Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gold and foreign currency reserves

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gold and foreign currency reserves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Gold and foreign currency reserves"

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Arzumanova, L. L., and A. О. Logvencheva. "Gold and Foreign Currency Reserves Mangement: Revisiting the Issue of the Concept." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 11 (2020): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.120.11.095-102.

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The paper provides for the study of the category “gold and foreign currency reserves management”. Despite the particular importance of this category, there is no any normative definition of the category under consideration. In this regard, having analyzed doctrinal definitions of public administration, the authors determine several features and clarify them for the purpose of their application to the gold and foreign currency reserves management: first, gold and currency reserves management represents a type of state activity; second, it is carried out by authorized public authorities—the Mini
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Appala Naidu Dhubireddi and Rohit Yadav. "Foreign exchange reserves and its components in India: A comprehensive analysis." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 14, no. 1 (2025): 1129–38. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.1.0156.

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The aim of this research paper is to analyse the impact of various components of foreign exchange reserves on foreign exchange reserves of 2023-24. Moreover, various statistical methods have been used to draw comparison and relationship between forex reserves and its components which are, correlation and regression analysis. This paper provides a robust understanding about the accumulation of forex reserves and composition of its various components ie., foreign currency assets, Gold, SDRs and Reserve Tranche Position in IMF. The major finding is that fall in the forex reserves in this financia
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PARSHINA, Lyubov' N., and Nina V. BORISOVSKAYA. "Gold in the international reserves of countries." Finance and Credit 27, no. 4 (2021): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.4.763.

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Subject. The article addresses the enhanced position of gold as the main international reserve asset of countries. Objectives. The purpose is to prove the increasing role of gold as the main financial asset in the international reserves of countries throughout periods of economic volatility. Methods. The study rests on economic analysis, statistical, economic, and systems approach. Results. Annual changes in the structure of international reserves of the Russian Federation show a decrease in reserve assets denominated in foreign currency. The reserve position in the IMF makes up about 1% of th
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Moldalieva, K. "Gold as the main instrument of macroeconomic stability of the state." ECONOMIC SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE L.N. GUMILYOV ENU, no. 4 (2022): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2022-4-202-209.

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The article analyzes the international reserves of countries, the concept of gold and foreign exchange reserves and their role in the economy of the state. The volume of the country's gold reserves accumulated in the world economy in the structure of reserves is increasing every year. The positive growth dynamics of gold is associated with their use as a tool to ensure macroeconomic and political stability. International reserves are a determinant of the stability of the national currency, the maintenance of the state creditworthiness and stability. And the accumulation of reserve assets (inte
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Avdokushin, E., and E. Ivanova. "Choice of Parameters of a Parity Rate and Gold and Foreign Currency Reserves." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2004): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-11-76-91.

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Questions of the choice of parameters of real currency rate and size and structure of gold and foreign currency reserves for the countries with unconvertible currency are considered in the article. It is proposed to search for optimum currency rate on the basis of minimizing probabilistic characteristics of damage from the sum of two kinds of inflation — evolutionary and interventionist. The optimal total size and structure of gold and foreign currency reserves can be calculated on the basis of the probabilistic distribution "efficiency-risk" received as a result of the decision of the problem
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Rajan, Ramkishen S., and Sasidaran Gopalan. "India's International Reserves: How Large and How Diversified?" Global Economy Journal 10, no. 3 (2010): 1850202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1623.

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Asymmetric foreign exchange intervention by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has resulted in a sustained accretion of India’s foreign exchange reserves. The reserve buildup in India has certainly been impressive, rising from around US$5-6 million in 1991, to nearly US$300 billion in mid 2008. In addition to addressing the issues of reserve adequacy, this paper examines the forms the reserves have taken (asset and currency composition), and the extent to which India’s reserve holdings are diversified. The issue of reserve adequacy was made apparent during the 1990s and early 2000 when rapid rese
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Mahida, Rinkeshkumar. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FX AND GOLD RESERVES AMONG MAJOR ECONOMIES: A STUDY FROM Q1 2020 TO Q1 2024." International Journal of Management, Public Policy and Research 3, no. 3 (2024): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55829/ijmpr.v3i3.223.

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In order to identify fluctuations, management approaches, correlations, and trends, this research examines the foreign currency (FX) and gold reserves of China, Japan, Switzerland, the United States, and India from Q1 2020 to Q1 2024. We found notable fluctuations in Switzerland's foreign exchange reserves via analysis of quarterly data, whereas the United States gold holdings remained steady. We discovered significant variations in resource management techniques using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. We also observed high cross-national correlations, indicating common impacts and interrelate
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Кузнецова, В. В. "ЗОЛОТОВАЛЮТНЫЕ РЕЗЕРВЫ РОССИИ". Chronoeconomics, № 1(49) (30 березня 2025): 24–31. https://doi.org/10.62832/b3302-4492-6668-x.

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Золотовалютные резервы играют ключевую роль в укреплении экономической стабильности и поддержания национальной валюты на международной арене. В условиях глобальных экономических шоков, сопровождаемых политическими и социальными изменениями, данные ресурсы становятся важнейшими инструментами для предотвращения валютных кризисов и поддержания доверия международных инвесторов. Как гаранты стабильности, золотовалютные резервы обеспечивают необходимую ликвидность для международных расчетов даже в период экономической нестабильности, что делает их стратегически значимыми для любой страны. В мире, гд
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Chuvakhina, Larisa G. "THE POLICY OF DIVERSIFYING THE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA'S GOLD AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 113-114 (2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2023-113-114-01.

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The article is devoted to the issues of diversification of the structure of Russia's gold and foreign exchange reserves. Like most foreign countries, Russia pursues the policy of increasing international reserves in order to strengthen national positions in the global financial market and ensure the protection of the national economy from external shocks. The main sources of formation of international reserves, factors influencing their dynamics are analyzed. It is noted that the dominant position in the structure of Russia's international reserves is occupied by assets in foreign currency, wh
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Korol, M., M. Palinchak, and M. Tseber. "ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL BANK OF UKRAINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GOLD AND CURRENCY RESERVES." Sciences of Europe, no. 104 (November 7, 2022): 17–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7298620.

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The structure of Ukraine's gold and foreign exchange reserves is examined in the article. The stages of development of the domestic banking system are identified. It is emphasized that stable financial system operation is possible due to the proper formation and effective use of gold and foreign exchange reserves. The financial stress index receives special consideration in the paper. It was determined that following russia's invasion on February 24, 2022, to Ukraine there was a significant increase in the value of the index, with all of its components rising, indicating the systemic n
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gold and foreign currency reserves"

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Івасів, І. Б. "Вплив золотовалютних резервів на стабільність національної валюти". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63888.

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Громада, О. П. "Формування та використання золотовалютних резервів НБУ". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2021. http://local.lib/diploma/Hromada.pdf.

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Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижче<br>У роботі розглядаються теоретичні засади, формування та використання золотовалютних резервiв центрального банку країни, правовий режим процесу формування та використання золотовалютних резервiв. Проведено аналіз структури та динаміки золотовалютних резервів НБУ, оцінка валютних інтервенцій НБУ, достатності золотовалютних резервів України. Досліджено зарубіжний досвід формування та використання золотовалютних резервiв центральних банкiв та розглянуто можливість його імплементації у вітчизняну пра
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Мутичко, Ю. В. "Управління офіційними резервними активами центральних банків". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12357.

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У роботі наведено теоретичні аспекти, що стосуються даної теми, а також охарактеризовано способи формування та використання офіційних резервних активів НБУ; проведено аналіз складу, динаміки та структури ЗВР, валютних інтервенцій НБУ, а також досліджено достатність золотовалютних резервів за різними критеріями; проаналізовано світовий досвід формування та використання офіційних резервних активів, визначено проблеми, що виникають у цих процесах. Розроблені теоретичні та практичні положення, що ґрунтуються на міжнародному досвіді, можуть бути використані Національним банком України для формуван
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Soesmanto, Tommy. "Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves: A Comparative Study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365601.

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The United States (US) dollar has been the principal currency used for reserve purposes by central banks worldwide for many years. However, uncertainties about the future strength of the US economy and the exchange value of the US dollar have led to pressure for a number of central banks particularly in developing countries, to consider shifting their US dollar reserve holdings to other reserve currencies. Since its creation in 1999 the euro has represented a serious alternative to the US dollar. Some authors have forecast that the euro is likely to replace the US dollar as the principal reser
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Плахтій, С. М. "Глобалізаційні фактори впливу на структуру золотовалютних резервів". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61486.

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Глобалізація – це сукупність процесів та факторів, що співвідносяться з явищами взаємозалежності, взаємопроникнення і взаємообумовленості у світових рамках, а також передбачають єдині принципи та норми поведінки. Розвиток ринкової економіки в Україні пов’язаний з процесом глобалізації та взаємної інтеграції світового і національних фінансових ринків, що зумовлює необхідність приділення більшої уваги ефективному управлінню золотовалютними резервами Національного банку України. Вони належать до одного з інструментів захисту національної економіки від негативного зовнішнього впливу, а г
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Хомутенко, Я. В. "Формування та управління структурою золотовалютних резервів країн світу". Master's thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/55892.

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Дипломна робота присвячена питанням формування та управління золотовалютними резервами. В дипломній роботі здійснено аналіз ефективності управління золотовалютними резервами України, розглянуто світові тенденції у формуванні резервів країн, визначено напрямки вдосконалення управління золотовалютними резервами; запропоновано напрямок вдосконалення організаційної структури НБУ щодо управління міжнародними резервами; здійснено оцінку адекватності резервів України.<br>The master’s thesis is devoted to issues of formation and foreign exchange reserves management. The paper analyzes the effectivenes
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Talia, Krim. "The Scandinavian Currency Union 1873-1924 : studies in monetary integration and disintegration." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : EFI, 2004. http://web.hhs.se/efi/summary/643.htm.

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Веріга, Г. В. "Механізми регулювання валютного ринку України". Thesis, Донецький національний університет управління, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/51369.

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У дисертації обґрунтовано поняття і концепцію функціонування валют-ного ринку, охарактеризовано суб’єкти і об’єкти його регулювання із застосуванням системного підходу, формалізовано механізми та інструменти регулювання валютного ринку за умов європейської інтеграції, обґрунтовано необхідність і напрямки розвитку механізмів регулювання валютного ринку України. Проведено оцінку фрактальності і циклічності розвитку валютного ринку України, визначено фактори нестійкості і кризового стану валютного ринку, розвинуто механізми інтервенційної політики НБУ і урівноваження платіжного балансу України в
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Tůmová, Kateřina. "Analýza výkonnosti investičních kovů a mincí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-116482.

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This project deals with historical precious metals price development as gold, silver, platinum and palladium in connection to analysis of the precious metals investment benefits. There are discussed international market prices and retail prices as well. There is also mentioned the issue of price structure from the premium and other costs point of view, including possible risks coupled with investment. Approximated are also basic terms and forms of investment metals, alternative options of precious metals investment as well. The project also includes the issue of tax investment aspects and othe
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MAYER, Jorg. "The multiple reserve-currency system : the composition of the demand for foreign-exchange reserves by central banks since the breakdown of the Bretton woods system." Doctoral thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5005.

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Books on the topic "Gold and foreign currency reserves"

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Hsieh, Chang-Tai. Was the Federal Reserve fettered?: Devaluation expectations in the 1932 monetary expansion. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Fund, International Monetary. The currency composition of foreign exchange reserves. International Monetary Fund, 1988.

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Disyatat, Piti. Currency crises and foreign reserves: A simple model. International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 2001.

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Mulder, Christian B. Foreign currency credit ratings for emerging market economies. International Monetary Fund, Policy Development and Review Department, 2001.

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Eichengreen, Barry J. The currency composition of foreign exchange reserves: Retrospect and prospect. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2000.

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de, Macedo Jorge Braga, Eichengreen Barry J, and Reis Jaime, eds. Currency convertibility: The gold standard and beyond. Routledge, 1996.

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Eichengreen, Barry J. Sterling's past, dollar's future: Historical perspectives on reserve currency competition. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Williams, Marion V. Foreign exchange reserves: How much is enough? Caribbean Centre for Monetary Studies, 2006.

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Ramaswamy, Srichander. Reserve currency allocation: An alternative methodology. Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept., 1999.

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Chinn, Menzie David. Will the Euro eventually surpass the dollar as leading international reserve currency? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gold and foreign currency reserves"

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Bindseil, Ulrich, and Alessio Fotia. "International Monetary Frameworks." In Introduction to Central Banking. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_7.

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AbstractIn this chapter we turn to representing flows of funds in alternative international monetary frameworks, and what global liquidity these different frameworks provide. We first recall some arguments in favour of and against fixed exchange rate systems. We then introduce two international monetary arrangements of the past which imply fixed exchange rates, namely the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system, and recall why both eventually failed. We then turn to three international monetary frameworks in the context of the current paper standard, i.e. fixed exchange rate systems, flexib
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Foreign Currency Reserves: Do They Contribute to GDP Growth and Employment Growth?" In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_13.

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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Is There a Compelling Case to Increase the SARB Holdings of Government Securities to Supplement Interest Income and Neutralise Losses Due to Foreign Investments and Foreign Currency Reserves Accumulation?" In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_10.

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Bilotta, Nicola. "The Weaponization of Finance and Digitalization: A Cooperative Approach Between the EU and LAC." In United Nations University Series on Regionalism. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68475-3_20.

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AbstractSince the demise of the Gold Standard, the US dollar has stood as the sole global currency, empowering the United States with considerable foreign policy leverage. However, developments like economic dislocations, geopolitical tensions, and digitalization pose challenges that could lead to fragmentation in the global monetary system. The risk is forming economic blocs that establish parallel, non-complementary systems that impede the free flow of capital and money across borders. The potential rise of national Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) offers a new tool to reshape the int
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Osokina, Elena. "Why Did Stalin Need Torgsin?" In Stalin's Quest for Gold. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758515.003.0006.

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This chapter assesses why Joseph Stalin needed Torgsin. The analysis of Soviet foreign trade data, foreign debt, gold and currency reserves, and gold production shows a direct and tight correlation between the opening of Torgsin and the currency needs of industrialization. The year 1931, when Torgsin began its large-scale operation of buying up gold from the population, marked the high point of industrial imports. The country was deep in debt and had little with which to pay it off: exports had failed to bring in the expected currency earnings, and the gold reserve of the Russian Empire had be
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"Discussion of CRD Simulation Results." In Stabilizing Currency and Preserving Economic Sovereignty Using the Grondona System. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8302-9.ch011.

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The results of the simulations shown in Chapter 10 clearly show the consistent pattern of operation of the Grondona system, buying and selling reserves of commodities in response to changes in market prices as reliably as under a gold standard. This has a range of direct and indirect effects which are discussed in this chapter, including the reliably counter-cyclical timing of changes in the quantity of the CRD's reserves, and the parallel changes in the national money supply, the system's contribution to resisting inflationary pressures, and the effect of a CRD's reserves of a commodity falli
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Proctor, Charles. "The Organization of the Monetary System." In Mann and Proctor on the Law of Money, 8th ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198804925.003.0002.

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Abstract This chapter examines the organization of the monetary system, the role of domestic currencies, and the nature of the legislation required to create a monetary system. Chiefly in the course of the nineteenth century, almost all States enacted legislation with a view to organizing their respective currencies. This led to the creation of national monetary systems as they are familiar to the modern world. At an institutional level, the monetary system usually comprises a central bank or similar monetary authority which enjoys the exclusive privilege of issuing national banknotes. That in
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Walter, Hubert C. "Introductory—Currency and Gold." In Foreign Exchange and Foreign Debts. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315211015-1.

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"INTRODUCTORY CURRENCY AND GOLD." In Modern Foreign Exchange. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315211022-7.

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"The Disposal of the Gold Reserves." In The Interest Standard of Currency. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315209296-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gold and foreign currency reserves"

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Mizernaya, M. A., T. A. Oitseva, O. N. Kuzmina, T. M. Aitkazyyev, and Z. I. Chernenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE MINERAL RESOURCE OF KAZAKHSTAN." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/1.1/s01.02.

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The objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the mineral resource base in Kazakhstan, specifically focusing on copper, zinc, lead, and gold, with the aim of identifying key determinants crucial for ensuring its sustainable development. The mineral resource sector serves as a cornerstone of Kazakhstan's economy and industrial landscape. This article seeks to elucidate the critical parameters defining its current state, placing particular emphasis on the presence and quality of mineral deposits. Furthermore, it encompasses a comprehensive examination of the technological adv
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Eshov, Mansur, and Karina Benetti. "Impact of Monetary Policy Sustainability Indicators on Economic Growth in Transition to Inflation Targeting." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-40.

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Foreign experience in the transition to inflation targeting has been studied empirically. The foreign experience shows that countries with inflation targeting regimes have not abandoned and have not returned to other alternative monetary regimes. This indicates that the inflation targeting regime has been successfully tested in practice. It should be noted that inflation targeting has led to new approaches to monetary policy targets. As a result, international economists and experts have started to research inflation targeting as a new path in the scientific arena. The aim of the study is the
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Ronghua Chen. "The impact of China's foreign exchange reserves on currency mismatch." In 2012 First National Conference for Engineering Sciences (FNCES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nces.2012.6543352.

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Chen, Ronghua. "The Impact of China's Foreign Exchange Reserves on Currency Mismatch." In 2013 Conference on Education Technology and Management Science. Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icetms.2013.250.

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Jayasinghe, N. M., and R. S. Palliyaguru. "The Impact of the depletion of foreign currency reserves on the Sri Lankan construction industry." In World Construction Symposium - 2023. Ceylon Institute of Builders - Sri Lanka, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2023.84.

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The construction industry is highly diverse and interconnects with many other industries The industry generated job opportunities to many and a significant economic multiplier. However, it was observed that an economic change in the country affects the industry adversely. The depletion of foreign currency reserves has significantly impacted Sri Lanka's construction industry in the recent past, from 2019 to date. Many stakeholders are currently encountering many issues, and as a result, many construction projects are in temporary shutdown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of foreign c
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Yongmao, Wang. "Currency Mismatch, Foreign Reserves and RMB Exchange Rate Evidence on 1986 -- 2010 Data in China." In 2013 Seventh International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imis.2013.139.

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He, Li-na, and Chuan-zhe Liu. "An empirical analysis of the relation of foreign exchange reserves and currency supply M2 in China." In 2008 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2008.4669076.

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Ganiev, Junus, Jusup Pirimbaev, and Damira Baigonushova. "Relationship between Exchange Rate and Reserves in EAEU Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02380.

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The Eurasian Economic Union, which was officially established five years ago, faced many financial and economic problems in this period. After 2014, when sanctions against Russia began, all members’ national currency suffered serious depreciation and central banks had to actively intervene in the foreign exchange market. In fact, Russia and Kazakhstan have changed regime and switched from the fixed to the flexible exchange rate system. Since the foreign exchange market has been more stable in recent years, central banks are trying to complete the reserves that had been lost that period. Theref
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Sönmezer, Sıtkı, and Gürol Aytüre. "Dynamics in Turkish Housing Market." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02248.

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The recent economic crises of the summer 2018 has led to hiking foreign currency prices and an increased risk perception. Moreover, promising returns of alternative investments has convinced investors to refrain from the housing market and the demand in real estate market has fallen significantly. Measuring the demand for housing precisely is crucial for overcoming economic difficulties as well as understanding the profitability, liquidity and the future of construction sector in Turkey. In this study, significant factors that have impact on the demand for real estate market are assumed to be
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Ivanchenko, Igor S., Svetlana S. Galazova, Julia S. Zharkova, and Denis A. Zhukovsky. "Role of gold in Russia's modern monetary system." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.zgpr8796.

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The paper analyzes the reasons for the accelerated accumulation of gold in the structure of Russia's international reserves and the impact of this process on our country's monetary system. The purpose of the paper is to identify the prospects for increasing the role of gold as a collateral asset in the ruble money supply emission. The correlation and regression analysis of the most important macroeconomic variables of the money market, which should be influenced by gold quotations, was chosen as a method of research. The novelty of the paper is the justification of the pattern of accelerated g
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Reports on the topic "Gold and foreign currency reserves"

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Bianchi, Javier, and Guido Lorenzoni. The Prudential Use of Capital Controls and Foreign Currency Reserves. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29476.

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Goldberg, Linda S., and Oliver Hannaoui. Drivers of Dollar Share in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1087.

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The share of U.S. dollar assets in the official foreign exchange reserve portfolios of central banks is sometimes taken as an indicator of dollar status. We show that the observed decline in the aggregate share of U.S. dollar assets does not stem from a systematic shift in currency preferences away from holding dollar assets. Instead, a small group of countries with large foreign exchange reserve balances drive the dollar share decline observed in aggregate statistics. This arises either due to countries conducting monetary policy vis-à-vis the euro or due to preference shifts away from dollar
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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency Substitution and the Fluctuations of Foreign-Exchange Reserves with Credibly Fixed Exchange Rates. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3636.

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Guevara-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro, Leonardo Villar-Gómez, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, February 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.01-2025.

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In 2024, the macroeconomic adjustment process continued, characterized by a sustained reduction in inflation that began in 2023 and a decline in the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This adjustment took place in the context of a contractionary monetary policy, with a gradual reduction in the monetary policy interest rate. GDP grew by 1.7%, driven by investment and consumption, while employment increased by 2.2%. Foreign reserves remained at adequate levels, and Banco de la República recorded a profit of COP 10,041 billion, benefiting from the returns on foreign reserves. Mac
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Amaral, Luciano. A Monetary Plethora and What to do with It: the Bank of Portugal during World War II and the Post-War Period (1939-1960). Working Paper in Economic and Social History, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55462/wpaphes_a_501.

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Up to World War II the Bank of Portugal (BoP) was far from possessing the features normally associated with a central bank. It was still a commercial bank, although one that had acquired some central bank functions. The World War II period was decisive to change this ambiguity. The change was mostly caused by an unusually large influx of international means of payment (gold and foreign exchange) as a consequence of Portuguese neutrality during the war, which allowed the BoP to transform its balance sheet structure: the BoP became the institution centralising commercial banks’ reserves. However
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Shehryar, Shehryar. The Socio-economic Impact of the Taliban’s Poppy Ban. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.034.

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The Taliban’s edict prohibiting poppy cultivation and the use and trade of all types of narcotics across Afghanistan has had a profound impact on the country’s rural population, particularly in regions that saw the highest volumes of poppy cultivation. The disruption to farmers’ livelihoods comes amidst a collapsing national economy that promises few viable long-term alternatives. Poppy has long been Afghanistan’s most valuable cash crop, and saw a significant expansion during the two decades of the Republic that followed the Taliban’s late 2001 ouster. Its labour-intensive cultivation employe
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Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.04-2024.

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In the first quarter of 2024, the figures of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although this result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path. Monetary policy has played a critical role in containing inflationary pressures. This has allowed inflation to trend downwards, continuing into the first half of 2024. Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 million as of 30 June 2024, a slight increase over the course of the year. For 2024, the profit of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of C
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Research Department - Balance of Payments Section - International Reserves - Monthly Interpolations - Gold and Foreign Exchange - 1967 - 1974. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/19423.

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Monetary Policy Report - January 2023. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2023.

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1. Macroeconomic Summary In December, headline inflation (13.1%) and the average of the core inflation measures (10.3%) continued to trend upward, posting higher rates than those estimated by the Central Bank's technical staff and surpassing the market average. Inflation expectations for all terms exceeded the 3.0% target. In that month, every major group in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) registered higher-than-estimated increases, and the diffusion indicators continued to show generalized price hikes. Accumulated exchange rate pressures on prices, indexation to high inflation rates, and sever
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external suppl
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