Academic literature on the topic 'Gold mines and mining, south america'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gold mines and mining, south america"
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HINES, ELIZABETH, and MICHAEL SMITH. "THE RUSH STARTED HERE, PART III: ‘THE STREETS ARE PAVED WITH GOLD’—SPECULATION, GREED, AND DISAPPOINTMENT, 1849–2010." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41.
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ABSTRACT Profitable gold mining began in the United States with the accidental discovery in 1799 of a seventeen-pound gold nugget in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. North Carolina’s gold production peaked between the 1830s and 1840s as hundreds of mines contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to the national economy, necessitating the 1837 construction of a federal Branch Mint in Charlotte to process Piedmont gold. Gold mining suffered a major decline in North Carolina after the discovery of the richer and more extensive gold deposits in California in 1848. However, the North Carolina gold miners who did not join the western rush continued to work the shafts of the Piedmont using increasingly sophisticated European and South American technology, as well as new innovations such as hydraulic mining techniques from California, until the advent of the Civil War. From the end of Reconstruction (1877) to 1920, gold mining in North Carolina was sporadic and often funded by outside investors or used as a ruse in gold and stock scams. Copper mining, with gold and silver as secondary products, using increasingly complex technology and associated environmental issues, drove most of the mining fervor during this period. Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, gold production slowly increased until the Second World War, but never became a major industry as they were out-competed by the more profitable gold fields in the western United States, Alaska, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. From the 1970s to today, dependent upon the price of gold in the market and the requirements of environmental regulation, prior mining districts in North (and South) Carolina have continued to be examined, explored and cautiously mined using cyanide heap leach techniques. Although few in number, these limited lease mining projects have extracted over two million troy ounces of gold and nearly a million troy ounces of silver by 2010. Future extraction by the ongoing Haile Mine (South Carolina) project will increase this amount substantially in the next decade. Nevertheless, Cabarrus County continues to hold the world’s record for producing the greatest number of large (a pound or more) gold nuggets and was the epicenter of North America’s first gold rush.
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Holley, Elizabeth A., Oscar Felipe Rodriguez, Stewart D. Redwood, and Nicole M. Smith. "Coexistence of Large-Scale Mining with Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining—A Guide for Geologists." SEG Discovery, no. 130 (July 1, 2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/geo-and-mining-16.
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Editor’s note: The aim of the Geology and Mining series is to introduce early career professionals and students to various aspects of mineral exploration, development, and mining in order to share the experiences and insight of each author on the myriad of topics involved with the mineral industry and the ways in which geoscientists contribute to each. Abstract Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) takes place in approximately 80 countries, and it is widespread in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Estimates range from 40 to 100 million ASM miners operating worldwide, and ASM generates a significant share of global production for commodities such as gold, tantalum, tin, gemstones, and diamonds. Geologists may encounter ASM activity when exploring new areas or when ASM miners move into existing exploration projects or the vicinity of large-scale mines. These interactions can be contentious, leading to conflicts that force project delays or abandonment. Alternatively, both groups can collaborate to generate mutual benefits, enabling mining companies to gain social license to operate and at the same time manage the environmental impacts of ASM, while the ASM miners maintain culturally and economically important livelihoods. Technical and social factors can help to predict the potential for coexistence or conflict with ASM operators, including the geology of the deposit type, the mining method, and the economic, legal, historical, and cultural context of a project. We present a series of case studies on ASM in Latin America, highlighting five coexistence models that have been previously implemented between mining companies and ASM operators. Our intent is to raise awareness of ASM, so that geologists can consciously consider its impacts on early exploration and subsequent decision-making. Secondly, we aim to encourage broader discussion of the role of ASM in mineral production and sustainable development.
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Higginson, John. "Privileging the Machines: American Engineers, Indentured Chinese and White Workers in South Africa's Deep-Level Gold Mines, 1902–1907." International Review of Social History 52, no. 1 (March 9, 2007): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006002768.
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Economists and historians have identified the period between 1870 and 1914 as one marked by the movement of capital and labor across the globe at unprecedented speed. The accompanying spread of the gold standard and industrial techniques contained volatile and ambiguous implications for workers everywhere. Industrial engineers made new machinery and industrial techniques the measure of human effort. The plight of workers in South Africa's deep-level gold mines in the era following the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 provides a powerful example of just how lethal the new benchmarks of human effort could be. When by 1904 close to 50,000 Africans refused to return to the mines, mining policy began to coalesce around solving the “labor shortage” problem and dramatically reducing working costs. Engineers, especially American engineers, rapidly gained the confidence of the companies that had made large investments in the deep-level mines of the Far East Rand by bringing more than 60,000 indentured Chinese workers to the mines to make up for the postwar shortfall in unskilled labor in late 1904. But the dangerous working conditions that drove African workers away from many of the deep-level mines persisted. Three years later, in 1907, their persistence provoked a bitter strike by white drill-men.
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Chaudhuri, K. N. "Precious metals and mining in the New World: 1500–1800." European Review 2, no. 4 (October 1994): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001186.
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The discovery of large quantities of gold and silver in the New World following the voyage of Christopher Columbus had a major impact on the subsequent history of the world economy. These two precious metals together with copper were regarded as the standard and measure of value in all societies throughout history. The sudden increase in the supply of gold and silver greatly increased the capacity of individual countries such as Spain and Portugal to finance wars and imports of consumer goods. The new Spanish coin, the real of eight, became an international currency for settling trade balances, and large quantities of these coins were exported to the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and China to purchase oriental commodities such as silk piece goods, cotton textiles, industrial raw material such as indigo, and various kinds of spices, later followed by tea, coffee, and porcelain. The trade in New World gold and silver depended on the development of new and adequate mining techniques in Mexico and Peru to extract the ore and refine the metal. South German mining engineers greatly contributed to the transplantation of European technology to the Americas, and the Spanish-American silver mines utilised the new mercury amalgamation method to extract refined silver from the raw ores. Although the techniques used in Mexico and Peru were not particularly advanced by contemporary European standards, the American mine owners remained in business for more than three hundred years, and the supply of American silver came to be the foundation of the newly rising Indian Ocean world economy in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Appel, Peter W. U. "Small-scale mining – hazards and opportunities in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (July 29, 2005): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4847.
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Small-scale mining is the main source of income for about 100 million people in Asia, Africa and South America. However, the processing of raw materials during this mining activity results in the release of large amounts of mercury to the environment, creating serious environmental problems. Small-scale mining, or artisanal mining, is exploitation using only shovels, picks and hammers, carried out by individuals or small groups. A wide variety of commodities are exploited in this way, ranging from gold, diamonds, precious stones, tin, coal, dimension stones and slate. Small-scale mining is often carried out by labourers with virtually no knowledge of safety procedures. Tunnel cave-ins leading to loss of life are common, and the widespread use of mercury in gold extraction causes many long-term health problems for the miners. It is estimated that about 650 tonnes of mercury are annually released during small-scale mining to the environment, and this figure is likely to increase in the future. Mercury is highly toxic and its use causes health problems not only for the miners, but also to the entire population in areas where small-scale mining takes place. Some miners are aware of the dangers of using mercury, but have no knowledge of recycling procedures. Several international organisations, such as the World Bank, UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation), ILO (International Labour Organisation) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), have launched programmes to examine the problems associated with small-scale mining. Progress so far has been slow, and much more international awareness of the global mercury pollution of the environment from smallscale mining is required. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) has worked as consultant to the World Bank on projects involving small-scale mining in Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Laos, and has also undertaken programmes concerning small-scale mining in Lesotho for UNDP and in Tanzania for the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). This paper reports on some of the initiatives carried out in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia, to secure and sustain the small-scale mining industry in these regions.
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Wittwer, Paul D. "Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits in South Korea—History and Pursuit." SEG Discovery, no. 125 (April 1, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2021-125.fea-01.
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Abstract The gold and silver endowment of Korea has historically been well known, with records alluding to production as far back as 1122 BC. The main gold production period was from 1925 to 1943 during the Japanese occupation of Korea, with more than 1 Moz recorded in 1939. Muguk was the most productive gold mining operation, located within the central region of South Korea, with a recorded 590 koz of gold produced from 1934 to 1998 (first mined in AD 912). The majority of the historical mining operations were closed by government order in 1943 during the Second World War and never reopened. A number of small mines operated between 1971 and 1998, with limited production during a period of gold prices generally lower than at present (~25–50% of current inflation adjusted prices, apart from a four-year period 1979–83). It is likely that significant resources remain within these historical mining areas. Gold-silver deposit types historically recognized and exploited in Korea include placers and orogenic and intrusion-related vein systems. Only more recently have epithermal vein and breccia systems been recognized. This is not surprising, given that the geologic and tectonic setting of the Southern Korean peninsula is prospective for epithermal precious metal deposits, spatially associated with basin-scale brittle fault systems in Cretaceous volcanic terranes. South Korea is an underexplored jurisdiction, with limited modern exploration and drilling until the mid-1990s, when Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. discovered the Gasado, Eunsan, and Moisan epithermal gold-silver deposits, all of which became mines. Exploration was limited for another 20 years until Southern Gold Ltd., an Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)-listed company, commenced regional-scale exploration for epithermal deposits, using a strategy similar to that successfully employed by Ivanhoe.
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Handley, M. "Where is all the gold?" Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 123, no. 4 (June 8, 2023): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1902/2023.
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The Witwatersrand Basin contains by far the most gold ever found, and has hosted mining from its discovery in 1886 to the present. For many years, South Africa was the world's largest producer of gold, nearly all of which came from the Witwatersrand. Since 2000, South Africa has fallen back several positions because of declining gold output. There are many complex and varied reasons for this; however, declining gold resources in the Witwatersrand Basin are not one of them. As far as the author knows, there are no qualified estimates in the literature of gold remaining in the Witwatersrand Basin. This paper collects mining data from several sources and then, using elementary gold accounting and error analysis, attempts to estimate the amount of gold remaining in the Witwatersrand Basin. It includes gold underground in existing and defunct mines, in evaluated ore resources, and dumps. Compiled data from 1887 to 2019 shows that 50 200 t of gold were produced by Witwatersrand mines, while it is estimated that a further 48 100 t remain underground, both within and outside of mine leases, a further 1 600 t on the surface in tailings, and an unknown amount in rock dumps. Nearly all of this gold will remain inaccessible with current mining methods, and major technical developments in mining will be necessary before any of the gold can be categorized as a code-compliant resource or reserve. To win this prize, the mining industry will have to rethink its approach to mining, both in old mining leases and in the unexploited ground. It will also have to find effective means of preventing gold theft and informal mining, which are on the rise.
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Morrell, Robert. "Farmers, Randlords and the South African state: Confrontation in the Witwatersrand Beef Markets, c. 1920–1923." Journal of African History 27, no. 3 (November 1986): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023306.
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The pervasive importance of gold mining in modern South Africa has become embedded in South African historiography. Despite this, little research has been done to ascertain its impact on the other major sector of the economy, agriculture.The gold mines had a profound effect upon one particular branch of agriculture – beef farming. The mines purchased large amounts of beef and were able to use their buying power to confront beef farmers in the marketplace. In the recession following the First World War, the mines were caught in a profitability crisis that was to lead to the Rand Revolt in 1922. One of the ways in which mining attempted to ease its position was by cutting back on the cost of the meat it supplied to its African labour force. This initially involved co-operation with a powerful cold-storage company, big ranchers and a number of smaller farmers to form a Meat Producers Exchange. This fragile alliance fell apart when farmers, themselves on the verge of bankruptcy, attempted to take control of the Exchange and raise beef prices. The farmers failed and in 1923 the exchange collapsed.The victory of the mining and cold-storage companies rested on a number of factors. Farmers were unable to organize effectively because of the defection of ranchers to the mines. Changing economic conditions in 1922 and 1923 permitted the mines to terminate their co-operation with beef farmers. Finally the mines were able to call upon the state for support. The state ensured the demise of the Exchange and the defeat of the beef farmers. In the process it showed itself capable of intervening decisively to protect the interests of certain sections of capital.
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Cole, Megan J. "A Mine Closure Risk Rating System for South Africa." Mining 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining4010005.
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Mine closure is a growing concern in mining countries around the world due to the associated environmental and social impacts. This is particularly true in developing countries like South Africa where poverty, social deprivation and unemployment are widespread and environmental governance is not strong. South Africa has 230 operating mines located in diverse natural and social settings. Over 6 million people live in urban and rural mining host communities who will be significantly affected by mine closure. The national, provincial and local governments need guidance in identifying high-risk areas and relevant policy and programmatic interventions. This paper describes the development of a quantitative mine closure risk rating system that assesses the likelihood of mine closure, the risk of social impact and the risk of environmental impact of mine closure for every operating mine in the country. The paper visualises the high likelihood of closure and environmental impacts for numerous coal and gold mines, and the significant social risks in the deprived rural platinum and chrome mining areas. The rating system was tested with 10 mines and 19 experts, and the resulting maps are communicated in an online South African Mine Closure Risk and Opportunity Atlas. The risk ratings could be used in mine closure planning and management by mining companies, consultancies, governments and affected communities. While this risk rating system has been designed for South Africa, the methodology and framework could be applied to any mining country in the world.
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Xingwana, Lumkwana, Elroy E Smith, and Noxolo Eileen Mazibuko. "Working Environment and Employment Conditions and their Impact on Skills Shortage in South African Gold Mines." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v2n1p1.
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The purpose of the study was to examine the direct relationship and effect of human resource management practices (working environment and employment conditions) on perceived skills shortage among engineers, professionals, and supervisors in the South African gold mines. A sample of 300 engineers, professionals and supervisors was selected by purposive sampling from three selected South African gold mines. For the analysis of the data collected through a self-administered questionnaire, correlation and multiple regression were conducted using Social Package for Social Sciences, version 25. The study revealed that the working environment and employment conditions had a positive significant relationship with the perceived skills shortage in the gold mines. Considering the regression coefficients of two predictors, working environment exerted a greater impact on perceived skills shortage than employment conditions. The benefits of providing an attractive employment condition and supportive working environment create incentives for job satisfaction, employee’s intention to stay and talent retention. The study contributes to the growing research of skills shortage by conducting empirical tests consisting of three variables (perceived skills shortage, working environment, and employment conditions) in the gold mining context.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gold mines and mining, south america"
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McLeod, Ashley. "The contribution of leadership behaviour in creating a safety conscious organisational culture : a case study of Anglo American mining operations." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/973.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the 20th century, many employees in the South African mining industry were involved in occupational accidents which either resulted in personal injury or had fatal consequences. Despite the introduction of numerous industrial safety programmes to prevent fatal incidents and minor injuries, the South African mining industry death toll remains consistently high, at approximately 200 employees per annum. The trend of employee injury and death continues unabated into the new millennium. This safety performance has been met with growing dissatisfaction in the ranks of government, worker unions, employees and business stakeholders. This dissatisfaction is directed at chief executives who are being blamed for the occupational accidents on their mines. There is now growing focus on the leadership of mining companies and how it contributes to shaping an organisational culture for improved safety performance. The researcher examines whether leadership is a key component in creating a safety conscious organisational culture, and uses literature studies and the Anglo American mining company as a practical case study to support the investigation. Anglo American, listed on the Johannesburg and London stock exchanges is the largest mining company in South Africa and also one in which many fatal injuries have occurred; providing an abundance of safety information. The researcher reviews previous literature studies and explains the journey Anglo American undertook to improve its safety performance since listing on the London Stock Exchange in 1999. The concepts of organisational culture, safety culture, leadership and organisational performance, are discussed from a theoretical and practical perspective using literature studies. These are then examined with the ultimate view of understanding their practical impact on organisational safety as espoused in the literature. The literature provides a broad framework on which to assess Anglo American's safety journey from 1999 to the end of 2007. This journey details the safety programmes and efforts employed by Anglo American to eliminate fatalities and injuries and also highlights the impact of the organisation's leadership on the safety performance of the company. It is concluded that the contribution of leadership is pivotal to establishing a safety-conscious organisational culture and that specific behaviours from executives, senior managers, middle managers, supervisors and workers are needed to develop an organisations safety culture for improved safety performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die 20ste eeu was baie werkers in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynbedryf betrokke in beroepsverwante ongelukke wat tot persoonlike beserings of lewensverlies gelei het. Ten spyte van die instelling van veelvuldige beroeps-veiligheidsprogramme om noodlottige insidente en ander minder ernstige beserings te voorkom, bly die dodetal in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynbedryf konstant hoog, teen ongeveer 200 werkers per jaar. Hierdie tendens van dood en beserings onder werkers gaan ongetem voort tot in die nuwe millennium. Hierdie veiligheidsrekord word met toenemende ontevredenheid deur die regering, werkers-vakbonde, werkers en bedryfsinsethouers beskou. Hierdie ontevredenheid word gemik op uitvoerende bestuur, wie blameer word vir beroepsverwante ongelukke in hul myne. Daar word dus toenemend gefokus op die leierskap van mynmaatskappye en hoe dit bydra tot die skepping van 'n organisasiekultuur van verbeterde veiligheidsuitslae. Die navorser ondersoek die vraag of leierskap 'n kern komponent is in die daarstelling van 'n veiligheids-bewuste organisasiekultuur, en maak gebruik van literatuurstudies sowel as Anglo American mynmaatskappy as 'n praktiese gevallestudie om sy ondersoek te ondersteun. Anglo American is die grootste mynmaatskappy in Suid-Afrika en ook die een waar baie noodlottige ongelukke voorgekom het, en dus 'n groot bron van veiligheidsinligting kan voorsien. Die navorser hersien teoretiese literatuurstudies en verduidelik dan die optrede van Anglo American om sy veiligheidsrekords te verbeter sedert sy noteering op die Londonse Effektebeurs in 1999. Die konsep van organisasiekultuur, veiligheidskultuur, leierskap en organisasieprestasie, word bespreek vanuit 'n teoretiese en praktiese perspektief met behulp van literatuurstudies en hierdie word bestudeer met die uiteindelike doel om die praktiese impak daarvan in industrie te verstaan soos uiteengesit in die literatuur. Die literatuur voorsien 'n breë raamwerk waarteen Anglo American se veiligheidstog gemeet kan word vanaf 1999 tot einde 2007. Hierdie tog verskaf detail van hoe Anglo American veiligheidsprogramme gebruik het om noodlottigge ongelukke en beserings uit te skakel en beklemtoon ook die impak van die organisasie se leierskap op die veiligheidsrekord van die maatskappy. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die bydrae van leierskap kern is tot die daarstelling van 'n veiligheidsbewuste kultuur en dat spesifieke optredes van hoofbestuurders, seniorbestuurders, middelvlakbestuurders, opsieners en werkers nodig is om 'n veiligheidskultuur te bewerkstellig om veiligheid in maatskappye te verbeter.
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Joubert, Barend Daniel. "Small-scale gold mining in southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005615.
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The general characteristics of gold deposits are reviewed, and a classification of gold deposits based on mineability is proposed. Evaluation, mlnlng and beneficiation methods are briefly discussed. It is concluded that the most viable targets for small-scale companies comprise deposits that require the least pre-production time and expense. Great potential exists for the small-scale reclamation of gold from tailings dumps and abandoned mines in Southern Africa. There is also potential for developing new smallscale gold mines in the Archaean greenstone terranes of the Zimbabwean and Kaapvaal cratons.
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Mather, Diarmid John. "An approach to analyzing gold supply from the South African gold mines." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002750.
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The gold mining fIrm in South Africa is viewed as a normal fIrm producing gold bearing ore but faced with a quality constraint (grade). Grade, however, is never uniformly distributed in a metalliferous deposit and because high grades are mined fIrst, the quality constraint becomes increasingly severe with cumulated production. The fIrm will continue to mine gold bearing ore until it reaches its mining limit where the marginal cost of recovering the gold is equal to the marginal revenue received from that gold and at that point the economic deposit becomes exhausted. Because the mining limit is determined by cost/technology and price, it is not fIxed and thus the point of economic exhaustion may change. When high grades are mined fIrst the relationship between the tonnage of gold ore and the grade describes the rate at which the grade is expected to fall with cumulated production. In this thesis, the grade for South African Witwatersrand gold producers is modelled to fall exponentially. The mining limit, determined by costs/technology and price, can be expressed in terms of grade. By predicting the decay in grade relative to the tonnage of gold ore and applying a mining limit, a life-time size of the economic deposit can be estimated. The remaining life of a producing gold mine can then be determined and the flow of gold predicted. An empirical treatment using the disk model of a gold deposit is undertaken for a gold mine, a goldfIeld and the total Witwatersrand gold deposit. A dynamic econometric analysis of expected mining costs and gold prices is not attempted; however certain examples are used to illustrate the applicability of the model and the influence of the South African gold mining tax formula on the life of the mine.
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Naidoo, Kumendrie. "Considerations for stope gully stability in gold and platinum mines in South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11302005-123445/.
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Xingwana, Lumkwana. "Management perceptions regarding skills shortages in gold mines." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1007959.
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The skills shortages in mining and mineral sector had existed for a decade and had a widespread effect on South Africa economy. It affects the level of economic productivity and reduces the country’s capacity to develop a knowledge society. This, in turn, affects the country’s functioning in the global economy. Despite the sector’s best efforts, the shortages continue to grow and threaten the delivery of projects and growth plans. Some researchers contend with the view that the persistence of skills shortages in mining and mineral sector is largely due to entrenched attitudes among both the industry and the community. They claim that employers have the means to change the educational profile of the subsectors by appointing recruits with higher levels of schooling. However, owing to the limited number of higher educated people living in the communities surrounding the mining operations and lack of interest in mining of people with higher levels of education, to name but few, employers are perceived to have a habit of employing people with little skills. The current study was aimed at investigating the impact of skills shortage on organisational performance, propensity to leave, competitive advantage and sustainability, from the management perceptive. The main objective of this study was to incorporate and embed previous research findings and theories into a comprehensive hypothetical model. A hypothetical model showed various factors that may influence skills shortage. Four independent variables (working environment, employment conditions, resources and education and training) were identified as variables that may influence skills shortage; and mediating variable (skills shortage) was also identified as a variable that have potential to affect dependent variables (organisational performance, propensity to leave, competitive advantage and sustainability) of gold mining sector. Furthermore, eight hypotheses were developed to test the relationship between independent, mediating and dependent variables. All these variables were clearly defined and operationalized with various items obtained from measuring instruments used in other similar studies. A purposive sample of 343 respondents was drawn from the population. A seven-point Likert scale and structured questionnaire were administered in person to the respondents and of which 300 were usable and subjected further to several statistical analyses. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument was evaluated using significant effect p< = 0.001 and Pearson’s correlation test (α = 0.05). Data gathered were fed to and analysed by STATISTICA (version 10) and factor analysis and regression analyses were the statistical procedures used to test the significance of the relationships between the various independent and dependent variables. Consequently, working environment, resources and education and training were three independent variables that were identified as having ability to predict propensity to leave, competitive advantage and sustainability. An attempt was made to establish whether various demographic variables have an influence on mediating and dependent variables through the introduction of gender and position in the organisation while conducting an Analysis of Variance and Multiple linear regressions, but they obtained negative values. The conclusion is that demographic variables do not have over mediating and depended variables. The findings of this study states that with conducive working environment, availability of resources, the high levels of education and training, the country could produce skills that would reduce propensity to leave, drive competitive advantage and sustainability, innovation and entrepreneurship, create competitive advantages and boost employment sustainability.
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Squelch, Andrew Peter. "Application of virtual reality for hazard awareness training in South African gold mines." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243505.
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Wessels, Deon. "The transformation of the South African gold-mining corporate culture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53687.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Corporate cu~ure is the foundation of businesses today and in every way underties the way business is done. The discovery and subsequent mining of gold during the last century have shaped the gold-mining corporate cu~re; it gave birth to racial segregation and laid the foundation of the system in which the industry finds itse~ today. The purpose of this study is to uncover the deeper patterns of corporate cu~ure that drive visible behaviour and attitudes. Once the root metaphor or main undertying assumptions of the gold-mining corporate cutture have been determined, a process of multilevel, frame-breaking, radical transformation can be initiated. A 'paradigm interplay' approach, which describes cu~re as an explicit variable and an implicit root metaphor, was adopted. Within this frameworK the study aims to explore concepts and meanings of corporate cu~re in a hermeneutic fashion by uncovering the human, expressive, symbolic texture of life in a gold mine. The frameworK provided a way of thinking about organisations, not to present 1001s' or 'methods' for managing or transforming culture, but to think culturally and holistically about the process of transformation. An in-depth investigation into Schein's 'three levels of cu~re' model was necessary in order to derive at the core transformational aspect of the gold-mining corporate culture. An analysis of Schein's model indicated that behavioural characteristics are shaped and determined by undertying values, beliefs and attitudes, which are shared among members of the organisation. If not espoused, these in turn rest upon sets of undertying assumptions that are the innermost core of corporate cu~re. One such a se~ the nature of human relationships, had been identified as the main undertying theme behind the vested interests as well as ingrained paradigms that exist on both sides of a racially divided workforce. The historical background of the industry and cultural perceptions created a shared assumption set that shaped these deep-rooted, embedded mindsets, affecting human relationships significantly. The study made it clear that any transformation attempt could be possible only when one goes deeper than the stated values and norms to understand the undertying assumptions and the true nature of human relationships that drive the visible behaviour and attttudes. The central dimension of this study, the nature of human relationships, referred to the opposing concepts of individualism versus communalism. These opposing paradigms are manifested in the two main management approaches or corporate cultures that exist in South Africa. Many suggested that the acknowledgement and utilisation of the Afrocentric value system, Ubuntu, alongside a Westem individualistic corporate culture are imperative to improve relationships in general and promote humanism. This study proposed that the humane spirit of Ubuntu, a spirit of trus~ caring and respect for human dignity, should be 'married' with the Westem approach to management instead of Ubuntu being adopted as a single framework that may be perceived negatively by the current business community. Thinking culturally', the purpose phrase of this study, succeeded therefore in abandoning the eitheror kind of thinking in favour of a more holistic 'both-and' way of doing. A desired culture of trust, honesty, openness, integrity and non-
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De, Klerk Ian Duncan. "The nature and origin of gold mineralization in the Tugela valley, Natal Structural and Metamorphic Province." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005591.
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The project area is situated within the Tugela Valley, located in the Northern Marginal Zone of the Natal Structural and Metamorphic Province, and this work outlines the different styles of gold mineralization found in the Tugela Valley. Two different styles have been recognized and both have economic significance:- 1) Epigenetic shear zone-hosted gold occurs in late-stage relatively undeformed thin quartz veins confined to shear zones, and is present in both the greenschist facies Natal Thrust Belt and the amphibolite facies Natal Nappe Complex. However the vast majority of these occurrences are concentrated within the thrust front (i.e. the Natal Thrust Belt). The gold grades (up to 7 g/t) and the hydrothermal alteration assemblages associated with the epigenetic deposits have been documented. 2) An as yet unrecognized occurrence of syngenetic gold mineralization is found associated with the sediment-hosted exhalative massive, to semi-massive, sulphides of the iThuma prospect, located within the amphibolite facies Natal Nappe Complex. Here gold (up to 3 g/t) is concentrated together with the main sulphide are, as well as some gold enrichment (230ppb) in the hydrothermally altered footwall feeder pipe. It is proposed that the epigenetic mineralization was formed as a consequence of the northward directed abduction of the major thrust slices of the Natal Nappe Complex. This increased the permeability of the rocks and provided channelways for the focussing of fluids. Deposition took place at the thrust front where metamorphic hydrothermal fluids interacted with meteoric water.
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Heiser, Jens Helmuth. "Business model innovation ensuring success for DRDGOLD in the declining gold mining industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97266.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: DRDGOLD is a mining company forming part of the declining South African gold industry. During the turn of the century, the opportunity to innovate the business model arose. Without proactive intent, DRDGOLD tapped into the opportunity and revised their business model with great success. The success is evident in the improvement of headline earnings from 2002 to 2012. To discuss the changes to the business model, the author conducted a literature review on business models and innovation. From the review, the author selected the Osterwalder Business Model Canvas as the most suitable framework to discuss the changes of the business model. The Osterwalder Business Model includes the business-centric approach and is thus favoured for this discussion. First, the business model was populated with the information to have a comprehensible business model, and secondly, the changes to the business model were identified. The information for the study was sourced from public company documentation, mainly annual reports, secondary sources like Datamonitor, and interviews with four members of the leadership team. The four interviewees were Niel Pretorius, chief executive officer (CEO), Kobus Dissel group financial manager, Charles Symons, chief operating officer (COO), and Craig Barnes, chief financial officer (CFO). The four members had a long-standing relationship with the company and were part of the change process that took place at the company. The period before the study made the business model innovation possible. Firstly, the long mining history around Johannesburg produced the mine dumps that formed the core resource of the operations. Secondly, the craze to buy anything that looks like gold during the end of the 1990s introduced DRDGOLD to the surface retreatment operations with the purchase of Crown. The environment of the operations started to change, not only the operating environment, but also the other stakeholders. The importance of the community grew, the dividend yield to the shareholder increased in importance, the engagement with the regulators changed to a proactive engagement, and the environment was managed for a long-term perspective. The risks and returns for DRDGOLD started to misalign. The risk of pursuing the underground operations further increased considerably and unintentionally drove the costs up. Within the context of South Africa, the returns of underground operations started to erode as unscheduled stoppages increased. These stoppages were caused by events outside the control of the company, for example power failures, seismic activities and labour unrest. DRDGOLD repositioned itself as a factory that has a high throughput in material on a 24/7-operation rooster. The yields are significantly lower than the underground operations, but the risk of the new setup is also reduced greatly. Seismic activity does not impact the operations anymore. The production time of the operations has increased with less unscheduled stoppages. DRDGOLD changed to have itself valued on the discounted cash flow (DCF) method. The company’s share price is now valued on the DCF method based on the operational revenues. This is contrary to the gold mining industry valuation of South African mines. These mines are mainly valued on the reserves statement multiplied by the commodity price. The share price of DRDGOLD is heavily leveraged on the spot price of gold and the exchange rate of the South African Rand (ZAR) to the United States Dollar (US$). Any movement in these two indicators will have a significant impact on the share price.
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Blamey, Nigel John Frederick. "The geology and evaluation of the "A"-reef at No.3 shaft, Western Holdings Mine, Welkom goldfield." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005569.
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The "A" -Reef occurs within the Aandenk Formation of the Central Rand Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup, in the Welkom Goldfield. It comprises the Witpan and Uitsig Reefs which are both oligomictic conglomerates, and are exploited for their gold content by Anglo American Corporation. The main Witpan channel complex is orientated in a NW-SE direction and occurs close to No.3 Shaft of Western Holdings Mine where it is currently being mined. The Witpan Reef varies in thickness from 7-220cm, with lateral facies changes controlling the thickness. Within the reef, gold is associated with degradation surfaces, carbonaceous material, increase in pebble sphericity, and channel edges. Two channel edges have yielded the best gold values on No.3 Shaft although the potential for further payable gold lies in the recognition of sieve conditions. The potential also exists for extensions of the "carbon"-bearing Uitsig channel currently being mined on President Steyn Mine. The palaeo-environment proposed for formation of the Witpan Reef is a braidplain that was partly reworked by a brief transgression. Ore evaluation using geostatistics was considered a valid technique as the dataset is sufficiently well structured. Semi-variograms in the channel and across-channel directions differ markedly. It was found that variograms of gold in cmg/t lacked sufficient structure for modelling, however, log semi-variogram modelling followed by simple log-kriging and back-transformation, proved to be the most successful method. Owing to the morphology and distribution of gold within the reef, a geologically based geostatistical valuation method is proposed. The potential for further exploration of "A" -Reef depends on a substantially higher gold price. In this event, exploration of Uitsig Reef to the southwest of the current mining area is recommended as well as a new exploration strategy for Witpan Reef.
Books on the topic "Gold mines and mining, south america"
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José, Moncada, ed. Oro y sangre en Portovelo: El imperialismo en el Ecuador. Quito: Ediciones La Tierra, 2006.
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Lívia, Barbosa, Lobato Ana Lucia, Drummond José Augusto, and Diegues Antônio Carlos Sant'Ana, eds. Garimpo, meio ambiente e sociedades indígenas. Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, 1992.
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Bonotto, Daniel Marcos. The Amazon rush gold and environmental mercury contamination. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Franklin, Jonathan. 33 Men: Inside the miraculous survival and dramatic rescue of the Chilean miners. New York: Berkley Books, 2011.
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Gray, Andrew. And after the gold rush-- ?: Human rights and self-development among the Amarakaeri of southeastern Peru. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 1986.
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Gray, Andrew. And after the gold rush--?: Human rights and self-development among the Amarakaeri of southeastern Peru. Copenhagen: IWGIA, 1986.
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Gray, Andrew. And after the gold rush...?: Human rights and self-development among the Amarakaeri of southeastern Peru. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 1986.
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Rummenhöller, Klaus. Tieflandindios im Goldrausch: Die Auswirkungen des Goldbooms auf die Harákmbut in Madre de Dios, Peru. Bonn: Holos, 1987.
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Toro, Manuel Pino. Buried alive: The true story of the Chilean mining disaster and the extraordinary rescue at Camp Hope. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Gold mines and mining, south america"
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Tuberculosis, Malnutrition and Mining in South Africa: 1903–1960." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 169–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_7.
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AbstractTuberculosis became a notifiable disease in the Cape in 1907, and throughout the South African Union under the Public Health Act of 1919. The Act, which was designed to limit infection among whites, introduced programmes for early diagnosis, treatment and notification, as well as improved housing, sanitation and education. It also established dispensaries, sanatoria and farm colonies. There was no parallel programme for the majority of South Africans. By mid-twentieth century, the tuberculosis death rate among whites in South Africa was lower than in most European countries and was falling. However, the limited data suggested that the death rates among non-Europeans were disturbingly high. Over several decades, a range of medical officers and commissions of enquiry warned about a looming tuberculosis crisis, but there was no public health response, whether in the form of programmes to tackle malnutrition, diagnosing and treating those infected with tuberculosis or collecting relevant statistics. Effective treatment of tuberculosis, which should have—but did not—completely changed the management of the disease on the mines, became available in the 1950s. The failure to take advantage of the new drugs made the mines’ determination to externalise costs even more visible.
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Lifting the Ban on the Recruitment of Tropical Labour: 1933–1945." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 111–40. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_5.
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AbstractThe ban on the recruitment of Tropical labour, imposed in 1913, was arguably the single most important state intervention in the mines’ history. It was the only intervention aimed specifically at protecting migrant labour—and it was strongly opposed by the industry. To have the ban lifted, the Chamber commissioned the international experts Almroth Wright, William Gorgas and Lyle Cummins to find a solution to deaths on the mines. Wright failed to develop an effective vaccine, and the expert recommendations of Gorgas and Cummins were largely ignored. Improved conditions on the mines did lead to a reduction of deaths from infectious pneumonia. What proved most effective in lifting the ban, however, was relentless lobbying, led by the company actuary William Gemmill and the Chief Medical Officer of Rand Mines, Dr A.J. Orenstein. Despite persistent evidence to the contrary, by 1938 the Chamber of Mines succeeded in persuading the South African government, the Colonial Office and the ILO that conditions on the mines were safe and that oscillating migration was beneficial to labour.
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Nesvet, Matthew. "Migrant Workers, Artisanal Gold Mining, and “More-Than-Human” Sousveillance in South Africa’s Closed Gold Mines." In Illegal Mining, 329–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46327-4_12.
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McGarr, A., J. Bicknell, E. Sembera, and R. W. E. Green. "Analysis of Exceptionally Large Tremors in Two Gold Mining Districts of South Africa." In Seismicity in Mines, 295–307. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9270-4_3.
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Mapping and Resolving a Health Crisis: 1902–1929." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 55–80. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_3.
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AbstractThe history of gold mining in South Africa was marked by several profound crises. This chapter traces the emergence and resolution of the first one. Following official recognition of the disproportionate mortality of miners from North of latitude 22 South, in 1913 the South African government banned further recruitment of ‘Tropical’ labour. Several commissions of enquiry, a series of pioneering Mines and Miners’ Phthisis Acts, the creation of a state supported research community, the commissioning of vaccine for pneumonia and the establishment of a system of compulsory medical examinations helped resolve the crisis politically. Living and working conditions on the mines improved, and deaths from pneumonia were reduced. However, the risk of silicosis and TB infection remained, and repatriations of sick and dying men continued. The first health crisis became a model for how the mining houses would respond to occupational disease. The industry captured the science, framed the legislation and externalised the principal costs of occupational disease onto labour-sending communities.
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "The Research Community, Risk and Evidence: 1912–1932." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 141–66. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_6.
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AbstractThe closely knit research community, centred on the South African Institute of Medical Research and the Miners’ Phthisis Medical Bureau, was created by the gold mining industry and the state between 1912 and 1916. This chapter describes the establishment and day-to-day working of that research community. It then documents the accumulation of evidence on the risks associated with exposure to silica dust, the synergy between silicosis and tuberculosis, the spread of infection in the mine compounds, the problems arising from the repatriation of sick miners and the declining living standards and malnutrition in the labour-sending communities. Despite the evidence, the chapter concludes, the Chamber of Mines and its Chief Medical Officer strenuously maintained that the mines were safe.
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Spottiswoode, S. M. "Perspectives on Seismic and Rockburst Research in the South African Gold Mining Industry: 1983–1987." In Seismicity in Mines, 673–80. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9270-4_24.
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Technologies, Care and Repatriations: 1926–1966." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 345–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_13.
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AbstractUntil 1950, there was no effective chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Treatment consisted of an enhanced diet, isolation, and skilled nursing—methods which were expensive and not greatly effective. The centrepiece of the mines’ management of tuberculosis was repatriation of sick miners, without notification of local authorities, isolation of those with infective disease, or education of those around them on how to avoid infection. This approach enhanced the mines’ profitability but confounded every principle of public health. In the 1950s, the development of mass miniature radiography and the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis radically changed the available technologies of care. In discussing international standards of compensation for occupational lung disease, ILO held that the worker’s history of dust exposure, a clinical examination and radiographic findings had to be considered. The Chamber of Mines used mass miniature radiography for a different purpose: those with dusted lungs were identified at entry medicals and then repatriated without compensation. Where chemotherapy was provided to sick miners, the treatment rarely lasted more than a month; as a result, most patients developed drug resistant tuberculosis. Today, South Africa and its labour-sending regions have one of the world’s highest rates of multi-drug-resistant TB.
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Identifying Risk and Compensating Tuberculosis: 1916–1957." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 83–110. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_4.
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AbstractDriven by concerns of the white Mine Workers Union, South Africa was the first state to compensate for silicosis and tuberculosis as occupational diseases. The Acts were woven around the binary pairing of miners (whites) and native labourers (blacks). That device enabled legislators to racialise the labour laws without mentioning race. This chapter traces the development of thorough medical examinations, comprehensive health care and a generous compensation system for whites, alongside a system designed to prevent the employment of men who already developed lung disease and to minimise compensation for the (black) majority of the workforce. Having reluctantly agreed to compensate tuberculosis, the Chamber of Mines was relentless in opposing the many critics who argued that the mines were a source of infection. As the critics reiterated, dust exposure created a pool of infected men who were repatriated to rural areas where little or no biomedical care was available. The low wages offered by the mines impoverished labour-sending communities, and this in turn created the ideal social setting for infection to take hold and to spread. Finally, because most infected miners did not receive compensation, their home communities were further impoverished by having to care for men who were no longer able to work.
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Things Fall Apart—Independent Research, Asbestos Litigation and the Gold Miners’ Class Action: 1983–2019." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 371–402. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_14.
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AbstractUntil the early 1990s, those who were critical of the South African gold mines found little support. By 1920, the Chamber had fashioned a medical orthodoxy which held that tuberculosis was brought to the mines by recruits, a position from which the industry never wavered. The election of the ANC government in 1994 saw a dramatic shift in the legal possibilities for the victims of occupational injury. The Leon Commission, the first inquiry into occupational health held under majority rule, rejected the Chamber’s orthodoxy. Its final report found that silica dust levels on the gold mines were hazardous, and that they had probably been so for more than fifty years. The dismantling of apartheid also saw the emergence of a loose collective of researchers who worked on occupational disease but had no affiliation with the mining industry. By 2000, their research showed that there was a high incidence of uncompensated silicosis and tuberculosis among former miners, and that even a negligible degree of silicosis was associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis infection. Employing legal precedents forged in successful occupational health litigation by asbestos miners, several legal firms embarked on an unprecedented class action against the gold mining companies. The chapter concludes by outlining the innovations brought about by its recent settlement.
Conference papers on the topic "Gold mines and mining, south america"
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Sellers, Ewan, M. Kataka, Alexander Milev, Navin Singh, Steve Spottiswoode, and R. Ebrahim-Trollope. "Characterisation of Hazards and Rockmass Response During Remnant Mining in South African Gold Mines." In Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/574_15.
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Joughin, William, and Sandor Petho. "Seismic Activity as a Result of Mining the Tabular and Massive Orebodies of South Deep Gold Mine." In Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/574_44.
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Ogasawara, Hiroshi, Masao Nakatani, Raymond Durrheim, Makoto Naoi, Yasuo Yabe, Hirokazu Moriya, Gerhard Hofmann, et al. "Observational studies of the rock mass response to mining in highly stressed gold mines in South Africa." In Seventh International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1410_06_ogasawara.
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Yabe, Yasuo, Shuhei Abe, Takatoshi Ito, Akimasa Ishida, K. Sugimura, Makoto Kanematsu, Mitsuya Higashi, et al. "In-situ stress around source faults of seismic events in and beneath South African deep gold mines." In Ninth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. The Southern Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1952_30_yabe.
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Ogasawara, Hiroshi, Bennie Liebenberg, M. Rickenbacher, Martin Ziegler, H. van Esterhuizen, Tullis Onstott, Raymond Durrheim, et al. "2019 status report: Drilling into seismogenic zones of M2.0–M5.5 earthquakes in South African gold mines (DSeis project)." In Ninth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. The Southern Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1952_28_ogasawara.
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Sileny, Jan, and Alexander Milev. "Source Mechanism—Dipole versus Single Force Application to Mining Induced Seismic Events in Deep Level Gold Mines in South Africa." In Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/574_23.
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Wymer, Denis G., and Johan C. Botha. "Managing the Environmental Impacts of Low Activity Wastes From the South African Gold Mining Industry." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1257.
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Abstract Uranium mineralization is associated with the gold deposits in South Africa that have been mined for more than a century. Investigations of the radiological impacts on the environment reveal that the various radioactive wastes — mostly of low activity — associated with gold and by-product uranium production do not warrant the application of anything more than basic control measures. Non-radiological pollution of the water environment is a growing problem, however, aggravated by the closure and flooding of mines. Control measures to address this problem should, as a spin-off, limit the release of radionuclides, thus helping to control future radiological pollution.
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Durrheim, Raymond, Hiroshi Ogasawara, Masao Nakatani, Yasuo Yabe, Hironori Kawakata, Makoto Naoi, Anthony Ward, et al. "Establishment of SATREPS experimental sites in South African gold mines to monitor phenomena associated with earthquake nucleation and rupture." In Sixth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1201_12_durrheim.
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Alexander, Elinor. "Natural hydrogen exploration in South Australia." In PESA Symposium Qld 2022. PESA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36404/putz2691.
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South Australia has taken the lead nationally in enabling exploration licences for natural hydrogen. On 11 February 2021 the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Regulations 2013 were amended to declare hydrogen, hydrogen compounds and by-products from hydrogen production regulated substances under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000 (PGE Act). Companies are now able to apply to explore for natural hydrogen via a Petroleum Exploration Licence (PEL) and the transmission of hydrogen or compounds of hydrogen are now permissible under the transmission pipeline licencing provisions of the PGE Act. The maximum area of a PEL is 10,000 square kilometres so they provide a large acreage position for explorers. PEL applicants need to provide evidence of their technical and financial capacity as well as a 5-year work program which could include field sampling, geophysical surveys (e.g., aeromagnetics, gravity, seismic and MT) and exploration drilling to evaluate the prospectivity of the licence for natural hydrogen. Since February 2021, seven companies have lodged 35 applications for petroleum exploration licences (PELs), targeting natural hydrogen. The first of these licences (PEL 687) over Kangaroo Island and southern Yorke Peninsula was granted to Gold Hydrogen Pty Ltd on 22 July 2021. As well as issuing exploration licences, a key role of the South Australian Department for Energy and Mining is to provide easy access to comprehensive geoscientific data submitted by mineral and petroleum explorers and departmental geoscientists since the State was founded in 1836. Access to old 1920s and 1930s reports, together with modern geophysical and well data has underpinned the current interest in hydrogen exploration. Why the interest? 50-80% hydrogen content was measured in 1931 by the Mines Department in gas samples from wells on Kangaroo Island, Yorke Peninsula and the Otway Basin, potential evidence that the natural formation of hydrogen has occurred. Iron-rich cratons and uranium-rich basement (also a target for geothermal energy explorers) occur in the Archaean-Mesoproterozoic Gawler Craton, Curnamona and Musgrave provinces which are in places fractured and seismically active with deep-seated faults. Sedimentary cover ranges from Neoproterozoic-Recent in age, with thick clastic, carbonate and coal measure successions in hydrocarbon prospective basins and, in places, occurrences of mafic intrusives and extrusives, iron stones, salt and anhydrite which could also be potential sources of natural hydrogen.