Academic literature on the topic 'Goats Leather'

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of breed or genotype and levels of concentrate on muscle composition and skin and leather quality characteristics. The three indigenous goat genotypes used were Bati, Hararghe highland (HH), and short-eared Somali (SS), (12/genotype) with an average initial weight of 15.2 ± 0.245 kg. The goats were all males ~1 year of age. After grouping based on their initial weight, they were randomly assigned to two levels of concentrate feeding (six goats per genotype per treatment) and fed for 90 days. The two concentrate feeding levels were C1 and C2, where goats were fed at 1% and 1.5% of their bodyweights, respectively. At the end of the study, all goats were slaughtered and samples were taken from the longissimus muscle for chemical composition analysis. The skins were weighed, preserved and processed into leather for physico-chemical analysis. The longissimus muscle of SS goats had higher (P < 0.05) fat content (7.01%) than Bati (6.05%) and HH (6.02%) goats. Feeding concentrate at 1.5% bodyweight increased carcass weights (P < 0.01), and increased the protein and fat contents of the longissimus muscle by ~5.4% and 3.5%, respectively. Similarly, goats under C2 feeding group had heavier skin than those under C1. However, Bati and HH goats produced 250 g more heavier leather than SS goats. Leathers made from skins of HH goats were thicker (1.56 mm) than those from Bati (1.32 mm) and SS goats (1.23 mm). Leathers from SS goats tended to have lower (P = 0.07) tear strength and higher (P = 0.05) fat content than those from Bati and HH goats. Goats fed C2 produced leathers with higher (P < 0.05) tear strength (51.6 N/mm) and fat content (6.2%) than those fed C1. In conclusion, the study revealed that the meat obtained from the three goat types had low to medium fat content that can meet the needs of diversified consumers. Moreover, they produced quality leather comparable to the quality standard set for good quality leather despite leathers from SS goats tending to have lower tear strength and higher fat content.

This study evaluated the potential of two goat types (hairy and cashmere) for quality and quantity of skin and leather production. Goat skins (200: males n = 80, and females n = 120) of two age groups (<1 year, n = 80; and 1–5 years, n = 120) representing two genotypes (hairy and cashmere) were used. There were significant differences between hairy and cashmere goats for skin area (43.7 ± 0.9 and 41.8 ± 0.9 dm2; P = 0.04). Cashmere goat leather had significantly higher values for thickness (1.01 ± 0.01 vs 0.96 ± 0.01 mm; P = 0.05) and percentage extension (66.4 ± 0.9 vs 63.1 ± 0.9%; P = 0.04) than hairy goat leather. There were no type effects on leather weight (P = 0.3), area or dimension (P = 0.6–0.1), breaking force (P = 0.8), or tensile strength (P = 0.06). Male goats had significantly (P < 0.0001) heavier skins (1288 ± 26.4 vs 804 ± 23.3 g) with greater area (49.2 ± 0.9 vs 35.3 ± 0.9 dm2) and greater thickness at all sites measured than females. In addition, male goats had significantly (P < 0.0001) heavier leather (568.1 ± 13.5 vs 321.2 ± 11.6 g) with greater area (71.4 ± 0.9 vs 53.8 ± 0.9 dm2), length (96.3 ± 1.1 vs 83.1 ± 0.9 cm), and width (65.4 ± 0.7 vs 60.8 ± 0.6 cm). Leather from male goats had significantly (P < 0.0001) higher breaking force (32.9 ± 0.8 vs 23.2 ± 0.7 kg), tensile strength (296.5 ± 5.6 vs 264.2 ± 4.9 kg force/cm2), and percentage extension (68.5 ± 1.0 vs 61.0 ± 0.9%) than females. Adult goats had significantly heavier (P < 0.0001) skins and leather with greater (P < 0.0001) area and greater (P = 0.0006–< 0.0001) leather thickness at all sites measured than kids. Leather from adult goats had significantly higher values for breaking force (29.6 ± 0.7 vs 26.5 ± 0.8 kg; P = 0.001) and percentage extension (66.6 ± 0.9 vs 62.9 ± 1.0%; P = 0.006), but tensile strength was not significantly different (283.6 ± 5.1 vs 276.4 ± 5.1 kg force/cm2; P = 0.3). The region of sampling had significant (P < 0.0001) effects on physical properties of goat leather. The skin form hip, top shoulder, and back regions had highest thickness, followed by the rib and belt. Leather samples from shoulder showed significantly greater (P < 0.0001) breaking force and tensile strength (31.7 ± 0.7 kg, 313.4 ± 4.6 kg force/cm2) than hip (24.7 ± 0.7 kg, 226.6 ± 4.6 kg force/cm2) and rib (25.4 ± 0.7 kg, 294.4 ± 4.6 kg force/cm2), but had less extension (59.0 ± 0.9 vs 68.0 ± 0.9 and 65.4 ± 0.9%; P < 0.0001). Samples taken parallel to the backbone had significantly (P < 0.0001) higher force and strength (31.2 ± 0.7 kg, 314.3 ± 4.3 kg force/cm2) than perpendicular samples (23.4 ± 0.7 kg, 241.9 ± 4.3 kg force/cm2), although they showed smaller (P < 0.0001) percentage extension (59.9 ± 0.9, 68.4 ± 0.9%). Phenotypic correlation estimates among studied traits ranged from +0.4 for physical characteristics of leather with weight and area to +0.9 among weight, area, and thickness of skin and leather. This study showed that skin and leather differences were greater between males and females, and between kids and adults, than between hairy and cashmere goats.

The study included the investigation of fungi which associated with heavy animal's leather (Cows and Buffalos) and light (Sheep’s and Goats )through different processing stages (raw hides ,dehairing ,pickling,chrome tanned and stainning or finished stages)there were 10 genera and 25 species in addition to sterile fungi associated with animal leathers which included Alternaria ,Aspergillus,Cladosporium,Fusarium, Mucor , Penicillium , Rhizopus , and Trichoderma .Aspergillus and Penicillium have observed in all leather samples and different processing stages, and that the first time isolate two genera Helminthosporium , Stemphylium form leather for staining stage.

The tanning process is important in stabilizing the collagen structure of the derma. Сhrome tanning is the traditional option. The basic chromium sulfate is used in the production of 80% of leather in use. A peculiarity of chromium tanning turns out to be an inefficient use of chromium compounds, since almost 40% of tannins remain in wastewater. Considering the disadvantages of using chromium compounds, scientific research on the replacement and use of rather eco-friendlier substances has been conducted for a long time. One of the directions of ecologization of leather manufacturing is the use of modified montmorillonite dispersions in various technological processes such as tanning, filling, dyeing, fat-liquoring, etc. Researches have been aimed at identifying the feasibility of making leather for the uppers of children’s shoes from different types of leather raw materials using modified dispersions of montmorillonite at the stage of tanning. According to the technology of making leather, cattle (medium heifer), goat and sheep skins were used for the upper of the shoes. The analysis of leather quality indicators from different types of raw materials obtained with the use of chromefree tanning. It is proved that hides from raw materials of goats and sheepskins in comparison with cattle are characterized by increased yield area by 3.5-7.2 %, thickness by 0.8-2.6 %, volume yield by 4.5-6.1 % and uniformity of quality indicators in different topographic areas. The level of indicators of physical and mechanical, hygienic properties and chemical composition of leather of different types of raw materials is almost identical within the requirements of regulatory documents. It is advisable to use for children’s shoes leather from raw goat and sheepskin given the peculiarities of the manufacture of children’s shoes, dimensional characteristics of parts, requirements for dimensional stability and shape conservation.

Uganda is transforming her leather value chain to a modern and competitive sub-sector, aiming at production of value-added leather materials and leather products from the abundant raw hides and skins at the slaughter houses and abattoirs. The challenge though is the exportation of about 95% of the wet blue product, which is the only processed leather material for export from Uganda. More still, the quantity of wet blue produced and exported from Uganda stands at 1.08 million pieces from hides and 2.01 million pieces from goats and sheep skins amounting to 17.28 m sq. ft and 7.04m sq. Ft, respectively. In total this translates to about 24.32m sq. ft of finished leather if it was to be processed from within Uganda. Taking an average square foot of 2.5 sq. ft per pair of shoes, then this output would give about 9.73m pairs of leather shoes. Since Uganda needs about 25 m pairs of leather shoes per annum, it implies that there would be a deficit of about 16.88 m pairs of shoes per annum. This deficit has been covered by importing about 0.5 m pairs of leather shoes per annum and about 23.5 m pairs of synthetic leather shoes and second-hand shoes combined. Now Uganda exports about 24.32 m sq. ft worth of leather (about 9.73m pairs of shoes) and imports about 0.5 m pairs of leather shoes which is a sixteenth of what is exported. Exportation of unfinished products for processing elsewhere goes with jobs and services as well. For this reason, wet blue product made in Uganda need to be further processed in the country to avail leather and leather products, service like Design Studios, facilities, e.g., incubation centers and jobs. The information about tanneries was obtained by use of a questionnaire in which respondents were tannery industry production managers. In addition, documentary review of the world population on Uganda, Ministry of Trade Industry and Cooperatives (MTIC) abstracts and UBOS census 2014 reports were also used as the source of data. According to the Uganda census 2014, the country’s primary and secondary going children are 10,113,201 students. If for example these students wear leather shoes at 35,000/= per pair per annum then the leather Sector would earn 353bn UGX per annum. This contribution would be about 56 times that which tourism is contributing towards the GDP of Uganda, implying that the leather sector in Uganda, if emphasised could stimulate economic growth of the country.

AbstractSheep and goats occupy a premier place in the livestock industry and contribute significantly to the world economy. Their populations are threatened by a number of health hazards, among the most notable of which are goat pox and sheep pox. These diseases inflict substantial losses in terms of reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. They pose a major obstacle to the intensive rearing of sheep and goats and considerably hamper international trade. A comprehensive knowledge of goat pox and sheep pox would help in the diagnosis, prevention and control as well as the management of these diseases in a proper and effective manner. Although the two diseases are easily identified from the clinical signs and host species affected, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. A battery of simple but highly efficient diagnostic methods and reagents is available for goat pox and sheep pox. However, the best way to control these diseases is the prophylactic immunization of all susceptible animals with a potent and efficacious vaccine, especially in areas where these diseases are endemic.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL), a contagious infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, stands out with great economic relevance for goat breeding in the country because it is one of the main causes of carcass condemnation and intense depreciation of the leather of small ruminants. The objective was to carry out a descriptive study of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of CL in goats in the state of Pernambuco and also to evaluate the detection of C. pseudotuberculosis in milk, blood, and stool samples by real-time PCR. Six hundred and forty-three goats were evaluated, of which 76 (11.8%) presented clinical signs suggestive of CL. And 88.9% (24/27) of the breeding was considered focus. Among symptomatic animals, 25 were selected and submitted to the collection of abscess content for bacteriological isolation. Milk, blood, and stool samples were analyzed for PLD gene detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of the 25 samples of abscess content, 72% (18/25) were positive. The PLD gene was detected in the frequencies of 8% (2/25) and 4% (1/25) in milk and blood samples, respectively. Caseous lymphadenitis is possibly widespread in the dairy herds of goats in the state of Pernambuco, especially in adult animals, with a higher occurrence of submandibular lymph node abscesses. The preliminary detection of C. pseudotuberculosis by mammary and hematogenous pathways may contribute to future approaches on the mechanisms of organic dissemination performed by the pathogen. However, it has little relevance to diagnosing the disease.

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Nas últimas décadas, com o crescimento populacional e os avanços tecnológicos ocorridos, houve aumento significativo da pressão sobre a flora nativa de muitas regiões, em diferentes partes do mundo, inclusive na região semi-árida do Brasil (Caatinga), nas mais variadas formas, destacando-se a produção de lenha e de carvão vegetal e, utilização das cascas do angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Gris.) Alts.) como curtente vegetal para a produção de couros. A exploração florestal tem ocorrido sem atender a quaisquer dos preceitos para o regime de manejo sustentável, fazendo com que a preocupação com o uso indiscriminado das florestas aumente que, como consequência, resultará no surgimento de áreas degradadas. Apesar da importância da vegetação da Caatinga como fonte de energia e para a produção de taninos (cascas) é grande a carência de informações, principalmente, tecnológicas sobre os temas. Reconhecendo a importância do ecossistema Caatinga para a Região Nordeste do Brasil, a necessidade de maior conhecimento sobre a sua flora, bem como a escassez de pesquisas nesta área, o desenvolvimento desta tese teve como objetivos contribuir com a disponibilização de informações sobre o potencial para a produção de extratos tânicos (taninos vegetais) a partir de espécies florestais da Caatinga e avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização dos extratos obtidos para utilização no processo de curtimento de peles caprinas, para a produção de couros. Pretendeu-se assim, contribuir para redução da pressão antrópica sobre a espécie florestal angicovermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), que ocorre de forma mais acentuada na mesorregião do Cariri paraibano, por meio do desenvolvimento de pesquisas tecnológicas de utilização dos extratos tânicos (taninos vegetais) das espécies juremapreta (Mimosa tenuiflora) e jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) no processo de curtimento de peles caprinas. Pretendeu-se ainda, analisar a viabilidade técnica da utilização dos extratos tânicos das espécies, por meio das características físicomecânicas dos couros produzidos. Os extratos tânicos das espécies jurema-preta e jurema-vermelha produziram couros com bom aspecto e de coloração clara, com boa maciez e flexibilidade, e apresentaram características físico-mecânicas superiores as produzidas com o extrato de angico-vermelho. O extrato tânico da espécie jurema-preta foi superior aos extratos das demais espécies. O extrato de jurema-vermelha foi superior ao de angico-vermelho, tendo se igualado no quesito alongamento e apenas na direção paralela. Com relação às características relativas à flor, novamente o extrato tânico da espécie jurema-preta demonstrou-se superior aos demais, tanto na distensão como para a resistência à ruptura da flor. O extrato de jurema-vermelha foi superior ao de angicovermelho apenas para a distensão da flor, enquanto que para a resistência à ruptura da flor eles se equivalem, com pequena superioridade numérica para o de juremavermelha. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem concluir que é tecnicamente possível promover uma significativa redução da pressão antrópica sobre a espécie florestal angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), por meio da substituição do uso de cascas de angico-vermelho por extratos tânicos obtidos das espécies jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) e jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) no processo de curtimento de peles caprinas para a produção de couros.
In recent decades with population growth and technological advances that have occurred a significant increase pressure on the native flora in many regions in different parts of the world including semi-arid region of Brazil (Caatinga) in varied ways, there is the production of firewood and charcoal, and use the bark of angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Gris.) Alts.) as vegetable tanning agent for leather production. The logging has occurred without regard to any of the provisions for the sustainable management regime causing concern about the indiscriminate use of forests that increase as a consequence result in the appearance of degraded areas. Despite the importance of the Caatinga vegetation as a source of energy and the production of tannins (bark) is a great lack of information mainly on technological issues. Recognizing the importance of the Caatinga ecosystem in the northeastern region of Brazil the need for more knowledge about its flora as well as the scarcity of research in this area developing this thesis aimed to contribute to the provision of information about the potential for production of tannin extracts (tannins) from the Caatinga forest species and evaluate the technical feasibility of the use of extracts for use in the process of tanning hides of goats for the production of leather. It was intended thus contribute to reducing human pressure on forest species angicovermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil) which occurs more steeply in the Cariri region through the development of technological research for the use of tannin extracts (tannins) from the species jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) and jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) in the process of tanning goat production. The intention was also to examine the technical feasibility of the use of tannin extracts of species by means of physical and mechanical properties of leather produced. The tannin extracts of the jurema-preta and jurema-vermelha species produced leather look good and light coloring with good softness and flexibility and showed physical and mechanical properties superior to those produced with the extract of the angico-vermelho. The tannic extract of the Jurema’s species was superior to the extracts of other species. The tannic extract of the jurema-vermelha was superior to that of angico-vermelho and equaled only in the elongation in the parallel direction. With respect to characteristics related to flower again the tannic extract the jurema’s species shown to be superior to others much as in strain to the tensile strength of the flower. The extract the juremavermelha was superior to the angico-vermelho only to distend the flower while for the tensile strength of the flower they are equal with a slight numerical superiority for a jurema-vermelha. The survey results support the conclusion that it is technically possible to promote a significant reduction of anthropogenic pressure on forest species angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), by substituting the use of angico-vermelho bark for the tannin extracts obtained by species jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) and jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) in the process of tanning goat skins for leather production.