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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gold Bonds

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Academic literature on the topic 'Gold Bonds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Gold Bonds"

1

Myer, Brian, Eric Gallardo, Dustin Aldridge, and Stephen Melosky. "Evaluation of Copper and Gold Wire Bonds in PEM Devices." Journal of the IEST 66, no. 1 (2023): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/1557-2196-66.1.71.

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Abstract The shift from gold to copper wire bonds used in plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) has been gradual for the last few years. Many agencies and critics question the long-term robustness and reliability of copper wire bonds; however, PEM manufacturers have been thoroughly evaluating and optimizing the copper wire bond process over the last few years to produce highly reliable products. When the manufacturing process is optimized and closely controlled and monitored, copper wire bonds can be a reliable and stronger alternate to gold wire bonds. This paper details a copper wire bon

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Sandmel, Charles. "There’s Gold in Municipal Bonds." Business Ethics: The Magazine of Corporate Responsibility 12, no. 6 (1998): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bemag199812682.

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Thies, Clifford F. "Gold bonds and silver agitation." Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 8, no. 4 (2005): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12113-005-1004-7.

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Huang, He, Yu Zhou, and Hong Liu. "Recent advances in the gold-catalyzed additions to C–C multiple bonds." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (July 4, 2011): 897–936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.103.

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C–O, C–N and C–C bonds are the most widespread types of bonds in nature, and are the cornerstone of most organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals to advanced materials and polymers. Cationic gold acts as a soft and carbophilic Lewis acid and is considered one of the most powerful activators of C–C multiple bonds. Consequently, gold-catalysis plays an important role in the development of new strategies to form these bonds in more convenient ways. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the gold-catalyzed chemistry of addition of X–H (X = O, N, C) bonds to C–C mu

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Ghiringhelli, Luca M., and Sergey V. Levchenko. "Strengthening gold–gold bonds by complexing gold clusters with noble gases." Inorganic Chemistry Communications 55 (May 2015): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2015.03.010.

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SUNKARA, SREENIVASULU, and Sreenivasa Reddy M. "A Study on the Association between Awareness of Investors and Demographic Factors towards Gold ETFs, Gold Bonds, and Gold Deposits." International Journal of Emerging Research in Engineering, Science, and Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 01–04. https://doi.org/10.58482/ijeresm.v1i1.1.

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Gold is one of the valuable metals and an important asset class for investors. People in India are emotionally attached to gold. Thousands of tonnes of idle gold are lying with Indian temples, trusts, and individuals. Investors consider capital appreciation; interest income and safety are major factors that influence buying of gold [1][4][7]. India is one of the biggest importers of gold every year. The government of India has introduced a few gold-related schemes to reduce gold imports. Sovereign gold bond [2] scheme and Re-vamped gold deposit scheme are introduced in the year 2015 under the

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Yochelis, Shira, Eran Katzir, Yoav Kalcheim, Vitaly Gutkin, Oded Millo, and Yossi Paltiel. "Formation of Au-Silane Bonds." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/903761.

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Many intriguing aspects of molecular electronics are attributed to organic-inorganic interactions, yet charge transfer through such junctions still requires fundamental study. Recently, there is a growing interest in anchoring groups, which considered dominating the charge transport. With this respect, we choose to investigate self-assembly of disilane molecules sandwiched between gold surface and gold nanoparticles. These assemblies are found to exhibit covalent bonds not only between the anchoring Si groups and the gold surfaces but also in plane crosslinks that increase the monolayer stabil

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Huang, Wei, and Meng-Shiuh Chang. "Gold and Government Bonds as Safe-Haven Assets Against Stock Market Turbulence in China." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (2021): 215824402199065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244021990655.

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We examine whether gold and China’s government bonds are safe-haven assets against the turbulence of the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index by employing vine copula models during the 2003 to 2015 period. We find that either bonds or gold can be a weak safe haven but only gold can be a strong safe haven. Our simultaneous analysis advises against a joint safe-haven strategy of gold and bonds, given the high- to low-tail correlation. This result highlights an investment strategy of using a single safe-haven asset against the Chinese stock market turbulences.

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Demchuk, Mitchell J., Joseph A. Zurakowski, Brady J. H. Austen, David J. Nelson, and Marcus W. Drover. "Competitive gold/nickel transmetalation." Chemical Communications 58, no. 1 (2022): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06064c.

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Kim, Min-Kyoung, and Raymond M. Leuthold. "The Distributional Behavior of Futures Price Spreads." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 1 (2000): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800027838.

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AbstractThe distributional behavior of futures price spreads is examined for four commodities: corn, live cattle, gold and T-bonds. Remarkably different results are found over commodities, time period, and sample size. Actual spread changes for the smaller sample size of gold and T-bonds and for corn produce more normal distributions for weekly than for daily differencing intervals, while all live cattle spreads for actual changes are normally distributed. However, the larger sample size of both gold and T-bonds and the relative spread changes for corn and live cattle do not become more normal

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gold Bonds"

1

Noolu, Narendra J. "Interdiffusion reactions and degradation in Gold-Aluminum Ball Bonds /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148639945196258.

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Sanguramath, Rajashekharayya A. "Probing the interactions of gold(I) cations with multiple bonds." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559231.

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Abstract A major part of this thesis is devoted to studies on the interaction of gold(I) cations with 1,3- dienes, arenes and allyl- and vinylsilanes. There are two self contained chapters, one on the synthesis of a simple Ag(I)-enyne cation and the other on the attempted synthesis of the cyaphide anion. Synthesis and characterisation of four cationic gold(I)-l ,3-diene complexes are described. In the solid state, gold(l) cations bind to only one of the double bonds of the 1,3-diene unit. Depending upon the substituents on the diene, the gold adopts either a 112- or 11'- bonding mode. Solution

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Dong, Boliang. "Formation of Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Hetero Bonds through Gold Catalysis." Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7396.

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This dissertation mainly contains two parts: one is C-X (C, O, S) bond formation through gold(I) catalysis, one is new applications via gold(I/III) redox catalysis. In first part, gold(I) catalysts would be introduced and their general applications, then the TA-Au species will be emphasized including the design, synthesis, characters and their application in catalysis. The applications are well developed during the past decade in our group, but here only involves three examples regarding C-C, C-O and C-S bond formations. From these effective applications, the unique stability a

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Elmblad, Daniel. "Gold - A Safe Haven : A quantitative research of gold and its role as a safe haven in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38322.

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During stormy weathers ships searched for safe havens to stay until the storm had subsided. In much similarity to these ships, investors on the financial markets search for safe assets when the markets start to shake. What could be considered a safe asset seems to be a never-ending discussion but many points out gold as one. However, no further observations of gold as a safe haven on the Swedish financial market has been made. The purpose of this research is to examine if gold could act as a safe haven in Sweden. The data used in this research is daily returns from OMXS30 and the 10-year Swedi

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Li, Chi-kwan. "Gold(I) and Gold(II) phosphine complexes exhibiting weak AuI ... AuI interactions and unsupported AuII-AuII bonds : syntheses, spectroscopy, host-guest chemistry and reactivity studies /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25155295.

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Flint, Bruce W. "Exploring the bonding and reaction chemistry of gold and platinum complexes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036824.

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Li, Chi-kwan, and 李志君. "Gold(I) and Gold(II) phosphine complexes exhibiting weak AuI... AuI interactions and unsupported AuII-AuII bonds: syntheses, spectroscopy, host-guest chemistry and reactivity studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243332.

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Persson, Krister, and Odinn Arnason. "SWEDISH REAL ESTATE AS A HEDGE AGAINST INFLATION : - With comparison to stocks, bonds and gold." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-97931.

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The objective of this research is to analyze residential, unsecuritized and securitized real estates’ ability to hedge inflation in Sweden and compare it to stocks’, bonds’ and gold’s ability to hedge inflation.This research is based on both descriptive statistical and econometric analysis methodology with use of both quarterly and annual data series. First are the correlations between assets and actual, expected and unexpected inflation analyzed. Inflation betas are then estimated for all assets based on an ordinary least square model. The results indicate that, during the researched period 1

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Kesavan, Lokesh. "Solvent-free oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene using supported gold palladium alloy nanoparticles." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55124/.

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Selective oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds with oxygen is of crucial importance for the sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks. To date, heterogeneous catalysts have either shown low activity and/or selectivity or have required activated oxygen donors. It is reported here that supported gold-palladium (Au-Pd) nanoparticles on carbon or TiO: are active for the oxidation of the primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene and related molecules, giving high selectivities to benzyl benzoate under mild solvent-free conditions. Differences between the catalytic activity of the Au-Pd

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Fang, Jiemin. "Forging bonds : gold and silver in high-status interaction of Eastern Eurasia, 6th to 9th centuries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26e5a696-607b-488e-a6c2-8ffd10b71bc2.

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Books on the topic "Gold Bonds"

1

Kinsman, Robert. There's always a bull market: Conservative investing in stocks, bonds, and gold. Dow Jones-Irwin, 1990.

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Rolo, Charles James. Gaining on the market: Your complete guide to investment strategy : stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, and gold. Little, Brown, 1988.

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Higson, Charles. Hurricane gold: A James Bond adventure. Disney Hyperion Books, 2009.

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4

Johnstone, William W. Blood Bond. Pinnacle Books/Kensington Pub., 2008.

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Johnstone, William W. Blood bond. Thorndike Press, 2007.

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A, Johnstone J., ed. Blood bond. Thorndike Press, 2008.

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John, Lauren St. Out of bounds: Inside professional golf. Partridge, 1995.

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Coble, Eric. Gold in the bones: Three haunted pirate tales by Washington Irving. Playscripts, Inc., 2006.

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9

Kubo, Tite. Si shen: Bleach : End of bond. Dong li chu ban she you xian gong si, 2011.

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Higson, Charles. Hurricane gold. Puffin, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gold Bonds"

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Teles, J. Henrique. "Hydration and Hydroalkoxylation of CC Multiple Bonds." In Modern Gold Catalyzed Synthesis. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527646869.ch8.

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Chipperfield, J. R. "Formation of Bonds Between Transition Metals and Gold." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145289.ch159.

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Belke, Ansgar. "Gold-Backed Sovereign Bonds: An Effective Alternative to OMTs." In Financial Crises, Sovereign Risk and the Role of Institutions. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03104-0_2.

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Haag, J. F. "A new Explanation for the Degradation of Gold-Aluminium Bonds." In Micro System Technologies 90. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45678-7_54.

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Widenhoefer, Ross A., and Feijie Song. "Gold-Catalyzed Addition of Oxygen Nucleophiles to CC Multiple Bonds." In Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527633388.ch12.

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von Arnim, Volkmar, Jürgen Feßmann, Heinz Osterwinter, Mechtilde Schäfer, and Hans-Ulrich Völler. "Ageing Effects of Wire Bonds on Plasma Cleaned Flash-Gold Surfaces." In Functional Materials. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607420.ch13.

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Qin, Wentao. "Corrosion Mechanisms of Copper and Gold Ball Bonds in Semiconductor Packages." In Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5053-7_15.

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Widenhoefer, Ross A., and Feijie Song. "Gold-Catalyzed Addition of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nucleophiles to CC Multiple Bonds." In Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527633388.ch11.

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M, Sachin, Vishwas S. Shastry, Niharika J, and Trupti Hegde. "Strategic BPNN Forecasting: Integrating Indicators, Bonds, Gold, and Indices for Enhanced Stock Trend Analysis." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82383-1_19.

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Saranya, S., and Nittymol Antony. "Influence of Social Media on Investment Decisions of Women with Special Focus on Sovereign Gold Bonds." In Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Customer Social Responsibility (CSR). Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50939-1_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gold Bonds"

1

Murase, M., F. Mukaihara, T. Kurisu, and N. Nishiyama. "The Development of Good Hot Water Resistant Polyethylene Coated Pipe." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88182.

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Abstract Mechanism of coating delamination of polyethylene coated pipe has been studied under cathodic protection and natural immersion in hot water, changing pH, disolved oxygen content, and temperature. On the basis of the results of this invenstigation, good hot water resistant polyethylene coated pipe has been developed by improving chemical treatment and primer for under-coating. The conclusions are as follows Coating delamination is mainly attributed to hydroxyl ion generated by oxygen reduction reaction.Oxygen reaches coating-pipe interface through polyethylene layer, water and cations

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Narciso, Diogo A. C., Steven Sachio, and Maria M. Papathanasiou. "Flexibility Assessment via Affine Bounds Evaluation." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.121782.

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Process design deals with the problem of finding the best process set-up, subject to a set of constraints defining the design space (DSp). This selection is guided primarily by economic considerations. Flexibility may also play an important factor in process design, since it embodies �how far� from the design space�s bounds are the candidate optimal designs, which in some cases may lead to off-spec products. This work proposes a novel approach for flexibility assessment. In design problems where the design space is constrained by a set of affine bounds, flexibility may be expressed either as t

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Qin, Wentao. "Corrosion Mechanisms of Copper and Gold Ball Bonds." In ISTFA 2022. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2022p0310.

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Abstract Copper ball bonding is the most widely used interconnection method in microelectronic packages. It has enabled many modern technologies, but the bond can fail due to corrosion. This paper concerns quantitative analyses of corrosion products of passing and failing copper ball bonds, and correlation with the corrosion thermodynamics. The role each element in the aluminum-copper intermetallic compound plays during crevice corrosion is described, and relative abundances of the oxidized elements are estimated. New insights regarding mechanisms of the highest vulnerability to corrosion atta

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Batorfi, Reka, and Zsolt Illyefalvi-Vitez. "Mechanical properties of thermosonic thin gold wire bonds." In 2011 34th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2011.6053561.

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Breach, C. D., Tee Wai Mun, Teck Kheng Lee, and R. Holliday. "Moisture induced corrosion in gold and copper ball bonds." In 2010 34th International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Conference (IEMT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemt.2010.5746748.

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Myer, Brian, Eric Gallardo, Steve Melosky, and Dustin Aldridge. "Evaluation of Copper and Gold Wire Bonds in PEM Devices." In 2022 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rams51457.2022.9893945.

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Breach, C. D., Ng Hun Shen, Tee Wai Mun, Teck Kheng Lee, and R. Holliday. "Effects of moisture on reliability of gold and copper ball bonds." In 2010 12th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference - (EPTC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eptc.2010.5702603.

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Kudtarkar, S. A., R. Murcko, K. Srihari, and S. Saiyed. "To Study the High Temperature Effects on Ball Bonds Using Low K Material in Wire Bond Devices." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43765.

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Wire bonding is widely used as one of the main interconnect alternatives. This technique applies significant mechanical stresses on the bond pads along with heat and ultrasonic energy to form a bond. An interconnection of copper plus low k material has been a focus of the semiconductor industry with the goal of reducing interconnection delays. The material is below the wire bond pads and complicates the mechanical stability of the device during wire bonding. The low k materials that are suggested are very sensitive to these mechanical stresses. This generates a significant reliability concern

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Breach, C. D., Ng Hun Shen, Teck Kheng Lee, and R. Holliday. "Failure of gold and copper ball bonds due to intermetallic oxidation and corrosion." In 2011 18th IEEE International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipfa.2011.5992790.

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Lall, Pradeep, and Sungmo Jung. "Reliability Assessment of Cu-Al WB Under High Temperature and High Voltage Bias Application." In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2678.

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Abstract Electronics in automotive underhood environments may be subjected to high temperature in the range of 125–200°C. Transition to electric vehicles has resulted in need for electronics capable of operation under high voltage bias. Automotive electronics has simultaneously transitioned to copper wire-bond from gold wire-bond for first-level interconnections. Copper has a smaller process window and a higher propensity for corrosion in comparison with gold wire bonds. There is scarce information on the reliability of copper wire bonds in presence of high voltage bias under operation at high

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Reports on the topic "Gold Bonds"

1

Huff, Johnathon, Michael McLean, Mark Jenkins, and Brian Rutherford. 1 mil gold bond wire study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089865.

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Cochrane, John, and Jesus Saa-Requejo. Beyond Arbitrage: "Good-Deal" Asset Price Bounds in Incomplete Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5489.

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Balaga, Dr Sai Krishna, Dr Amal PS, Dr Jayaram Jayaram, and Dr Naveen Naveen. MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIVE NON UNION OF SHAFT OF LONG BONES WITH LIMB RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM. World Wide Journals, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/7305662.

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Background: Complex nonunions are difcult to manage due to the presence of infection, deformities, shortening, and multiple surgeries in the past. Ilizarov xation has traditionally been used to manage complex nonunions. The disadvantages of Ilizarov include poor patient compliance, frame inconvenience, and difcult frame construction. We studied ten long bone infective nonunions treated with the limb reconstruction system (LRS). Materials and methods : Between September 2020 and December 2022, we treated 10 cases of infective nonunion of long bone with the LRS. Patients were routinely follow

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Corriveau, L., and E. G. Potter. Advancing exploration for iron oxide-copper-gold and affiliated deposits in Canada: context, scientific overview, outcomes, and impacts. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332495.

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The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) and Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI) programs conducted extensive collaborative research on mineral systems with iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) and affiliated deposits in prospective settings of Canada. Regional alteration mapping as well as geochemical and geophysical modelling undertaken under the GEM program documented the evolution of polymetallic metasomatic systems with iron-oxide and alkali-calcic alteration and led to an increased recognition of the mineral potential of poorly explored areas and historic deposits of the Great Bear magmat

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Klobukowski, Erik. Bulk gold catalyzed oxidation reactions of amines and isocyanides and iron porphyrin catalyzed N-H and O-H bond insertion/cyclization reactions of diamines and aminoalcohols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048517.

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Williams. NR198603 Notched Tensile Test Procedure for Evaluating the Ductility of Seam Welds in ERW Pipe. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011230.

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Although current manufacturing methods result in highly reliable welds in ERW pipe, occasional small bond line defects, difficult to detect with present nondestructive test techniques, still are found. The development of improved inspection techniques to permit the detection of such small defects is a difficult undertaking. An Alternative approach toward increasing the reliability of ERW pipe is to insure that the weld region is able to tolerate the presence of any undetected defects without failure, that is, to insure that the weld has adequate ductility. Studies were conducted to determine w

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Powell, Andrew, and Giovanni Majnoni. On Endogenous Risk, the Amplification Effects of Financial Systems and Macro Prudential Policies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011345.

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The recent global financial crisis has put the spotlight on macro-prudential policies to protect firms and households from problems emanating from the financial sector. This paper proposes an analytical framework that combines exogenous and endogenous risks, the latter seen as stemming from frictions in financial markets. Arguing that endogenous risks may be systemic and costly, the paper employs a database of emerging market corporate bond spreads and finds evidence that endogenous risks are present and have amplified the effects of financial crises. Larger financial systems are found to exac

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Ruangpornvisuti, Vithaya. Investigation of conformational equilibrium and proton affinity of Thiacalix[4] arenas and their complexes with cations : research report. Chulalongkorn University, 2004. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2004.35.

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The p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene and sulfonycalix[4]arene conformers have been obtained by AM1 geometry optimizations. The structural cavities of p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene and sulfonylcalix[4]arene conformers of which phenol groups are bridged by sulfonyl sulfur have been compared to the calix[4]arene and thiacalix[4]arene. The conformational energies of p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene have been compared with the energies of sulfonylcalix[4]arene, calix[4]arene and thiacalix[4]arene. The most stable conformer of sulfonylcalix[4]arene and p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene are 1,2

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Ardanaz, Martín, Carolina Ulloa-Suarez, and Oscar Valencia. Why Don't We Follow the Rules? Drivers of Compliance with Fiscal Policy Rules in Emerging Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005165.

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Under what conditions do countries comply with their fiscal policy rules? We tackle this question in the context of emerging countries, with a specific focus on Latin America and the Caribbean, a region where fiscal rules have become increasingly common in recent decades. Based on an original dataset of compliance behavior across 14 countries observed between 2000 and 2020, we first document that complying with fiscal rules makes a difference: countries that comply with their fiscal rules show, on average, lower sovereign bond spreads, higher credit ratings, and lower probability of public deb

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Ruschau. L51887 Compatibility of Repair Coatings Applied to Existing Below Grade Coatings. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010209.

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Defects and holidays in mainline coatings necessitate the use of repair coatings for all coated pipelines. This includes both newly coated pipelines just out of the plant as well as existing buried lines in need of small repairs. The repair coating must provide corrosion protection for the steel, lessen the demand on the cathodic protection system, and provide good long-term service. In short, the repair coating must protect the pipe to the same extent as the mainline coating. Two additional requirements for repair coatings are that they adhere not only to the steel but also to the existing ma

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