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Journal articles on the topic 'Gold mines and mining'
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1
Lyatuu, Isaac, Mirko S. Winkler, Georg Loss, Andrea Farnham, Dominik Dietler, and Günther Fink. "Estimating the mortality burden of large scale mining projects—Evidence from a prospective mortality surveillance study in Tanzania." PLOS Global Public Health 1, no. 10 (2021): e0000008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000008.
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We set up a mortality surveillance system around two of the largest gold mines in Tanzania between February 2019 and February 2020 to estimate the mortality impact of gold mines. Death circumstances were collected using a standardized verbal autopsy tool, and causes of death were assigned using the InSilicoVA algorithm. We compared cause-specific mortality fractions in mining communities with other subnational data as well as national estimates. Within mining communities, we estimated mortality risks of mining workers relative to other not working at mines. At the population level, mining communities had higher road-traffic injuries (RTI) (risk difference (RD): 3.1%, Confidence Interval (CI): 0.4%, 5.9%) and non-HIV infectious disease mortality (RD: 5.6%, CI: 0.8%, 10.3%), but lower burden of HIV mortality (RD: -5.9%, CI: -10.2%, -1.6%). Relative to non-miners living in the same communities, mining workers had over twice the mortality risk (relative risk (RR): 2.09, CI: 1.57, 2.79), with particularly large increases for death due to RTIs (RR: 14.26, CI: 4.95, 41.10) and other injuries (RR:10.10, CI: 3.40, 30.02). Our results shows that gold mines continue to be associated with a large mortality burden despite major efforts to ensure the safety in mining communities. Given that most of the additional mortality risk appears to be related to injuries programs targeting these specific risks seem most desirable.
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Rebolledo Monsalve, Eduardo, Pedro Jiménez Prado, Jon Molinero Ortiz, and Theofilos Toulkeridis. "Differences in Fish Abundance in Rivers under the Influence of Open-Pit Gold Mining in the Santiago-Cayapas Watershed, Esmeraldas, Ecuador." Water 14, no. 19 (2022): 2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14192992.
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Illegal gold mining is on the rise in the tropical Andes. The Santiago-Cayapas watershed is located in the north of the Pacific basin of Ecuador, in the Chocó biogeographical region. It is recognized for its high biodiversity, as 62 fish species have been described in the area, and because it contains two of the largest protected areas in the Pacific coast of Ecuador: the mangroves of the Cayapas and Mataje Rivers and the Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve. Open-pit gold mining has been described in the area since 2006 and most mining fronts operate illegally and lack any environmental control. Heavy-metal concentrations and fish communities were studied in streams that drain active and abandoned mines, in larger rivers located downstream of the mined areas and in control sites without mining activities. Open-pit mining causes a reduction of dissolved oxygen concentrations and an increase of water temperature, turbidity, and concentrations of Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and V. Fish abundance decreased in streams that drain active mines, however, metrics of taxonomic diversity remain unchanged among the study sites. The response of fish communities to open-pit gold mining was complex and driven by the pollution tolerance of each species, the presence of specific adaptions to turbid waters, and changes in the fishing pressure as locals avoid fishing activities in mined areas. Finally, streams that drain abandoned mines showed chemical characteristics, metal concentrations, and fish communities that were similar to control sites, but maintained higher water temperatures than control sites.
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Grover, A. K. "The Ancient Metal Miners of Vadnagar, Delwara and Mandli, Western India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 100, no. 2 (2024): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/2024/173822.
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Abstract India is dotted with myriads of ancient metal mines or old workings in almost all the states, some of which have great antiquity (>4,000 yrs) and reaching considerable depth (upto 260 m). These stand as testimony to the mining skill of our ancestors, especially in the absence of mining tools. Several of these old metal mines, when explored by modern methods have yielded sizable deposits e.g. Hutti, Bhukia (gold), Rajpura-Dariba (multi-metal), Agucha (lead-zinc-silver), Agnigundala (lead-copper), Khetri (copper), etc. A few ancient Indian treatises describe the processes of metal extraction from the ores but records are scanty on the methods of mining and mining communities. Most experts consider that, the history of mining in India is obscured in the mist of antiquity and opine that ‘we lack the knowledge of old miners of India, as to who they were, from where they came or what was their fate’. The trailblazers though did not leave direct records nevertheless the opportunity is not closed to reconstruct missing pages related to ancient metal miners in the history of mining in India. An attempt has been made in this paper to bring out details of these miners based on comprehensive study and analysis of archaeological, geological, ancient metallurgical, historical, etymological and modern age data in conjunction with locals in the field, especially on those who were active in mining in border areas of present Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan in western India. It resulted in establishing the people of Vadnagar, Delwara and Mandli localities as expert miners, who were responsible for opening and operating a large number of mines in the region viz. Ambaji, Bhukia, Delwara, Khandia, Zawar, etc. Archaeological evidences and radiocarbon dates attest to a Chalcolithic to pre-historical period of some of these old mines. Nomenclature of some gold bearing rivers and gold mining localities in the country displaying Vedic gold names speaks for their antiquity. Mauryans (321-185 BC) accelerated metal mining in their empire, which was followed by other dynasties till Rajputs who were assisted by tribal Bhils. The knowhow of ancient metal miners of Vadnagar, Delwara and Mandli seems to have descended from Mahabharata and Harappan tradition of Gujarat (3950-900 BC) and Ahar-Banas (3600-1800 BC) culture of Rajasthan. During Mughal invasions many miners and metal workers had migrated to remote Himalayan areas (present Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) or Hindu kingdoms (present Maharashtra, Odisha) where they adopted nomenclature of their place of origin (Vadnagar, Delwara and Mandli) to their new settlements. Some of these experts took-up mining profession while others developed expertise as blacksmiths/ whitesmiths or even agriculturists. Zinc coins of Kangra (14th Century AD) kings seem to have produced by these migrating metal experts who knew the technique of zinc distillation from ore of Zawar mines, the people of which are considered as first to smelt Industrial zinc in the world.
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Ermolaev, A. N. "GOLD MINING IN SALAIR IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-4-32-38.
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The research determines the dynamics of gold mining and identifies the specifics of the development of the gold industry in Salair in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The Salair ridge was then under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. At the end of the XIX century, the Cabinet spent a lot of money on geological survey of the ridge and invested in the development of the local gold mines. The extraction of gold during this period fluctuated within 6–8 poods (1 pood = 16 kg). At the beginning of the XX century, the Cabinet leased the Salair mines to private entrepreneurs and joint-stock companies. Such agreements were signed by Prince A. von Thurn und Taxis and Dr. Josef Jeanne (Austria), Arthur Stanley and mining engineer Farrukh Bek-Vezirov (Great Britain), State Councilor Berezin (Russia), and The Russian Gold Mining Company. Private companies operated more successfully than the Cabinet. In the XX century the extraction of gold in Salair increased. However, after the companies had developed the ready retrievable gold deposits, they ceased operating. As the calculations have shown, more than 3.6 tons of gold were mined on the Salair Ridge in 1892 – 1915. The main feature of the Salair gold mining was that gold was extracted both by the Cabinet and private companies, which means that state and private capital acted in parallel.
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Wang, Wei Zhi, and Chun Guang Yang. "Comprehensive Utilization and Resources of Gold Mining Tailings." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1438.
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The gold mine discharges tailings massively every day,which results in gold and useful metal draining,simultaneously brings the enormous harm to the environment The approach to comprehensive utilization of tailings of gold mines, including recycle of usable mineral and direct use of ore tailings,is analyzed in the paper, laying a foundation for continuous development of gold mines，comprehensive utilization of resource，and protection of environment.
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Redwood, Stewart D. "The history of mining and mineral exploration in Panama: From Pre-Columbian gold mining to modern copper mining." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (2020): A180720. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a180720.
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The history of mining and exploration in Panama is a case study of the evolution of mining in a tropical, island arc environment in the New World from prehistoric to modern times over a period of ~1900 years. Panama has a strong mineral endowment of gold (~984 t), and copper (~32 Mt) resulting in a rich mining heritage. The mining history can be divided into five periods. The first was the pre-Columbian period of gold mining from near the start of the Current Era at ~100 CE to 1501, following the introduced of gold metalwork fully fledged from Colombia. Mining of gold took place from placer and vein deposits in the Veraguas, Coclé, Northern Darien and Darien goldfields, together with copper for alloying. Panama was the first country on the mainland of the Americas to be mined by Europeans during the Spanish colonial period from 1501-1821. The pattern of gold rushes, conquest and settlement can be mapped from Spanish records, starting in Northern Darien then moving west to Panama in 1519 and Nata in 1522. From here, expeditions set out throughout Veraguas over the next century to the Veraguas (Concepción), Southern Veraguas, Coclé and Central Veraguas goldfields. Attention returned to Darien in ~1665 and led to the discovery of the Espíritu Santo de Cana gold mine, the most important gold mine to that date in the Americas. The third period was the Republican period following independence from Spain in 1821 to become part of the Gran Colombia alliance, and the formation of the Republic of Panama in 1903. This period up to ~1942 was characterized by mining of gold veins and placers, and manganese mining from 1871. Gold mining ceased during World War Two. The fourth period was the era of porphyry copper discoveries and systematic, regional geochemical exploration programs from 1956 to 1982, carried out mainly by the United Nations and the Panamanian government, as well as private enterprise. This resulted in the discovery of the giant porphyry copper deposits at Cerro Colorado (1957) and Petaquilla (Cobre Panama, 1968), as well as several other porphyry deposits, epithermal gold deposits and bauxite deposits. The exploration techniques for the discovery of copper were stream sediment and soil sampling, followed rapidly by drilling. The only mine developed in this period was marine black sands for iron ore (1971-1972). The fifth and current period is the exploration and development of modern gold and copper mines since 1985 by national and foreign companies, which started in response to the gold price rise. The main discovery methods for gold, which was not analyzed in the stream sediment surveys, were lithogeochemistry of alteration zones and reexamination of old mines. Gold mines were developed at Remance (1990-1998), Santa Rosa (1995-1999 with restart planned in 2020) and Molejon (2009-2014), and the Cobre Panama copper deposit started production in 2019. The level of exploration in the country is still immature and there is high potential for the discovery of new deposits.
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Hehamahua, Hayati. "Bagi Hasil Tambang Emas dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam (Studi Pada Tambang Emas Gogorea Kec.Waeapo. Kab.Buru)." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 7, no. 2 (2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v7i2.19597.
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The Gogorea Village Gold Mine is located on the eucalyptus area of the village of Gogorea, which is the owner of the heir of King Liliyali. Community gold mining that occurs in the Mount Botak gold mining area is a lesson for the owner of the Gogorea gold mine to make local rules or laws in managing gold mines. This study aims to determine the profit sharing system of gold mining management between miners and gold mining area owners from an Islamic economic perspective with a qualitative approach. Humans only borrow and use natural resources that Allah has provided, and have no right to control them absolutely. In an Islamic perspective, muamalah transactions take place honestly and transparently in order to avoid conflict and mafsadah (damage). With an Islamic economic approach, the research findings are (a). Initially, the Gogorea gold mining area was an eucalyptus land owned by the heir of King Liliyali so that bargaining power belongs to the heir's family, (b). The internal regulations that have been implemented have been able to reduce conflicts in the Gogorea gold mining area. (c). The existence of this local law is able to guarantee harmony and fraternal relations between miners and mining area owners.
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McCutcheon, Steven R., and James A. Walker. "Great Mining Camps of Canada 8. The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Part 2: Mining History and Contributions to Society." Geoscience Canada 47, no. 3 (2020): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.163.
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In the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC), 12 of the 45 known massive sulphide deposits were mined between 1957 and 2013; one was mined for iron prior to 1950, whereas three others had development work but no production. Eleven of the deposits were mined for base metals for a total production of approximately 179 Mt, with an average grade of 3.12% Pb, 7.91% Zn, 0.47% Cu, and 93.9 g/t Ag. The other deposit was solely mined for gold, present in gossan above massive sulphide, producing approximately one million tonnes grading 1.79 g/t Au. Three of the 11 mined base-metal deposits also had a gossan cap, from which gold was extracted. In 2012, the value of production from the Bathurst Mining Camp exceeded $670 million and accounted for 58 percent of total mineral production in New Brunswick.Base-metal production started in the BMC in 1957 from deposits at Heath Steele Mines, followed by Wedge in 1962, Brunswick No. 12 in 1964, Brunswick No. 6 in 1965, Caribou in 1970, Murray Brook, Stratmat Boundary and Stratmat N-5 in 1989, Captain North Extension in 1990, and lastly, Half Mile Lake in 2012. The only mine in continuous production for most of this time was Brunswick No. 12. During its 49-year lifetime (1964–2013), it produced 136,643,367 tonnes of ore grading 3.44% Pb, 8.74% Zn, 0.37% Cu, and 102.2 g/t Ag, making it one of the largest underground base-metal mines in the world.The BMC remains important to New Brunswick and Canada because of its contributions to economic development, environmental measures, infrastructure, mining innovations, and society in general. The economic value of metals recovered from Brunswick No. 12 alone, in today’s prices exceeds $46 billion. Adding to this figure is production from the other mines in the BMC, along with money injected into the local economy from annual exploration expenditures (100s of $1000s per year) over 60 years. Several environmental measures were initiated in the BMC, including the requirement to be clean shaven and carry a portable respirator (now applied to all mines in Canada); ways to treat acid mine drainage and the thiosalt problem that comes from the milling process; and pioneering studies to develop and install streamside-incubation boxes for Atlantic Salmon eggs in the Nepisiguit River, which boosted survival rates to over 90%. Regarding infrastructure, provincial highways 180 and 430 would not exist if not for the discovery of the BMC; nor would the lead smelter and deep-water port at Belledune. Mining innovations are too numerous to list in this summary, so the reader is referred to the main text. Regarding social effects, the new opportunities, new wealth, and training provided by the mineral industry dramatically changed the living standards and social fabric of northern New Brunswick. What had been a largely poor, rural society, mostly dependent upon the fishing and forestry industries, became a thriving modern community. Also, untold numbers of engineers, geologists, miners, and prospectors `cut their teeth’ in the BMC, and many of them have gone on to make their mark in other parts of Canada and the world.
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Краденых, Ирина, Irina Kradenykh, Алексей Барчуков, and Alyeksyey Barchukov. "Organization and management of gold mines activity under exploration of placer mines." Russian Journal of Management 4, no. 2 (2016): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19751.
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For the purpose to achieve the growth of efficiency of gold mines it is necessary to wipe out the lag in technological expansion and development, provide high quality of mining and recycling of gold-blearily rock as well as realize organization adjustment, suggest reconstruction of business activity and change of existing system of management.
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Farlan, Edi, Indra Indra, and Ahmad Humam Hamid. "Dampak Pertambangan Emas Tradisional Terhadap Perubahan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Di Gampong Mersak Kecamatan Kluet Tengah Kabupaten Aceh Selatan." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 1, no. 1 (2016): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v1i1.1255.
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During the existence of the traditional gold mining in the Mersak Village subdisdtrict of Central Kluet district South Aceh has been a lot changes in local community life. The research methodology used is descriptive method with qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, and literature study. Informants in this study consisted of village officials, community leaders and the community of gold miners. Data analysis technique used is the technique of interactive analysis by Milles and Huberman form of data reduction, data presentation and verification / conclusions. The results of the research tells us that the existence of gold mines in the Village Ruin has an impact on the social and economic condition of the community. Negative impact on the gold mining aspects of uncontrolled population movements and worrying, the incidence rate is increasing conflict and transition people's livelihood of farmers to miners who create agricultural infrastructure is not functioning optimally. Also, positive impact on the gold mining aspects of the comprehensive work opportunities for people and rising incomes that can be seen from the high purchasing power. Keywords: Mining, Impact, Social, Economic
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Sari, Melta Ardila, Ardi Abbas, and Darmairal Rahmad. "DARI PETANI KE PENAMBANG; PERUBAHAN SOSIAL EKONOMI DI JORONG KOTO PANJANG, NAGARI LIMO KOTO, KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 2, no. 1 (2013): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/mamangan.v2i1.1368.
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This paper discusses the socio-economic changes are turning farmers livelihoods to miners in Jorong Koto Panjang. This reasearch background of the rice made in gold mines so that a shift of livelihoods, and cousing consumer behavior. The mining activities are at risk of exhaustion of the gold content, on the one hand the life of the community is still running. This condition has implications for the socioeconomic status of the family owners of the fields after the gold miner. Therefore, in this paper seeks to unravel the activities of miners, and to describe the socio-economic conditions of the post-mining of gold miners. This study uses qualitative research and descriptive. Informal election in this study using purposive sampling technique. This type of data is primary data and secondary data. Data collection is observation, interviews. The results of the post-mining research of gold in no tackling, which has exhausted tilled rice fields be left just like that becomes a swamp and sand. Post-mining social status housewife, taxi of motorcydrivers, farm workers and laborers gold miner. Also a decline in revenue.Tulisan ini membahas perubahan sosial ekonomi para petani yang beralih mata pencarian menjadi penambang di Jorong Koto Panjang Kecamatan. Penelitian ini di latarbelakangi oleh sawah yang di jadikan tambang emas sehinga terjadi peralihan mata pencarian masyarakat, serta menimbulkan perilaku konsumtif. Aktifitas penambangan ini beresiko, seperti habisnya kandungan emas, disatu sisi kehidupan masyarakat tetap berjalan. Kondisi ini berimplikasi kepada status sosial ekonomi keluarga pemilik sawah pasca penambang emas. Oleh karena itu, dalam tulisan ini berupaya mengurai aktifitas penambang emas, serta mendeskripsikan kondisi sosial ekonomi penambang pasca penambangan emas. Penelitian ini mengunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan tipe deskriptif. Pemilihan informal dalam penelitian ini mengunakan tehnik purposive sampling. Jenis data adalah data primer dan data skunder. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dalam dua cara: observasi, wawancara. Hasil penelitian pasca penambangan emas tidak ada penanggulangannya, sawah yang telah habis digarap dibiarakan begitu saja menjadi rawa dan pasir. Status sosial pascapenambangan jadi ibu rumah tangga tukang ojek, buruh tani dan buruh penambang emas. Juga terjadi penurunan pendapatan.
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Wittwer, Paul D. "Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits in South Korea—History and Pursuit." SEG Discovery, no. 125 (April 1, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2021-125.fea-01.
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Abstract The gold and silver endowment of Korea has historically been well known, with records alluding to production as far back as 1122 BC. The main gold production period was from 1925 to 1943 during the Japanese occupation of Korea, with more than 1 Moz recorded in 1939. Muguk was the most productive gold mining operation, located within the central region of South Korea, with a recorded 590 koz of gold produced from 1934 to 1998 (first mined in AD 912). The majority of the historical mining operations were closed by government order in 1943 during the Second World War and never reopened. A number of small mines operated between 1971 and 1998, with limited production during a period of gold prices generally lower than at present (~25–50% of current inflation adjusted prices, apart from a four-year period 1979–83). It is likely that significant resources remain within these historical mining areas. Gold-silver deposit types historically recognized and exploited in Korea include placers and orogenic and intrusion-related vein systems. Only more recently have epithermal vein and breccia systems been recognized. This is not surprising, given that the geologic and tectonic setting of the Southern Korean peninsula is prospective for epithermal precious metal deposits, spatially associated with basin-scale brittle fault systems in Cretaceous volcanic terranes. South Korea is an underexplored jurisdiction, with limited modern exploration and drilling until the mid-1990s, when Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. discovered the Gasado, Eunsan, and Moisan epithermal gold-silver deposits, all of which became mines. Exploration was limited for another 20 years until Southern Gold Ltd., an Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)-listed company, commenced regional-scale exploration for epithermal deposits, using a strategy similar to that successfully employed by Ivanhoe.
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Li, Yang, Guoyan Zhao, Pan Wu, and Ju Qiu. "An Integrated Gray DEMATEL and ANP Method for Evaluating the Green Mining Performance of Underground Gold Mines." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (2022): 6812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116812.
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Green mining (GM) can achieve the harmonious development of mineral resource exploitation and environmental protection. Performance evaluation is the key to promoting GM. This research explores favorable methods to evaluate the green mining performance (GMP) of underground gold mines. First, according to the specific characteristics of underground gold mines, an evaluation criteria system for GM is formulated. Meanwhile, the weights are calculated using an integrated gray DEMATEL and ANP technique, which considers the correlation between indicators. Subsequently, the solution methodology for performance evaluation is proposed based on normalization of indicators. Finally, six underground gold mines are utilized as case studies to verify the methodological feasibility. The results of the empirical study show that there is a significant gap between ordinary mines and pilot green mines, and this study, via comparison analysis and cause–effect analysis, gives direction for mines improvement. Not only will the work provide technical and theoretical support for the evaluation and construction of similar green mines, it will also serve as a reference for government policy implementation.
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Mwendwa, Philip K. "Women participation in artisanal gold mining: A case of macalder mines, Kenya." Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology (JEST) 2, no. 1 (2023): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jest.v2i1.340.
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The aim of the study is to determine women's participation in artisanal gold mining in Macalder mines in Migori County, which is found in Southwestern Kenya. A mixed-method research design was used in the study to collect and analyse both qualitative and quantitative data. Purposive and snowball non-probability sampling methods were used to select the sample size since there is no proper data on the number of women involved in artisanal gold mining. A questionnaire survey and focus group discussions were used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results indicate that 80.8 per cent of the respondents were between 18 and 49 years old. Most of the women working in Macalder gold mines were earning <Kshs 5,000, which was not enough to sustain them. Low remuneration, health risks, cultural bias, domestic responsibilities and sexual harassment were the main challenges that women were facing in the gold mines. The study recommends formulating and implementing policies that recognise and safeguard the interests of women in artisanal gold mining. Women should also be provided with protective gear to reduce the health risks from gold processing.
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Bolay, Matthieu. "Disentangling Mining and Migratory Routes in West Africa: Decisions to Move in Migranticised Settings." Social Inclusion 9, no. 1 (2021): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3715.
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This article scrutinizes the trajectories of African men whose cross-border movements intersect two types of mobility routes: mining and migration routes. Drawing on field research in Mali and Guinea, as well as phone interviews with male miners/migrants in North Africa and Europe, this article provides a case to empirically question some of the premises in the approach to migration decision-making by giving a voice to African men moving across borders who do not necessarily identify as (prospective) ‘migrants.’ Building upon International Organization for Migration data and secondary sources, this article starts by sketching where migration and mining routes overlap. It then examines, in detail, the mobility trajectories of men who were sometimes considered migrants and other times miners in order to identify how these different routes relate to one another. While overseas migration is certainly not a common project for itinerant miners, the gold mines constitute a transnational space that fosters the expansion of movements across the continent, including outside the field of mining. Rather than encouraging overseas migration, gold mines appear to be more of a safety net, not only for seasonal farmers or young people in search of money and adventure, but also, increasingly, for people who are confronted with Europe’s intra-African deportation regime.
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HINES, ELIZABETH, and MICHAEL SMITH. "THE RUSH STARTED HERE, PART III: ‘THE STREETS ARE PAVED WITH GOLD’—SPECULATION, GREED, AND DISAPPOINTMENT, 1849–2010." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 1 (2023): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41.
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ABSTRACT Profitable gold mining began in the United States with the accidental discovery in 1799 of a seventeen-pound gold nugget in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. North Carolina’s gold production peaked between the 1830s and 1840s as hundreds of mines contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to the national economy, necessitating the 1837 construction of a federal Branch Mint in Charlotte to process Piedmont gold. Gold mining suffered a major decline in North Carolina after the discovery of the richer and more extensive gold deposits in California in 1848. However, the North Carolina gold miners who did not join the western rush continued to work the shafts of the Piedmont using increasingly sophisticated European and South American technology, as well as new innovations such as hydraulic mining techniques from California, until the advent of the Civil War. From the end of Reconstruction (1877) to 1920, gold mining in North Carolina was sporadic and often funded by outside investors or used as a ruse in gold and stock scams. Copper mining, with gold and silver as secondary products, using increasingly complex technology and associated environmental issues, drove most of the mining fervor during this period. Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, gold production slowly increased until the Second World War, but never became a major industry as they were out-competed by the more profitable gold fields in the western United States, Alaska, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. From the 1970s to today, dependent upon the price of gold in the market and the requirements of environmental regulation, prior mining districts in North (and South) Carolina have continued to be examined, explored and cautiously mined using cyanide heap leach techniques. Although few in number, these limited lease mining projects have extracted over two million troy ounces of gold and nearly a million troy ounces of silver by 2010. Future extraction by the ongoing Haile Mine (South Carolina) project will increase this amount substantially in the next decade. Nevertheless, Cabarrus County continues to hold the world’s record for producing the greatest number of large (a pound or more) gold nuggets and was the epicenter of North America’s first gold rush.
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Handley, M. "Where is all the gold?" Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 123, no. 4 (2023): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1902/2023.
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The Witwatersrand Basin contains by far the most gold ever found, and has hosted mining from its discovery in 1886 to the present. For many years, South Africa was the world's largest producer of gold, nearly all of which came from the Witwatersrand. Since 2000, South Africa has fallen back several positions because of declining gold output. There are many complex and varied reasons for this; however, declining gold resources in the Witwatersrand Basin are not one of them. As far as the author knows, there are no qualified estimates in the literature of gold remaining in the Witwatersrand Basin. This paper collects mining data from several sources and then, using elementary gold accounting and error analysis, attempts to estimate the amount of gold remaining in the Witwatersrand Basin. It includes gold underground in existing and defunct mines, in evaluated ore resources, and dumps. Compiled data from 1887 to 2019 shows that 50 200 t of gold were produced by Witwatersrand mines, while it is estimated that a further 48 100 t remain underground, both within and outside of mine leases, a further 1 600 t on the surface in tailings, and an unknown amount in rock dumps. Nearly all of this gold will remain inaccessible with current mining methods, and major technical developments in mining will be necessary before any of the gold can be categorized as a code-compliant resource or reserve. To win this prize, the mining industry will have to rethink its approach to mining, both in old mining leases and in the unexploited ground. It will also have to find effective means of preventing gold theft and informal mining, which are on the rise.
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Sodhi-Berry, Nita, Nicholas de Klerk, Peter Franklin, et al. "O8A.3 Mining exposures and lung cancer in contemporary western australian miners." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (2019): A70.2—A70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.189.
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ObjectivesMining is associated with exposures to various lung carcinogens such as diesel engine exhaust (DEE) and respirable crystalline silica (RCS). We aimed to determine if lung cancer incidence was higher in Western Australian (WA) miners than the general population and if risk varied within the cohort according to exposures and work or job types.MethodsExposure data for 1 72 398 miners living and working in WA between 1996 and 2013 was combined with administrative WA cancer and death data until June-2017. Causal Incidence Ratios (CIRs) were calculated for general population comparisons. Hazard Ratios (HRs) were derived from multivariable Cox regression models including sex, only-underground work, ore-type (gold, iron-ore, other metal, non-metal, unknown or multi-ore mines) and quantitative estimates of DEE (measured as elemental carbon) and RCS, after adjusting for ever-smoker status and entry-age. Additional analyses were done after lagging exposures by 15 years.ResultsMean DEE and RCS cumulative exposures were estimated as 0.15 mg/m3-years (std:0.37) and 0.09 mg/m3-years (std:0.18), respectively. Miners had lower lung cancer incidence than the general population (observed=382; expected=538.11; CIR:0.71, 95% CI:0.64–0.78). Within the mining cohort, higher lung cancer risks were observed for: females vs. males (HR:1.44, 95% CI:0.97–2.03); ever-smokers vs. never-smokers (HR:10.1, 95% CI:6.37–16.1); only-underground vs. only-surface miners (HR:1.72, 95% CI:1.02–2.90); only gold vs. multi-ore miners (HR:1.44, 95% CI:1.01–2.05); and only iron ore vs. multi-ore miners (HR:1.47, 95% CI:1.07–2.04). Neither DEE (HR:1.01, 95% CI:0.89–1.14) nor RCS (HR:0.89, 95% CI:0.61–1.3) was significantly associated with incidence. There was no significant difference in estimates after lagging exposures.ConclusionMiners had lower risk of lung cancer than the general population. Workers mining exclusively in underground, iron ore or gold mines had higher lung cancer risks than their peers, as did ever-smokers and females. Low levels of DEE and RCS exposures in WA mines may explain the lack of association between these exposures and lung cancer.
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Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Dr Osama Mohammed, and Dr Elhassan Bashier Elagab. "A REVIEW STUDY IN MINING INDUSTRY." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.001.
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a comprehensive literature review of mining extraction and industry was made. The review discusses thoroughly mining industry from different viewpoints that includes general introduction, historical background of mining industry, mines development and life cycle, mining extraction techniques, machines used in mining processes, mineral processing, environmental effect on operators and the surrounding area, mining industry, safety precautions in mining industry, human rights abuses occurring within mining sites and communities in close proximity, mines records, metal reserves and recycling, and finally the mining industry in Sudan which includes history, production & impact, legal frame work, commodities, gold extraction and outlook.
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Sabadini, Samira Da Conceição, Úrsula De Azevedo Ruchkys, Leila Nunes Menegasse Velásquez, and Thiaggo De Castro Tayer. "Potencial de vulnerabilidade natural de aquíferos à contaminação no quadrilátero ferrífero, Minas Gerais e sua relação com a atividade minerária de ouro / Natural vulnerability of potential contamination to aquifers in the Iron Quadrangle (...)." Caderno de Geografia 27, no. 49 (2017): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2017v27n49p340.
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<p>Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a vulnerabilidade natural dos aquíferos à contaminação na região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF), Minas Gerais e mostrar sua relação com as atividades de mineração de ouro. As minas de ouro ocorrem associadas ao Supergrupo Rio das Velhas em sua paragênese clássica de sulfetos. Foi aplicado o método GOD utilizando Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) considerando os seguintes parâmetros inerentes ao método: Tipologia do aquífero; Litologia; Profundidade do lençol freático ou nível d’água. A análise do mapa de vulnerabilidade gerado e sua correlação com a localização das minas de ouro permite afirmar que, embora a atividade de extração mineral tenha sido e ainda é significativa na região, os aquíferos apresentam baixa vulnerabilidade natural à contaminação. As áreas mais vulneráveis se encontram ao longo das serras onde atualmente se desenvolve, de forma expressiva, extração de minério de ferro. Em relação à localização das minas de ouro, a análise do mapa permite verificar que nas proximidades dessas minas a vulnerabilidade natural é baixa, o que diminui o risco de contaminação por drenagem ácida. A atividade minerária no Quadrilátero Ferrífero exercida desde os fins do século XVII representa uma fonte contínua de contaminação potencial sendo necessário o monitoramento da qualidade das águas subterrâneas e superficiais em longo prazo.</p><p><strong>Palavras–chave:</strong> mineração; água subterrânea; método GOD; geoprocessamento.</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>This study aimed to analyze the natural vulnerability of aquifers to contamination in the region of the Iron Quadrangle (QF), Minas Gerais and show its relation to gold mining activities. Gold mines occur associated with the Rio das Velhas Supergroup in his classic paragenesis sulphides. GOD method was applied using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) considering the following parameters inherent in the method: Type aquifer; Lithology; Depth of the groundwater or water level. The analysis of the generated vulnerability map and its correlation with the location of the gold mines to suggest that, although the mining activity has been and is still significant in the region, aquifers have low natural vulnerability to contamination. The most vulnerable areas are along the mountains where he currently develops, significantly, iron ore extraction. Regarding the location of the gold mines, the map analysis shows that near these mines the natural vulnerability is low, which reduces the risk of contamination by acid mine drainage. The mining activity in the Iron Quadrangle exercised since the end of the seventeenth century represents a continuous source of potential contamination being necessary to monitor the quality of groundwater and surface water in the long term.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: mining; Groundwater; GOD method; GIS.</p>
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Nikol’sky, Alexander M., Sergey A. Shchukin, and Anton I. Konurin. "JUSTIFICATION OF UNDERGROUND TECHNOLOGY OF PLACER GOLD MINING IN THE FAR NORTH." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 3 (2021): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-3-342-353.
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A significant part of placer mineral deposits in the Arctic zone of Russia urges the need for its strategic development in the near and medium term. Applicably to underground mining of placer gold deposits, the problems of safe and efficient extraction of minerals by mines in the conditions of the Far North are considered. A substantiated choice of uncovering and mining technology for gold-bearing sand strata is proposed in the context of rational planning of mining operations associated with minimizing material and labor costs for uncovering and extracting a part of the deposit, as well as completeness of reserves depletion during the operational period. Safe parameters of structural elements of room mining systems have been determined by geomechanical assessments. Methods for additional support of the roof of mined-out rooms are proposed. The indicators of losses and dilution of gold-bearing sands in accordance with the sources of their formation were determined by the graphoanalytical method.
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Morony, Michael. "The Early Islamic Mining Boom." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 1 (2019): 166–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341477.
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AbstractThe present article shows that, according to archaeological and literary evidence, an expansion in mining occurred in the early Islamic world as a result of changes in mining technology at the end of Late Antiquity. The production of gold, silver, copper, iron, and other minerals is shown to have peaked in the eighth and ninth centuries and then to have declined during the tenth and eleventh centuries due to insecurity and/or exhaustion of the mines. Mining development was financed privately, and mines were usually private property.
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Szychowska-Krąpiec, Elżbieta. "Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)." Geochronometria 26, no. -1 (2007): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10003-007-0004-3.
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Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)The paper presents results of dendrochronological dating of wood encountered in abandoned mines in the eastern part of Lower Silesia. The research was carried out in gold mines in Złoty Stok, Głuchołazy, and Zlate Hory, a polymetallic-ore mine in Marcinków as well as old mines in the Sowie Mts: the Silberloch adit, an adit on the hillside of Mała Sowa, a graphite mine, and the silver and lead mine Augusta. Altogether 69 samples were taken from timbers of coniferous tree species:Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abiesandLarix decidua.The oldest wood, from the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was encountered in the gold mines in Zlate Hory and Głuchołazy. In the gold mine in Złoty Stok, graphite mine in Sowie Mts and in Marcinków there was identified wood from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Generally, timbers from the nineteenth century were prevailing, and in three cases there was even encountered relatively young twentieth-century wood in the gold mine in Złoty Stok and in the Silberloch adit. The analyses carried out were only preliminary. Broader, interdisciplinary investigations, including dendrochronology, archaeology, geology, mining, and palaeobotany, would substantially contribute for learning the history of the mining in the whole region.
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Van Aswegen, H. J. "Tegnologie en gesondheid: myntering op die Witwatersrandse goudmyne, 1886-1920." New Contree 30 (November 30, 1991): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v30i0.601.
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Miners' phthisis was the most prevalent and most dreaded industrial disease on the gold mines of the Witwatersrand during the period from 1886 until 1920. There is a clear connection between the rising incidence in miners' phthisis and the use of modem technology such as mechanical rock drills. The drills caused a large amount of dust and thus made underground mining operations more dangerous. New technology was, however, also used to prevent dust and consequently contain the incidence of miners' phthisis. Up to 1920 these efforts were only partially successful because neither the state nor the mining industry had a clear health and technology policy.
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Buyela, Charles, Paul Njogu, Gideon Kikuvi, Joseph Kamau, and Charles Mburu. "Occupational exposure risk to radiation in open cast artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Western Kenya." Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagst.v21i3.3.
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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASSGM) is practiced at open-cast gold mines in Western Kenya. Mining is still going on in deep mines, with huge tailings littering the workplace for most miners. This mining exercise brings to the surface myriad radioactive materials from the earth’s crust, which pose physical and radiation hazards to miners. The aim of this study was to determine occupational exposure to radiation at artisanal gold mining sites. Four sites were studied for a period of six months. Environmental radiation exposure levels were measured using the Geiger Mueller tube (GMT) model; PHYWE, whereas thermoluminescent dosimeter badges (TLB) 802A were used to record personal radiation exposure levels. d-Orbital Limited Company provided UD-716AGL, used to read the radiation levels from the TLB. Exposure levels were reported in terms of monthly skin, eye, and body exposures. Results revealed an increase in counts per minute with an increase in depth in a range of 19.83 ± 3.87 to 27.83 ± 2.10 and a mean of 23.62 ± 5.17 cpm. Personal effective radiation exposure doses for the skin, eye and body were 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01 and 0.18 ± 0.015 for two sites in Western Kenya, whereas those in Nyanza had 0.27 ± 0.01, 0.27 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.05 mSv on skin, eye and body. The maximum dose threshold limit was estimated at 1.67 mSv per month. There was no significant difference in the radiation exposure of the eye, skin, and body between the sites as indicated by χ2 = 2.0 and p = 0.157 (at p<0.05) with df = 1. The study revealed that workers are exposed to ionising radiation, but the measured levels were within safe limits.
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Ahmed YM, Oruonye ED, and Abdulkadir Usman Adamu. "Dynamics of artisanal gold mining in Gashaka local government area of Taraba State, Nigeria." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 2, no. 1 (2021): 001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2021.2.1.0033.
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Despite the fact that gold has been mined in Gashaka, Taraba State for over a century and has continued to present day in the area, not much is known about this activity and its associated environmental impact in the state. This study therefore, examines the dynamics of artisanal small scale gold mining activities in Gashaka Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design approach which involves the use of direct fieldwork observation and interview of key informants. The findings of the study reveals that alluvial gold is mined along the streams and farmlands on the floodplains in the area. The gold exists as alluvial gold dust and nugget gold. The artisanal gold mining activity is carried out with rudimentary materials such as pickaxes, diggers, shovels, spades, pans and water pumps. Some of the local mining communities are Gayam, Jamtari, Karamti, Serti, Goje, Bodel, Mayo Jim, Bashishir, Kurr and Garbabi. The 3 major methods employed by artisanal gold miners in the study area include panning method, use of locally constructed devices and picking of gold nuggets or crystals from dug pit on the floodplain. The artisanal gold miners use sulphuric acid and white mercury in purifying the collected gold. The miners do not use any protective gears such as face masks, rubber gloves, leather boots or head coverings in the mining process. All golds collected from the mining activities are sold in the town (Serti/Baruwa). There is a ready market with both local buyers residing in the town and distant buyers coming from different parts of the country. Artisanal gold mining is an important livelihood activity in the study area despite the fact that many of them are carried out illegally. Based on the findings, the study recommended the establishment of a goldsmith industry, improvement in security in the local communities and organizing the artisanal gold miners into cooperative organizations.
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Otchere-Darko, William, and Austin Dziwornu Ablo. "Labour power, materiality and protests in Ghana’s petroleum and gold mines." International Development Planning Review ahead-of-print (October 1, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2021.24.
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We examine the role of resource materiality in extractive labour protests in Ghana. Focusing on petroleum and gold mining, we centre contestations as part of the resources’ socio-natural constituents. Research data was obtained from social conflict databases, newspapers and field interviews. The analysis focused on themes and discourses on protest emergence, mobilisation, negotiation and impacts. Findings show how petroleum labour protesters use passivity and chokepoints to impede gas supply to households. Ghana petroleum workers attempt to garner structural power through workplace power, albeit unsuccessfully. Conversely, gold mineworkers protest by actively reappropriating machinery and extraction spaces. They centre protests in mining towns to emphasise their work as lifeblood. The ‘landedness’ of gold and the introduction of surface mining reshaped such protest tactics. Thus, materiality can help excavate the relational and comparative logic, tactics and potentialities of labour power in resource extracting countries. We suggest extractive labour to forge stronger cross-class coalitions to align workplace exploitation with broader issues of accumulation by dispossession.
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Tun, Aung Zaw, Pokkate Wongsasuluk, and Wattasit Siriwong. "Heavy Metals in the Soils of Placer Small-Scale Gold Mining Sites in Myanmar." Journal of Health and Pollution 10, no. 27 (2020): 200911. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.27.200911.
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Background. Artisanal and small-scale mining activities are widely practiced globally. Concentrations of heavy metals associated with gold, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) can increase in the environment as a result of mining activities, leading to environmental pollution and pose toxicity risks to humans and animals. Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate soil concentrations of toxic heavy metals in placer small-scale gold mining operations in Myanmar. Methods. Soil samples were collected from three placer small-scale gold mining sites: Site A located in the Hmawbon public protected forest, Site B and Site C, situated in the Nant-Kyin reserved forest around Nar Nant Htun village. At each site, soil samples were collected from four gold mining stages (ore processing, sluicing, panning, and amalgamation). Atomic absorption spectroscopy was utilized to examine the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg. Results. The highest heavy metal concentrations were generally found in the amalgamation stages across all the gold mining sites. Across the three mining sites, the maximum heavy metal concentrations in the amalgamation stage were 22.170 mg.kg−1 for As, 3.070 mg.kg−1 for Cd, 77.440 mg.kg−1 for Hg, and 210.000 mg.kg−1 for Pb. Conclusions. The present study examined the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in the soil of several small-scale gold mining sites in Banmauk Township, Myanmar. The results demonstrated the presence of high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil of the gold mining sites. Miners in this area work without proper personal protective equipment, and frequent exposure to heavy metals in the soil may cause adverse health effects. The present study provides baseline data for future risk assessment studies of heavy metal contamination in gold mines. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests
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Paruki, Novia Rahmawati A., and Ahmad Ahmad. "Efektivitas Penegakan Hukum Tambang Ilegal." Batulis Civil Law Review 3, no. 2 (2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/ballrev.v3i2.966.
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Indonesia is a country rich in mines, such as gold, silver, petroleum, mines, etc. Mining must be carried out by the government or the private sector. Every mining company is required to obtain a permit as regulated in Government Regulation Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral Mining in conjunction with Government Regulation Number 23 of 2010 concerning the Implementation of Mineral Mining. In fact, not all companies have a license. There are so many companies operating illegally. One of them is gold mining without a permit (illegal) in Tonala Village, Gorontalo Regency. The specification of this research is descriptive analytic. The method used is the normative as the primary approach and the juridical empirical method as the secondary approach. The data sources are secondary and primary. Data collection techniques used field studies with interviews for primary data and literature studies for secondary data. Then, the data were analyzed qualitatively in the form of qualitative descriptive.
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Trench, Allan, Dirk Baur, Sam Ulrich, and John Paul Sykes. "Gold Production and the Global Energy Transition—A Perspective." Sustainability 16, no. 14 (2024): 5951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16145951.
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Gold is neither a critical mineral nor a metal that is central to the global energy transition in terms of demand from new energy production technologies. Yet, gold is unique among mined commodities for its role in financial markets and for its global production footprint including in numerous developing economies. Since the production of gold incurs CO2 emissions and other environmental risks including water pollution and land degradation, gold producers seek to adopt clean production solutions through electrification and renewable energy adoption. Further, gold’s unique role as a store of value creates new potential green business models in gold, such as the digitalisation of in-ground gold inventories, which can further reduce negative environmental externalities from gold mining. A net-zero emissions, future global gold industry, is possible. Major gold producers are targeting net-zero Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2050, coupled with a lower overall environmental footprint to meet heightened societal expectations for cleaner production. An analysis of emissions data from Australian gold mines shows systematic differences between mining operations. Further clean energy investment in gold production is required to reduce emission levels towards the target of net zero.
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WERTHMANN, KATJA. "GOLD MINING AND JULA INFLUENCE IN PRECOLONIAL SOUTHERN BURKINA FASO." Journal of African History 48, no. 3 (2007): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370700326x.
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ABSTRACTThe ‘Lobi’ region in what is today southern Burkina Faso is frequently mentioned in historical accounts of gold mining in West Africa. However, little is known about the actual location of the gold mines or about the way gold mining and trade were organized in precolonial times. This article points out that some previous hypotheses about precolonial gold mining, trade and the sociopolitical organization of this region are flawed, partly because ‘Lobi’, as the name for both the region and its inhabitants, is misleading. In fact, the references to ‘Lobi’ merge two distinct gold-producing zones along the Mouhoun river, about 200 km from each other. The present-day populations of southern Burkina who have settled there since the eighteenth century do not know who was mining gold prior to their arrival, and many of them have not been involved in gold mining at all due to conceptions of gold as a dangerous substance.
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Gough, Katherine V., Paul WK Yankson, and James Esson. "Migration, housing and attachment in urban gold mining settlements." Urban Studies 56, no. 13 (2018): 2670–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018798536.
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Mining settlements are typically portrayed as either consisting of purpose-built housing constructed by mining companies to house their workers, or as temporary makeshift shelters built by miners working informally and inhabited by male migrants who live dangerously and develop little attachment to these places. This paper contributes to these debates on the social and material dynamics occurring in mining settlements, focusing on those with urban rather than rural characteristics, by highlighting how misconceived these archetypal portrayals are in the Ghanaian context. Drawing on qualitative data collected in three mining settlements, we explore who is moving to and living in the mining towns, who is building houses, and how attachments to place develop socio-temporally. Through doing so, the paper provides original insights on the heterogeneous nature of mining settlements, which are found to be home to a wide range of people engaged in diverse activities. Mining settlements and their attendant social dynamics are shown to evolve in differing ways, depending on the type of mining taking place and the length of time the mines have been in operation. Significantly, we illustrate how, contrary to popular understandings of incomers to mining settlements as nomadic opportunists, migrants often aspire to build their own houses and establish a family, which promotes their attachment to these settlements and their desire to remain. These insights further scholarship on the social and material configuration of mining settlements and feed into the revival of interest in small and intermediate urban settlements.
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Maruev, V. A. "THE CONGRESSES OF TRANSBAIKAL GOLD INDUSTRY ENTREPRENEURS IN 1898 – 1919." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-2-58-61.
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The article features an analysis of projects of congresses of gold miners in Transbaikal and correspondence concerning the organization of these congresses in 1898 – 1919. It is the first time a number of documents of the State Archive of Irkutsk region and the State Archive of the Transbaikal region have been examined. The article describes the history of the origin and development of the Congress of prospectors, as an independent institution. It illustrates the evolution of the role of the Congress as a body representing the collective interests of gold industry entrepreneurs. The article reveals contradictions between the gold miners they faced in addressing the issues. The research identifies the key interests and problems of gold miners at the turn of XIX – XX centuries On the basis of documents on the organization of congresses it examines the situation of workers, development of medical Affairs, the condition of routs of communication in the mines. The conclusion is made about the value of the documents of the congresses for the study of issues of social, technical and financial challenges of gold mining. The archival data reveal the effect of Russia's participation in the RussoJapanese and First World wars on its gold production. The obtained results allow a more detailed study of the gold mining past of this region.
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Birch, C. C. "Optimizing cut-off grade considering grade estimation uncertainty - A case study of Witwatersrand gold-producing areas." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 122, no. 7 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1403/2022.
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Due to grade estimation uncertainty, two statistical errors can occur. The Type I error is where material is classified as ore and mined, despite the true value being below the break-even grade. This material is dilution. The Type II error is where the material is estimated to be below the cut-off grade and is classified as waste, although the true grade is actually above the break-even grade. This material is not mined and is lost. The uncertainty was assumed to follow a normal distribution in a previous study. For this study, estimated block values are compared to those determined after mining (the best estimate of the true grade). This actual data from four mines shows that the uncertainty follows a Laplace distribution. There is no single solution regarding adjusting the cut-off grade away from the break-even grade, considering estimation uncertainty, that could be applied to all gold mines. However, adjusting the cut-off grade downwards (up to 22% for one mine) is noted when optimizing the profit considering grade uncertainties. This type of adjustment could open up significant mining areas and extend the life of the mine.
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Tran, Hieu Quang, Nam Xuan Bui, Hoang Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, and Long Quoc Nguyen. "Applicable posssibility of advanced technologies and equipment in surface mines of Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktlt2020.02.
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Vietnam has abundant and diversified mineral resources with more than 5, 000 mines of 60 discovered and exploited minerals. Besides of surface coal mines mainly located in Quang Ninh, the types of minerals being exploited by surface mining method consist of metal ores (iron, titanium, manganese, gold, zinc, copper, antimony) and non - metallic ores, and construction materials (stone, sand, gravel, etc.). In the paper, authors researched and proposed the advanced technologies and equipment based on Industry 4.0, that can apply effectively for surface mines in Vietnam in order to ensure safety and enhance surface mining effect.
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Svetlana Semenovna TIMOFEEVA, Laye Oumar SOUMAORO, and Kandas KEITA. "Artisanal gold mining in guinea and security concerns." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 1 (2024): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.1.1039.
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One of the continents richest in gold reserves is Africa. According to the World Bank, about 20 % of gold in African countries is still mined using artisanal methods. There is no officially recognized, generally accepted definition of artisanal small-scale gold mining. In essence, artisanal or small-scale gold mining is a labor-intensive, financially and technologically underdeveloped gold mining activity. Artisanal gold mining can be either informal, illegal, without state permission, or formal (legalized, streamlined). In the modern world, artisanal mining in African countries is experiencing rapid growth after their liberation from colonial oppression. The paper examines the environmental costs or ecological footprint of artisanal gold mining, such as: mercury intoxication of ecosystems, gold miners and local populations; deforestation, destruction of ecosystems; pollution of watercourses; industrial injuries and occupational diseases of gold miners; crime and social instability. Practical recommendations for improving safety are given.
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Sangurmath, Prabhakar. "Hutti Gold Mines Co. Ltd.: The Pride of India Completes 75 Glorious Years." Journal of Geosciences Research 8, no. 1 (2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56153/g19088-022-0114-26.
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India's major gold producer is Hutti Gold Mines Co. Ltd. (HGML),a Govt of Karnataka undertaking. The HGML is active in the exploration, mining and metallurgy of Gold and Copper deposits of Karnataka. The Company's Corporate Office is situated in Bengaluru and operates two units –the Hutti Gold Unit (HGU) in Raichur district and Chitrdurga Gold Unit (CGU), Chitrdurga district, Karnataka. The world class Hutti Gold Mines, situated in Hutti, Lingsgur taluk, Raichur dist, Karnataka, owned by the Karnataka Government. In 1939, Hutti was a small village with hardly 60 to 70 huts & houses. Now, it is a town and the population is over 40,000. Half of the this population lives in the colony constructed by the HGML.
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Shakherov, Vadim. "Investment Policy of the State Bank of Russia as a Factor of Monopolization of the Siberian Gold Industry." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 19, no. 3 (2018): 406–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2018.19(3).406-432.
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The article studies the issues of development of gold mining in the Leno-Vitimsky district in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Monopolization of the fisheries has led to the emergence of large joint stock companies. Bank investments played a crucial role in expanding gold production and developing mining infrastructure. Lending to large gold industry contributed to the growth of the influence of the Irkutsk branch of the state Bank of Russia, increased its role in the economic life of the region. Large Bank investments led to the expansion of gold-bearing areas and contributed to the introduction of new technologies and technical devices in the mines. The article traces specific examples of the investment policy of the state Bank of Russia and the role of its regional branches in Irkutsk and Bodaybo. The constant increase in the cost of developing new mines, supply, hiring workers and purchasing equipment increased competition and helped monopolize the industry. As a result, large Bank loans played a more significant role. The state Bank of Russia not only saved «Lensky Gold Industrial Partnership» from financial collapse, but also contributed to its transformation into the largest gold mining enterprise in Russia with its favorable investment policy. By controlling the activities of «Lenzoto», the state, through Bank investments, not only received significant profits, but also strengthened its influence in the gold mining industry as an important area of the Russian financial system.
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Das Jennifer, Praveena, and P. Porchelvan. "An approach to assessment of post mining-induced seismic hazard in Kolar Gold Fields mines – a review." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 3 (2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/27784.
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A common challenge faced in underground hardrock mines worldwide is post mining-induced seismicity, as the events have been quite disastrous, causing risk to the structures and lives. In the recent years, many of the worked out mining areas are slowly getting populated and in due course of time shall be posing environmental threat to the people residing above and to the surface structures like sudden void formations or sudden ground collapse becoming visible on the surface. Worked out or closed mines have most of the time shown existence of post mining-induced seismicity signatures. Some of the closed mines showing post mining induced seismicity in Korea, South Africa, Sweden and India are being discussed. Post mining induced seismicity observed in Kolar Gold Fields worked out mine still being felt since closure of deeper levels is discussed. As mining depth increases especially in hard rock mines, magnitude of stress increases, hence, the occurrence and severity of postmining induced seismicity also increases. The problem becomes more serious if proper fund allocation is not done to investigate these areas, may be due to the absence of economic interest once the mine site has been abandoned and in many cases, direct investigations inside the mines may not be possible due to stability problems or due to the ingress of water into the void spaces of the mining area. Several approaches and techniques adopted by researcher’s world over are being discussed in this paper, with a view to gaining insight into the techniques of evaluation of seismic hazard. Seismic vulnerability assessment should integrate the effects of all the seismic events occurring at different locations of mining area during mining and post mining, along with their uncertainties also being considered. Based on the recorded data and some of the derived parameters from previous years, an attempt should be made to evaluate the existing risk prone areas. The past records of induced seismicity due to mining should be used as a precursor for identification of impending future events and their expected probable locations of occurrence. The methods discussed here for assessment of seismic hazard are based on direct waveform and seismic source parameters, parameters from indirect waveform methods, frequency-magnitude relationship based, and frequency content analysis based. From the assessment it is found that the choice of method that can be used depends on the period of monitoring (short-term monitoring, intermediate-term or long-term monitoring) and the objective of the study required to be achieved, this varies on site-to-site basis. The main focus is to show the importance and need to install a micro seismic monitoring system for long term assessment of seismic risk especially in abandoned/worked out mines showing post mining-induced seismicity.
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Chirif, Bruno Sanguinetti, Francisco Román Dañobeytia, and Gorka Atxuara. "Management and restoration of degraded areas by gold mining activity in madre de dios." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 4 (2021): 5925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n4-072.
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This document synthesizes a model for the restoration of degraded areas by gold mining, developed between 2008 and 2016 by the Consortium Madre de Dios CMDD with the Florida University, and the support of the Government and People of the United States of America. This successful reforestation experience, continued by CMDD and CEDE, as well as by CINCIA, is part of an environmental management proposal, which with the support of communication tools and knowledge management has included the education of children with mental disabilities due to effects mercury contamination in alluvial gold mining; and since 2016 with CMDD CEDE and the Ministry of Energy and Mines MINEM, through effective interaction between stakeholders has strengthened governance and incorporated an environmental mitigation component with clean technologies. In the context of the current controversial and polemic political situation in Peru (2021) 21 miners' associations in process of being formalized in Madre de Dios are considering their implementation.
 
 Este documento sintetiza un modelo de restauración de áreas degradadas por la minería de oro, desarrollado entre 2008 y 2016 por el Consorcio Madre de Dios CMDD con la Universidad Florida, y el apoyo del Gobierno y del Pueblo de los Estados Unidos de América. Esta exitosa experiencia de reforestación, continuada por CMDD y CEDE, así como por CINCIA, es parte de una propuesta de gestión ambiental, la cual con el apoyo de herramientas de comunicación y gestión del conocimiento ha incluido la educación de niños con discapacidad mental por efectos de contaminación por mercurio en la minería aluvial aurífera; y desde 2016 con CMDD CEDE y el Ministerio de Energía y Minas MINEM, mediante efectiva interacción entre las partes ha fortalecido la gobernanza e incorporado un componente de mitigación ambiental con tecnologías limpias. En el marco de la actual controversial y polémica coyuntura política del Perú (2021) 21 asociaciones de mineros en proceso de formalización en Madre de Dios están considerando su implementación.
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Hewlett, L., D. Craw, and A. Black. "Comparison of arsenic and trace metal contents of discharges from adjacent coal and gold mines, Reefton, New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05018.
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Historic gold and coal mines in the same catchment near Reefton, New Zealand allow comparison of environmental effects of the different mines in the same climate and topography. Gold mine discharge waters (neutral pH) deposit hydrated iron oxide (HFO) abundantly at mine entrances, whereas coal mine discharge waters (low pH) precipitate HFO tens to hundreds of metres downstream as pH rises. Waters leaving historic mines have up to 59 mg L−1 dissolved arsenic, and HFO at gold mines has up to 20 wt% arsenic. Coal mine discharge waters have low dissolved arsenic (typically near 0.01 mg L−1) and HFO has <0.2 wt% arsenic. Minor dissolved Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn are being leached from background host rocks by acid solutions during sulfide oxidation, and attenuated by HFO downstream of both gold and coal mines. A net flux of 30 mg s−1 arsenic is leaving the catchment, and nearly all of this arsenic flux is from the gold mining area, but >90% of that flux is from background sources. The present study demonstrates that elevated trace metal concentrations around mines in a wet climate are principally from non-anthropogenic sources and are readily attenuated by natural processes.
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Amofah, Seth, Lily Agyare, Kingsley Adu Koranteng, and Emmanuel Junior Bioh. "From Mining to Shop Keeping; the New Way of Life of Gold Miners in Ghana." Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences 4, no. 4 (2021): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/jarss.v4i4.543.
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This paper explores how the closure of a century old commercial gold mines has changed the main source of livelihoods and social relations in Obuasi, Ghana. Two years after the mines were closed and almost all workers laid off, there was a paradoxical increase in new luxury residential houses nestling all around the town, and at the same time, there was no certainty in economic stability. Using qualitative research approaches, it was discovered that, the main priority of the laid-off mine workers was to build their own houses as symbol of continuity, the same as they enjoyed when they lived in the company’s housing estates. As much of the severance money was invested into getting private housing, less was left to pursue and sustain economic and livelihood continuity. The study presents a mixture of economic and identity ambiguity amongst the former miners and the town.
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Buyela, Charles, Paul Njogu, Gideon Kikuvi, Joseph Kamau, Charles Mburu, and Dan Westervelt. "Occupational safety and health hazards in artisanal gold mines in western and Nyanza region, Kenya." Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (2022): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagst.v21i2.5.
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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASSGM) has experienced rapid growth due to mineral value and increasing poverty level in western and Nyanza regions in Kenya. The sub-sector has hazardous tasks occasioned by chemical exposures to such substances as mercury, physical strain and repetitive movements associated with extractive tasks challenge which vary from region to region and site to site. This paper reports findings of a study conducted on ASSGM in Kakamega (Roster mine and Ikolomani) and Migori (Masara-Suna West and Francis - Suna East) counties to assess workplace safety, health risk and good health practice among a population of one thousand four hundred (1400) miners and non-miners to identify and determine levels of health hazard in the sector. Descriptive cross-sectional design that involved stratified sampling technique with three broad stages was used: dividing mining and non-mining population in sub-groups (miners, foremen/supervisors, and head of households) at sites in administering to them research instrument using a simple random technique. Levels of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were determined both at mining sites and away from mining sites using low cost monitor sensor (PA-11-SD Purple air sensor). The low-cost monitor sensor data was corrected using collocational data obtained using a continuous particulate monitor (BAM 1020) reference monitor in a similar location. SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyse qualitative data. The study found that common sources of hazards included handling elemental mercury with bare hands during amalgamation and exposure to fumes during refining raw sponge-like gold. Aaverage 24-hour variation cycle for (PM2.5 and PM10) was 117.11±14.47 and 195.18±15.35 μg/m3 in ambient air respectively at all mining sites. Histograms were used to present frequency distribution of variations for (PM2.5 and PM10) from mining activity. The average humidity and temperature variations of artisanal gold mining were in the range of (45-35) percentage (% RH) and (26-28)0C respectively. The study concluded that there were high risk cycle exposures to airborne particulate matter contaminants at artisanal gold mining sites as compared to non- mining sites. The study recommends that the county government should give priority to developing safe guidelines to ASSGM. The central government should also come up with guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in artisanal gold mining to facilitate compliance with OSH requirements in the sector and offer effective participative training.
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Zelyak, Vitaliy G. "Dynamics of gold mining in Siberia in 1920–1922." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 483 (2022): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/483/10.
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The article aims to analyze the dynamics of gold mining in Siberia in 1920–1922 years and to determine the role and importance of the Siberian gold industry on the all-Russian scale. This is achieved through a consistent research of the annual gold indicators in Siberia as a whole, as well as production indicators in each major gold mining region of Siberia (except for the territories that were part of the Far Eastern Republic). The dynamics of the number of employees engaged in gold mining in Siberia during this period is also studied. The main historiographic problem of the history of gold mining in Siberia in 1920–1922 is the lack of data on metal mining in absolute parameters; research is mainly based on relative indicators. The article is based on data from statistical reporting materials of the Main Committee of the Gold and Platinum Industry (Glavzoloto) of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet of the National Economy, which systematically published information about the all-Russian and regional production in specialized periodicals. To clarify and expand the understanding of the organization of the gold industry in Siberia, archival data of the State Archive of Novosibirsk Oblast was used. In 1920–1922, more than 7 tons of gold were mined in Siberia, which accounted for 85% of all-Russian gold mining during this period. The absolute leader of Siberian gold mining, like in the pre-revolutionary period, was Lensky gold mining area, which in 1920–1922 gave 84,85% of all-Siberian gold mining. In 1920–1922, Middle Siberia (Yenisei Province) produced more than 1 and Western Siberia about 0.2 tons of gold, which amounted to 12.25% and 2.3% of the all-Russian result, respectively. The period of 1920–1922 was one of the most difficult for the emerging Soviet gold industry both on a national scale and for specific gold mining regions, including Siberia in particular. The main reasons for the crisis of the Siberian gold industry were, first of all, the lack of food, huge difficulties in organizing the delivery of goods to the mining areas, the decline of the technical condition of mines. In some areas, attacks by armed gangs posed a serious threat to the work of gold mining enterprises. During 1920–1922, the authorities were forced to focus on the support of only the largest and most efficient (in terms of production of the metal) units Lenzoloto and Enzoloto. The rest of the gold-mining regions of Siberia switched to prospecting works. As a whole, the central and local authorities, making great efforts, provided a significant increase in Siberian and all-Russian gold mining.
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Colwell, David, Thomas Henker, John Ho, and Kingsley Fong. "Real Options Valuation of Australian Gold Mines and Mining Companies." Journal of Alternative Investments 6, no. 1 (2003): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jai.2003.319080.
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Siahaan, Antonius. "ANALYSING THE RELATION OF OPERATIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS TO TOTAL SHAREHOLDER VALUE OF LISTED GOLD MINING COMPANIES IN INDONESIA AND FIVE OTHER COUNTRIES." Ultima Management : Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 12, no. 2 (2020): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v12i2.1772.
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Even though Indonesia was famous due to its mineral resources, only few gold mining companies is listed in the Indonesia stock exchange. In the other hand, there is a need to increase investment in the mining sector from stock market as reserve has been stagnant while production keeps going. To understand the nature of published gold mining companies, this study is conducted to analyze the effect of published operational parameter: ore processed, gold production, mining grade, process recovery, as well as external factors such as gross-domestic product and gold price to the share return of public listed gold mining companies. From panel data regression of quarter reports of eighteen (18) world mining companies in the period 2012 to 2017, it shows that process recovery and gold price is significant to the change of share price. Furthermore, the study finds that when operational parameter of existing mines can be good and positively increase, mining companies still need to look at their reserve to ensure sustainability of the business in the long run.
 
 Key Words: Public Listed Gold Company, Share Return, Panel Data Regression, Operational Parameters, External Factors
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Geenen, Sara, and Klara Claessens. "Disputed access to the gold sites in Luhwindja, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 51, no. 1 (2013): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x12000559.
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ABSTRACTIn a context of increased competition over natural resources, large-scale investors are showing renewed interest in eastern Congo's mineral resources. At the local level this is resulting in fierce disputes over access to land and to mining sites. This article offers an empirical study of access in Luhwindja, where a multinational mining company has recently begun to exploit gold. We first sketch the context, examining the overlapping legal fields and analysing how various actors gain and control access to the gold mines. Next we study how the arrival of Banro Corporation in Luhwindja has altered power relations at the local level. Looking more specifically at the displacement of artisanal miners and the resettlement of local communities, we demonstrate how the company, local elites and the local population have engaged in a complex struggle for access.
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Christopher, O. A., H. O. Obimba, I. T. Benibo, and L. O. Abegunde. "Potential Impacts of Flooding on Alluvial Gold Mining Activities in Parts of Ilesha-Egbe Gold Field, Osun State, Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, no. XI (2023): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.81116.
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The study mapped mining communities in parts of Ilesha-Egbe gold field in Osun State, South-West (SW) Nigeria, with their respective mining sites, their elevation above sea level and the average depth of mining pits in meters. This was done with a view to determining the potential impacts of flooding on mining activities in these areas. Geological map from Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer- Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER-GDEM) from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) and topographic map from Office of the Surveyor General of the Federation (OSGOF) in Nigeria were used for this study. Geology and topographic maps were interpreted for drainage channels and rivers. These and other information were incorporated in mapping and interpreting the mine localities with their respective characteristics. ASTER-DEM was used to generate elevation information like DEM and slope. Stream ordering was done for the digitized drainages and buffering analysis was done for the respective mining points to determine how the mines will be affected in the event of a flood. Results indicate that the study area is well drained with abundant alluvial gold deposit with mines lying on drainage channel. In the events of flood, mine pit will be filled or partially filled with water and areas with pay-streaks easily flooded. Water runs down slope rather than infiltrates and run-off causes flooding at the lower courses of the water body and this provides for gold dust recharge downstream, opening up new gold exploitation areas.
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Peterson, Garry D., and Marieke Heemskerk. "Deforestation and forest regeneration following small-scale gold mining in the Amazon: the case of Suriname." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 2 (2001): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000121.
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Despite scientific concern about Amazon deforestation and the impacts of the Amazon gold rush, few researchers have assessed the long-term impacts of small-scale gold mining on forest cover. This study estimates deforestation from gold mining and analyses the regeneration of abandoned mining areas in the Suriname Amazon. Fieldwork in December 1998 included observations and ecological measurements, as well as qualitative interviews with local miners about mining history and technology. Vegetation cover of abandoned mining sites of different ages was compared with that in old-growth forest. By present estimates, gold miners clear 48–96 km2 of old-growth forest in Suriname annually. Based on different assumptions about changes in technology and the amount of mining that takes place on previously mined sites, cumulative deforestation is expected to reach 750–2280 km2 by 2010. Furthermore, the analysis of abandoned mining sites suggests that forest recovery following mining is slow and qualitatively inferior compared to regeneration following other land uses. Unlike areas in nearby old-growth forest, large parts of mined areas remain bare ground, grass, and standing water. The area deforested by mining may seem relatively small, but given the slow forest recovery and the concentration of mining in selected areas, small-scale gold mining is expected to reduce local forest cover and ecosystem services in regions where mining takes place.
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Van Eeden, Elize S. "Dorpsontwikkeling in die huidige munisipale gebied van Carletonville, 1937-1948." New Contree 27 (June 26, 2024): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v27i0.656.
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Ever since the pioneering days of white settlement in the Transvaal, the ward of Gatsrand has assumed an important position. Up to the time of the inception of the gold mining industry in the northern parts of the area, by 1937, the population was still largely agrarian. After that the gold mines there began to make an important contribution to the proclamation and development of towns. The article in particular emphasizes the manner in which one of these towns, Carletonville (established in 1948), developed as the main centre of the gold mining area. It also shows to what extent a lack of support by the gold mining industry as well as a town's distance from the goldmines, could influence the growth of certain towns.