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Tariq, Muhammad. "Opportunities for Improving Feed Use Efficiency for Sustainable Dairy Production in Pakistan." Proceedings 73, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ieca2020-08826.
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Buffalo and cattle are main dairy animals of Pakistan, making 30% of the total livestock. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%, followed by cattle (27%), rest (5%) by sheep, goats, and camels. They are kept both in rural as well as peri-urban dairy production systems. These dairy animals mostly strive on low-quality feed stuffs including roughages and crop-residues with poor nutritive value resulting in poor production and reproduction performance. Recent investigations and published data show that there is also an issue of unjustified feeding without considering the production and physiological stages of dairy animals, resulting in overfeeding of non-productive and under-feeding of productive animals, leading to poor feed use efficiency. There is also no separate feeding system for different classes of dairy animals. Furthermore, in the prevailing dairy production scenario, there is absence of an efficient feeding system especially devised for growing heifers (kept as replacement herd) keeping in view their feeding requirements that could reduce their age at puberty with a significant reduction in the cost of feeding. Similarly, the introduction of milk replacer and early weaning of calves are very effective ways without any adverse effects on growth when given free access to good quality calf starter, and it could add to dairy economics. Fodder scarcity during the winter months (November to January) and summer (May–June) in Pakistan is another big constraint toward sustainable dairying. It is concluded that more efficient feed utilization in these dairy production systems could be achieved by developing innovative approaches and solutions (hay and silage making) to fight these scarcity periods and developments in dairy nutrition, like the establishment of nutrient requirements for dairy animals for local dairy breeds, adopting group feeding practices of dairy animals according to the stage of lactation and production status, and proper feeding systems for growing heifers and effective milk replacer feeding for calves. These practical and innovative steps could effectively lead to sustained dairy production in Pakistan.
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Farooq, Umar, Munir Ahmad, and Ikram Saeed. "Enhancing Livestock Productivity in the Desert Ecologies of Pakistan: Setting the Development Priorities." Pakistan Development Review 48, no. 4II (December 1, 2009): 795–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.795-820.
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Livestock is now sharing by more than 53 percent of total agricultural value added in Pakistan. Identifying and developing the potential areas of livestock production is part of the overall development strategy for this sector while rural poverty alleviation is a major concern of Pakistan’s overall development policy. Our major livestock production systems are grazing, stall-fed and grazing-cum-stall-fed based. Grazing based livestock farming is economical and customary system in mountainous, rainfed, deserts and salinity affected areas. The livestock herders of desert areas deserve special attention of the policy-makers because of their most deprived living conditions as majority is living below poverty line by all poverty measuring standards. The present study is aimed to generate an updated synthesis based on empirical knowledge about status of livestock farming in desert ecologies of Pakistan. The results show that the average herd sizes maintained by the herders is fairly large to cover losses due to drought, disease and other epidemics. The human and physical capital endowments of the farmers are generally poor. Other common characteristics are: major dependence on natural vegetation with limited supply of fodder, more physical exertion of animals during grazing, poor animal health, practicing natural method of breeding, low milk and meat productivity, highly limited livestock and milk marketing opportunities, etc. The stall feeding is mainly composed of dry stalks and straws of different crops along with a small quantity of food grains. On marketing side, because of location and lack of infrastructure support, milk marketing opportunities are meager, therefore, it is converted into desi ghee—a value added and preserved form which is sold in nearby town markets. In marketing of live animals, the farmers are always exploited by beoparies. On average herd size, the net monthly income in Cholistan desert from cattle (for milk), sheep and goats farming (for meat purpose) was Rs 10128, Rs 990 and Rs 508, respectively; for Thal desert the corresponding estimates were Rs 457, Rs 359 and Rs 552, respectively; and for Tharparkar, the corresponding estimates are Rs 918, Rs 3221 and Rs 331, respectively. There is a strong need of prioritising development efforts for desert ecologies. High priority areas include efforts for increasing availability of rangeland vegetation and green fodder, improvement in the genetic potential of local livestock breeds, provision of more efficient livestock health coverage, and establishment of milk collection centres of milk processing plants. The low priority areas include designing regulatory framework for milk and livestock marketing, programs for human capacity building, facilitating through institutional credit, and different incentives for the veterinary staff posted in such areas. JEL classification: Q130, Q190, Q200 Keywords: Desert, Tharparkar, Thal, Cholistan, Livestock Farming, Livestock Feeding Patterns, Feed Composition, Livestock Trade Intensity, Priority Setting.
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Aman Ullah, Haq, Aneela Zameer Durrani, Muhammad Ijaz, and Aqeel Javeed. "Aflatoxin B1 Contamination Status of Concentrate Feeds of Dairy Goats in Lahore, Pakistan." Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 32, no. 2 (May 19, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2016/32.2.57.61.
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Chagan, Farida Karim, Sidra Malik Fayyaz, and Iram Saddiqa Aamir. "BREAST FEEDING OUTCOME." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 06 (June 10, 2016): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.06.1620.
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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of prelacteal feeding among mothers ofPakistan and to find out the various concepts behind this practice and fundamentally to establishthe association of prelacteal feeding with breastfeeding outcomes. Background: In Pakistan,many efforts have been done to emphasize the nutritional importance and adequacy of breastmilk for the newborns. Despite such efforts, it has been witnessed on multiple occasions thatprior to the commencement of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeds are introduced by the mothers totheir young ones. Prelacteal feed (PLF) are food supplements that are given to newborns orally.Design: Qualitative, descriptive, cross sectional Survey. Setting: The Lady Dufferin Hospital(LDH) and Jinnah Medical College hospital (JMCH). Methods: Study includes 400 Mothersincluding young mothers and data was collected with use of a pre-assessed authenticatedquestionnaire. Results: A large group of, both educated and uneducated, mothers knew aboutPLF administration (90.5%). Out of these, 70% mothers routinely give prelacteal feeds, withreadymade ghutti and honey being the most widely used supplements, 19.5% and 37.2%respectively .However their reasons for doing so differed significantly. Family tradition (27.8%)and religious credence (21.8%) are the most popular reasons for practicing prelacteal feeding.The other minor reasons are breast milk insufficiency, prevention of dehydration, hypoglycaemia,preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for digestion and to quench thirst. However, majorityof the subjects were aware of the benefits of breastfeeding and 99% mothers breastfed theirchildren. Conclusions: Regardless of the fact that mothers understand the significance ofbreast milk, most mothers routinely and unnecessarily give prelacteal feeds. Therefore, mothersshould be discouraged for the unsafely administration of prelacteal feeds and re-emphasizedabout the importance and nutritional adequecy of breastfeeding.
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Goonewardene, L. A., A. Suleiman, and E. K. Okine. "Effect of feeding different physical forms of diets on performance and carcass traits of goats." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-085.
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Feding different physical forms of diets on performance and carcass traits of goats was studied. Thirty-six wethers were fed total mixed diets of either whole or rolled barley mixed with grass-alfalfa hay either chopped to 2.5 or 5 cm lengths. No differences (P > 0.05) in ADG (76.6 to 84.8 g d-1), feed intake (0.92 to 1.01 kg d-1), F:G (12.2 to 13.1 kg kg-1), hot carcass weight (13.5 to 14.1 kg), dressing %, (45.0 to 45.7%) and ribeye area (10.9 to 13.1 cm2) were observed among goats fed the four dietary combinations. Key words: Processing, feeds, goats, performance, carcass
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Muhammad, M. S., M. S. Khan, and A. Waheed. "Assessment of feeding and watering practices for raising goats in Punjab, Pakistan." Tropical Agricultural Research 26, no. 4 (November 20, 2015): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v26i4.8136.
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Yousuf, M. B., and A. A. Adeloye. "Performance response in goats fed shed leaves (Vitellaria paradoxa-, Gmelina arborea- and Daniella oliveri-) based diets." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 38, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v38i1.2397.
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The present study was conceived with the aim of encouraging utilization of environmental wastes in the form of shed tree leaves for livestock feeds production. Three complete isonitrogenous (15.45 ± 0.17 % CP) diets, each constituted from shed leaves of Vitellaria paradoxa, Gmelina arborea or Daniella olliveri tree plus corn bran, soy bean meal, bone meal and sodium chloride, were evaluated through laboratory and nutritional studies for their suitability as complete diets for goat production. The diets were analyzed for dry matter and chemical contents while their feeding values were assessed in a 56-day growth and nutrients digestibility trial with goats. The three shed leaves-based diets were found to be similar in dry matter content but differed (P < 0.05) in the levels of crude protein, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), calcium, phosphorous and condensed tannins. Results from the feeding trial indicated significant (P < 0.05) effects of treatments on feed intake, body weight gain and nitrogen retention in the goats. Goats on Gmelina shed leaves-based diet gained in body weight at a slower rate (P < 0.05) than the other treatment groups. No adverse effect on the general well being and behaviour of goats attributable to treatments was discernible during the 56-day feeding trial. Results of both the laboratory and feeding trials confirmed the hypothesis that each of the three shed leaves could be utilized to provide nutrients for goat production. In terms of feeding values to the goats the dried forages were ranked in the order: Vitellaria > Daniella > Gmelina
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Adu, I. F., and C. U. Osuhor. "The Utilization Of Complete Diets Containing Soyabean Haulms By Goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 20 (January 5, 2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v20i.2102.
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Sixteen Yearling Red Sokoto goats were used to determine the effect of complete diet feeding on intake and nutrient utilization of diets based on soyabean haulm. Three diets in which soyabean haulm constituted 40, 50 and 60% of the mixture were compared with a control diet in which soyabean haulm was offered separately but supplemented with a concentrate mixture. Total feed intake, liveweight gain and feed efficiency were significantly (PO.05) better in goats fed complete diets particularly at the 40 and 50 levels of soyabean haulm inclusion. The results of the study showed that the utilization of soyabean haulın can be further enhanced by mixing it with other concentrate feeds.
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LASHARI, MH, I. AHMAD, S. MASOOD, U. FAROOQ, M. ANAM, MS AKHTAR, AA FAROOQ, S. LEGHARI, M. NAEEM, and M. NAWAZ. "Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Pregnant and Lactating Goats in Rangeland of Cholistan Desert, Bahawalpur, Pakistan." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 2781. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26765.
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Jattal goats (n=90) of approximately 2-6 years of age being reared in Cholistan desert of Pakistan were studied during January to December, 2015 to examine the alterations in hematochemical parameters of Jattal goats at different reproductive phases while feeding on natural vegetations of desert areas of Cholistan. These were divided into three equal groups (non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating). Blood samples were collected by jugular vein puncture from goats of these three groups. Hematological parameters, white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), granulocytes (GRA), red blood cells ( RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit ( HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration ( MCHC) and red cell distribution width RDW were recorded. The results obtained revealed that all these parameters were generally lower in non-pregnant goats. The study revealed that significant higher values of hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were observed in the lactating goats (P<0.05). Pregnant goats showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher values of leucocytes (WBC) than lactating and non-pregnant goats. Plasma sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentration were markedly lower in lactating goats. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly lower in pregnant goats. The Plasma concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in pregnant goats. In conclusion in present study changes in some hematochemical parameters have been determined in pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating goats of Jattal breed.
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Chiu, Yi-Chich, Wei-Chih Tsai, and Gang-Jhy Wu Wu. "Developing an Automated Feeding System for Distributing Concentrated Goat Feed." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 2 (2020): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13546.
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Highlights An automatic feeding system, employing a suspended-type feed dispenser and capable of detecting different zones and accordingly adjusting the quantity of feed distributed, was designed for distributing concentrated feed to goats.The assigned tasks were satisfactorily completed by the system with no major malfunctions or problems.The farmer of the test barn reported a 10% increase in lactation quantity with no additional labor.The automatic feeding system is a means of resolving the labor shortage problem and achieving an improved feeding strategy for goat husbandry.Abstract. To resolve the labor shortage problem and to achieve better feeding strategy for goat husbandry in Taiwan, an automatic feeding system (AFS) was developed. Because of the relatively small scale of Taiwanese goat farms, goats at various growth stages are kept in the same barn but separated into zones. Different concentrated feed formulas are needed for goats at different growth stages. The majority of goat farms in Taiwan adopt elevated-floor-type barn. The zone-separating fences and the meshed floors hinder the application of walking-type feed dispenser. Corresponding to the farming conditions, the AFS was designed to use suspended-type feed dispenser and is capable of detecting different zones and adjusting the distribution proportion accordingly. This system comprises a feed bucket and distribution unit, a suspended feed bucket moving unit, and a sensor control unit. A programmable logic controller is used as the controller. Electric power needed to move the dispenser and to power other devices is translated through a conductor rail system, and the control signals are transmitted using wireless transceivers. The feed bucket incorporates two sub-buckets for different types of feed and distributes different proportions and quantities of feed at different times according to the feeding zone. A vibrating motor was used to prevent bridging and jamming of feeds inside feed buckets. The system was also equipped with ultrasonic sensors to detect the quantity of feed remaining in the buckets and proceeded with an automatic refilling procedure when the quantity remaining is too low. A maximum of 12 time periods for feeding can be scheduled daily. Functional tests results showed that the AFS could achieve the design goals, which include evenly dispensing various proportion concentrated feeds according to the zones, at several set disperser travelling speeds. The vibrating motor could realize zero feed remaining in the feed buckets. Field tests were carried out in a 55- × 10-m goat barn with 385 goats for six months. The barn was divided into six zones. Goats were fed 8 times per day, four times as much as compared to the conventional feeding scheme, with preset amounts of concentrated feed distributed per goat per meal. Field test results indicated that the AFS could satisfactorily fulfill the assigned tasks with no major malfunction or problem. In addition, the farmer of the test barn reported a 10% increase of lactation quantity with no additional labor after using the system for 1 year. This system proved to be feasible, have practical value and commercial potential. An extensive application of this system in the future is expected to resolve the labor shortage that besets goat farming. Keywords: Automatic, Goat farm, Labor saving, Smart agriculture.
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Lachia, M., J. F. Aguilera, and Late C. Prieto. "Energy expenditure related to the act of eating in Granadina goats given diets of different physical form." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 3 (March 1997): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970042.
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The energy cost of eating was measured in four goats averaging 38 kg and fitted with rumen cannulas. Heat production (HP) was estimated in each goat over restricted periods of approximately 15 min while standing and eating continuously in a confinement respiration chamber. The animals were given feeds of different nature and physical form ranging from shrubs to concentrates. The energy cost of eating was calculated from the increment in HP above the average HP during the prefeeding period. The energy cost was related to the type and amount of feed consumed and also to the time spent eating. In a parallel experiment, similar amounts of the feeds eaten normally (oral feeding) were introduced into the rumen through a fistula. The increases in HP during and after fistula-feeding were negligible, which indicates that all of the increase in HP during eating is to be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se, mainly to theact of food prehension, mastication and propulsion in the alimentary tract. The rate of ingestion (g DM/min) ranged from 6·3 for fresh cut lucerne (Medicago sativa) to 46-99 for concentrates. The energy cost of eating (J/kg body weight (BW) per g DM) averaged 7·08 for fresh cut lucerne, 9·02 for roughages and 1·55 for concentrates and was 2·24 and 4·75 for pelleted and chopped lucerne hay respectively. When theenergy cost was expressed as a function of time spent eating, it ranged from 45 to 144 J/kg BW per min, depending on the physical form of the feed.
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Choudhury, Md Panir, Anguara Khatun, Md Shamsul Hossain, and Farukul Islam. "Feeding and breeding management system of goat at central and southern regions of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2016): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27562.
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Data were collected to study the feeding and breeding management system of goat from the villages of Mymensingh, Barguna and Patuakhali districts in Bangladesh through direct interviewing method using a pre-structured questionnaire. The research work was conducted from June to July 2014. Most of the goat rearing farmers in central and southern region of Bangladesh reared goats in semi-intensive system and kept their goats at goats house. Farmers took winter care and took bath of their goats during summer. Maximum farmers (82%) of central region supplied concentrate feed but 61% farmers of southern region did not supply concentrate to their goat. Farmers (82%) of central region provided particular feeder but 67.7% farmers of southern region did not provide feeder during concentrate feeding. Tube well (84%) was the main source of water of goat at central part of Bangladesh. But main sources of water in southern region were (46.3%) tube well and (51.2%) pond. All farmers of central region did not keep buck but only 19.5% farmers of southern region kept buck for breeding their female goat. Ninety two percent famers of central part of Bangladesh and 70.7% farmers of southern region used village buck for breeding their does. All buck keeping farmers at central region received service charge during breeding and they also practiced close breeding method. Most of (73.2%) the buck keeping farmers at southern region of Bangladesh received service charge of buck and they did not practice close breeding system. So, the present study might be suggested that farmers at central region were more careful of their goats in terms of feeds, feeding, water sources selection and watering but farmers at southern region were more aware about buck keeping and inbreeding depressions in their goats.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 9-12
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Bueno, Ives C. S., Roberta A. Brandi, Gisele M. Fagundes, Gabriela Benetel, and James Pierre Muir. "The Role of Condensed Tannins in the In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Kinetics in Ruminant Species: Feeding Type Involved?" Animals 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040635.
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Animal feeding behavior and diet composition determine rumen fermentation responses and its microbial characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen fermentation kinetics of domestic ruminants feeding diets with or without condensed tannins (CT). Holstein dairy cows, Nelore beef cattle, Mediterranean water buffalo, Santa Inês sheep and Saanen goats were used as inoculum donors (three animals of each species). The substrates were maize silage (Zea mays), fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Acacia (Acacia molissima) extract was used as the external CT source. The in vitro semi-automated gas production technique was used to assess the fermentation kinetics. The experimental design was completely randomized with five inoculum sources (animal species), four substrates (feeds) and two treatments (with or without extract). The inclusion of CT caused more severe effects in grazing ruminants than selector ruminants.
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& et al., Al-Jorani. "EFFECT OF FEEDING PANICUM MOMBASA GRASS ON PRODUCTIVE TRAITS AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL CROSS BREED GOATS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 1436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i5.1154.
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The aim of this research was to study the effect of feeding of goat kids on Panicum Mombasa grass on productive traits, carcass characteristics and meat production. 25 of local cross breed male goat kids; average weight 18.3 kg were divided randomly to five treatments, the first one T1 was fed with wheat straw, T2 green alfalfa, T3 green Panicum Mombasa, T4 alfalfa hay and T5 Panicum Mombasa hay. Animals reared in single cages for two weeks as a preliminary period, the experiment period lasted for 70 days. Concentrate diet provided with 3% of body weight, roughage feeds provided freely. At the end of the experiment, three animals were slaughtered from each treatment randomly, data showed no positive effects were observed for feeding the Punicum Mombasa grass when compared with the traditional roughages feed used in Iraq for most of the productive traits and the carcasses and meat characteristics studied. At the same time, no negative effects were reported on the Punicum Mombasa feed in those traits and characteristics.
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Захарова, Darya Zakharova, Зотеев, Vladimir Zoteev, Симонов, and Gennadiy Simonov. "THE APPLICATION OF BEER DRY PELLET IN YOUNG GOAT FODDER." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18325.
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The purpose of research is to give an assessment to profitability of the beer dry pellet use in compound feeds for young goat stock. Scientific economic experiment has been made on young goats of Zaanen breed. Animals were divided into three groups, 6 heads in each. Compound feed of control group didn´t contain beer dry pellet (BDP), and the second experiment group feed contained 5.0% BDP (by weight), instead of oats and linen cake part parts, and the composition of compound feed for 3d group included 10.0% of BDP (by weight). During experiments it has been established that at experiment groups exchange processes proceeded more intensively. In blood serum of nanny-goats of experiment groups the content of the general protein exceeded control for 1.9-7.9%, the protein index (А\G coefficient), of animals 3d group was above control for 10.1%. Activity of ALT and AST aminotransfer which indicators were higher in experiment groups by comparison with the control also testifies to intensity of protein exchange. Fluctuations of biochemical indicators of blood were in limits of physiological norm, and, so introduction to a diet of these quantities of beer dry pellet had no negative impact for animals health. Feeding of the compound feed containing BDP reduces prime cost of 1 kg of gain in comparison with control by 2.6% in the 2nd experiment group and for 5.7% in the 3d experiment group. In 2nd and 3d groups, the level of profitability was 3.0-6.4 abs% higher than that in control respectively. Compound feeds cost for 2nd and 3d experiment groups was lower than the cost of compound feed of control group for 1.83% and 4.42% respectively. The experiments conducted give a chance to conclude that the use of BDP in compound feeds for young goat stocks has found to be profitable.
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Ranilla, M. J., C. Valdés, F. J. Giráldez, M. D. Carro, and S. López. "Comparative digestibility and digesta flow kinetics in two breeds of sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031378.
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Recent studies carried out in cattle, sheep and goats have shown differences between both species and breeds of ruminants in digestive capacity, digesta flows and fermentation rates. Most of these differences are related to their feeding behaviour and digestive physiology and could affect digestive utilization of feeds. The aim of this work was to study the digestibility and digesta kinetics in the whole digestive tract in two breeds of sheep (Churra v. Merino).Ten non-productive mature sheep (five Churra (mean LW= 44.3kg±3.20) and five Merino (mean LW= 46.7kg±2.22)) fitted with rumen cannulae were used in this study. Animals were fed once a day 1 kg of alfalfa hay (877 g DM/kg; 169 g CP/kg DM; 489 g NDF/kg DM).
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Avondo, Marcella, Renato Italo Pagano, Anna Maria Guastella, Andrea Criscione, Marianna Di Gloria, Bernardo Valenti, Giuseppe Piccione, and Pietro Pennisi. "Diet selection and milk production and composition in Girgentana goats with different αs1-casein genotype." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 2 (March 13, 2009): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909003914.
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In goats, αs1-casein polymorphism is related to different rates of protein synthesis. Two genetic variants, A and F, have been identified as strong and weak alleles based on a production of 3·5 and 0·45 g/l of αs1-casein per allele. The aim of the trial was to test whether goats can select their diet as a function of their genetic aptitude to produce milk at different casein levels and whether this selection can influence milk production or composition. Two groups of 8 animals, homozygous for strong (AA) or weak (FF) alleles were housed in individual pens. Using a manger subdivided into five separate containers, the goats were offered daily for 3 weeks: 1·5 kg of alfalfa pelleted hay, 0·7 kg of whole barley, 0·7 kg of whole maize, 0·7 kg of whole faba bean and 0·7 kg of pelleted sunflower cake. Total dry matter intake was similar between groups and resulted in nutrient inputs much higher than requirements. On average, goats selected 86% of maize plus barley and only 46% of faba bean plus sunflower. Indeed, AA goats selected less faba bean compared with FF goats (37·2 v. 56·7% of the available amount; P=0·01); during week 2 and week 3 they significantly increased maize selection (respectively for week 2 and week 3: 94·9 and 99·1% v. 85·3 and 87·3%) thus increasing the ratio between the high-energy feeds and the high-protein feeds (2·41 v. 1·81, P=0·023). As for true protein, the high soluble fraction (B1) and the indigestible fraction (C) were lower in the diet selected by AA goats (respectively in AA and FF groups: B1, 7·85 v. 9·23% CP, P<0·01; C, 6·07 v. 6·30% CP, P<0·001); these diet characteristics can be associated with lower losses of protein. Milk production, being similar in AA and FF groups when goats were fed with a mixed diet, significantly increased in AA group, when free-choice feeding was given (mean productions: 1198 v. 800 g/d, P<0·01). Casein content was higher in AA group than in FF group (2·70 v. 2·40%, P<0·01) whereas milk urea was higher in FF group (59·7 v. 48·8 mg/dl, P<0·01). In conclusion, when the animals were free to select their diet, their higher genetic aptitude to produce casein seemed to adjust their energy and protein dietary input in qualitative terms, thus leading to an increase in milk production and a decrease in milk urea. These results seem to demonstrate that interactions probably occurred between genetic polymorphism at the αs1-casein locus, diet selection and the efficiency of nutrient transformation into milk.
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Sarker, NR, MA Habib, MR Amin, S. Yeasmin, F. Tabassum, and D. Yeasmin. "Feeds and fodder dynamics in selected river basins of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 3 (April 7, 2018): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v46i3.36317.
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A baseline survey was conducted with the objectives to determine seasonal availability, utilization of feeds and fodder resources and livestock production systems in different river basin areas and to identify the constraints of fodder production in selected river basins of Bangladesh. Based on cattle population, 2 upazilas from each of 10 districts were selected for household survey (HHS). A randomly selected 50 farmers from each upazila were considered for collecting information. After screening a total of 963 HHs were considered for statistical analyses. Results show that about 51%HHs were landless. Having an average population size of 3.3, about 99% HHs in the surveyed areas was keeping cattle, whereas, buffalo was not found in all regions which were found only in1.7% HHs with an average population size of 2.31 per buffalo keeper HH. Sheep was found only in about 1% HHs with an overall number of 3.22 per sheep keeper HH. About 16% HHs were keeping goats with an average size of 2.9 per sheep keeper HH. Significant differences on performance potentials were found both in native and crossbred cows among different regions. It was observed that all types of farm categories HHs reared cattle and most of them reared by tethering (around 23%) and free grazing (around 22%) management systems but semi-grazing was followed by around 14% HHs. Rest of the farmers followed different combinations of methods. Rice straw and naturally grown green grasses were the main roughages for feeding their cattle. About 95% HHs fed rice straw and about 81% HHs fed cut and carry green grass to their cattle. There were no seasonal variations on feeding rice straw but variations occurred for supplying cut and carry green grasses. Concentrates provided to animals in the surveyed areas were mainly rice polish, wheat bran, broken rice, pulse bran and mustard oil cake, among which rice polish and wheat bran were supplied by more HHs (about 93% and 75%, respectively). The variations of supplying concentrates among seasons were very negligible. Although, there were about 1.14% HHs who cultivated some fodder crops, they harvest grains for human consumption and residues for their cattle. However, high yielding varieties of fodders are very rarely cultivated by the farmers for feeding cattle in the riverside regions. The reason not to cultivate fodder and main constraint behind it was not accurately mentioned by the farmers. In the survey among different riverside regions, about48 different native green fodders were obtained in different agro-ecological zones, among which most available native green fodders were Durba, Badla, Kawn, Shama, Khesari, Gamma, Ura, Gobra, Shama and Maskalai. Most of the native grasses are grown more in summer and some others like Kawn, Khesari and Maskalai are grown in winter. Finally, it may be concluded that extensive fodder cultivation program by motivating farmers through training and demonstrating high yielding fodder crops are essential in the riverside regions for increasing productivity of livestock in the respective areas.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (3): 206-214
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Ayeb, Naziha, Besma Majdoub, Mohamed Dbara, Imen Fguiri, Soufiene Khorchani, Mohamed Hammadi, and Touhami Khorchani. "Quality and fatty acid profile of milk of indigenous dairy goats fed from oasis resources in Tunisian arid areas." Animal Production Science 60, no. 17 (2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19645.
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Context The food security of Tunisia is dependent on utilising all of its resources effectively to feed the population. Rangelands used for grazing are subject to continuous degradation, which reduces the availability of feeds to livestock. In the oasis regions, this constraint is attenuated by the systematic use of various by-products of the palm grove. There is a need to constantly search for alternative feed resources to support ruminant-livestock farming in arid regions and, therefore, the products of desert oases need to be exploited Aims The present work aimed to determine the effect of the use of local resources of oases on feed intake and milk quality of goats. Methods Twenty-four indigenous lactating goats were used to investigate the effect of the substitution of the concentrate feed with alternative feed obtained from oases in Tunisian arid zones. The three study groups in the 60-day trial were as follows: the first group received 0% date waste (WD) + 100% concentrate (CON) + oaten hay; the second group received 50% WD + 30% alfalfa cork (AC) + 20% CON + alfalfa hay; and the third group received 50% WD + 50% AC and no CON + alfalfa hay. Key results Feed intake was higher in Group 2 (1167.10 ± 42.8 g DM/day) than in Groups 3 and 1 (1028.9 ± 68.9 and 856.04 ± 58.9 g DM/day respectively. Average daily milk production did not differ among the groups. Dietary fat and crude protein were not affected by the type of ration. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids were similar in the milk of the three groups. In the three groups studied, the ratio n6:n3 (12.80, 8.80 and 6.77) was higher than the recommended value (<5) for human consumption. Conclusions The use of WD did not affect milk production but it improved the nutritional quality of milk, especially the composition of fatty acid (ratio n6/n3). Implications The use of alternative resources in goat feeding, such as WD and alfalfa cork, can replace the use of market feeds and decrease the costs of animal feed.
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Torres-Fajardo, Rafael Arturo, Pedro Geraldo González-Pech, Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta, and Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro. "Nutraceutical Potential of the Low Deciduous Forest to Improve Small Ruminant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071403.
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Nutraceuticals are defined as livestock feeds that combine their nutritional value with their beneficial effects on animal health. We analyzed the outcomes from nearly 20 years of research assessing the nutraceutical properties of plants consumed by sheep and goats in low deciduous forests. A systematic review of different databases suggested 31 peer-reviewed manuscripts according to pre-established criteria. Amongst these, 16 manuscripts described in vitro evaluations investigating the bioactivity of plant secondary compounds in the extracts of 12 plant species. Most of these studies used the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus as the parasite model. Meanwhile, 11 manuscripts reported in vivo trials under controlled pen conditions, evaluating the relationships between the intake of leaves from different plant species and their secondary compounds and animal nutrition, performance, and gastrointestinal nematode infections. Additionally, four manuscripts described studies under natural feeding conditions. Altogether, the studies showed the inherent complexity of the relationship between small ruminants, plants, nutrients, secondary compounds, and gastrointestinal nematodes in natural feeding systems. Several plant species can be considered good candidates for nutraceutical use. Our findings warrant future work to understand the relationship between plants, ruminants, and their parasites, with the aim to improve the sustainability of production systems based on the native vegetation of tropical forests.
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Talpur, Farah N., M. I. Bhanger, and S. T. H. Sherazi. "Intramuscular fatty acid profile of longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus muscle from Pateri goats fed under traditional feeding system of Sindh, Pakistan." Meat Science 80, no. 3 (November 2008): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.03.028.
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Kim, Sang Woo, Sei Hyung Yoon, Jae-Hwan Kim, Yeoung-Gyu Ko, Dong Hoon Kim, Geun Ho Kang, Young-Sin Kim, Sang Moo Lee, and Sang Won Suh. "Effects of Feeding Levels of Concentrate on the Growth, Carcass Characteristics and Economic Evaluation in Feeds Based on Rice-straw of Korean Black Goats." Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 32, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5333/kgfs.2012.32.4.429.
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Kim, Sang Woo, Myeong Jik Kim, Kwan Woo Kim, Dong Hoon Kim, Young-Sin Kim, Hyun Kim, Sang Won Suh, and Seong Bok Park. "Effect of Feeding Levels of Concentrate on the Growth, Feed Availability and Economic Evaluation in Feeds Based on Rice-straw of Growing Black Goats." Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 33, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5333/kgfs.2013.33.4.298.
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HIRAYAMA, Takuji, Kazuo KATOH, and Minoru OHTA. "Effects of Feeding Alfalfa Hay and Timothy Hay on the Digestibilities, Contract of Rumen and Excretion Movement of Feeds of Goats on Heat Exposure." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 73, no. 1 (2002): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.73.95.
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Yustendi, Dedhi, Dasrul Dasrul, and Didy Rachmadi. "Penambahan Tepung Daun Katuk (Saurupus Androgynus L. Merr) dalam Ransum Terhadap Pertambahan Berat Badan dan Lingkar Scrotum Kambing Jantan Peranakan Ettawa." Jurnal Agripet 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v13i2.813.
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The addition of katuk leaf meal (saurupus androgynus l.merr) in feeds on body weight gain and scrotal circumference male ettawa grade goatsABSTRACT. This research was aimed to study the effect of addition of katuk leaf meal (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) in feed on body weight gain and scrotal circumference of male Ettawa grade goat. The research lasted for eight months, starting Agustus 2012 to Maret 2013, with feeding trial for two months. Twenty male Ettawa grade goats of 18 to 24 months old, were divided into 4 treatment groups. Treatment groups were added with 0% Katuk leaf meal (R0); 5% (R1); 10% (R2) and 15% (R3), with 5 goats in each replication. Treatment diets were feed in the morning and afternoon for 60 days. Weighing body weight and measuring scrotal circumference was done every week. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there was significantly different, the data were further tested using Duncan multiple range test. The result shows that the body weight gain of the treatment were, R0 (2,39 ± 0,43 kg); R1 (2,84 ± 0,36 kg); R2 (2,85 ± 0,20 kg) and R3 (3,42 ± 0,78 kg) respectively. Scrotal circumference were, R0 (0,74 ± 0,10 cm); R1 (1,24 ± 0,26 cm); R2 (1,26 ± 0,40 cm) dan R3 (1,32 ± 0,32 cm) respectively. The result of this research indicated that the addition of katuk leaf meal in feed had significant effects (P0,05) on body weight gain and scrotal circumference of Ettawa grade goat.
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Suparman, Suparman, Harapin Hafid, and La Ode Baa. "KAJIAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI KAMBING PERANAKAN ETTAWA JANTAN YANG DIBERI PAKAN BERBEDA." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 3, no. 3 (September 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v3i3.1842.
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This study aimed to analyze the growth and productivity of male bred Ettawa goats that are fed with different animal feeds. The study was conducted for 4 months, from January to April 2016, at the village of Ranomentaa in the sub district of Toari, Kolaka regency. The used involved 12 male bred Ettawa goats, aging between 4-6 months and placed in 12 individual cages. The study used the Complete Randomized Design with 3 treatments and 4 repetitions, including Treatment 1 (P1), P2 (50% of mulberry leaves, 50% of gliricidia leaves), and P3 (100% of gliricidia leaves). Parameters under observation in the study were increase of body weight (PBB), weight of slaughtered animal, weight and percentage of carcass, weight and percentage of non-carcass. Results of the study showed that the average of PBB of P3 (26.98 g/day) was significantly different (P<0.05) from P2 (22.83 g/day) and P1 (22.42 g/day), whereas P2 and P1 were not significantly different. This was in line with the average of slaughtered animal weight from the highest to the lowest, namely P3 (13.29 kg), P2 (11.21 kg), and P1 (10.37 kg), followed by the average of carcass weight which was significantly affected (P<0.05) by the treatment. The average of carcass weight was P1 (4.17 kg), P2 (4.42 kg), and P3 (5.38 kg), whereas the average of carcass percentage had no significant different (P<0.05) due to the treatment with the range of 38.43–39.43%. Similarly, the weight and percentage of non-carcass were within the range of 50.73–55.09%. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that while feeding goats with gliricidia and mulberry leaves had a significant effect on the increase of body weight, weight of slaughtered animal, and weight of carcass, it had no significant effect on carcass percentage, weight of non-carcass, and percentage of carcass.Keywords: gliricidia leaves, mulberry leaves, growth and productivity of male PE goats
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Saturno, Jamila Fatima L., Muhammad Ammar Dilawar, Hong-Seok Mun, Dae Hun Kim, Dhanushka Rathnayake, and Chul-Ju Yang. "Meat Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Sensory Attributes of Meat from Goats Fed Diet Supplemented with Fermented Saccharina japonica and Dendropanax morbifera." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070937.
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A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with three concentrations (control or 0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) of fermented Saccharina japonica and Dendropanax morbifera (FSJ-DM) on the meat composition, growth performance, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of Korean native black goat (KNBG) meat. The feed conversion ratio and body weight gain (1st to 2nd month) were improved significantly (p < 0.05) in response to feed supplemented with 1.0% FSJ-DM. Moisture content was increased, whereas ether extract and cholesterol contents were decreased in meat obtained from goats supplemented with 1.0% FSJ-DM dietary feeds (p < 0.05). In the same diet group, the total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFA) were lower, whereas the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFA) was higher, along with higher PUFA/SFA ratio and lower n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.05). On an average, the dietary supplementation of 1.0% FSJ-DM reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and pH values of goat meat. Overall, the results of this study suggest that diet supplemented with 1.0% FSJ-DM improves the meat composition, growth performance and fatty acid profile and reduces lipid oxidation of goat meat.
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Pardo, G., I. Martin-Garcia, A. Arco, D. R. Yañez-Ruiz, R. Moral, and A. del Prado. "Greenhouse-gas mitigation potential of agro-industrial by-products in the diet of dairy goats in Spain: a life-cycle perspective." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15620.
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Goat milk production is an important agricultural resource in the Mediterranean basin. Market demands and scarcity of pastures during drought periods has led to farms becoming more intensive and based on imported concentrate feeds. The use of alternative feedstuffs from agro-industry can help decrease dependence on external concentrates, while preventing the environmental issues associated with livestock production and by-product disposal. From a life-cycle assessment perspective, we investigated the change on greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions of replacing a conventional dairy goat diet in southern Spain with two alternative dietary strategies, including tomato waste or olive by-products silages. The effect on enteric methane emissions and milk productivity was assessed through specific feeding trials. Experimental data were integrated within a modelling framework comprising different submodels to describe the farm system and associated production chain. A new model describing carbon and nitrogen losses from solid waste was applied to estimate the emissions associated with the baseline scenarios for food by-product management. The assessment revealed that the two dietary strategies achieve GHG reductions (~12–19% per kg milk). In both cases, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from crop production were partially reduced through the displacement of typical concentrate ingredients. An additional mitigation effect was obtained when including tomato wastes in the diet because it reduced the methane emissions from enteric fermentation. Results suggested that use of agro-industrial residues for feeding is a feasible mitigation option in this case. However, as organic by-products could have alternative uses (bioenergy, soil amendment), with different implications for land use and soil carbon stocks, a more complete overview of both scenarios is recommended. Potential trade-offs from non-GHG categories may play an important role in a decision-making process.
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Putra, Dianestu, Lies Mira Yusiati, and Ristianto Utomo. "Estimasi Sintesis Protein Mikrobia Rumen Menggunakan Ekskresi Derivat Purin dalam Urin dengan Teknik Spot Sampling pada Kambing Bligon dan Kambing Kejobong." Buletin Peternakan 40, no. 3 (November 3, 2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v40i3.12766.
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This study were aimed to determine the correlation between concentration of purine derivatives (PD) in spot sample with PD total excretion in Bligon and Kejobong goats and determine the appropriate sampling time, in order to predicting microbial protein synthesis in both breeds. Six male Bligon goats and six male Kejobong goats with age range from 8 to 14 months and body weight from 16 to 21 kg were placed in metabolism cages. Peanut straw and water were given to both groups of goats through ad libitum feeding and drinking. The study was done in 14 days for adaptation, 3 days for collection. Sample of feeds, feed residues, and feces were collected and then analyzed to determine dry matter and organic matter content. Spot urine and the total daily urine samples were also collected. Samples collection of spot sampling technique was run by taking the urine periodically with 3 hours intervals at 24 hours. Urine samples were analyzed for the content of creatinine and PD which includes allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. Data were tested for the correlation between concentration of PD spot urine sample with total PD daily excretion. It is known that the concentration of PD and creatinine (µmol/L) for Bligon were 1,418.40 and 202.85 respectively, while for Kejobong were 1,547.40 and 219.68 respectively. Total excretion of PD, allantoin, uric acid, xanthyne and hypoxanthine and creatinine (µmol/W0,75/day) for Bligon were 114.14, 95.86, 17.31, 0.97, and 16.40 respectively, with microbial protein synthesis efficiency was 4.61 g N/kg degraded of organic matter in rumen (DOMR). Total excretion of PD allantoin, uric acid, xanthyne and hypoxanthine and creatinine (µmol/W0,75/day) for Kejobong were 180.18, 158.17, 20.60, 1.40, and 24.87 respectively, with microbial protein synthesis efficiency was 6.90 g N/kg DOMR. Based on this study also known that the best time for spot sampling to determine the total excretion of PD in Bligon was in the range time of 11.00 am to 2.00 pm, with equation Y=1.474X+48.81, while Kejobong goat in the range of 2.00 to 5.00 pm, with equation Y=2.678X+5.692.
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Abid, Noor. "Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of New-Mothers Presenting in Obstetrical Out-Patient Department." Annals of Punjab Medical College 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29054/apmc/2021.956.
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Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) with colostrum feeding improves the survival of the newborns. This varies with the time of initiation of breast-feeding, its duration and the age of weaning. Knowledge of breast feeding, attitude of mothers and their practices varies with many factors among populations. Objective: (1) To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers of infants 0–6 months of age presenting in obstetrical out-patient department. (2) To assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of new-mothers regarding breastfeeding presenting in obstetrical out-patient department. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: One month from August 01, 2020. Methodology: All new mothers of healthy infants 0–6 months old born between 37 and 42 gestation weeks attending the obstetrics OPD were included in the study. A detailed history was taken from all mothers. Parity, current age of infant, weight, height, BMI, BMI category, educational status, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and any pre-lacteal feed given, was noted. The independent variables for the study were maternal knowledge and attitudes towards EBF. 15 questions for assessment of knowledge and 12 for maternal attitude were used. Results: Among these 100 women, 66% (n=66) were currently feeding their newborns, but only 17% (n=17) of the total 100 women were practicing exclusive-breast-feeding. 95% were having good and above average knowledge regarding breast feeding practices. Still only half of the mothers had a positive attitude towards breast feeding; only 66% of the women were practicing breast feeding. Among educated mother 47.6% had a positive attitude toward breast feeding. Mothers with knowledge of breast-feeding above average/good were of 25 years or above age group. Conclusion: Education of the mothers can be linked to their high knowledge but is not significantly associated with their positive attitudes. Positive campaigns are required focusing not only un-educated young mothers, but also involving young educated primiparous women. Women should be encouraged from the first pregnancy regarding exclusive breast feeding and colostrum feeding, without the use of any pre-lacteal feeds, whatever the mode of delivery is.
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Rahman, MZ, M. Ershaduzzaman, KS Huque, and MY Ali. "Trend of livestock population and nutritional evaluation of available feed resources in coastal areas of Noakhali district." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 43, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3.21652.
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A survey work was undertaken with a total of 200 farm households of the coastal areas of Noakhali were categorized into landless, marginal, small, medium and large based on their landholding and sheep population. All categories of farmers had higher number of sheep compared to goat and cattle. In case of lamb (0-4months) farmers didnt supplied concentrate. The average deficiency of DM (g/h/d), ME (MJ/h/d) and CP (g/h/d) of lamb were 70.24, 0.97 and 13.35, respectively. For growing sheep (4-15 month) small, medium and large farmers provided little but landless and marginal farmers provided very little amount of concentrate. The average deficiency of DM (g/h/d), ME (MJ/h/d) and CP (g/h/d) of growing sheep were 257.31, 2.62 and 34.75, respectively. In case of adult ewe (>15 month, milking) the average deficiency of DM (g/h/d), ME (MJ/h/d) and CP (g/h/d) were 441.87, 2.81 and 35.45, respectively. Livestock farming contributed about 17.2% of annual family income in which the contribution of sheep of the total household income was about 11% followed by goat (3.58%) and cattle (2.62%). The available feed resources were durba, asamilata, chaila, bothoua, gamma, alias grass, shon, bontil, khesari, pakisthani lata, bean leaf, ipil ipil, mayahagoni, kadam, boroi leaf, jackfruit, babla, mango leaf, kitchen wastes, rice straw, and rice bran, til oil cake. Surveyed information on existing available nutrient status of sheep and feed resources would help to develop a feeding system of sheep in coastal areas of Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3.21652 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (3): 213-217
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Mwesigwa, R., PK Migwi, AM King’ori, and PA Onjoro. "Abattoir waste use in livestock diets: Uganda’s current situation." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 10, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v10i1.48105.
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In this study, we investigated the various ways slaughter wastes are utilized, problems encountered in order to give insights in future prospects of abattoir wastes as livestock feeds. A total of 100 abattoir workers were interviewed through semi-structured questionnaires covering Kampala, Wakiso and Mukono districts in Uganda. Results revealed that majority of abattoir work force were middle-aged adults between 30-45 years contributing 37% of total workers. There was a significant association between abattoir workers responses in relation to the proportion of livestock slaughtered (Chi square 147.55; df =2; p<0.0001) in the abattoirs. With reference to cattle, 1.06 and 1.01 more sheep and goats were slaughtered respectively in the dry season in comparison to the wet season. Blood was mostly disposed as animal feed ingredient (blood meal) by 40% of the respondents while rumen contents were mostly sold as manure by 59% of the respondents. Only 16% of the respondents processed rumen contents for livestock feeding. 92.3% of bones were sold for dog feeding while 7.7% of bones were processed for livestock feed ingredients. Polythene bags were reported the biggest contaminants found in slaughter wastes. Stench from slaughter wastes contents was the biggest problem encountered with handling of waste products by (62%) of the respondents. The handling of abattoir wastes was still rudimental at most abattoirs as envisaged by lack of proper handling facilities at the abattoirs. There is need for regular enforcements to ensure proper abattoir waste disposal mechanisms for enhanced livestock use.
Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 129-134, June 2020
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Babale, A. Aliyu, Dazala, and Wazamda. "INTRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUES AS SUPPLEMENT FOR GOATS FATTENING AMONG ANIMAL REARERS IN GIPALMA MUBI-SOUTH, ADAMAWA STATE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i6.2018.1334.
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Fattening has been defined as intensive feeding of highly nutritious feed to and promotes fast growth and fat deposition to achieve desired carcass growth and quality. The main strategy is to fatten young, lean male goat to obtain either from the farmer’s own flock or more often, purchased on the open market over a period of two to three months, with each farmer fattening between one and five animals. The goats are usually tethered or kept in a small sheltered enclosure at the homestead, and often fed and watered individually. Basal feeds used for goat fattening, such as hay and millet straw are supplemented with cowpea haulms, maize bran, rice bran and coconut flour which is derived from the crop residues. Poor nutrition is a major constraint in fattening small ruminants in Nigeria, this is because farmers often give the animals whatever is available, leading to waste when feed availability is high, and underfeeding when it is low (feed availability). Fattening of small ruminants as a business is very common in Nigeria. Small ruminants are usually reproduced on the farms or houses and are sold around festivities. (Christmas and Sallah) or when cash is required. No special efforts, other than grazing the animals, are made by many smallholder farmers and pastoralists to ‘’fatten’’ them. A similar situation exists for fattening of large ruminants (bulls) as a business. Most farmers in Nigeria sell their bulls once they have been introduced to ‘’fatten’’ these animals commercially. Goats are able to subsist and make appreciable gains in long dry season with crop residue-based diets that compare favourably with conventional concentrate rations. Some of the crop residues and by-products available are potentially good feed resources which degrade readily in the rumen, some however, have shown poor degradability and hence, require some treatments before they can contribute to animal nutrition.
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Hamid, Abdul, Tariq Mahmood, Hira Fatima, Lauren Mae Hennelly, Faraz Akrim, Abid Hussain, and Muhammad Waseem. "Origin, ecology and human conflict of gray wolf (Canis lupus) in Suleman Range, South Waziristan, Pakistan." Mammalia 83, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0167.
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Abstract The gray wolf (Canis lupus; Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most widespread terrestrial species and occurs in a variety of habitats. While well studied in North America and Europe, wolf populations in Asia are among the most evolutionarily distinct, endangered and data deficient. The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian Subcontinent. Despite being categorized as “Endangered” in Pakistan, data on the gray wolf’s status, ecology and distribution are poorly understood. The current study investigates its genetic distinctiveness, distribution, feeding ecology and wolf livestock conflict in the Suleman Range, South Waziristan, Pakistan. We confirmed that the gray wolf is present in South Waziristan and is genetically similar to the wolves of Iran and Saudi Arabia based on their mtDNA D-loop haplotypes. The gray wolf was recorded at eight different sampling sites in the study area with elevational range between 1642 m to 2688 m. We estimated a population of 15 wolves, with a density of 0.62 individuals/km2 area surveyed. An analysis on scats revealed 52% contribution from livestock (with goats and sheep being the preferred prey) and 48% from wild prey. Biomass consumption showed gray wolf relied heavily on domestic prey (88%) during the summer season, resulting in human conflict with 28 wolves killed in response to livestock depredation during 2016–2017, requiring immediate conservation measures to save its remaining population.
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Jabbar, Abdul, Muhammad Hassan Saleem, Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, Muhammad Qasim, Muhammad Ashraf, Mahmoud M. Tolba, Hebatallah Ahmed Nasser, et al. "Epidemiology and antibiogram of common mastitis-causing bacteria in Beetal goats." Veterinary World 13, no. 12 (2020): 2596–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2596-2607.
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Background and Aim: Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, in dairy goats. Materials and Methods: In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis. Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. Streptococcus and E. coli were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli, while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli. Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association. Conclusion: In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents.
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Aboul-Ela, M. B., G. Al-Hadrami, D. J. McClelland, A. A. Nigm, A. El-Dehnah, and F. D. DeB Hovell. "Fattening performance of dromedary camels fed a finishing diet containing molassed dates supplemented with 0. 0.5 or 1.0% urea." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028725.
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The camel is important in many of the arid zones of the world where its ability to continue to produce and reproduce offers considerable potential. It is able to forage at greater distances from water sources than cattle, goats or sheep; increasing the area which can be grazed and browsed, and thus easing grazing pressure on vegetation close to water sources. These factors commend it as a primary source of transport, power, meat, milk and hides in arid areas. Both the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), and the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) have long been utilised by the peoples of areas where these camels are indigenous, and there has increasingly been a more general awareness of the potential of the species. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among countries where camels have considerable cultural importance. Recently attention has focused on the potential of the camel to supply meat, and Wardeh (1992) estimated world annual camel meat production to be 538,000 tons. The number of camels in the UAE increased from 57,000 in 1979 to 100,000 in 1989, and Wilson (1984) reported that camels account for 58% of the domestic herbivore biomass. However little is known about the constraints to camel production (Schwartz et al 1983). A factor limiting production is the availability of feeds. Currently heavily subsidised feed concentrates are imported, and investigations have focused on the better use of local resources. The UAE is one of the largest producers of dates with over 19 million palms. By-products have not been well utilized, but feeding trials with pits (Al-Yousef et al, 1987); and fruits (El-Gasim et al, (1987) and Kohnke and Cluer (1992) have been reported. Dates are low in nitrogen, and no reports on the use of urea in camel diets could be found.
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Wardah, Wardah, and Hari Poernomo. "PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PAKAN, TEKNIK PERAWATAN DAN MANAJEMEN USAHA PETERNAKAN KAMBING PE DI DESA MOROWUDI KECAMATAN CERME KABUPATEN GRESIK." SHARE "SHaring - Action - REflection" 6, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/share.6.2.63-70.
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Keberhasilan wirausaha peternakan kambing Etawah adalah pemilihan bibit, pemberian pakan berkualitas dan manajemen kesehatan ternak. Hasil samping pengelolaan susu dan kotoran dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomis. PKM ini bertujuan membantu peternak mitra (Bapak Solikan) di Desa Morowudi, Cerme, Gresik yang memiliki 214 ekor kambing Etawah. Masalah yang dihadapi mitra adalah : Ketersediaan pakan berkualitas terutama saat kemarau, tingkat mortalitas anak dan induk kambing tinggi, pengetahuan pengelolaan susu dan feses, manajemen wirausaha dan pemasaran belum dikuasai. Keterbatasan pengetahuan peternak menyebabkan masalah tidak terselesaikan dengan baik. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan berupa pelatihan pembuatan pakan berkualitas dan murah, penanganan induk dan anak pasca kelahiran, teknik pengelolaan susu dan feses, serta manajemen asset dan pemasaran. Hasil pengabdian ini dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan peternak menyediakan pakan yang difermentasi dengan MC-4, mudah dan murah dengan kualitas lebih baik, palabilitas tinggi, daya simpan pakan lebih lama dibanding pakan sebelumnya yang mencampur hijauan/jerami dengan ampas tahu, difermentasi 4 jam sehingga cepat busuk karena basah sehingga mudah busuk dan menyebabkan ternak kembung apabila tidak segera dikonsumsi. Hasil pelatihan penanganan induk dan anak pasca kelahiran, pengelolaan susu dan feses, serta manajemen asset dan pemasaran dapat dimengerti dengan baik dan mudah oleh peternak mitra sehingga dalam jangka panjang akan menekan mortalitas anak dan induk. Kata Kunci: Ternak, Etawa, pakan, perawatan, wirausaha AbstractThe success of Etawah goat farming bussines influenced by the selection of broodstock, feeding and livestock health management. The aims ofpeople service programe (PKM) to help partner of goat farmers (Mr. Solikan) in Morowudi Village, Cerme, Gresik who have 214 heads of Etawah goats. The Unavailability of high quality of fodder forage especially during dry season, and high mortality of lamb and adult goat female are major problem that faced by partners goat farmer. In addition, partner goat farmer also have problems in milk and feces processing techniques, bussines management and marketing of livestock products. The limited knowledge and skill of fermentation and feed technology, bussines management and marketing techniques have caused these problems not resolved by the partner farmers. The method of carrying outactivities in the form of training in making quality and inexpensive feed, handling mother and child after birth, milk and feces management technique, and asset management and marketing. The result of this service can increase the knowledge of breeders providing fermented feed with MC-4, easy and inexpensive with better quality, high palability, longer shelf life of feed compared to previous feeds that mix forage/straw with tofu pulp, fermented 4 hours so that it decays quickly because it is wet soit easily rot and cause cattle to bloat if not consumed immediately. The results of training in handling post-natal mother and child, management of milk and feces, as well as asset management and marketing can be understood well and easily by partner farmers so that in the long run it will reduce the mortality of children and mother. Key word : Livestock, Etawah, feeding, handling, enterpreneur
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Cherry, N. M., M. Bullinger, B. D. Lambert, J. P. Muir, T. W. Whitney, J. E. Miller, and J. T. Sawyer. "Feeding panicled tick-clover to growing goats reduces Haemonchus contortus infection without negative effects on growth." Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 2 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jan.2014.9.
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SummaryIn an effort to identify a forage legume with condensed tannins (CT) that reduce gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants without negative effects on nutrition, the following trial looked at the effects of two legumes containing CT on average daily gain (ADG) and faecal egg counts (FEC) in kid goats. Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza, SL) and Desmodium paniculatum (panicled tick-clover; PTC) were pelleted into isonitrogenous complete feeds containing 3.8% CT in a four week feeding trial. Compared to the alfalfa (Medicago sativa) control diet, SL decreased (P ≤ 0.05) feed efficiency and ADG while PTC had the same (P > 0.05) feed efficiency as alfalfa. The SL and PTC pelleted feeds increased (P = 0.006) daily feed intake by 4.5 kg and 3.7 kg, respectively, compared to alfalfa control, while kids consuming SL and PTC showed an average 44% reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in FEC compared to those fed alfalfa. The results showed that feeding PTC, an herbaceous, perennial legume native to much of North America, to goats may provide a natural means of reducing ruminant GIN while simultaneously providing a source of protein.
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Brown, David, Jones W. Ng'ambi, and David Norris. "Voluntary Intake and Palatability Indices of Pedi Goats fed Different Levels of Acacia karroo Leaf Meal by Cafeteria Method." Indian Journal of Animal Research, OF (September 29, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.5542.
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A study was conducted to determine preference intake and relative palatability indices of tanniniferous Acacia karroo fed to 5 growing male Pedi goats with an average body weight of 19.81 ± 1.83kg. Five feeding troughs were provided to each goat and each animal was exposed to all the experimental diets. A cafeteria feeding approach was used, thus, permitting goats free access to the diet of their choice. Acacia karroo (K) was offered in a mixture with Setaria verticillata (S) hay at five different levels: Diet 1: S80K20, Diet 2: S75K25, Diet 3: S70K30, Diet 4: S60K40 and Diet 5: S50K50. The daily relative palatability indexes (RPI) obtained for each diet were subjected to analysis of variance with feeds as treatments and individual animals as replicates in a completely randomized design. Significant differences (P Diet 4> Diet 3> Diet 2> Diet 1. Diet 5 appeared to be the most preferred by goats with an RPI of 96.91%. Palatability indices were positively and significantly (Pand tannin contents. Results of this study indicate that tannin-rich Acacia karroo leaves when fed in a mixed diet can influence preference and intake by Pedi goats. Palatability studies could be used in designing supplemental feeding programs for ruminant livestock in the tropics.
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Luthuli, Cynthia Fikile, Fabian Nde Fon, and Busisiwe Gunya. "Knowledge and perception of small holding farmers on supplementation and feeding sweet potato vines to goats." Pastoralism 9, no. 1 (November 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13570-019-0151-y.
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AbstractGoats in rural communities are often raised in conditions which do not allow them to achieve their maximum performance nor express their genetic potentials. For goats to perform to their full potential, they require high nutritious feed especially in the winter season when there is food shortage or during high milk-producing periods. However, supplementation can be done using fresh green feeds, protein blocks or vitamins which are often expensive, hence the need to source for indigenous crop residues. This study assessed the knowledge and perceptions of farmers on feeding sweet potato vines to their goats. The data were gathered by administering a total of 105 structured questionnaires using face-to-face interviews. The results showed that the majority of farmers (71.4%) were aware and practise some sort of supplementary feeding. Most farmers (72.4%) cultivated sweet potatoes, and they used them for different purposes such as income generation (53.3%), consumption (27.5%) or both (8%). Sweet potato vines were being discarded as waste or burnt (32.4%), left on the field as manure (25.7%), conserved as propagation material (8.6%) or randomly fed to livestock (7.6%). Nevertheless, most of the farmers (78.1%) rejected the use of sweet potato vines as feed to livestock. In conclusion, more intervention measures are required for developing farmers’ knowledge and perception on feeding sweet potatoe vines to livestock. Farmers may be assisted through training and workshops on the use of sweet potato vines and other indigenous forage supplementation as feed.
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Urooj Aqeel, Ramesh Kumar, and Ukasha Ishfaq. "Cesarean-sections and early initiation of breast-feeding practices in tertiary care hospitals of Islamabad." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, October 29, 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.683.
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Abstract
Objective: To assess the effect of caesarean section and factors influencing early initiation of breastfeeding by mothers.
Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Pakistan Institute Of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, and Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from November 2016 to January 2017, and comprised women who had given birth through caesarean section. Data was collected using a standardised questionnaire which was modified accordingly. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.
Results: Of the 150 subjects ahed 18-49 years, 95(63.3%) breastfed their babies but not within the initial hour of the birth, as 104(69.3%) were in the recovery room post-surgery. As such, 141(94%) of the infants were given formula feeds. Overall, 120(80%) babies met their mother between 1 and five hours. In 54(57%) babies, breastfeeding was started within 6-12 hours after birth, and 149(98.7%) women had postoperative pain which delayed initiation of breastfeeding.
Conclusion: Caesarean sections were found to be associated with reduced breastfeeding rates in the initial one hour post-surgery.
Key Words: Caesarean section, Mode of birth, Vaginal delivery, Breastfeeding, Postpartum. Continuous...
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Samad, M. A. "A FIVE-DECADE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RESEARCH PROGRESS ON PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN BANGLADESH." Journal of Veterinary Medical and One Health Research 3, Issue 1 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.36111/jvmohr.2021.3(1).0026.
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Background: Small ruminant animals (SRA) have been associated with humans since their domestication are of world significance as socioeconomic animals providing products (meat, milk, wool, hair) that are in growing demand and sustainability of rural economics and many ecosystems with poverty elevation and food security in rural people in developing world including Bangladesh. People clearly want the benefit of SRA with the application of knowledge of science and technological research. Some research progress on production and management of SRA has been made during the past five decades in Bangladesh. However, such research information is often fragmented and not easily accessible, although these research findings are essential for further research and effective SRA development planning. Objective: This review aimed to improve the information based on various aspects of production and management of SRA by compiling and reviewing published research findings to identify constraints of their production for practical and sustainable solutions. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature of review of research articles on production and management of SRA published mainly in journals from 1968 to early 2021 of Bangladesh has been reviewed. A total of 332 inland research articles on these aspects supported with 19 foreign related articles have been reviewed and analyzed. Results: Bangladesh has approximately 26.435 million goats and 3.607 million sheep. Among goat population, 90% Black Bengal goat (BBG), 8.0% Jamunapari (JP) and 2.0% crossbred goats. Ten phenotypic coat color characteristics of BBG with high performance with solid black color goats documented. Sheep and goats are considered polyestrous species, and the average gestation length lasts for 150 days and give birth twice a year under good management and nutrition. Most of the smallholder farmers (80.5-95%) are raised their goats in semi-intensive system and 47% rural women are involved in goat rearing. Approximately 96% goat farmers and 60% sheep farmers used roadside grass and tree leaves and only 4.0% goat farmers used cultivated fodder whereas 40% sheep farmers used cultivated and road side grass to feed their sheep. Daily supplement of 100-300g concentrate to grazing SRA improved the growth and carcass gain, productive and reproductive performances. Castrated goats at eight weeks of age showed a much higher growth rate (76.33g/day) than un-castrated (62.72g/day) goats. The productive and reproductive performances of SRA have been reviewed and discussed. The BBG has excellent reproductive efficiency but its lower live weight and milk yield encouraged for crossbreeding with exotic bucks. The meat and milk yield traits of crossbred improved but reproductive efficiency decreased in comparison to BBG. Selection breeding of BBG not only increased live weight but also improved carcass value and preserves the indigenous genetic resources from extinction of unplanned breeding. Similarly, the crossbreds between native ewes exotic rams resulted positive effect on wool quality and live weight but a negative effect on prolificacy and lambing interval. Almost all SRA farmers depended on natural breeding system with some research data on the uses of AI and more than 70% farmers are being faced breeding service shortages. Major advances in methods of semen collection and evaluation, evaluation of male fertility, cryopreservation of sperm and estrous cycle control have been reported in both the goat and sheep in Bangladesh. In addition, knowledge of ovulation control, timing of insemination, gamete biology has also been reported in inland literature. The average slaughtering age of BBG reported to be approximately 12 months whereas in native Bengal sheep has been suggested to be 6 to 9 with an average of 8 months to get maximum return. The major challenges for SRA production are breeds, poor management, inadequate feeds, breeding bucks and rams and high neonatal mortality (kids 25.2%) and lambs (12.4%) in Bangladesh. Conclusions: The SRA rearing as smallholder farmers managed mostly semi-intensive system and requires improved feeding, provision of veterinary medical services, financial assistance, improve natural breeding and/or AI services and extension services to encourage and enhance production of sheep and goat at rural levels in Bangladesh. An improvement in the performance of SRA would directly improve the diet and standard of living of rural smallholder farmers in Bangladesh. Keywords: Systematic review, Five decades, Small ruminants, Production, Management, Bangladesh
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Nawaz, Rab, Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi, Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz, Muhammad Faisal Khan, and Azeem Khalid. "Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (April 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87160-8.
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AbstractClimate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spring, summer and autumn flushes. Increasing temperatures in spring and autumn, leafminer accrued more heat units or developmental degree days to accelerate the biological stages of its life-cycle, thereby increasing the pressure of infestation. Present work was conducted at three different environmental conditions in Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan; all three experimental sites were located in different agro-ecological zones. More infestation was recorded in all three flushes at TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. Overall, more damage was observed due to higher temperatures in TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. After May–June heat stress, spontaneous vegetative growth continued from July to November, produced newly spouted tender leaves for feeding the leafminer larvae, and was seen more in TTS and Vehari. Leafminer larva prefers to enter young and tender leaves with a maximum entrance in leaves up to 1 cm2 in size while observing no entrance above 3 cm2 of leaf size. Physiological response of leaves primarily attributed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, both of which were recorded lower in the mined leaves, thereby reducing leaf photosynthetic activity. Similarly, lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity were also recorded in the mined leaves. The on-tree age of mined leaves of three vegetative flushes of Kinnow plant was also less counted than non-mined leaves. Climate change has affected vegetative phenology and become feasible for pests due to extemporaneous leaf growth, particularly leafminer, and eventually causes economic loss by supplying low carbohydrates either to hanging fruits or next-season crops.