephen John. "Feeding behaviors and performance measurements in bucks, rams, and bulls." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5716.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 91 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Beattie, Tara Kate. "Microbial contamination of enteral tube feeds and feeding systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417337.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Browman, Howard I. "Feeding behaviour in fry of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63129.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Van, Niekerk S. J. (Sarel Johannes). "Actual and predicted performance of broiler chickens." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49817.

Full text

Abstract:

Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and profitability of different dietary specifications for broiler chickens slaughtered at 35 days of age. Two trials were performed to evaluate different production parameters. The results of these trials were compared to the predicted results of the EFG broiler model. No carcass data were available for the two trials mentioned above. Therefore, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the broiler model when predicting carcass characteristics, two published data sets (Leeson et al., 1996a) were used. Predicted and actual values were compared, evaluated and discussed. Two broiler trials were performed. In Trial One the amino acid density decreased throughout the range of three treatments from prestarter to finisher diets. In Trial Two the amino acid density decreased only in the four finisher diets. The main difference between predicted and actual results was the response to body weight. The model predicted a steady increase in feed intake to compensate for the lower dietary specifications while body weight did not change significantly. This increase in feed intake seems to be enough to maintain body weight. Trial birds also increased their feed intake as dietary amino acid density decreased, but this compensation seemed to be too low to maintain body weight compared to the control diet. The birds may find it easier to compensate when they have time to adapt to the specification. There is evidence in the literature that birds need seven days to adapt their feed intake to a lower feed specification (Leeson et al., 1996a). It can be speculated that the trial birds started to loose body weight due to a lower amino acid intake in this period. The model seems to adapt feed intake immediately after a change in diet specification. The simulation on literature data lead to the following conclusions: 1) Broilers posses the capacity to increase their feed intake with at least 65% should finisher diets with lower amino acid and energy concentrations be supplied. If only the energy concentration of finisher diets were decreased, the increase in feed intake will be around 30%. (see Table 16 and 23) 2) The accurate prediction of feed intake from the given dietary specification has a major influence on the accuracy of the prediction of broiler performance. 3) Amino acid density and DLys:ME ratio plays a significant role in the control and prediction of feed intake. The EFG broiler model is based on sound scientific principles. The model is comprehensive and can be used for a wide range of environmental and management conditions as well as dietary conditions. The nutritionist can use the model with confidence to assist in practical feed formulation. The actual strength of the model lies in the time and money being saved compared to practical trials.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die prestasie en winsgewendheid van braaikuikens te bepaal wanneer voere met verskillende digthede tot op 35 dae gevoer word. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om produksieresultate te evalueer. Die resultate van hierdie eksperimente is met die voorspelde waardes uit die EFG simulasie-model vergelyk. Aangesien geen karkasdata vir bogenoemde eksperimente beskikbaar was nie, is twee gepubliseerde datastelle gebruik om hierdie deel van die model te evalueer (Leeson et al., 1996a). Twee braaikuiken eksperimente is uitgevoer. Eksperiment Een het uit drie behandelings bestaan waarvan die aminosuur-konsentrasie vanaf dag een tussen behandelings verskil het. In Eksperiment Twee het die aminosuur-konsentrasie net in die vier afrondingsdiëte verskil. Liggaamsmassa op 35 dae het die grooste verskil tussen voorspelde- en werklike waardes getoon. Beide voorspelde en werklike innames het in albei eksperimente verhoog soos wat aminosuur-konsentrasie afgeneem het. Voorspelde liggaamsmassa het egter konstant gebly terwyl werklike data 'n afname in liggaamsmassa getoon het. Dit bleik dat die voorspelde toename in innames voldoende was om massa te onderhou terwyl die voëls in werklikheid nie genoeg gekompenseer het nie. Leeson et al., 1996a het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat braaikuikens minstens sewe dae benodig om hul voeriname by 'n nuwe spesifikasie aan te pas. So 'n stadige aanpassing kan daartoe lei dat energie- en aminosuur-inname daal indien 'n dieet met laer spesifikasie gevoer. Dit sal daartoe lei dat die kuikens liggaamsmassa verloor. Uit die literatuur simulasies is die volgende afleidings gemaak: 1) Braaikuikens besit die vermoeë om voerinname in die afrondingstyd met minstens 65% te verhoog indien 'n afrondingvoer met laer amiosuur- asook energiekonsentrasie gevoer word. Indien net die energiekonsentrasie verlaag word, sal die inname met sowat 30% verhoog. 2) Die akkurate voorspelling van inname is krities vir die akkurate voorspelling van produksieparameters. 3) Aminosuur-digtheid en DLys:ME speel 'n belangrike rol in die beheer en voorspelling van voerinname by braaikuikens. Die EFG braaikuikenmodel is op suiwer wetenskaplike beginsels geskoei. Die model is omvattend en kan vir 'n wye reeks van omgewings- en bestuurstoestande asook dieet-spesifikasies gebruik word. Die voedingkundige kan die model met vertroue gebruik om met praktiese voerformulering by te staan. Die model kan die formuleerder baie tyd spaar aangesien praktiese eksperimente ingeperk kan word.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Thomson, Douglas Edward. "Determination of the effects of fish size and feed pellet size on the settling characteristics of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) culture cleaning wastes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26649.

Full text

Abstract:

This research reports on the determination of the effects of fish size and feed pellet size on the settling characteristics of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) culture, tank cleaning wastes. Flocculant particle settling curves (Type II) were developed from settling column analysis of cleaning wastes from 11-311 gram Rainbow trout fed a moist pellet diet (Oregon Moist Pellet ®). Four feed pellet sizes were investigated: 3/32, 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch. Overall non-filterable residue removal curves and individual particle settling velocity distribution curves, derived from the Type II settling curve of each fish size and feed pellet size group, were compared. Slopes and y-intercepts of the linearized overall non-filterable residue removal curves and individual particle settling velocity distribution curves were compared using the Equality of Slope Test (S:SLTEST). Results of the test for a common regression equation indicated there were no significant differences in the proportional distribution of particle sizes within the cleaning wastes. Variations observed in the initial rates of removal within the overall non-filterable residue removal curves were considered insignificant Settling trials were pooled in order to obtain single curves, characterizing the overall solids removal rate and the individual particle settling velocity distribution of the waste solids.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "Effects of various male feeding regimens on reproduction in broiler breeders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43750.

Full text

Abstract:

A study was conducted using commercial broiler breeders with the males fed a diet containing, either 120/0 or 140/0 protein and body weight maintained at either 900/0 or 1000/0 of that recommended by the primary breeder (fed separately), or allowed to eat from the female feeders (controls). Female feeders in the separately fed pens were equipped with especially designed grills, which denied access to the males. The male feeder in these pens was elevated so that females were denied access.

Males fed separately (body weight 90% or 1000/0, and dietary protein 120/0 or 140/0) had a significantly higher percentage fertility (4.20/0) than males allowed to eat with the females. No differences in percentage fertility were found among the four separately fed groups. No differences were noted in percentage hatch of fertile eggs among any of the treatment groups.

Males eating from the female feeders had significantly heavier body weights and testes weights at 65 weeks of age than breeder males in the separately fed, groups. Mean body weights were 3819g and 4773g at 35 weeks of age, and 4192g and 5443g at 65 weeks of age for males eating separately and eating with the females, respectively. Furthermore, males in the control group had significantly larger breast angle measurements when compared with the separately fed males. No differences were observed in foot scores and semen concentration among males in the various treatment groups.

Master of Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Crots, Frans (Francois Engelbertus). "The effect of feed processing techniques on weanling piglet performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53106.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Starch is the main component of cereal grains and is usually the primary energy source for pigs and poultry. Feed manufacturing can adopt several measures, including physical treatments such as milling or pelleting and other techniques, such as enzyme treatment, to disrupt cell structure. Grinding and pelleting are the most common food processing methods used for pigs. However, pelleting of complete balanced feeds is no longer such an economical proposition due to rising energy and equipment costs; therefore this cost has to be outweighed by an increased production efficiency. It has been known for many years that grinding is an essential prerequisite for the satisfactory blending of the ingredients of a multi-component food. Feed cost represents the major item in the cost of animal production. Without doubt, research and production efforts will continue to refine feed processing techniques to reduce the cost of feed and to increase the value of feed for a target animal. The possibilities for improvements in feed are endless; however the cost of each innovation must be carefully weighed against demonstrated improvements in animal performance. Experiment 1: The effect of feed processing techniques on weanling pig growth-performance The effects of processing of the carbohydrate source and the feed on growth performance of commercial Landrace x Large White piglets (n=480) weaned at 28 ± 2 d were investigated. Two processing combinations of the carbohydrate source were used with 3 processing conditions of the diet in a 2 x 3 factorial design. The pigs were blocked by weight (7.196 ± 2.03 kg BW) and then allotted randomly to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. Ten pens of 8 piglets each were fed with each dietary treatment. The two main processing conditions of the carbohydrate source were raw or extruded maize and the 3 processing conditions of the diet was meal or pelleted or extruded. No carbohydrate processing x diet processing interactions were observed (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or FeR. In this experiment, extrusion of the maize led to an significant decrease in FeR efficiency (P < 0.05) (1.57 vs. 1.42) when compared to a raw maize diet. Pelleting a diet had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on ADG but tended to decrease ADFI (P < 0.07) and significantly improve FeR efficiency (1.49 vs. 1.66) when compared to a meal diet. Extruding the whole diet did not have any significant (P > 0.05) effect on ADG but tended to decrease ADFI (P < 0.07) and gave an significant improvement in FeR when compared to a meal diet (1.34 vs. 1.66). This processing technique also gave a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in FeR when compared to a pelleted diet (1.34 vs. 1.49). Experiment 2: The effect of pig feed processing conditions on pig metabolism parameters The effects of processing of the carbohydrate source and the diet on certain metabolism and production parameters of commercial Landrace x Large White pigs (n=24) were investigated. Two processing combinations of the carbohydrate source were used with 3 processing combinations in a 2 x 3 factorial design. Six diets were formulated on an iso-nutrient basis (14.48 MJ/kg metabolizable energy (ME), 23.01 crude protein (CP), 1.092% lysine, 0.742% methionine and cystine and 0.271% tryptophan on a DM basis). The pigs were blocked by weight (26.02 ± 0.25 kg BW) and then allotted randomly to I of 6 dietary treatments. The carbohydrate source was raw or extruded maize and the diets was meal or pelleted or extruded. No carbohydrate processing x diet feed form interactions were observed (P > 0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestible energy (DE), Nitrogen (N) or dry matter intake (DMI). In a metabolism and nitrogen (N) balance study, apparent N digestibility, digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents were found not to be significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by carbohydrate or diet processing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stysel is die hoof komponent in grane en is gewoonlik die primêre verskaffer van energie vir varke en pluimvee. Voermeulens kan verskeie metodes implementeer, insluitend fisiese behandeling soos bv. maal, verpilling en ensiem behandelings, om sel struktuur te verander. Maal en verpilling is die mees algemene prosessering metodes wat vir varkvoer gebruik word. Maar, verpilling van totaal geballanseerde voere is nie meer so ekonomies geregverdig nie as gevolg van stygende energie en masjinerie koste. Daarom moet die koste van voervervaardiging oorbrug word deur 'n verhoogde produksiedoeltreffendheid. Dit is al lankal bekend dat maal 'n voorvereiste is vir effektiewe vermenging van grondstowwe van 'n multi-komponent voer. Voerkoste verteenwoordig die hoof item van die koste van intesiewe diereproduksie. Voedingskudiges sal sonder twyfel voortgaan om voerprosessering te verfyn om so die koste van die rantsoen te verlaag en om die waarde van die rantsoen te verhoog vir die dier. Die moontlikhede is veelvuldig, maar die koste van elke ontwikkeling moet opgeweeg word teen verhoogde diereproduksie. Eksperiment 1: Die effek van voerprosesserings-tegnieke op speenvark groei en produksie 'n Proef is uitgevoer om die prosesseringseffek van 'n koolhidraat bron en voer op die groei van Landras x Groot Wit speenvarke (n=480) wat gespeen is op 28 ± 2 d te bepaal. Twee prosesserings-kombinasies van die koolhidraat bron en drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieet is in 'n 2 x 3 faktoriaal ontwerp uitgevoer. Die varkies is geblok volgens massa (oorspronklik 7.196 kg ± 2 kg) en toe ewekansig in I van 6 dieët behandelings ingedeel. Die proefdiëte is vir lO hokke varkies gevoer, elke hok het 8 varkies in gehad. Die twee hoof prosesserings-kondisies van die koolhidraat bron was rou of gaar mielies en die drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieët was meelof gaar of geëkstrueer. Geen koolhidraat prosesserings x dieët prosesserings interaksie van die dieët was opgemerk (P > 0.05) vir gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GOT), gemiddelde daaglikse voer inname (GDVI) of voer omset doeltreffendheid (VOD) nie. In die eksperiment was die VOD van die geëkstrueerde mielie dieët, statisties betekenisvol laer (P < 0.05) (1.57 vs.1.42) as die rou mielie dieët. Verpilling van die dieët het geen statisties betekenisvolle effek (P > 0.05) op GDV! gehad nie, maar die VOD was statisties betekenisvol (P < 0.05) beter (1.49 vs. 1.66) wanneer dit met die meel dieët vergelyk word. Ekstrusie van die dieët het geen statisties betekenisvolle effek op GOT en GOVI gehad nie, maar die VOD was statisties betekenisvol (P < 0.05) beter wanneer dit met die meel (1.34 vs. 1.66) en verpilde dieët (1.34 vs 1.49) vergelyk word. Eksperiment 2: Die effek van voer prosessering op vark metabolisme parameters 'n Eksperiment is uitgevoer op Landras x Groot Wit bere (n=24) om die effek van prosessering van 'n koolhidraat bron en voer te bepaal. Twee prosesserings-kombinasies van die koolhidraat bron en drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieët is in 'n 2 x 3 faktoriaal ontwerp uitgevoer. Ses diëte is geformuleer op 'n iso-nutriënt basis (14.48 MJ/kg metaboliseerbare energie (ME), 23.01 ru-proteïen (RP), 1.092% lisien, 0.742% metionien and sistien en 0.271 % tryptofaan op 'n droeë materiaal (DM) basis). Die varke is geblok volgens massa en ewekansig aan 1 van 6 diëte toegeken. Die koolhidraat bron was gaar of rou mielies en die diëte was meel, verpil of geëkstrueer. Geen koolhidraat-prosessering x dieet interaksie is opgemerk (P > 0.05) nie. In 'n metabolisme en stikstof (N) balans-studie is daar gevind dat DM verteerbaarheid, skynbare N verteerbaarheid, verteerbare energie (GE) en ME inhoud nie beduidend deur die behandelings beïnvloed word nie.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Lehmann, Maryna. "Replacing maize with barley in concetrates fed to jersey cows grazing on kikuyu/ryegrass pasture." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/181.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of the first study was to determine if barley could replace maize as an energy source in concentrates fed to dairy cows grazing on kikuyu/ryegrass pasture without affecting the milk production, milk composition, or cause metabolic disorders. Sixty Jersey cows, in early to mid lactation were randomly allocated to one of five treatments (n = 12) based on feeding concentrates with different ratios of maize to barley, ranging from 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, respectively. Concentrates contained 12 MJ ME kg -1 and 130g CP kg-1 DM and cows were fed 3 kg (as-is) concentrate after each milking for a period of 42 days (14-day adaptation and 28-day measurement). Cows strip-grazed the irrigated kikuyu/ryegrass pastures (15.7 ± 1.8 percent DM; 20.2 ± 4.3 percent CP; 44.7 ± 3.5 percent NDF). Milk weights were recorded daily and milk samples collected weekly and analyzed for milk fat and protein content. Body condition score and live weight were recorded at the start and end of the experimental period. Data of all the studies were subjected to a one-way ANOVA. Daily milk yield, FCM, MUN, milk fat yield, milk fat percent, protein yield, protein percent, live weight change, or body condition score change were not affected by treatment and values were 15.8 kg, 17.2 kg, 14.9 mg dl-1, 0.72 kg, 4.56 percent, 0.59 kg, 3.77 percent, 6.67 kg, and 0.15 BCS; 15.6 kg, 17.4 kg, 15.2 mg dl-1, 0.73 kg, 4.3 percent, 0.57 kg, 3.71 percent, 1.33 kg and 0.04 BCS; 17.2 kg, 17.9 kg, 15.2 mg dl-1, 0.74 kg, 4.36 percent, 0.63 kg, 3.71 percent, 0.33 kg and 0.08 BCS; 15.6 kg, 16.4 kg, 15.5 mg dl-1, 0.67 kg, 4.33 percent, 0.60 kg, 3.83 percent, -1.46 kg and 0.11 BCS; and 15.0 kg, 16.0 kg, 15.5 mg dl-1, 0.67 kg, 4.57 percent, 0.57 kg, 3.85 percent, 8.86 kg, and 0.05 BCS, respectively for the cows fed 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 maize to barley ratio concentrate. According to these results, barley can replace maize without significantly affecting the milk production or milk composition. None of the cows presented any visible symptoms of acidosis. As it was clear from the results in the first study that maize could replace barley the aim of study 2A was therefore focused on determining the effect of feeding different levels of such a barley-based (2.4, 4.8 or 7.2 kg cow-1day-1) concentrate, on milk production, milk composition and live weight change of Jersey cows on kikuyu/ryegrass pasture (23.1 ± 2.95 percent DM, 11.1 ± 0.11 percent CP, 60.8 ± 0.58 percent NDF). Forty-five Jersey cows (early- to mid lactation), were randomly allocated to one of three treatments (n = 15) involving different levels of concentrate (12 MJ ME and 130g CP kg-1 DM) feeding for a period of 42 days (14-day adaptation and 28-day measurement). Milk weights were also recorded daily, and milk samples collected weekly, and analyzed for milk fat and protein. Body condition score and live weight were recorded at the start and end of the experimental period. The results of this study indicated that increasing the concentrate level from 2.4 to 4.8 and 7.2kg cow-1day-1 did not increase the milk yield (14.0 kg, 15.2 kg, 14.4 kg; P = 0.19). The FCM production increased from 15.8 to 17.5kg (P = 0.04) as the concentrate level increased from 2.4 to 4.8kg cow-1day-1. Increasing the concentrate from 4.8 to 7.2kg cow-1day-1 did not result in a significant increase in FCM. The milk protein percent increased significantly from 3.4 - 3.6 percent when the concentrate feeding level was increased from 2.4 to 7.2kg cow-1day-1. The MUN levels were 17.09 mg dl-1, 16.03 5 mg dl-1, and 16.36 mg dl-1 for the 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2kg cow-1day-1 concentrate levels, respectively. This is well within the recommended MUN levels (12 – 18 mg dl-1) indicating that sufficient protein was fed to cows. Increasing the concentrate level from 4.8 to 7.2 kg cow-1day-1 did not increase production, probably due to a higher pasture substitution rate. Supplementing large quantities of rapidly fermentable grains, such as barley, can suppress rumen pH and may have a negative effect on the rate and extent of fibre digestion in the rumen. Therefore the aim of study 2B was not only to determine the effect of feeding different levels of a barley-based concentrate, on milk production, milk composition and live weight change, but was also to determine the effect of a low (4.8 kg cow-1day-1) versus a high (7.2 kg cow-1day-1) level of barley-based concentrate supplementation on ruminal DM and NDF degradability of Westerworld ryegrass sampled from the pastures that these cows were grazing on. Sixty Jersey cows (early- to mid lactation), were randomly allocated to one of three treatments (n = 20) involving different levels of concentrate feeding. Concentrate (12 MJ ME, 130g CP kg-1 DM) was fed at 2.4, 4.8 or 7.2 kg cow-1day-1 for a period of 74 days (14-day adaptation and 60-day measurement). These cows stripgrazed irrigated kikuyu/ryegrass pastures (14.7 ± 4.37 percent DM, 25.1 ± 1.53 percent CP, and 44.4 ± 2.58 percent NDF) at a daily pasture allocation of 10 kg DM cow-1. Milk weights were recorded daily and milk samples collected weekly and analyzed for milk fat and protein. Body condition score and live weight were recorded at the start and end of the experimental period. Twelve Jersey cows, fitted with ruminal cannulae, were randomly allocated to two of the three treatments in the production study and received either 2.4 or 7.2 kg cow-1 day-1, of the same barley-based concentrate, in a two-period crossover design. These cows strip-grazed the same irrigated kikuyu/ryegrass pastures as the sixty cows in the production study. Each period consisted of 21 days for adaptation and seven days for data collection. Rumen liquor samples were collected every 4 hours within a 24-hour cycle and repeated once. Rumen pH was measured immediately, recorded, and the supernatant fluid preserved and frozen, pending VFA analysis. The in situ nylon bag technique was used to determine DM and NDF degradation and dried samples of Westerworld ryegrass pasture were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 20, 30, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The data were fitted in the non-linear model p = a + b (1-exp-ct) (Ørskov & McDonald, 1979). Daily milk production, fat corrected milk, milk fat yield and milk fat percent were not affected by treatment and values were 17.3 kg, 18.4 kg, 0.76 kg and 4.42 percent; 19.0 kg, 20.0 kg, 0.82 kg and 4.35 percent; and 18.1 kg, 19.1 kg, 0.79 kg and 4.37 percent for the 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 kg cow-1 day-1 concentrate treatments, respectively. Milk protein percentage of cows on the 7.2 kg concentrate cow-1 day-1 was significantly higher than that of cows on 4.2 kg concentrate cow-1 day-1 feeding level. Live weight increased significantly as the level of concentrate feeding increased and values were 17.9 kg; and 28.9 kg on the 2.4 and 7.2kg concentrate treatment, respectively. There was a significant increase in the live weight of cows that were fed 7.2 kg cow-1 day-1 (as-is) in comparison to those cows that were fed 2.4 kg concentrate cow-1 day-1 (as-is). This may have resulted from more nutrients being partitioned to live weight gain rather than milk production. No further response in milk production was observed when concentrate daily feeding was increased from 4.8 to 7.2 kg cow-1 day-1. It is postulated that the higher concentrate allowance resulted in a higher substitution rate and lower DMI intake from pasture. 6 There was no significant decline in the rumen pH (6.2 ± 0.4 and 6.2 ± 0.5) when the concentrate level was increased from 2.4 to 7.2 kg cow-1 day-1 (as-is). The total VFA (118.1 ± 45.9 and 139.4 ± 45.6 mmol L-1) and isovalerate (0.009 ± 0.07 and 0.248 ± 0.52 mmol L-1) increased significantly when the concentrate was increased from 2.4 to 7.2 kg cow-1day-1. No other rumen parameters were affected by treatment. Ruminal DM and NDF degradability of the Kikuyu/ryegrass pature were not affected by the level of concentrate supplementation. An increase in the concentrate level from 2.4 to 7.2 kg cow-1day-1 did not reduce degradability of either DM (94.67 ± 5.97, 94.49 ± 5.09; P = 0.919) or NDF (92.15 ± 8.69, 94.4 ± 11.73; P = 0.451), respectively. Results of rumen parameters and PD values were within the range reported by Bargo et al., (2003), viz. pH 5.76 – 6.29, NH3-N concentration 8.7 – 32.2 mg dl-1, total VFA concentration 90.3 - 151.4 mmol L-1 and PD values 89.5 – 93.5 % reported by Bargo et al. (2003). According to these authors, there is no simple relationship between any amount of the concentrate supplemented, and the ruminal pH and concentrate feeding only affects the in situ ruminal digestion of pasture when it is fed, at quantities higher than 8 kg DM cow-1day-1 (Bargo et al., 2003).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Atkinson, Michael J. "A comparative study of feeding behavior in ambystoma." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/438082.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Torres-Acosta, Juan Felipe de Jesus. "Supplementary feeding and the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Yucatan, Mexico." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312983.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

De, Silva Lekamwasam L. S. S. K. "Poultry feeds prepared from fermented prawn waste silage." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28068.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of shrimp processing waste with other cheap raw materials such as cassava was studied as a potential low cost animal feed, specially in developing countries. The impact on the economies of the shrimp industry and possible effects on the environmental were taken into consideration in developing the project.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Francis, Tamson L. "The effects of differences in feeding regime and of export simulations on the growth of the abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3633_1258099775.

Full text

Abstract:

Beach-cast kelp (the most widely used feed for commercially grown South African abalone) is plentiful during winter months when periodic storms cause kelp to wash ashore. During summer, however, this resource is not always readily available and farmed abalone are often starved for short periods. The aim of this research was to assess how periodic kelp starvation influences growth of the commercially grown abalone, Haliotis midae Linnaeus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Issak, Ibrahim Haji. "Evaluation of dairy cattle rearing practices and feeding management strategies in selected commercial dairy farms in Nakuru district, Kenya." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25503.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Babane, Siviwe Elvis. "Towards understanding the effect of size variation on the aggressive and feeding behaviours ofjuvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59592.

Full text

Abstract:

Many studies have been conducted on the effect of size-grading in other fish species. However, there is a paucity of scientific information on the effects of size variation on cannibalism of juvenile dusky kob. Thus, a study focusing on the effect of size variation on juvenile dusky kob aggressive and feeding (browsing) behaviours was conducted. Three separate groups of hatchery-reared juvenile dusky kob of were obtained from Oceanwise (Pty) Ltd for use in a series of three experimental trials. In all trials, juvenile fish of the same age were size-graded and the COV-value was used to determine the size variation. The focal fish (largest fish) was exposed to groups of fish with different size variation for 30-min. behavioural observations before and after feeding in randomised trials. The first experimental trial (Chapter 2) quantified the effect of increasing size variation and observation time on the aggressive and browsing behaviours of juvenile dusky kob. On average, juvenile dusky kob weighed 3.60 ± 0.68 g fish-1 and measured 5.8 ± 0.41 mm. Each focal fish was observed (a) before feeding in the morning, (b) 2 h after feeding, (c) 6 h after feeding and (d) 12 h after feeding. Fish increased browsing behaviours (averaging 6.60 ± 0.56) and decreased intimidating aggressive behaviours (18.60 ± 1.39) 12 h after feeding. Other aggressive behaviours occurred but did not differ between observation times. Aggressive and browsing behaviours positively correlated with size variation variables, predominantly, 12 h after feeding. An average frequency of 19 chases were observed positively correlated with size variation, followed by average frequencies of 17 body bites and browses, and 11 tail bites per 30 min. Some behaviours including average frequencies of 0.2 chases, 4 tail bites, 2.4 intimidating and 0.3 browsing behaviours negatively correlated with the size variation, generally closer to the last meal. These preliminary observations thus showed that fish have become hungry approximately 6-12 h after feeding and substituted certain behaviours for others as time after feeding passed and as size variation increased. The second experimental trial (Chapter 3) consisted of the observations further testing the relationship between aggressive behaviours and size variation of juveniles of dusky kob averaging 0.43 ± 0.27 g fish-1. The focal fish was exposed to groups of fish of four size variation (COV) treatments for observations before and 12 h after feeding. Aggressive behaviours positively correlated with size variation both before and 12 h after feeding. An average frequency of 437 body bites positively correlated more often with COV, followed by average frequencies of 365 intimidating behaviours and 199 tail bites per 30 min., respectively, before and 12 h after feeding. The least often exhibited aggressive behaviours averaged 26 chases while positively correlating with size variation on the times specified. An average frequency of 311 intimidating behaviours before and after feeding including average of 28 tail bites after feeding negatively correlated with size variation. This may relate to shift of behaviours depending on the needs and capacity of the fish. Apparently, aggressive fish can change its behaviour as a function of COV-values rather than the mean size of the other fish. The third trial (Chapter 4) investigated the effect of the aggressor’s (focal fish) size in relation its aggressive and browsing behaviours to other fish (non-focal fish). Juvenile fish used for this trial, on average, weighed 30 ± 7.63 g fish-1. Aggressive and browsing behaviours were observed in four treatments of a) high COV and mean weight below, b) low COV and mean weight less, c) high COV and mean weight equivalent to and d) low COV and mean weight higher than that of the focal fish. Increased frequencies of aggressive and browsing behaviours per 30 min. occurred in treatment A, sharing similar frequencies in treatment C, compared to the other treatments (B and D) which shared certain frequencies. The intimidating behaviours predominated, followed by browsing, body bites, chases and tail bites, respectively. The results of the overall study suggest that the time passed after feeding and increasing size variation and differences facilitated aggressive and browsing behaviours in juvenile dusky kob. Dusky kob showed increasing aggressive behaviours as early as in the first two weeks after hatching, averaging 0.43 ± 0.27 g fish-1 with the frequency correlating with size differences. Consistent size-grading technique in the same-age fish should be used to manage size variation associated with aggressive behaviours. The period of about 4-6 h after feeding may explain the noticeable increased aggressive and browsing behaviours. Thus, fish should be fed immediately before or after evacuation of their guts to maintain less-aggressive behaviours of juvenile dusky kob. Fish generally increased aggressive and browsing acts before and long time after feeding than closer to after feeding. The study has provided the fundamental scientific groundwork for fish farmers and future researchers can further explore size variation, time after feeding and gut evacuation rate as critical components of aggressive behaviours. The scientific knowledge of aggressive and cannibalistic behaviours has essential application in farming management to achieve improved survival and growth rates in juvenile fish.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Gregory, Robert S. "Foraging behaviour and perceived predation risk of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in turbid waters." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30976.

Full text

Abstract:

I investigated the effect of turbidity on the foraging behaviour of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the laboratory. Specifically, I examined a behavioural "tradeoff" between visual ability and "perceived" risk. I assessed visual ability by measuring the reaction distance of juvenile Chinook to planktonic Artemia prey. I found Chinook exhibited a log-linear decline in reaction distance with increasing turbidity. To determine the effects of turbidity and microhabitat on foraging rate, I conducted separate experiments for surface (Drosophila), planktonic (Artemia), and benthic (Tubifex) prey across a range of turbidity levels (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg•L⁻¹). Foraging rates were reduced at higher turbidity conditions for all three prey. However, for surface and benthic prey, foraging rates were also low in clear water; highest rates were attained at intermediate turbidity levels (50-200 mg•L⁻¹). The degree to which intermediate turbidities were associated with higher foraging rates was size-dependent. Smaller individuals (150-57 mm FL) exhibited relatively higher foraging rates in clear conditions than did larger individuals. However, planktonic foraging rates by juveniles were consistently high in clear water, regardless of fish size. In experiments manipulating light level independent of turbidity, I allowed salmon to forage under conditions which were either turbid, or clear but with light intensity correspondingly reduced. Foraging rates were similar between the two treatments for planktonic prey, but differed for benthic and surface prey. Generally, foraging rates exhibited by juvenile Chinook salmon could not be explained on the basis of visual ability alone. I suggest that young salmon also exhibited foraging behaviour consistent with their perception of risk to predation. In arena experiments, juvenile Chinook distributed themselves randomly in turbid conditions; in clear conditions they associated with the bottom. When bird and fish predator models were introduced the fish altered their spatial distribution, occupying deeper regions regardless of turbidity. However, their response in turbid conditions was less marked and lasted for a shorter time. Turbidity apparently mitigated the perceived risk of predation in juvenile Chinook. I developed a conceptual tradeoff model that predicted the general effect of turbidity on foraging behaviour. Assuming differences in either prey quality or perceived risk of predation in three microhabitats (surface, water column, bottom), the model resolved the apparent dissimilarities between planktonic and other foraging behaviours. Perceived risk of Chinook to predation was significantly different between surface and water column microhabitats. When exposed to a non-visual "fixed-risk" stimulus (sound), salmon apparently perceived less risk as turbidity increased. I conclude that in turbid waters juvenile salmon exhibit foraging behaviour in a manner consistent with a tradeoff between their visual ability and perceived risk.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Emmerson, Derek Alan. "The effect of protein and energy self-selection on the reproductive performance of turkey hens." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53166.

Full text

Abstract:

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary self-selection of protein and energy on the reproductive performance of Large White turkey hens. The first study examined the effect of self-selection on reproductive performance during a production cycle that started in July and ended in December. Hens were maintained on one of two dietary regimes for a 20-week production cycle. Control birds were fed a conventional diet (18% crude protein, 2700 kcal/kg) which contained nutrients at levels recommended by the National Research Council (NRC, 1984). The remaining hens were allowed to select their diet from two feed sources: one relatively high in protein and low in energy (35% crude protein, 1850 kcal/kg) and the other relatively low in protein and high in energy (8% crude protein, 3220 kcal/kg). Hens fed the split diet produced an equal number of eggs as control hens but consumed significantly less feed (p≤.05). The diet that was selected contained approximately 40% less protein than the control diet (p≤.001) which resulted in significantly increased efficiency of protein utilization (eggs/kg protein) for hens fed the split-diet (p≤.001). In addition, the incidence of broodiness was significantly reduced in the split-diet treatment (p≤.10). Egg weight, fertility, hatchability and hatch of fertile eggs were not significantly effected by the dietary regimes. There was significantly greater body weight loss in hens fed the split-diet (p≤.05). Increasing trends in feed, energy, and protein consumptions were noted over the course of production. For this reason a second experiment was conducted to determine if these trends were the result of seasonal affects, due to changing ambient temperatures, or the result of changes in nutrient requirements of the turkey hen occurring with different stages of production. The second experiment was similar to Experiment 1 except that the production period started in March and ended in July. As in the first experiment, egg production was equal for hens in the two treatment groups. Feed intake and energy intake were not significantly different for hens fed the split and complete diets. However, as in the previous experiment, protein intake was significantly reduced in the split-diet treatment (p≤.001). The incidence of broodiness was again attenuated among split-fed birds (p≤.10). Average daily feed and energy intake appeared to decrease over the course of production which was presumed to be related to increasing ambient temperatures. As in the previous experiment, protein intake increased over the course of production despite increasing environmental temperatures. Therefore, the increased protein selection noted in these two experiments does not seem to be related to hot weather and may indicate an increased protein requirement in the later stages of egg production. Based on the finding that the incidence of broodiness was reduced among hens fed the split-diet, blood sera from hens in both experiments were analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL). Although the incidence of broodiness was significantly reduced among birds fed the split-diet, there was no significant difference in serum LH and PRL concentrations. Therefore, the reduction in the incidence of broodiness that was noted in these experiments was not correlated with changes in the blood concentration of these hormones.
Master of Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

SADIK, HAITHAM LOTFY. "EFFECTS OF LYSINE, TOTAL SULFUR AMINO ACIDS, AND TALLOW ON LAYING HEN PERFORMANCES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183845.

Full text

Abstract:

An experiment was conducted with laying hens to evaluate the effects of added lysine, methionine and tallow on laying hen performances. Twenty-four treatments were obtained as a result of supplementing the basal diets, which contained either 13.86% or 13.5% protein, with 4 levels of synthetic L-lysine Hcl and with 3 levels of DL-methionine. Each treatment was fed to 5 neplicates of four birds each for ten 28-day periods. Tallow was added at a level of 4% to the 13.5% protein diet. Significant improvements were obtained in egg production and in egg mass as a result of lysine and methionine supplementation. However, 4% added tallow significantly decreased egg production and egg mass. On the other hand, tallow exerted positive effects upon the efficiency of feed utilization only when the diets were adequate in both lysine and TSAA. Three response criteria were used to measure the daily intake of lysine and total sulfur amino acids which are methionine and cysteine (TSAA) required by laying hens; percent egg production, egg mass, and plasma free lysine and TSAA levels. The pattern of response suggested that the dietary lysine requirements were 718 and 709 mg/hen/day for egg production and egg mass respectively; and the dietary TSAA requirements were 616 and 626 mg/hen/day for egg production and egg mass respectively. Multiple regression analysis, which related the intake of these amino acids with hen performances showed numerical, but non-significant, differences than the above requirement values. Using plasma free lysine and TSAA as criteria, the requirements for lysine and TSAA obtained from regression analysis were 674.8 and 561.6 mg/hen/day respectively. Feed intakes and protein intakes were not significantly affected by either lysine or methionine supplementation. However, 4% added tallow significantly decreased feed intakes and protein intakes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Lumbuenamo, Sita Ntula. "Effects of age and diet on exocrine pancreas function and fat digestibility in poultry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184810.

Full text

Abstract:

Three experiments were conducted to study changes in exocrine pancreas function in relation to age, dietary fat and digestibility in poultry. In the first experiment, 120 White Leghorn and 120 Hubbard chicks were fed a basal diet with or without 5% animal fat. Total units of lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in pancreas increased linearly with age in Hubbards from 2 to 29 days, but plateaued after 16 days in Leghorns. Hubbards showed higher total pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities compared with Leghorns. Addition of 5% dietary fat significantly increased total lipase activity in pancreas, but decreased total amylase activity. Added fat had no well defined effect on total pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. Fat digestibility in Leghorns fed the low fat diet increased significantly from 14 to 30 days of age, but not in Leghorns fed the high fat diet; while Hubbards fed both diets showed a significant decrease in fat digestibility. Fat digestibility was increased with added fat in both breeds. No direct correlation was found between nutrient digestibility and corresponding enzyme activity. In the second experiment, 80 young White Leghorn hens were fed a basal diet with or without 5% animal fat. Fat supplementation did not generally significantly affect lipase activities, but total lipase activity in pancreas decreased after 10.6 and increased after 12.7 mo in pancreata of birds fed both diets and fed the high fat diet, respectively. Fat digestibility was not affected by age, but was higher with fat supplementation. In the third experiment, 96 older White Leghorn hens were fed a basal diet with or without 5% animal fat. Total pancreatic lipase activity showed a U-shaped curve with the lowest value at 15.7 mo and increased after 15.7 mo following either natural or force molting. Fat supplementation did not significantly affect lipase activities. Amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities decreased with age from 10.2 to 15.7 mo, but were increased with fat supplementation. Fat digestibility was not affected by age, but was significantly higher with fat supplementation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Aucamp, Barend Bernadus. "Byvoeding van skape op aangeplante weiding in 'n mediterreense klimaat." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/44.

Full text

Abstract:

Tydens embrio ontwikkeling groei weefsel deur selvermeedering, maar soos wat soogdiere volwassendheid nader vind groei net plaas deur sel vergroting. Volwassenheid word beskou as wanneer spiergroei ‘n maksimum bereik. Groei sluit die neerlegging van vet in, maar spiermassa is van primêre belang. Die groeikurwe (Fig 1) waarin massatoename teenoor ouderdom vergelyk word, volg ‘n sigmoidale kurwe (Owens et al, 1993). Onder ideale toestande is die groeitempo van lammers relatief konstant van kort na geboorte totdat die helfte van volwassemassa bereik word, waarna dit geleidelik afneem tot volwassenheid (Black, 1983). Die afname in groeitempo begin gewoonlik met die bereiking van puberteit (Owens et al, 1993).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Wong, Ka-hei, and 黃家禧. "Novel function of spexin as a satiety factor in feeding control." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207994.

Full text

Abstract:

Spexin (SPX), also called neuropeptide Q (NPQ), is a novel neuropeptide discovered recently using the bioinformatic approach. Except for mammals, SPX has not been reported in lower vertebrates including fish and amphibians. Following its discovery, the biological functions of this peptide in both higher and lower vertebrates are still largely unknown. To examine the structure and functions of SPX in fish model, molecular cloning of goldfish SPX has been performed and found to be highly comparable to its mammalian counterparts. In goldfish, broad expression of SPX transcripts has been found in various tissues. In vivo feeding studies have revealed that SPX mRNA levels in the telencephalon, optic tectum and hypothalamus of goldfish brain could be elevated by food intake. Brain injection of goldfish SPX, however, inhibited both basal and NPY- and orexin-induced feeding behaviour and food consumption. Similar treatment has also reduced transcript expression of NPY, AGRP and apelin with concurrent rises in CCK, CART, POMC, MCH and CRH mRNA levels in different brain areas examined. The differential effects of goldfish SPX on NPY, CCK and MCH transcript expression could also be noted in vitro in goldfish brain cell culture. In mice, SPX has been also found to be expressed within the brain-gut axis, including the stomach and specific neuronal subpopulations within the hypothalamus, including the ARC, PVN, DMN, and VMN. Similar to goldfish, feeding has shown to affect SPX mRNA and protein expression. Fasted animals have lower SPX mRNA in the stomach, and lower SPX protein levels in the serum and glandular stomach; the opposite effects have been noted in ad libitumfed animals. Both IP and ICV injection of SPX could produce a short-term feeding inhibitory effect. Furthermore, ICV administration of SPX could also downregulate hypothalamic expression of NPY, NPY5R, AGRP, and GHSR mRNA, and upregulate leptin receptor and MC4R gene expression concurrently. Taken together, these findings suggests that SPX may act as a satiety factor in vertebrate species. Apparently, SPX expression could be induced by feeding and the neuropeptide could act centrally to inhibit feeding by differentially regulating orexigenic and anorexigenic signals within the CNS.
published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

梁詠蓮 and Wing-lin Winny Leung. "Feeding behavior and serotonin metabolism in diet-induced obese rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31241980.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Goats – Feeds and feeding'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles