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Journal articles on the topic 'Gold Silver Lead'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sahu, Sushama, Srishti Sharma, and Kallol K. Ghosh. "Novel formation of Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles from a mixture of monometallic nanoparticles and their application for the rapid detection of lead in onion samples." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 35 (2020): 15010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj02994g.

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2

Petrovic, N., D. Budjelan, S. Cokic, and B. Nesic. "The determination of the content of gold and silver in geological samples." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 66, no. 1 (2001): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0101045p.

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Amethod has been elaborated for the determination of the content of gold and silver in geological samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) in combination with the fire assay method. The weight of sample used for analysis was 10 g. Sulphur present as sulphide, which is an undesirable element in smelting, was removed by the addition of iron to the charge. The sample was smelted with fluxes and lead oxide to replace the silver and gold by lead and to transfer non-precious elements to slag. Lead was separated from precious metals by cupellation. The separated silver and gold alloy was dissolved with aqua regia with addition of hydrochloric acid in excess. Silver and gold were determined from the same solution. For determination of the silver content, the AAS method with an air-acetylene flamewas used. Goldwas determined in a graphite furnace with the addition of a matrix modifier in an argon current, at an atomization temperature of t = 2200 ?C. The lower determination limit for silver was 0.05 g/t and for gold 0.005 g/t. The results of the analysis for silver and gold obtained with the proposed method showed good agreement with the results of the analysis of the same samples with the fire assay method.

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3

Scaiano, Juan C., Paul Billone, Carlos M. Gonzalez, Luca Marett, M. Luisa Marin, Katherine L. McGilvray, and Nathan Yuan. "Photochemical routes to silver and gold nanoparticles." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-09-11.

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The photochemistry of aromatic ketones through the Norrish type I cleavage of benzoins and via photoreduction generates ketyl radicals that readily reduce many metal ions, including silver and gold. Reduction to Au(0) and Ag(0) leads to the spontaneous formation of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous or micellar solutions. Careful consideration of kinetic factors to minimize triplet quenching by metal ions can lead to rapid NP generation. These materials are quite stable and have interesting reactivities due to the essentially unprotected characteristics of the surface.

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4

Bokshits, Yu V., N. P. Osipovich, E. A. Strel’tsov, and G. P. Shevchenko. "Underpotential deposition of lead on silver and gold colloids." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 242, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.03.024.

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5

MOISEENKO, NATALIA VALENTINOVNA, and SVETLANA MIKHAILOVNA AVRAMENKO. "SILVER IN THE GOLD DEPOSITS OF THE AMUR REGION." Messenger AmSU, no. 93 (2021): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.93.27.

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The main minerals of native silver hubs on gold deposits of the Amur region (Albyn, Malomyr, Pioner, Pokrovskoe) were studied. It has been established that silver has a positive correlation with gold, zinc, arsenic, antimony, lead and cadmium. There is a negative correlation of silver with zirconium, yttrium, hafnia, tantalum and rare earth elements.

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6

Pushkar, Svetlana, and Oleg Verbitsky. "SILVER AND GOLD LEED COMMERCIAL INTERIORS: CERTIFIED PROJECTS." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 3 (June 2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.3.95.

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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interiors (LEED-CI) is more relevant to interior design, which, according to the sharing layer concept, differs from exterior design (which is usually evaluated with the LEED New Construction sub-scheme). LEED-CI requires separate empirical analyses of LEED-CI certified buildings to further improve this sub-scheme. Therefore, in this study, Silver and Gold projects certified under LEED-CI-2009 in 14 US states were considered. Three project performance analyses, (i) certification, (ii) category, and (iii) cross-certification, were studied. The following results were revealed: (i) the range of the medians for Silver- and Gold-certified projects were 51–57 pts and 62–71 pts, respectively; (ii) in both Silver- and Gold-certified projects, Sustainable Sites (SS), Water Efficiency (WE), and Innovation in Design (ID) were the best-performing; Energy and Atmosphere (EA) and Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) were intermediate-performing; and Material and Resources (MR) was the worst-performing categories; and (iii) in Silver-Gold cross-certification, category-focused (in 10 of 14 states) and category-unfocused (in four of 14 states) strategies were determined; in the category-focused strategy, the highest popular category was EA; the intermediate popular categories were WE, MR, and ID; and the lowest popular category was SS. Pooling all projects and all states into one frame can lead to the obscurement of the actual LEED-CI-2009 strategy(ies) in the transition from Silver to Gold certification in the US.

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7

Zhou, Xin Mu, Huan Peng, and Zhi Jun Cen. "Recycling of Lead and Zinc from Gold and Silver Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.840.

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The recycling conditions of lead and zinc from gold and silver tailings by wet processing are as follows: leaching in confined condition and liquid to solid ratio of 5, at 90 ∽ 950C, for 4h, using NaCl (300g / L), CaCl2 (105% of theoretical amount), the acidity is 130% theoretical amount and the granularity is 300 mesh size; sponge lead can be obtained by using reduced iron (110% of theoretical amount) at 75∽850C for 3h; iron and zinc can be separated from hydrochloric acid system by TBP and then used for the preparation of the corresponding products; all the mother liquor can be recycled and the consumption amount of raw materials is low because there is no need for additional sodium chloride in the cycling. This processing method has better economic and environmental benefits.

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8

Zhou, Xin Mu, Huan Peng, and Zhi Jun Cen. "Recycling of Lead and Zinc from Gold and Silver Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.455-456.840.

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9

Rodliyah, Isyatun, and Siti Rochani. "Extracting silver from anode slime after lead and gold separations." Indonesian Mining Journal 20, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol20.no1.2017.180.

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10

Iorio, Morena, Valerio Graziani, Sergio Lins, Stefano Ridolfi, Paolo Branchini, Andrea Fabbri, Gabriel Ingo, Gabriella Di Carlo, and Luca Tortora. "Exploring Manufacturing Process and Degradation Products of Gilt and Painted Leather." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153016.

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In this work, we studied the manufacturing processes and the conservation state of gilt and painted leather fragments from Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia (Italy) by using different analytical techniques. Leather fragments present a silver leaf superimposed onto leather support. A gold varnish and different painted layers decorate it all. A top-down analytical approach was used to investigate this complex multilayer structure, which adopted techniques with different sampling depths. Organic and inorganic constitutive materials together with related degradation products were studied by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF). The findings have revealed the presence of different elements and species as calcium and iron in the leather support, which was attributed to the un-hairing process in the leather tanning. Regarding what concerns the silver leaf, where the varnish cracked, silver chlorides, oxides, and sulfides were detected as degradation products of the silver leaf. Proteinaceous compounds were also identified where the silver leaf is unprotected by the varnish. These ion signals reveal a potential use of animal glue on both sides of the silver leaf to promote durable adhesion. In the gold varnish, the surface analysis revealed organic compounds such as resins and oils. In particular, the copresence of linoleic, arachidonic, and lignoceric acid ion signals in the yellow area suggests the use of aloe as a colorant. Lead ions in the same area were detected and attributed to the use of lead as siccative. Blue areas were obtained by using indigo and lead white in addition to an oil binder. This is confirmed by the detection of indigotin, fatty acid, and lead soap ion signals. A copper-based pigment was used to depict the green areas and copper oxalates were identified as its degradation products. Lastly, no significant information about the red colorant was obtained. Colophony is present as a component of the final varnish.

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11

Beaudoin, Georges, and Réginald Auger. "Implications of the mineralogy and chemical composition of lead beads from Frobisher's assay site, Kodlunarn Island, Canada: prelude to Bre-X?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-097.

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Lead beads recovered from a 16th century archaeological site on Kodlunarn Island in Frobisher Bay are believed to be a by-product of assaying rocks mined from various locations by Martin Frobisher's expeditions in 15771578. The lead beads were melted in crucibles to separate gold from its rock matrix. Microprobe analyses of galena grains in the lead indicate that they contain up to 0.4 wt.% silver but no gold. The chemical composition of the lead beads was determined in situ by electron microprobe and in bulk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and pyrolysis assay. The lead beads form two chemical composition groups that were recovered from different sites: (Shop 1) Cu-poor, Bi-free, Sb-rich, with 3743 g/t Ag and no detectable gold; (Shop 2) Cu-rich, Bi-rich, Sb-poor, with 7896 g/t Ag and one sample that yielded 0.72 g/t Au. These two groups also have different lead isotope compositions: Shop 1 has low 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb compared with Shop 2. These compositions suggest that Shop 1 leads are derived from England, whereas Shop 2 has a composition typical of Cyprus ores and of some deposits in England. The composition of the lead beads indicates that the flux and collector used for the assays on Kodlunarn Island did not introduce a gold-rich contamination. Silver was likely added from the flux or collector used to assay the rocks, a contamination well-known to Renaissance assayers.

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12

Dai, X., and P. L. Breuer. "Leaching and electrochemistry of gold, silver and gold–silver alloys in cyanide solutions: Effect of oxidant and lead(II) ions." Hydrometallurgy 133 (February 2013): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.01.002.

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13

Karimi, P., H. Abdollahi, A. Amini, M. Noaparast, S. Z. Shafaei, and F. Habashi. "Cyanidation of gold ores containing copper, silver, lead, arsenic and antimony." International Journal of Mineral Processing 95, no. 1-4 (July 2010): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2010.03.002.

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14

Farjana, Shahjadi Hisan, Nazmul Huda, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud. "Life cycle analysis of copper-gold-lead-silver-zinc beneficiation process." Science of The Total Environment 659 (April 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.318.

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15

Forster, Regula. "Reaching the Goal of Alchemy – or: What Happens When You Finally Have Created the Philosophers’ Stone?" Studia Humana 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2020-0006.

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AbstractAlchemy is the art of transforming base metals into precious ones, usually silver and/or gold. The most important method conceived to reach this goal was the creation of the elixir, also called the philosophers’ stone, which, applied to the prime-matter, would lead to an accelerated process of ripening of metals, eventually ending in gold. How did Arabo-Islamic alchemists suppose that the transmutation worked? What were the conditions the adept had to fulfil in order to succeed? And what did they think would happen when one finally has created the philosophers’ stone? Will the economy collapse because gold and silver will lose their validity? Will the alchemist simply lean back and enjoy? Or will the world end, because man has finally attained the knowledge that should be God’s only?

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16

McInerney, Philip M., Andrew J. Mutton, and William S. Peters. "COPPER-LEAD-ZINC: Abra lead-silver-copper-gold deposit, Western Australia: a geophysical case history." ASEG Extended Abstracts 1994, no. 1 (December 1994): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/asegspec07_06.

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17

Turan, A., and O. Yucel. "The effect of iron and oxidizing flux addition on the fire assay of low grade pyritic refractory gold ores." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 47, no. 2 (2011): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb110127007t.

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In this study, experiments were conducted to understand the effects of different quantities of additional iron and oxidizing flux (Na2O2) on the direct fire assay of low grade pyritic refractory gold ores instead of performing any pre-treatment like roasting before fire assay. A portion of the pyritic ore was primarily roasted using a rotary kiln to remove sulphur content for the comparison of the results obtained from direct fire assay of the pyritic ore. Then, fire assay process was performed to the roasted ore and gold and silver content in the ore was determined. Unroasted ore specimens were fused by using fluxes and PbO, which accumulates the precious metals, with various quantities of iron. Correlation between the quantity of additional iron and the recovery of gold-silver were investigated. Various quantities of Na2O2, as an oxidizing flux, were added to the smelting charge with iron additions, from which the highest gold and silver recoveries were obtained from previous experiments. From the results, it was clear that the increase in additional iron and Na2O2 quantities was the reason for the increase in the recovered amounts of lead, gold and silver during the process.

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18

Schippmann, Klaus. "Silver, Lead and Gold on Sifnos. Metal Production in Prehistory and Antiquity." Philosophy and History 19, no. 2 (1986): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist1986192112.

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19

Dosmukhamedov, N. K., A. A. Argyn, Е. Е. Zholdasbay, and M. B. Kurmanseitov. "Converting of copper-lead matte: loss of gold and silver with slag." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 3, no. 314 (September 15, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2020/6445.21.

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20

Long, K. R., J. H. DeYoung, and S. Ludington. "Significant Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zincin the United States." Economic Geology 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.3.629.

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21

Frı́as, C., G. Dı́az, N. Ocaña, and J. I. Lozano. "Silver, gold and lead recovery from bioleaching residues using the PLINT process." Minerals Engineering 15, no. 11 (November 2002): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00126-7.

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22

Kirowa-Eisner, E., Y. Bonfil, D. Tzur, and E. Gileadi. "Thermodynamics and kinetics of upd of lead on polycrystalline silver and gold." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 552 (July 2003): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00181-5.

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23

McCammon, Richard B., David H. Root, and Paul G. Schruben. "Statewide Estimates of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc." Natural Resources Research 13, no. 3 (September 2004): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:narr.0000046921.05891.4a.

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24

Mclnerney, Philip M., Andrew J. Mutton, and William S. Peters. "Abra Lead-Silver-Copper-Gold Deposit, Western Australia: A Geophysical Case History." Exploration Geophysics 25, no. 3 (September 1994): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg994164.

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25

De la Nuez Colon, D., and M. Santa Cruz Pacheco. "Gold and gold-bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Central Cuba." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-3-27-37.

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Background. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits (VMS) are the most important sources of Cu and Zn; they account for a large share of the world production of Pb, Ag, Au, Se, Te, Bi and Sb, as well as small amounts of many other metals. The polymetallic VMS deposits of economic value of varying degrees are known in the rocks of the Los Pasos Cretaceous Formation, Cuba.Aim. To show the potential of the Cretaceous volcanic deposits of Central Cuba for gold, silver, copper, zinc and lead deposit prospecting.Materials and methods. The study characterises the San Fernando, Independencia, Antonio, Los Cerros VMS deposits and the Boca del Toro and El Sol ore occurrences located in the Los Pasos Formation. The similarities and differences in the mineral and elemental composition and structures of the ores of these objects are described, which underlie the assessment of their economic importance.Results. The latitudinal zoning of VMS and noble metal mineralisation of the Central Cuban ore region is outlined. In the west, copper-VMS deposits with accompanying gold ore objects prevail. In the east, copper-zinc VMS deposits with barite and gold-silver objects are widespread.Conclusions. It is necessary to assume the different erosional sections corresponding to the blocks of the Cretaceous volcanic arc of Central Cuba, which is larger in the west and smaller in the east. Proceeding from the presence of veinlet gold ores, their confinement to tectonic zones and the lack of correlation between noble and chalcophile metals at the San Fernando deposit, as well as significantly different gold-silver ratios in the considered ore objects, it could be assumed that some of the gold-silver ores were formed after VMS. The obtained Au/Ag ratios are close to the ores of the high sulphidation type (high sulphide ores) from similar ore regions of Venezuela and the Kur-il island arc. In this regard, one can expect hidden gold deposits in the west and gold-silver deposits in the east of the studied area.

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26

Danscher, G., and J. O. Rytter Nørgaard. "Ultrastructural autometallography: a method for silver amplification of catalytic metals." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33, no. 7 (July 1985): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/33.7.4008918.

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The autometallographic technique involves application of a silver bromide-containing emulsion on the surface of ultrathin sections placed on grids that are subsequently exposed to a photographic developer. In tissue sections from animals treated intravitally with gold, silver, or mercury compounds, accumulations of the metals are visualized by autometallography and can be used for quantitative studies. After amplification, sections can be stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Using autometallography, particles of colloidal gold dispersed in a film of gelatin showed a time-dependent growth and were gradually amplified up to 3.5-fold after 15 min of development. Hence the method may prove useful tracing colloidal gold particles in sections with low particle density, and be a powerful tool for revealing metals in biological tissues.

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27

Jin, Howard (Hwail), Kewei Xu, Loreto Naungayan, and Jose Quinones. "High Thermal Conductive Die Attach Paste Using Polymer and Micron Size Silver for Power Semiconductor Package." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-wp41.

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Abstract Power semiconductor package manufactures and electronic device suppliers have been looking for Pb-free alternative to traditional high Pb solder die attach adhesives. Lead solders have high thermal conductivity, 30–50W/mK, and known process with some difficulties in high volume mass production such as void, bond line control, and requiring reducing atmosphere such as forming gas. Lead is now categorized as hazardous substance to human body and environment and its products are scheduled to be banned within a few years. Standard silver epoxy pastes and Electrically Conductive Adhesives (ECSs) are other forms of die attach adhesives but the thermal conductivity is not adequate for Power devices. Eutectic gold-tin solder (80Au20Sn) has 57W/mK but it is high cost material. Currently Silver sintering material has become popular for electronic device because it has high thermal conductivity (150~250W/mK) by using nano silver sintering. But it requires high bonding temperature and pressure. It makes brittle bonding structure and has limitation in die size due to high stress. New silver sintering material in this paper is composed of micron size silver and organic polymer. This technology overcomes all the limitations of conventional silver epoxy, eutectic gold thin solder and silver sintering product by using the unique design of polymer composition. This new silver sintering technology using polymer and micron size silver is a cost effective solution to replace Pb solder for power device and the thermal performance is almost same as nano silver sintering products. The application process is the same as standard silver epoxy and does not require new equipment. It is a cost effective drop in solution.

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28

Zhmurova, Viktoria. "Hydrochemical cleaning of gold-containing cathode deposits from heavy non-ferrous metal impurities." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, no. 5 (October 2020): 1126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-5-1126-1136.

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The purpose of this paper is to conduct the research on hydrochloric acid cleaning of gold-containing cathode deposits from the impurities of heavy non-ferrous metals and mathematical processing of the experimental data obtained by the method of dispersion analysis. The atomic absorption method is used to study the chemical composition of the cathode deposits. The method of dispersion analysis is used to process experimental data. The composition of cathode deposit impurities is studied using x-ray spectral microanalysis. The study of the chemical composition of cathode deposits has shown that their main components are gold, silver, copper, lead, as well as non-metallic impurity compounds (CaO, SiO2, etc.). It is found that the optimal concentration of hydrochloric acid for cleaning gold-containing cathode deposits from heavy non-ferrous metals is 371 kg/m3; the degree of copper transition to solution is 69.06%, lead - 93.9%. The calculation of the expected mass fraction of precious metals in the alloyed gold demonstrates an increase in the mass fraction of gold by 14.08%, silver - by 17.46%. The study of the chemical composition of cathode deposits has also revealed that the main impurities that affect their subsequent processing are copper and lead. The latter fall into the ingot of alloyed gold, which is the target product of gold-bearing ore processing and complicate subsequent refining. The dispersion analysis of experimental data shows that solvent concentration significantly affects the transition degree of heavy non-ferrous metals to the solution starting from the value of 20.1 kg/m3. It is shown that the proposed method allows to increase the content of precious metals in the alloyed gold by 31.54%, as well as to perform maximum transition of copper and lead to the solution. The use of acid leaching of impurities from cathode deposits obtained by cyanide-sorption technology is one of the promising directions for improving the quality of gold-containing alloys and hence the reduction of the cost of refining services.

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29

Luo, Shiyong, Xinlin Zhang, Xiaojun Huang, and Wencai Xu. "Low-Temperature Sintering of Nanosilver Paste on a Gold Film Surface." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0015.

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AbstractNanosilver paste with a low sintering temperature is a high-demand interconnection material for electronic devices and components due to its superior electrical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties, as well as the fact that it is lead free. This study presents a nanoscale silver paste that can be sintered at 300 °C using 60-nm silver particles and an ethyl cellulose solution. The rheological and thixotropic behaviors of the typical paste were characterized, and the paste's screen printing ability was analyzed in detail. The paste demonstrates typical shear thinning rheological behavior and thixotropy of pseudoplastic fluids. Thermal characteristics of the 60 nm silver particles were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to obtain a proper sintering temperature schedule. In this report, we also discussed the solid content, thermodynamic driving force for densification, and sintering process of the nanosilver particles. A 83 wt% of silver solid content at a heating rate of 20 °C/min was favorable for achieving a proper sintering densification.

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30

Long, K. R. "Significant Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States." Economic Geology 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/95.3.629.

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31

Parga, José R., Raul Flores Martinez, Hector Moreno, Andrew Jewel Gomes, and David L. Cocke. "Removal of Lead Hydroxides Complexes from Solutions Formed in Silver/Gold: Cyanidation Process." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 45, no. 2 (October 8, 2013): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-013-9962-1.

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32

Zhmurova, Viktoria V., Nina V. Nemchinova, and Andrey A. Vasilyev. "Quality Increase in the Gold-Containing Cathode Sediment." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.575.

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The cathode sediments (CS), obtained as a result of industrial processing of gold-polymetallic raw material with complex chemical and mineral composition, contain a significant amount of impurity metals (copper, lead, zinc, iron, etc.), which leads to a significant increase in the cost of subsequent refining of these materials. The authors carried out experimental work on preliminary acid treatment of CS for the purpose of leaching impurities and increasing the share of precious metals in them. The objects of research were cathodic sediments (bypass solutions of the enterprise) containing copper and lead in the amount,% wt., respectively: 21.29 and 4.11. We tested nitric acid as a solvent in laboratory tests. For the selection of optimal leaching parameters, studies were carried out at various concentrations of the agent (from 50 to 350 kg/m3) and the ratio of L:S - (3-7):1. The duration of the experiments was 2 h, the experiments were carried out with vigorous stirring and standard ambient temperature (25°C). The experimental data processing was carried out with the help of STATISTICA 6.0 software; As factors of variation, we chose: concentration of acid, ratio of liquid and solid phases. It has been determined that nitric acid provides effective purification of CS from impurities. After the chemical enrichment, the content of precious metals in leaching cakes increased, the CS became compliant with the requirements of TU 117-2-3-78. When processing cathode sediments with nitric acid, 99% of silver passes into solution, which then allows it to be recovered from solutions by cementation and, consequently, to obtain alloys of gold and silver separately.

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33

Godwin, Colin I., Pat H. Watson, and Kun Shen. "Genesis of the Lass vein system, Beaverdell silver camp, south-central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-151.

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The Lass vein is in the Beaverdell silver, lead, zinc (gold) vein camp in south-central British Columbia. Veins in this camp are generally hosted within propylitized Westkettle granodiorite of Jurassic age, but mineralization is related to the Beaverdell quartz monzonite stock of Late Paleocene age (based on a K–Ar biotite date of 58.8 ± 2.0 Ma). Galena lead isotopes, interpreted using the recent "shale," "Bluebell," and "mixing-line isochron" models for the Canadian Cordillera, confirm a Tertiary age for all major vein mineralization in the Beaverdell camp.Examination of metal zoning, mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and sulfur isotopes indicates that the Lass vein system can be divided into two distinctly different parts, an upper western portion and a lower eastern portion. Differences between the two parts are related to the dominance of one of two mineralizing events.Event 1, the earlier, was most dominant in the lower portion of the Lass vein system. By comparison with event 2, event 1 is characterized by (i) relatively gold-, zinc-, and lead-rich but silver-poor ore (Au, 3163 ppb; Zn, 5.34%; Pb, 2.34%; Ag, 208 ppm); (ii) thicker veins (20 cm); (iii) sulfides with abundant pyrite, arsenopyrite, and dark sphalerite with exsolved chalcopyrite; and (iv) fluid inclusions with higher salinities (15 wt. equiv. wt.% NaCl), local CO2 phases, and higher temperatures of homogenization (287 °C) with matching equilibrium temperatures indicated by sulfur-isotope geothermometry from galena and sphalerite (294 °C).The younger event 2 is responsible for most of the mineralization in the upper portion of the Lass vein. Many characteristics of this event are statistically different from those associated with event 1. Namely, event 2 (i) is relatively silver rich and gold, zinc, and lead poor (Ag, 291 ppm; Au, 764 ppb; Zn, 3.07%; Pb, 1.27%); (ii) has narrower veins (10 cm); (iii) has sulfides characterized by silver–sulfosalt-bearing galena and pale sphalerite; and (iv) is represented by fluid inclusions that are variable but on average lower in salinity (7 equiv. wt.% NaCl), have lower temperatures of fluid homogenization (225 °C), and do not contain CO2 phases.Estimates from fluid inclusions indicate that event 1 could have occurred at depths equivalent to those of event 2 if the former was under lithostatic pressure at temperatures near the boiling point and if the latter formed at hydrostatic pressures near boiling temperatures. Sulfur-isotope data indicate that event 1 was nearly boiling; no similar definition is available for event 2. Thus, only minimum depth estimates are available for event 2.The most likely scenario for formation of the Lass vein system starts with event 1 and is followed by event 2. During event 1, minerals were deposited in a confined system under lithostatic pressures from high-salinity fluids where chloride complexing could have been important in the transportation of gold. Fracturing of the vein system to the surface changed the pressure regime to hydrostatic, and CO2 was released. Consequently, temperatures and salinities of the fluids dropped, presumably mainly in response to mixing with cooler and less saline groundwater. Thus, gold solubilites concomitantly decreased, and silver deposition became more significant.Fluid-inclusion and lead-isotope analyses appear to be useful exploration procedures in the Beaverdell area in the identification of gold-rich systems. A further practical observation is that gold should continue to depth in the Lass system, if the vein can be followed.

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34

Erol, Hakan. "Old Assyrian Metal Trade, its Volume and Interactions." Belleten 83, no. 298 (December 1, 2019): 779–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2019.779.

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The subject of this study consists of some consequences of a research project which was supported by The Scientifi c and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). In the scope of this project, all metals that attested in Kultepe texts have been evaluated. The main target of this research is to fi nd answers to some questions related to the metals and metal trade, which are recorded in a wide range of Kultepe texts. The attestations of gold, silver, tin, iron, copper, lead, antimony and bronze alloy have been searched in a database which includes more than 12 thousand Kultepe texts most of which are unpublished. Each of the information related to these metals, such as their volumes, origins, fi nal destinations, kinds, qualities, and prices against mostly silver has been gathered and evaluated. For example, the following results about the gold have been gained by the research in Kultepe text: The total weight of gold in all available texts is about 480 kg. Out of this sum, only about 92 kg of gold was shipped from Anatolia to Assur. Assyrian traders gained the gold mainly from the Anatolian cities of Wahšušana, Purušhattum and Šalatuwar respectively. The price of gold against silver ranges from 1:3 1/3 to 1:15. The most precious kind of gold attested in the texts is liqtum and the cheapest one is HU.SÁ (red) gold. On the other hand, the most demanded or common kinds of gold were pašallum and kupuršinnum.

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35

Wang, Frank Fan, William McKeague, and Christina Polwarth. "Comparisons of Soldering Alloys in Large Ceramic Substrate to Metal Heatsink Attachment Application." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000596.

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Abstract Tin-lead alloys have historically been popular in the electronics industry for use in solder-attach applications. Despite recent restrictions related to lead content, some industries continue to use lead based alloys in solder applications. Tin-lead based alloys, in particular, have proven to have excellent solderability to tin, nickel, copper, gold, and silver metallization surfaces. They have also performed better in reliability than most of the lead free solders. As a result of this, they are still widely used in the aerospace and military electronics industry. Hybrid microelectronics built for space applications use both Tin-Lead-Silver Alloy Sn62 and Lead Free Soldering Alloy Sn96; these solders are used both for wire and component attach as well as substrate to header attach. This article discusses the differences of these two solders, using both literature and experimental study. Experimental testing involving pull tests further supports this conclusion.

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36

Cerovic, K., H. Hutchison, and R. F. Sandenbergh. "Kinetics of gold and a gold–10% silver alloy dissolution in aqueous cyanide in the presence of lead." Minerals Engineering 18, no. 6 (May 2005): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2004.09.010.

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37

Standish, Christopher D., Stephen W. Merkel, Yu-Te Hsieh, and Jane Kershaw. "Simultaneous lead isotope ratio and gold-lead-bismuth concentration analysis of silver by laser ablation MC-ICP-MS." Journal of Archaeological Science 125 (January 2021): 105299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105299.

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38

Atroch, Daniel Cavalcanti. "A influência de Shakespeare em Grande sertão: veredas – as Três Mulheres e os Três Metais / Shakespeare’s Influence in Grande sertão: veredas – The Three Women and the Three Metals." O Eixo e a Roda: Revista de Literatura Brasileira 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2358-9787.30.2.100-120.

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Resumo: Este artigo aborda como é atualizado, no Grande sertão: veredas, um motivo fundamental para a tragédia Rei Lear: a escolha amorosa envolvendo três mulheres relacionadas ao ouro, à prata e ao chumbo. A simbologia subjacente aos metais é determinante para a caracterização das personagens femininas tanto do romance quanto da tragédia, analisadas, aqui, em perspectiva comparativa. Em Rei Lear, os metais preciosos, o ouro e a prata, estão associados a Goneril e Reagan, as filhas más que herdam o reino, enquanto Cordélia, a filha bondosa e preferida do rei, é representada pelo chumbo e acaba deserdada. Em Grande sertão: veredas, o ouro e a prata figuram na caracterização de Nhorinhá, a prostituta por quem Riobaldo se apaixona, e Otacília, sua esposa, enquanto Diadorim, o verdadeiro amor, está relacionado ao chumbo e permanece sublimado. Assim, os metais preciosos simbolizam, em ambas as obras, o equívoco amoroso, enquanto o chumbo guarda a mulher certa – Cordélia na tragédia, e Diadorim no romance. Diadorim e Cordélia possuem, ainda, outras analogias: ambas são filhas de grandes líderes, dedicam fidelidade irrestrita ao pai, possuem ligação com o arquétipo da donzela-guerreira e suas mortes representam momentos de anagnórisis para Riobaldo e Lear.Palavras-chave: literatura comparada; Grande sertão: veredas; João Guimarães Rosa; Rei Lear; William Shakespeare.Abstract: This article discusses how it is updated, in Grande sertão: veredas, a fundamental theme for the tragedy King Lear: the love choice involving three women related to gold, silver and lead. The symbology related to the metals is decisive for the characterization of the female characters of both the novel and the tragedy, analyzed here, in a comparative perspective. In King Lear, the precious metals, gold and silver, are associated with Goneril and Reagan, the evil daughters who inherit the kingdom, while Cordelia, Lear’s kind and preferred daughter, is represented by lead and ends up disinherited. In Grande sertão: veredas, gold and silver emerge in the characterization of Nhorinhá, the prostitute with whom Riobaldo falls in love, and Otacília, his wife, while Diadorim, the true love, is related to lead, and remains sublimated. Thus, the precious metals, in both works, symbolize the loving mistake, while the lead keeps the right woman – Cordelia, in the tragedy, and Diadorim in the novel. Diadorim and Cordélia also have other analogies: both are daughters of great leaders, dedicate unrestricted fidelity to their father, have a connection with the warrior-maiden archetype, and their deaths represent moments of anagnorisis for Riobaldo and Lear.Keywords: comparative literature; Grande sertão: veredas; João Guimarães Rosa; King Lear; William Shakespeare.

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39

Kolwas, Krystyna, and Anastasiya Derkachova. "Impact of the Interband Transitions in Gold and Silver on the Dynamics of Propagating and Localized Surface Plasmons." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071411.

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Understanding and modeling of a surface-plasmon phenomenon on lossy metals interfaces based on simplified models of dielectric function lead to problems when confronted with reality. For a realistic description of lossy metals, such as gold and silver, in the optical range of the electromagnetic spectrum and in the adjacent spectral ranges it is necessary to account not only for ohmic losses but also for the radiative losses resulting from the frequency-dependent interband transitions. We give a detailed analysis of Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) and Localized Surface Plasmons (LPSs) supported by such realistic metal/dielectric interfaces based on the dispersion relations both for flat and spherical gold and silver interfaces in the extended frequency and nanoparticle size ranges. The study reveals the region of anomalous dispersion for a silver flat interface in the near UV spectral range and high-quality factors for larger nanoparticles. We show that the frequency-dependent interband transition accounted in the dielectric function in a way allowing reproducing well the experimentally measured indexes of refraction does exert the pronounced impact not only on the properties of SPP and LSP for gold interfaces but also, with the weaker but not negligible impact, on the corresponding silver interfaces in the optical ranges and the adjacent spectral ranges.

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40

Stirling, J. W. "Use of tannic acid and silver enhancer to improve staining for electron microscopy and immunogold labeling." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 4 (April 1993): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.4.7680681.

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Staining by uranyl acetate and lead citrate (UA-LC) of immunolabeled sections of unfixed glomerular basement membrane (GBM) digests embedded in low-acid glycol methacrylate (LA-GMA) is poor. The following were investigated for their ability to enhance contrast when applied to sections before UA-LC: potassium permanganate, phosphotungstic acid, gold chloride, osmium tetroxide, glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide, colloidal gold-silver enhancer, tannic acid, and glutaraldehyde-tannic acid. Silver enhancer (2 min incubation, no sodium thiosulfate step) gave dense GBM staining but not with immunogold labeling. Silver enhancer is recommended as a simple alternative to routine silver stains but not for contrast enhancement with immunogold labeling. Tannic acid (1% for 1 min or 0.005% for 10 sec) and glutaraldehyde (2.5% for 5 min) followed by tannic acid enhanced contrast and, when applied after immunolabeling, did not appear to affect probe levels. Tannic acid also enhanced the staining of fixed tissue in LR Gold acrylic resin and LA-GMA, but not of glutaraldehyde-osmium-fixed tissue in epoxy resin, even after sodium metaperiodate treatment. Treatment of sections with tannic acid is recommended for contrast enhancement in immunogold studies when osmium and tannic acid post-fixation must be avoided and the tissue is embedded in methacrylate or acrylic resin.

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41

Chen, Beibei, Zebo Wang, Dongxue Hu, Qingqing Ma, Linna Huang, Chengyin Xv, Zhiyong Guo, and Xiaohua Jiang. "Scanometric nanomolar lead (II) detection using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles and silver stain enhancement." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 200 (September 2014): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.04.066.

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42

LIU, Wei-feng, Tian-zu YANG, and Xing XIA. "Behavior of silver and lead in selective chlorination leaching process of gold-antimony alloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20, no. 2 (February 2010): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(09)60141-2.

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43

Meli, Jerome A., and Kazi A. Motakabbir. "The effect of lead, gold, and silver backings on dose near 125 I seeds." Medical Physics 20, no. 4 (July 1993): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597166.

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44

Murthy, D. S. R. "Microbially enhanced thiourea leaching of gold and silver from lead-zinc sulphide flotation tailings." Hydrometallurgy 25, no. 1 (January 1990): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(90)90064-9.

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45

Dianhao, Huang, Ding Xiaoshi, Wu Chengyu, and Zhang Changjiang. "Mineralogy and Mode of Occurrence of Gold, Silver and Bismuth of the Caijiaying Lead-Zine-Silver Deposit, Hebei Province." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 4, no. 4 (May 29, 2009): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1991.mp4004003.x.

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46

Müller, Jens, Thomas Mache, and Torsten Thelemann. "Chemical selective coating of nickel / palladium / gold metallization on screen-printed thick film on LTCC and Al2O3 ceramic for high temperature applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-wa32.

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Electroless plating on silver is a low cost alternative to printing of mixed metals or pure gold paste systems on LTCC. It overcomes the necessity to have material transitions from inner to outer layers or from conductor lines to wire bonding- or solder-pads. Since no commercial process and material set for silver thick film conductors has been available on the market a proprietary Ni/Pd/Au coating technology was developed for the use on silver inks for LTCC and Al2O3-ceramic as a base for both soldering and wire bonding. The work included the screening of different chemicals as well as several silver paste systems from two commercial vendors. Conductor adhesion, plating layer thicknesses, plating accuracy, (lead free) solderability and gold wire-bondability were assessed to optimize the process. Layers of about 5 microns Ni, (0.1 to 0.3) microns Pd and (0.05 to 0.15) microns Au were electrolessly deposited. The developed Ni-Pd-Au finish is an economical alternative with only about a quarter of the cost compared to the conventional use of silver, silver / palladium and gold compounds for ceramic substrates. This technology allows coating of the structures down to a fine pad size of 200×200 microns and a minimum line width of 100 microns, without reducing the adhesion mechanism between thick-film metallization and ceramic substrate. By covering of pure conductors with high temperature glass or dielectrics, further material saving is possible. Besides, the process offers also very good coating of structures in cavities.

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47

Zakharov, A. V., and V. V. Khiller. "ABOUT FINDING NATIVE GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, BISMUTH AND TUNGSTEN IN LIPOVKA PEGMATITES (MIDDLE URAL)." News of the Ural State Mining University, no. 2(50) (2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2018-2-15-19.

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48

Jordan, Brett W. "Companions and competitors: Joint metal-supply relationships in gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc mines." Resource and Energy Economics 49 (August 2017): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.05.003.

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49

Viñals, J., C. Nuñez, and J. Carrasco. "Leaching of gold, silver and lead from plumbojarosite-containing hematite tailings in HClCaCl2 media." Hydrometallurgy 26, no. 2 (March 1991): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(91)90030-p.

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50

Yasir, Muhammad, Tengku Sirajuddiin, and Ahmad Alfajri. "Zakat on Banknotes in Fiqh Syᾱfi’ῑyah Perspective." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i2.319.

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One of the Islamic Shari'a is zakat, in addition to the value of the charity of zakat, it also serves as an economic boost for the poor. The obligation of zakat can be understood implicitly from the Qur'an and Hadith but the methods and criteria of zakat are not fully explained, this is where the different assumptions that lead to different practices and criteria are established, one of which is banknotes where some say obligatory and some not . This research is focused on zakat on banknotes, and the reasons that require paper money zakat according to the study of syᾱfi'ῑyahi fiqh. To obtain accurate data in this study, the authors conducted a literature review by using qualitative research methods. The data collection techniques were carried out by library studies, namely selecting and analyzing relevant literature and were seen as supporting material that discussed the problem of zakat money. From the results of this study, the authors find that banknotes is said to be obligatory, some said it is not mandatory. Opinions that say must give a reason, if the current position of banknotes in lieu of dirhams and dinars in the past then the wisdom that exists in dirhams and dinars is also on paper money that is valid in the present and when viewed in terms of the value of paper money This is instead of the value of gold and silver, which means that banknotes owned by someone instead of gold and silver are only in the form of the paper money must be zakat. Opinions that say they are not obliged to give reasons do not come up arguments that require currencies other than dirhams and dinars to be zakati, the lessons in gold and silver are not in currencies other than gold and silver. And currencies other than gold and silver have nothing in common with dirhams and dinars which can be explained to the obligatory zakat.

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