Journal articles on the topic 'Goldman, Ari L'

Kadar air merupakan salah satu atribut kualitas yang penting pada komoditas hortikultura. Penetapan kadar air buah melon dengan metode konvensional memakan waktu yang lama dan perlu merusak sampel buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi kadar air buah melon golden menggunakan teknologi visible-near infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS). Metode koreksi spektra orthogonal signal correction (OSC) diterapkan pada spektra original untuk meningkatkan kehandalan model kalibrasi. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) digunakan sebagai metode pendekatan regresi untuk mengekstraksi data spektra Vis-NIRS. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa Vis-NIRS dapat diandalkan untuk memprediksi kadar air buah melon golden. Metode koreksi spektra OSC mampu memperkecil jumlah principal component (PC) pada spektra original. Linieritas pada model kalibrasi menggunakan spektra OSC tercatat memperoleh nilai tertinggi sebesar 0,92. Ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) pada spektra OSC menampilkan nilai tertinggi pula yaitu 3,63. Model kalibrasi yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini dapat ditransfer ke dalam spektrometer Vis-NIRS untuk prediksi kadar air melon golden secara cepat dan simultan.

Golden-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostumus, L.) belongs to the phylum of molluscs that inhabits coral reef ecosystem in group. Golden-mouth turban normally uses algae for their food. Study on survival and growth of the juvenile golden-mouth turban focussing on different density under air water lift sys-tem is still limited. This study was conducted on 7 January – 6 May, 2015, in a laboratory to observe the effect of different density on the survival and growth of golden-mouth turban under air water lift system. Based on the analyses of variance (ANOVA), there was no significant different (P>0.05) on mortality rate for different stock density treatment (5 ind., 10 ind., 15 ind., and 20 ind. each in 10 liter water volume). However, based on growth rate, the density of 5 individuals produced the highest monthly growth rate of 1.88 mm/month of shell height, 1.18 mm/month of mouth opening, and 1.1 gr/month of wet weight with the highest daily mean food absorption of 91.55 %. For all treatment, the correlation of shell height and wet body weight exhibited a similar growth pattrern i.e., allometry minor (b<3). Ketwords: Survival, growth, golden-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostumus), stocking density, air water lift system.

Numerous regions worldwide are affected by Earth climate warming. Most studies of bird phenology in relation to global and regional climate change have focused on trends in arrival dates and breeding dates. The study investigates the results of phenological spring migration research on Eurasian Golden Oriole during a period of 26 years (1991–2016) in relation to average spring air temperatures (April–May) and year in deciduous forests (northwestern Croatia). Data is available for spring arrivals detected by the first song. Arrival date advanced significantly during the research period. According to the linear regression slopes, models suggested that in Eurasian Golden Oriole arrival date has advanced 6 days in period 1991–2016. Furthermore, average spring air temperatures (April–May) increased significantly during the study period. Furthermore, date of arrival was significantly negative correlated with average spring temperatures. My results provide evidence that warms spring has impacted spring migration arrival dates of Eurasian golden oriole of the deciduous forests in northwestern Croatia.

Residual activity of a single uniconazole spray (15 mg a.i./liter), uniconazole drench (600 μg a.i./pot), and daminozide spray (5000 mg a.i./liter) were compared to an untreated control using the `Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum [Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura]. Based on weekly internode growth, spray and drench treatments with daminozide and uniconazole remained active for 2 to 2.5 and 3 to 3.5 weeks, respectively. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-diemethyl 1-2(1,2,4-triazol-2-yl)-l-penten-3-01 (uniconazole).

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L. `Chitchat'), delphinium (Delphinium ajacis L. `Bellisimo'), chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora RAM. `Regan'), tulip (Tulipa hybrid `Golden Brush'), gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus `Manovale'), oriental lily (Lilium asiaticum L. `Specisiom Simplon'), rose (Rosa hybrid L. `Carnavale') and iris (Iris hollandica Tub. `Blue Magic') cut flower stems were placed at 20 °C in water containing the NO donor compound 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)-bisethanamine (DETA/NO) at 10 and 100 mg·L-1 and after 24 h, transferred to humidified air containing 0.1 μL·L-1 ethylene. Compared with flowers kept in water, the vase life of all eight flowers was extended by DETA/NO with an average extension of about 60% with the range being about 200% for gerbera to 10% for chrysanthemum. DETA/NO appears to have widespread applicability to cut flowers and offers a simple technology to extend vase life.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the main and main POC of golden snail and SP-36 fertilizer on the growth and production of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). This research was carried out in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau Islamic University, Jalan Kaharuddin Nasution No. 113, Air Cold Village, Bukit Raya District, Pekanbaru City. This research was carried out for 5 months starting from February to June 2021. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factorials, the first factor was POC Keong Mas (P) and the second factor was SP-36 fertilizer (S) each consisting of 4 levels of treatment. The parameters observed were: plant height, flowering age, number of bunches planted, harvest age, the weight of fruit planted, the weight of fruit per fruit, number of fruit planted, and number of leftover fruit. The research data were analyzed statistically and continued with the BNJ test at the 5% level. The results showed that the effect of the POC of golden snail and SP-36 fertilizer had a significant effect on all observation parameters. The best treatment was giving a combination of POC of golden snail 75 ml/L of water and SP-36 fertilizer of 7.5 g/plant (P3S3). The main effect of giving golden snail POC gave a significant effect on all observation parameters. The best treatment was giving the golden snail POC 75 ml/L water (P3). The main effect of SP-36 fertilizer had a significant effect on all observation parameters. The best treatment was the application of SP-36 7.5 g/plant (S3) fertilizer.

In the years 2004-2006 in Kraków, phenological observations of climbing roses were conducted in order to determine the length and dates of their flowering period. The diameters of their flowers were also compared. Eight flowering repeating cultivars were selected for the experiment: 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', 'Dortmund', 'Golden Showers', 'Goldstern', 'New Dawn', 'Parade', 'Sympathie' and 'White New Dawn'. During the studies, the shrub roses were not artificially watered in order to create conditions similar to those prevailing in public green areas. It was observed that irrespective of the air temperature pattern in a given year, the studied cultivars did not bloom before 15 June. In 2006 high temperatures (above 20^oC), which continued throughout the whole flowering period, caused its shortening, and the interval between the first and the next flowering in the season lasted longer than in the previous years. In the years 2004-2006, the cultivar 'New Dawn' bloomed the longest. In 2005 the studied cultivars produced larger flowers than the next year. The cultivars 'Dortmund' and 'White New Dawn' were characterised by the smallest diameter of flowers, whereas 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', 'Golden Showers' and 'Parade' were marked by the largest diameter.

Cabbage seed production in western Washington is at risk from freeze damage in the months of November to February. During the 1987-1988, 1988-1989 and 1989-1990 winters, the cold protection efficacy of 5 floating row covers (Agryl P17, Dewitt N-sulate, Reemay 2014, DuPont Typar, VisQueen Porous Row Cover) and straw was tested on field-grown cabbage. Air temperature in the cabbage crown, Tk50 of cabbage leaves, plant winter survival and seed yield were measured. During a severe freeze in February 1989, an average temperature of -11.1 °C was recorded in the uncovered controls while temperatures under the row covers were -6.7°C, -6.8°C and -8.4 °C under the N-sulate, VisQueen and Agryl covers, respectively. When compared to controls in June of 1989, row covers increased the survival of the more cold hardy `Brunswick' plants but did not significantly increase seed yields. The duration and severity of the February 1989 freeze was such that all of the less cold hardy `Golden Acre' plants were killed.

The effect of coating, hot-air and microwave drying on the texture, microstructure and rehydration characteristics of Golden Deliciousapple slices (22mm diameter, 4mm thickness) was investigated. Blanching was carried out in hot water (80°C, 1 min) to prevent undesirable enzymatic reactions. To induce a porous structure during microwave treatment, coating with a starch (suspension), pectin and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution (20 g/L) with and without CaCl2 (10 g/L) was carried out. A puncture test and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique were used to analyse the effects of these processes on texture and microstructure. Rehydration in distilled water was also studied. Coating, air-drying (70°C, 1.5 m/s) and microwave treatment (300W, 10s) resulted in the production of puffed and porous products. Microstructure of samples coated by starch and pectin with CaCl2 improved. Coating had a beneficial effect on the microstructure of samples after microwave treatment. In addition, microstructural studies showed that coating with pectin had a significant effect on the thickness of the cell wall whereas those treated with starch or CMC did not exhibit such an effect. Adding CaCl2 to the coating solution improved the microstructural properties and prevented central heating phenomena.

Effects of postharvest pressure infiltration of distilled water, CaCl2 solutions at 0.14 or 0.27 mol·L-1 without and with subsequent fruit coating treatments of preclimacteric `Golden Delicious' [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. `Golden Delicious'] apples on volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres after storage at 0 °C for 1 to 6 months, and during subsequent shelf life at 20 °C were investigated. Over 30 volatiles were detected, most of the identified volatiles were esters; the rest were alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, a ketone, and a sesquiterpene. Pressure infiltration of water and increasing concentrations of CaCl2 resulted progressively in reduced total volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal O2 levels and increased CO2 levels in fruit following 2 to 4 months storage in air at 0 °C. Total volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres of CaCl2-treated apples at 0.14 mol·L-1 gradually recovered to nontreated control levels following 2 weeks of shelf life at 20 °C and/or storage at 0 °C in air for more than 4 months. Following the calcium treatments with a shellac- or wax-based coating had similar but stronger and more persistent effects on volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres than those found in fruit treated with CaCl2 alone. Calcium infiltration did not change the composition of volatile compounds found in fruit. Results suggest that pressure infiltration of `Golden Delicious' apples with CaCl2 solutions transiently inhibited volatile levels, respiration, and ethylene production, in part, by forming a more-or-less transient barrier to CO2 and O2 exchange between the fruit tissue and the surrounding atmosphere.

Penggunaan nutrisi organik untuk multiplikasi tanaman anggrek secara in vitro telah banyak digunakan untuk mendorong laju regenerasi yang tinggi pada tanaman anggrek. Setiap spesies anggrek membutuhkan penambahan sumber organik yang berbeda untuk merangsang regenerasi yang lebih baik. Pemilihan jenis sumber nutrisi organik yang sesuai pada media regenerasi anggrek sangat diperlukan untuk menghasilkan planlet anggrek yang berkualitas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi nutrisi organik yang tepat untuk regenerasi plantlet Dendrobium lasiantera x D. tiger twist, Phalaenopsis amabilis, dan Oncidium golden shower. Bahan yang digunakan antara lain air kelapa, ekstrak kentang, ekstrak tomat, dan ekstrak pisang. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Agrotechnopark Universitas Jember menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima ulangan. Faktor perlakuan adalah kontrol (S1), ekstrak air kelapa (S2), ekstrak kentang (S3), ekstrak tomat (S4), dan ekstrak pisang (S5). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian nutrisi organik mempengaruhi ketiga genus anggrek yang digunakan. Penambahan ekstrak tomat 150 g/l menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik untuk parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah tunas, daun, dan akar pada angrek Dendrobium sp. Penambahan ekstrak kentang 150 g/l memberikan respon pertumbuhan tinggi planlet, jumlah tunas, dan jumlah akar yang baik pada anggrek Oncidium sp. serta jumlah daun dan jumlah akar yang baik pada anggrek P. amabilis dibandingkan sumber nutrisi organik lainnya.

<em>Theaflavin (TF) is a product of catechin oxidation that give contribution to golden yellow color, brightness, briskness of black tea and has a potential as natural antioxidant activity. TF has a higher superoxide radical capture rate than EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate). The study was to synthesize TF components in the form of extracts that have high antioxidants. Materials used in this research is bud+3 leaves from RITC clone (GMB 7). The research were caried out used 15 liters of tea leaves pulp per treatment, fermentation using fermentor with 15 L/min, 20 L/min and 25 L/min airflow treatment, separation of TF from thearubigin (TR) used 2.5% NaHCO3, and isolation of TF from impurity compounds used silica gel column with ethyl acetate/hexane as eluent, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) for antioxidant activity. The result showed that TF synthesis of fresh tea leaf catechin at water-air rate of 25 liters/minute could produced TF extract and yield TF purity extract with 1.01% and 39.15% in dry weight respectively after isolation by silica gel column. Antioxidant activity by DPPH from TF extract showed the smallest value of EC50 is 12.16 mg/L at 150 mg dose and its activity increased with the addition of concentration of TF extract.</em>

The maritime sector is one of the paths to Golden Indonesia 2045. This is because 70% of Indonesia's territory is a sea with an area of ​​3.25 million km2 and is supported by the large potential that can be utilized for the welfare of Indonesia, one of which is as a contributor to foreign exchange with foreign exchange potential from maritime sector amounting to US $28 million to US $56 million. The problem lingers on how to possible solve the problem regarding air pollution without shutting down industrial operations. Many multinational power plants have launched different campaigns in order to minimize the problem like planting trees and the like. But these small growing industries like grilling restaurants have given way to arising problem of air pollution issues On the other hand, the ocean is a contributor to half of the world's oxygen. But in a period of 50 years, areas with minimal oxygen levels in the oceans have increased. The main cause is global warming, one of which comes from increasing levels of carbon monoxide in the air. One of these gases comes from incomplete combustion in motorized vehicles. This is also exacerbated by the growth of motorized vehicles which has increased by 11.5% per year. If left like this, marine life will be destroyed and Indonesia will not reach its peak of glory in 2045. So to overcome this problem, a prototype design of Carbon Monoxide Box Separator was created. This prototype is a combination of detector sensors consisting of MQ7 to detect carbon monoxide, MQ135 to measure air quality, and DHT11 to measure humidity and air temperature, as well as a high voltage system on the L-Box (Lightning Box) which can produce O2 because of the copper plate. on the L-Box will bind the element carbon to carbon monoxide using a voltage of 400 kV. With this prototype design, it is hoped that Indonesia can achieve its glory and also as a form of QS practice. Ar-Rum verse 41 regarding Allah's command to preserve nature and the environment.

Abstrak Keong Mas adalah salah satu hama utama pada areal pertanaman padi yang tingkat serangannya tergolong cukup tinggi hingga dapat menyebabkan gagal panen. Buah mahkota dewa merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai pestisida nabati yang diketahui mengandung zat aktif seperti alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, fenol, saponin, dan minyak atsiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dan lama perendaman ekstrak dari buah mahkota dewa yang efektif terhadap mortalitas keong mas (Pomacea. canaliculata). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial yang terdiri dari 2 faktor. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi buah mahkota dewa sebanyak 5 g, 10g dan 15 g dan faktor kedua adalah lama perendaman selama 24 jam, 48 jam, dan 72 jam. Pengamatan meliputi mortalitas keong mas, penghambatan makan dan rata-rata waktu kematian. Hasil pengamatan penggunaan ekstrak buah mahkota dewa sebagai molusisida nabati dengan konsentrasi 15 g/l air dan lama perendaman 72 jam (K3L3) efektif untuk menurunkan daya hidup (motalitas) keong mas hingga mencapai 89,09% dan penghambat makan keong mas tertinggi terdapat pada kombinasi perlakuan K1L2 dengan persentase nilai 47,90%, sedangkan untuk kecepatan waktu kematian keong mas setelah dilakukan pengaplikasian menggunakan ekstrak buah mahkota dewa berkerja efektif pada perlakuan kosentrasi K3 dan lama perendaman efektif pada perlakuan L3.(Concentration Test and Submersion Time of God Crown Extract as Bio Molluscicide On Golden Snail Mortalities Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck)Abstract The golden snail is one of the main pests in rice cultivation area which has a high level of attack so that it can cause crop failure. God’s crown fruit is a plant that has the potential as a bio pesticide which is known containing chemical substances such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and essential oils. The purpose of this research was to determine the concentration and submersion time of extracts from the fruit of god crown which is effective against the mortality of golden snails (Pomacea canaliculata). Research method used was experimental method using Completely Randomized Design method (RAL) with factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was 5 g, 10 g and 15 g of the concentration of the god crown and the second factor were 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours of submersion time. The observation included golden snail mortality, feeding inhibition and the average time of mortality. The results of observations of the usage of the god crown fruit extract as bio molluscicide with a concentration of 15 g / l of water and 72 hours of submersion time (K3L3) were effective to reduce the life (mortality) of snails to reach 89.09% and the highest snail eating inhibitors were found in the combination K1L2 treatment with a percentage value of 47.90%, while for the golden snail average time of mortality after application using fruit extract of god crown worked effectively on the treatment of K3 concentration and the submersion time is effective in L3 treatment.

Fentin acetate (C20H18O2Sn) as pesticide is extensively used for killing golden apple snail (Pomacea sp.) in paddy field. This study was aimed to determine effect of sublethal molluscicide fentin acetate toxicity on the haematological charac-teristics (erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leucocyte) and growth of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. This re-search was conducted from May to July 2015 in Environment Laboratory of Aquaculture Department, Bogor Agricul-tural University. The research used twelve glass aquariums of 100x50x50 cm3 filled with 160 L water and put 30 juve-niles per aquarium. Fish were fed at satiation during the treatment and water exchange for every 24 hour. Research design was complete experimental randomized with four treatments and three replications of different fentin acetate concentrations i.e. 0.00; 0.003; 0.008; 0.015 mg L-1 for 21 days. The haematological characteristics and growth of fish were compared with ANOVA. The result indicates that sublethal concentration of 0.003 mg.L-1fentin acetate was significantly (p< 0.05) decrease the haematological characteristics and growth of tilapia. AbstrakFentin asetat (C20H18O2Sn) digunakan sebagai pestisida di sawah secara intensif untuk mematikan keong mas (Pomacea sp.). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh toksisitas subletal moluskisida fentin asetat terhadap ka-rakteristik hematologi (eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, dan leukosit) dan pertumbuhan yuwana ikan nila (Oreo-chromis niloticus). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai Juli 2015 di Laboratorium Lingkungan Departemen Akuakultur, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan 12 akuarium berukuran 100x50x50 cm3. Ikan nila berukuran 8,90±0,13 g dipelihara dengan kepadatan 30 ekor dalam volume air 160 L. Ikan uji diberi pakan secara at satiation serta dilakukan penggantian air setiap 24 jam dengan konsentrasi bahan uji yang sama. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan dengan konsentrasi fentin asetat, yaitu: 0,00 (kontrol); 0,003; 0,008; dan 0,015 mg.L-1 selama 21 hari. Analisis terhadap karakteristik hematologi dan pertumbuhan ikan nila menggunakan anova. Konsentrasi sublethal moluskisida fentin asetat berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan karakteristik hematologi dan pertumbuhan ikan nila.

Acetic acid (AA) as a vapor at low concentrations was effective in preventing fruit decay by postharvest fungi. Fumigation with 2.7 or 5.4 mg AA/liter in air at 2 and 20C reduced germination of Botrytis cinerea Pers. and Penicillium expansum Link conidia to zero after they had been dried on 0.5-cm square pieces of dialysis tubing. Decay of `Golden Delicious', `Red Delicious', and `Spartan' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) inoculated with 20 μl drops of conidia of B. cinerea (1.0 × 105 conidia/ml) or P. expansum (1.0 × 106 conidia/ml) was prevented by fumigating with 2.0 and 2.7 mg AA/liter, respectively. Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), and kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et R. Ferguson var. deliciosa] inoculated with B. cinerea or navel oranges (Citrus sinensis L.) inoculated with P. italicum Wehmer did not decay when fumigated with 2.0 mg AA/liter at 5C. AA fumigation at low temperatures (1 and 5C) with 2.0 or 4.0 mg AA/liter prevented decay of `Spartan' and `Red Delicious' apples and `Anjou' pears (Pyrus communis L.) inoculated with B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively. `Spartan' apples immersed in a suspension of P. expansum conidia (1.4 × 105 conidia/ml) and fumigated with 2.7 mg AA/liter at 5C had an average of 0.7 lesions per fruit compared to 6.1 for nontreated fruit. Increasing the relative humidity from 17% to 98% increased the effectiveness of AA fumigation at 5 and 20C. At the concentrations used in our trials, AA had no apparent phytotoxic effects on the fruit. The potential for commercial fumigation with AA to control postharvest decay of fruit and vegetables appears promising.

Unlike cold-hardy apple germplasm, dormant vegetative buds from cold-tender accessions require stabilization of meristematic tissue to protect against injury during desiccation and cryopreservation. Dormant buds of six apple cultivars [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. `Cox's Orange Pippin', `Einshemer', `Golden Delicious', `Jonagold', `K-14', and `Mutsu'] collected at specific intervals in 1993, 1994, and 1995 at Geneva, N.Y., were stabilized by encapsulation in 5% alginate, treated with step-wise imbibition of 0.5 to 1.0 m sucrose and 0.2 m raffinose solution, and desiccated with forced air at 0 °C. Sugar-alginate stabilization reduced injury during desiccation, increased cold-hardiness of the six cold-tender cultivars frozen to -30 °C, and improved recovery following cryopreservation of buds collected before optimal cold acclimation was attained. Sucrose tissue levels did not increase following stabilization treatment, but levels of glucose and fructose, and of an unknown disaccharide increased. This procedure used nontoxic cryoprotectants, and has potential to expand the scope of dormant bud cryopreservation to include cold-tender apple germplasm.

Container-grown `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Braeburn', `Fuji' and `Royal Gala' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees, on Malling 9 (M.9) rootstock, were subjected to a range of different maximum/minimum air temperature regimes for up to 80 days after full bloom (DAFB) in controlled environments to investigate the effects of temperature on fruit expansion, final fruit weight, and fruit maturation. Fruit expansion rates were highly responsive to temperature with those at a mean of 20 °C being ≈10 times greater than those at a mean of 6 °C. All cultivars exhibited the same general response although `Braeburn' consistently showed higher expansion rates at all temperatures compared with lowest rates for `Golden Delicious' and intermediate rates for both `Delicious' and `Fuji'. The duration of cell division, assessed indirectly by measuring expansion rate, appeared to be inversely related to mean temperature (i.e., prolonged under cooler conditions). Subsequently, fruit on trees from the coolest controlled temperature treatment showed greater expansion rates when transferred to the field and smaller differences in fruit size at harvest than would have been expected from the measured expansion rates under the cool treatment. Nonetheless, mean fruit weight from warm postbloom treatments was up to four times greater at harvest maturity than that from cool temperature treatments. Postbloom temperature also markedly affected fruit maturation. Fruit from warm postbloom temperature conditions had a higher soluble solids concentration, more yellow background color, lower flesh firmness, and greater starch hydrolysis than fruit from cooler temperatures.

Air heat, methyl jasmonate dip, and vapor treatments with the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) were used to evaluate their effects on ripening-related characteristics and susceptibility to fungal decay in `Golden Delicious' apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) through 5 months of storage at 0 °C and ripening at 20 °C for 7 days. Preclimacteric fruit were treated with MCP vapor at a concentration of 1 μL•L-1 for 18 h at 20 °C, 38 °C air for 4 days, methyl jasmonate dip at concentrations of 10-5 and 10-4 for 3 min at 20 °C, combinations thereof, or left untreated before storage in air at 0 °C. One set of untreated fruit was stored in a controlled atmosphere of 1.5 O2 and 2.5% CO2 at 0 °C. The MCP treatment and CA storage delayed ripening, as indicated by better retention of green peel color and flesh firmness, and the reduced respiration, ethylene production rates, and volatile (both flavor- and superficial scald-associated) levels that were observed upon transferring the fruit to 20 °C. The MCP treatment followed by air storage delayed ripening more than CA storage. The heat treatment also delayed ripening but hastened skin yellowing. While methyl jasmonate dips had no significant effect on ripening, they were the only treatments used that reduced the incidence of postharvest decay and discolored the surface of some fruit. The results indicate that MCP may provide an effective alternative to CA for maintaining quality during cold storage and ripening. The results also indicate that methyl jasmonate dip treatment may reduce postharvest decay of fruit while maintaining fruit quality.

Abstract Being the economic engine of Canada and the home of 5 million people, the environmental health of the Golden Horseshoe is very important. Among various pollution sources into the lake, urban oil spills as a non-point pollution source have not caught the attention of most residents. These spills can cause terrestrial impacts by poisoning animals and plants, groundwater contamination by infiltration, and surface water pollution by algal bloom and fish kills and destruction of freshwater invertebrates and vertebrates. In order to investigate the significance of this pollution source, 10 years of spill records in the Golden Horseshoe have been compiled. On the average, about 1050 L per day of oil escaped to the land, water and air environment in this region. About one-third of these spills eventually entered Lake Ontario. Among various types of spilled oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel and furnace oil accounted for the highest reported volume. The former Metropolitan Toronto led the frequency and volume of spills, while Hamilton-Wentworth followed closely. Spills frequently occur on roads, at service stations and at electrical transformers, while the highest spill event volumes occur at bulk plants/terminals/depots and at refineries. The predominant causes of spills are related to leaks from containers, pipes and hoses, and cooling systems. However, the principal reasons for oil spills are human error and equipment failure. The transportation, public and petroleum sectors are responsible for 60% of the reported spill cases, while the petroleum sector alone accounts for nearly 50% of the reported spill volume. Given the significant volume of spilled oil, it is important that all levels of government and private industries increase their effort to promote pollution prevention such as preventive maintenance, improved employee training and/or retraining, and proper vigilant supervision. Additionally, control devices such as oil-water interceptors should be sized properly and implemented at strategic location across the Golden Horseshoe.

The development of canola quality Brassica napus oilseed cultivars was a major achievement of Canadian public oilseed breeding programs. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were applied to assess the genetic diversity of 300 plants representing one landrace introduced from Argentina in 1943, seven Canadian elite cultivars developed and released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada since 1954, and two European cultivars that were the source of the low erucic acid and low glucosinolate traits that define canola quality. Application of 22 SSR primer pairs from eight linkage groups detected 88 polymorphic alleles from 33 likely loci. The allelic frequencies in 300 samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.993 and averaged 0.388. The estimates of mean heterozygosity for these cultivars ranged from 0.055 to 0.203 and averaged 0.139. The most SSR variation was detected in the cultivars Argentine, Golden and Oro. A trend of decline in SSR variation was observed over the years of breeding effort. The proportion of total SSR variation residing among the cultivars was 51.4%; between high vs. low erucic acid cultivars 15% and between high vs. low glucosinolate cultivars 21.2%. Pairwise genetic differentiations among these cultivars ranged from 0.140 to 0.819 and averaged 0.500. Cluster analysis revealed that the genetic relationships of these cultivars were consistent with their known pedigrees. These findings are useful for broadening the genetic base of improved B. napus gene pools, selecting genetically diverse genotypes for hybrid combinations, and conserving summer rape germplasm.Key words: Simple sequence repeat, summer rape, Brassica napus, genetic diversity, genetic relationship, genetic structure

Prestorage heat, CA storage, and pre- and poststorage treatments with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP), were tested for their efficacy at inhibiting fungal decay and maintaining quality in `Golden Delicious' apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Yellow Delicious Group] stored 0 to 5 months at 0 °C and 7 days at 20 °C. Before storage in air at 0 °C, preclimacteric fruit were treated with either MCP at a concentration of 1 μL·L-1 for 17 hours at 20 °C, 38 °C air for 4 days, MCP plus heat, or left untreated. Some sets of untreated fruit were stored in a controlled atmosphere of 1.5 kPa O2 and 2.5 kPa CO2 at 0 °C while other sets were removed from cold storage in air after 2.5 or 5 months, warmed to 20 °C, and treated with 1 μL·L-1 MCP for 17 hours. Prestorage MCP, heat, MCP plus heat treatments and CA storage decreased decay severity caused by wound-inoculated Penicillium expansum Link, Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr., and Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds (teleomorph Glomerella acutata J.C. Guerber & J.C. Correll sp.nov.). Poststorage MCP treatment had no effect on decay severity. Both prestorage MCP treatment and CA storage delayed ripening as indicated by better retention of green peel color, titratable acidity, and Magness-Taylor flesh firmness, and the reduced respiration, ethylene production rates, and volatile levels that were observed upon transferring the fruit to 20 °C. The prestorage MCP treatment delayed ripening more than CA storage. Following 5 months cold storage, the prestorage MCP treatment maintained the shape of the compression force/deformation curve compared with that of fruit at harvest, as did CA storage, but at a lower force profile. The heat treatment had mixed effects on ripening: it hastened loss of green peel color and titratable acidity, but maintained firmness and delayed increases in respiration, ethylene production and volatile levels following cold storage. The MCP plus heat treatment inhibited ripening more than heat treatment alone but less than MCP treatment alone. In one of 2 years, the MCP plus heat treatment resulted in superficial injury to some of the fruit. Results indicated that MCP may provide an effective alternative to CA for reducing decay severity and maintaining quality during postharvest storage of `Golden Delicious' apples. Prestorage heat to control decay and maintain quality of apples needs further study, especially if used in combination with MCP.

The deformation amplitudes measured with air-puff OCT are sensitive to both (intraocular pressure) IOP and biomechanical properties of the cornea. Analysis of the amplitudes of corneal deformation is challenging due to interrelation of IOP and corneal biomechanics. In this study, we used natural diurnal IOP fluctuations to investigate corneal deformations in a number of subjects whose eyes were measured multiple times during a day. The results of analysis, based on corneal hysteresis, revealed a corneal hysteresis parameter, which remains constant during a day for each individual eye. We hypothesize that above-mentioned metric might correlate with biomechanical properties of the cornea without influence of IOP. Full Text: PDF ReferencesMeek KM, Tuft SJ, Huang Y, Gill PS, Hayes S, Newton RH, Bron AJ, "Changes in Collagen Orientation and Distribution in Keratoconus Corneas", Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2005. 46(6): p. 1948-56. CrossRef Zimmermann DR, Fisher RW, Winterhalter KH, Witmer R, Vaughan L, "Comparative studies of collagens in normal and keratoconus corneas", Exp Eye Res, 1988. 46(3): p. 431-42. CrossRef Andreassen TT, Simonsen AH, and Oxlund H, "Biomechanical properties of keratoconus and normal corneas", Experimental Eye Research, 1980. 31(4): p. 435-441. CrossRef Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, Hussein M, "Reduction of Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma Progression", Arch Ophthalmol, 2002. 120(10): p. 1268-79. CrossRef Chauhan BC and Drance SM, "The influence of intraocular pressure on visual field damage in patients with normal-tension and high-tension glaucoma", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 1990. 31(11): p. 2367-2372. DirectLink Gelaw Y, "The impact of central corneal thickness on intraocular pressure among Ethiopian glaucoma patients: a cross-sectional study", BMC Ophthalmology, 2012. 12(1): p. 58. CrossRef Doughty MJ and Zaman ML, "Human Corneal Thickness and Its Impact on Intraocular Pressure Measures: A Review and Meta-analysis Approach", Surv Ophthalmol, 2000. 44(5): p. 367-408. CrossRef Liu J, and Roberts CJ, "Influence of corneal biomechanical properties on intraocular pressure measurement: Quantitative analysis", J Cataract Refract Surg, 2005. 31(1): p. 146-55. CrossRef Ehlers N, Hansen FK, and Aasved H, "Biometric Correlations of Corneal Thickness", Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 1975. 53(4): p. 652-9. CrossRef Harada Y, Hirose N, Tawara A, "The Influence of Central Corneal Thickness and Corneal Curvature Radius on The Intraocular Pressure as Measured By Different Tonometers: Noncontact and Goldmann Applanation Tonometers", J Glaucoma, 2008. 17(8): p. 619-25. CrossRef Alonso-Caneiro D, Karnowski K, Kaluzny BJ, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M, "Assessment of corneal dynamics with high-speed swept source Optical Coherence Tomography combined with an air puff system", Optics Express, 2011. 19(15): p. 14188-14199. CrossRef Dorronsoro C, Pascual D, Perez-Merino P, Kling S and Marcos S, "Dynamic OCT measurement of corneal deformation by an air puff in normal and cross-linked corneas", Biomedical Optics Express, 2012. 3(3): p. 473-487. CrossRef Karnowski K, Kaluzny BJ, Szkulmowski M, Gora M, Wojtkowski M, "Corneal topography with high-speed swept source OCT in clinical examination", Biomedical Optics Express, 2011. 2(9): p. 2709-2720. CrossRef A. N. S. Institute, "American National Standard for Safe use of Lasers," (American National Standards Institute, Orlando, FL, 2000) DirectLink David R, Zangwill L, Briscoe D, Dagan M, Yagev R, Yassur Y, "Diurnal intraocular pressure variations: an analysis of 690 diurnal curves", Br J Ophthamlom, 1992, 76(5): p. 280-282 CrossRef Maczynska E, Karnowski K, Szulzycki K, Malinowska M, Dolezyczek H, Cichanski A, Wojtkowski M, Kaluzny BJ, Grulkowski I, Journal of Biophotonics (to be published).

AbstrakSawi hijau (Brassica rapa L.) merupakan sayuran yang memiliki nilai ekonomis karena banyak digemari oleh masyarakat, sehingga budi dayanya membutuhkan pemupukan yang menunjang pertumbuhannya. Penggunaan pupuk organik cair memiliki keunggulan cepat diserap oleh tanaman. Azolla pinnata dan telur keong mas (Pomacea cannaliculata) dapat menjadi kandidat pupuk cair karena mengandung unsur hara tinggi berupa sumber nitrogen, fosfat, dan kalium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan pupuk A. pinnata dan P. cannaliculata berbeda konsentrasi terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas sawi hijau. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial 3 x 3 yang terdiri dari 9 perlakuan dan 6 kali ulangan. Konsentrasi pupuk A. pinnata adalah 0 mL/L, 100 mL/L, dan 150 mL/L, sedangkan konsentrasi pupuk P. cannaliculata adalah 0%, 15%, dan 45%. Parameter pengamatan berupa tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat basah, berat kering, panjang daun, lebar daun dan klorofil total. Dana dianalisis menggunakan analisis variansi dan Duncan Multiple Range Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi pupuk Azolla pinata dan P. cannaliculata tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat basah, berat kering, lebar daun, panjang daun, dan kadar klorofil total. Namun demikian, pemberian pupuk secara terpisah berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan sawi hijau, dengan penggunaan yang disarankan 100 mL/L air A. pinnata dan 45% P. canaliculata.Abstract Green mustard (Brassica rapa L.) is a vegetable has economic value because it is favored by the community, so its cultivation requires fertilization to support its growth. The use of liquid organic fertilizer has the advantage of being quickly absorbed by plants. Azolla pinnata and golden snail eggs (Pomacea cannaliculata) can be candidates for liquid fertilizer because they contain high nutrients in the form of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. The study aims to determine the effect of A. pinnata and gold snail eggs as fertilizers with different concentrations on the growth and productivity of green mustard. The research used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of 3 x 3 consisting of 9 treatments and 6 replications. Concentrations of A. pinnata were 0 mL/L, 100 mL/L, and 150 mL/L, while P. cannaliculata were 0%, 15%, and 45%. Parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, wet weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaves width and length. Data obtained were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range Test. Result showed that combination of Azolla pinnata and P. canaliculata had no significant effect on plant height, the number of leaves, wet weight, dry weight, leaf width, leaf length, and total chlorophyll content. However, the application of fertilizer separately showed a positive effect on the growth of the plant, with the recommended use of A. pinnata at 100 mL/L of water and P. canaliculata at 45%.

Metamitron is an apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit thinner that acts by reducing the photosynthetic capacity of trees. Relative humidity may influence thinning efficacy; however, the broadness of this effect is not yet fully understood. Trials were set in Sint-Truiden (Belgium) in 2018 and Lleida and Girona (Spain) in 2019, using 4-year-old cvs. Braeburn and Elstar trees in Belgium, and 16-year-old cv. Golden Reinders trees in Spain. Four treatments were implemented at the stage of 12–14 mm fruit diameter: (a) CTR—control, trees under natural environmental conditions; (b) HH—high humidity, trees submitted to artificially increased air relative humidity applied for 3 h prior to the beginning of the experiment; (c) MET—trees sprayed with 247.5 mg/L metamitron; (d) MET + HH—trees submitted to the combination of increased humidity (HH) and metamitron (MET) application. In Belgium, metamitron absorption by leaves was greater than in Spain. This might be related to morphological characteristics of the leaves which developed under greater natural relative humidity levels in Belgium than in Spain. Compared to MET alone, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Elstar’ demonstrated significantly greater metamitron absorption, 59% and 84%, respectively, under MET + HH, accompanied by declines in leaf net photosynthesis (10% and 32%, respectively) and sucrose (31% and 26%, respectively). At harvest, MET + HH treatment reduced yield by 24% and 32% in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Elstar’, respectively, when compared with MET alone. A large reduction (considered over thinning) in the yield of ‘Elstar’ occurred. In contrast, metamitron absorption by ‘Golden Reinders’ using MET alone was similar to MET + HH; however, there was a slight foliar sugar reduction in the latter treatment. In addition, both treatments enhanced shoot growth and increased fruit abscission with similar improvements in fruit weight and size. In this study, high relative humidity enhanced fruit thinning efficacy under certain circumstances, such as age or genetic predisposal, which left the tree more susceptible to a negative carbohydrate balance. For instance, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Elstar’ were easier to thin when compared to ‘Golden Reinders’. In addition, this study raises a question that requires further research regarding the impact of HH before and after spraying as well as its effect in combination with higher temperatures.

AbstractNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a significant pollutant in both outdoor and indoor environments with exposure linked to serious respiratory illnesses, decreased lung function and airway inflammation. Here, we investigate whether potted plants can contribute as a simple and cost-effective indoor air pollution mitigation technique. Our study investigates the ability of the combination of the three plant species Spathiphyllum wallisii ‘Verdi’, Dracaena fragrans ‘Golden Coast’ and Zamioculcas zamiifolia with two different growing media to remove in situ concentrations (100 ppb) of NO2 in real-time at two typical indoor light levels (0 and 500 lx) and in ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ growing media conditions. All studied ‘growing medium–plant systems’ were able to reduce NO2 concentrations representative of a polluted urban environment, but to varying degrees. The greatest NO2 removal measured inside a 150 L chamber over 1-h period in ‘wet’ growing media at ~ 500 lx was achieved by D. fragrans. When accounting for dilution, this would correspond to a removal of up to 3 ppb NO2 per m2 of leaf area over the 1-h test period and 0.62 ppb per potted plant over the same period when modelled for a small office (15 m3) in a highly polluted environment. Depending on building ventilation rates and NO2 concentration gradients at the indoor-outdoor interface that will vary massively between polluted urban and rural locations, potted plants offer clear potential to improve indoor air quality—in particular in confined indoor spaces that are poorly ventilated and/or located in highly polluted areas.

Climate warming has been recorded over the last decades. The air temperature in Yekaterinburg has been rising since the 1930s. Temperatures dropped sharply in 1940–1949, then rose sharply and fell again, especially in 1967–1968, when many large introduced species considered to be adapted died: Phellodendron amurense Rupr. and Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lindl.) Britt. Due to the cyclical nature of weather conditions, it was necessary to assess the features of adaptation and state of the introduced plants in recent years. Snowless autumn and winter, temperatures above zero in early spring are unfavourable for many species, especially or conifers. Thus, in 2014 much snow fell on October 16 and melted in 2 weeks, temperatures below zero did not afford plants to prepare for the winter; in March 2015 the temperature rose up to +10 °C while the ground temperature was below zero for a long time. As a result of physiological dryness 100 % of specimens of variegated forms of northern white cedar Thuja occidentalis L. `Ellwangeriana Aurea`, `Ericoides` died. In other forms the leafage died to the snow cover level and recovered after abundant rains: `Aurea spicata`, `Gold Pearl`, `Golden Globe`, `Lutescens`, `Semperaurea` and `Wareana Lutescens`. Due to a steady increase in the sum of positive temperatures and reaching a certain age, many conifer species entered the fruiting stage and gave self-seeding: Pinus peuce Grieseb, Pinus strobus L., Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britt. et al., Picea pungens Engelm., Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lindl.) Britt., and Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast. In the warmest year of 2016, the latter gave an abundant yield – red-brown cones with protruding seed scales; a strong wind dropped them all. They remained under the snow for the winter and did not crumble (probably, the fruits were unripe), so Abies sachalinensis was mistaken for Keteleeria fortunei (A. Murray bis) Carrière), which has cones that do not crumble. Unusual flowering was observed in Crataegus oxyacantha L. `Rosea Plena`, Mespilus germanica L., Syringa reflexa C.K.Schneid, Hamamelis virginiana L. With the rise in average annual temperatures, the number of years with abnormal weather conditions increased and the condition of some plants deteriorated. For citation: Semkina L.A., Tishkina E.A. Growth and Productivity of Non-Indigenous Woody Species in the Middle Urals. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 100–109. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-100-109

Plant growth retardant (PGR) substrate drench treatments (mg a.i./1.5-L pot) of ancymidol at doses of 0.5 to 8, paclobutrazol from 1 to 16, and uniconazole from 0.125 to 2 were applied to tuberous-rooted dahlias (Dahlia variabilis Willd.) to compare their effectiveness for controlling height. When the first inflorescence opened, the number of days from potting until flowering, leaf canopy height, inflorescence height above the foliage, and plant diameter were recorded. Total height control achieved using PGRs was primarily due to reduced inflorescence height, rather than leaf canopy height. Paclobutrazol, ancymidol, and uniconazole at all doses reduced total plant height of the less-vigorous `Red Pigmy' by >21% compared to the untreated control, with a height of 43.5 cm for the untreated control plants. Marketable potted plants were produced with doses of 2 to 4 mg of paclobutrazol, 0.25 to 0.5 mg of uniconazole, or 0.5 mg of ancymidol. All paclobutrazol, ancymidol, and uniconazole doses reduced total plant height of the more-vigorous `Golden Emblem' by >11% compared to the untreated control, with a height of 82.1 cm for the untreated control. Marketable potted plants were produced with 4 to 8 mg of paclobutrazol, 0.5 to 1 mg of uniconazole, or 2 mg of ancymidol.

During March to July 2003, a postharvest fruit rot was observed on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Red Delicious’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) sampled from commercial packinghouses in Washington State. Losses as high as 24% in storage bins were observed in July on ‘Red Delicious’. The disease started at the stem bowl area or the calyx end of the fruit. Decayed fruit was apparently not wounded. Decayed areas were brown and firm. Internal decayed flesh appeared yellowish brown. On ‘Red Delicious’ apples, decayed fruit was apparently discolored from red to brown. As the disease advanced, pycnidia of a fungus might form on the stem, sepals, or the surface of decayed fruit. Pycnidia were 0.3 to 0.7 mm in diameter, black, and partially immersed in decayed tissues. To isolate the causal agent, decayed fruit was lightly sprayed with 70% ethanol and air dried. Fragments of diseased tissue were removed from the margin of diseased and healthy tissue and plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus was consistently isolated from decayed fruit with the symptoms described above. On PDA, the colonies of the fungus first appeared with dense hyaline mycelium and later turned light yellow to yellow. Black pycnidia of the fungus formed on 2- to 3-week-old oatmeal agar cultures at 20°C under 12-h alternating cycles of fluorescent light and dark. The fungus was identified as Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens Xiao & J. D. Rogers, based on the description of the fungus (1). Voucher specimens were deposited at the WSU Mycological Herbarium. Two isolates of the fungus recovered from decayed apples were tested for pathogenicity on apple. Fruit of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ were surface-disinfested for 5 min in 0.5% NaOCl, rinsed, and air dried. Fruit was wounded with a sterile 4-mm-diameter nail head. A 4-mm-diameter plug from the leading edge of a 3-day-old PDA culture or plain PDA (control) was placed in the wound of each of 10 replicate fruit for each isolate or control. Fruit was tray packed with polyethylene liners and stored in cardboard boxes in air at 3°C, and decay was evaluated 2 weeks after inoculation. Five decayed fruits from each treatment were selected for reisolation of the causal agent. The experiment was conducted twice. In a separate pathogenicity test, two isolates (one each from apple and pear) were included in the test. Fruit of ‘Red Delicious’ apple was prepared and inoculated as the same manner described above, but fruit was stored in air at 0°C. The experiment was conducted twice. All fruit that were inoculated with the fungus developed decay symptoms. No decay developed on fruit in the controls. The same fungus was reisolated from decayed fruit. This indicates that isolates from apple and pear were pathogenic to apple. S. pyriputrescens is the causal agent of a newly reported postharvest disease on ‘d'Anjou’ pears (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus causing postharvest fruit rot on apple. We propose ‘Sphaeropsis rot’ as the name of this new disease on apple and pear. Preliminary evidence suggests that infection of fruit by this fungus occurred in the orchard prior to storage. Reference: (1) C. L. Xiao and J. D. Rogers. Plant Dis. 88:114, 2004.

AbstractVaughanite, idealized formula T1HgSb4S7, is a very rare primary constituent of the Golden Giant orebody of the Hemlo gold deposit, Hemlo, Ontario, Canada. It was found in two polished sections from one drill core; as a 450 by 300 µm aggregate associated with pääkkönenite, stibnite, realgar, and native arsenic; and as a 40 µm anhedral grain associated with stibarsen and chalcostibite. Vaughanite is opaque with a metallic lustre and a black streak. No cleavage was observed but parting, produced by indentation, was detected as a series of weak parallel traces. It is brittle, with an even, occasionally arcuate, fracture. VHN25 is 100–115, mean 104. Mohs hardness (calc.) = 3−3½. In refected plane-polarized light in air the bireflectance is weak to moderate; the pleochroism is also weak, from a somewhat greenish grey to slightly darker bluish grey. Anisotropism is moderate to strong, with rotation tints in shades of green, yellow, purplish brown to brown. Reflectance spectra and colour values are tabulated. The colour in air is light grey. Internal reflections are rare but are arterial-blood-red on indentation fractures. X-ray studies have shown that vaughanite is triclinic with refined unit-cell parameters a 9.012 (3), b 13.223 (3), c 5.906 (2) Å, α 93.27 (3)°, β 95.05 (4)°, γ 109.16 (3)°, V 659.46 (80) Å3, a:b:c = 0.6815 : 1 : 0.4466 and Z = 2. The space group choices are P1 (1) or (2), diffraction aspect P*. The five strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern [d in Å (l) (hkl)] are: 4.343 (30) (), 4.204 (100) (), 3.313 (60) (130), 2.749 (40) (, 131) and 2.315 (30) (, 122). The average of five electron microprobe analyses gave T1 18.3 (2), Hg 17.5 (2), Sb 43.4 (3), As 1.1 (1), S 20.5 (5), total 100.8 wt. %, corresponding, on the basis of total atoms = 13, to T10.98Hg0.95(Sb3.90As0.17)Σ4.07S7.00. The calculated density is 5.56 g/cm3 for the empirical formula and 5.62 g/cm3 for the simplified formula. The mineral is named for Professor David J. Vaughan.

Agricultural reservoirs built on acidic, swampy soils, peat processing, as a rule, have a tense hydrochemical regime. Overseas phenomena are also a natural consequence of the intensification of pond fish farming. In the hottest time of the year (most often in July, the first half of August), the massive development of phyto-, zooplankton, benthos and, above all, microorganisms (bacteria), compaction of fish planting for cultivation, intensive feeding with artificial feeds, lead to the accumulation of organic matter and a sharp decrease in oxygen content in water. One of the ways to develop such lands is to expand the number of breeding facilities with increased resilience. Widespread, the most hardy, having high nutritional qualities of fish — golden and silver crucian carp, as well as their hybrids have considerable commercial value in reservoirs of various origins and conditions, especially unfavorable hydrochemical regime. A promising object is the snakehead. This is a predatory freshwater Far Eastern fish, which is characterized by rapid growth and has high-quality meat. It breathes both at the expense of oxygen dissolved in water, and at the expense of atmospheric air, for breathing which it has a gill organ. The snakehead cannot exist only due to water respiration by gills. It feeds at a young age mainly on crustaceans and insects. As they grow, more and more switch to fish food, and large specimens feed almost exclusively on fish and frogs. In reservoirs with a tense hydrochemical regime, due to its unpretentiousness and undemanding to oxygen, tench can be grown. Tench is a promising object for breeding and stocking reservoirs. It is unpretentious, undemanding to water quality, can live in reservoirs with a very low oxygen content (up to 0.3 ml/l), a heavily silted bottom and acidic water, tolerating a decrease in pH to 5.

Lovastatin is a specific hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor in animals and as such, is a potent cholesterol lowering pharmaceutical for human use. Because it has also been shown to inhibit α-farnesene in certain plants, we investigated its effects on ethylene and α-farnesene biosynthesis, volatile production, and fruit color during ripening in `Golden Supreme' apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. Immediately after harvest, fruit were dipped in Lovastatin solution for 2 min, allowed to dry, and stored in the dark at 20 °C for 30 days. Internal ethylene at harvest was low (< 0.1 mL·L-1) and α-farnesene was undetectable. Both internal ethylene and α-farnesene increased in nontreated fruit during 30 days storage. Prestorage Lovastatin treatment did not affect ethylene synthesis, but at 1.25 or 2.5 mmol·L-1 nearly eliminated α-farnesene production. At 0.25 mmol·L-1, Lovastatin delayed the increase in α-farnesene production about 12 days and reduced total α-farnesene production by the end of storage compared with controls. When applied to nontreated preclimacteric fruit, ethephon at 1.4 mmol·L-1 increased both internal ethylene concentration and α-farnesene production. In Lovastatin-treated preclimacteric fruit, however, ethephon increased internal ethylene concentration without promoting α-farnesene synthesis. In another trial, after 30 days storage at 0 °C, fruit were treated with 1.25 mmol·L-1 Lovastatin and stored at 20 °C with air circulation for 20 days. These fruit accumulated similar amounts of ethylene as nontreated controls, but α-farnesene production decreased rapidly and was not detectable after 5 days. Treating with ethephon at 1.4 mmol·L-1 increased α-farnesene production in control fruit but not in Lovastatin-treated fruit. Lovastatin treatment did not affect the change in fruit color. Chemical names used: [1S-[1α (R °), 3α, 7β, 8β (2S °, 4S °), 8ab]]-1,2,3,7,8,8α-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl]-1-naphthaienyl 2-methylbutanoate (Lovastatin); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).

This research is about natural coloring in batik at Krinok Batik House, Muara Bungo Regency. The advantages of natural dyes lie in the results of soft colors and are environmentally friendly. Each natural material produces a different color with the color direction determined by the mordant used. Krinok batik house uses natural materials in the form of leaves behind the wind, tingi bark, and tegeran wood. The purpose of the study was to describe natural color materials, techniques for making natural color extracts, batik coloring techniques with natural dyes, the results of natural batik colors at the Krinok batik house, Muara Bungo Regency. This research method is qualitative. The types of data are primary and secondary. The informant, the owner and craftsman of the Krinok Batik House, found 7 people. Data was collected by using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique was carried out with an interactive model related to the problems of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of the study are natural materials that the authors examine there are 3 types including tegeran wood, sebalik wind leaves, and tingi bark. Previously, no one had researched the leaves behind the wind as a natural dye for batik. The process of extracting color by preparing tools and materials, weighing natural ingredients, then adding soda ash which serves to sharpen the color during the manufacturing process. Then the filter material and the dyeing process of the cloth are soaked in TRO first, then with natural dyes, then fixed with whiting. The color results produced by the leaf extract of Sebalik Angin: Light Golden Yellow, Paris Daisy Yellow tegeran wood, Sandy Brown high bark.Keywords: natural coloring, batik, krinok batik. AbstrakPenelitian ini tentang pewarnaan alam pada batik, di Rumah Batik Krinok Kabupaten Muara Bungo. Kelebihan pewarna alam terletak pada hasil warna lembut serta ramah lingkungan. Setiap bahan alam menghasilkan warna yang berbeda dengan arah warna ditentukan oleh mordan yang digunakan. Rumah batik krinok menggunakan bahan alam berupa daun sebalik angin, kulit kayu tingi, dan kayu tegeran. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan bahan warna alam, teknik pembuatan ekstrak warna alam, teknik pewarnaan batik dengan pewarna alam, hasil warna alam batik di rumah batik Krinok Kabupaten Muara Bungo. Metode penelitian ini kualitatif. Jenis datanya adalah primer dan sekunder. Informan ialah pemilik dan pengrajin Rumah Batik Krinok berjumlah 7 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan model interaktif yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yaitu bahan alam yang penulis teliti ada 3 jenis diantaranya kayu tegeran, daun sebalik angin, dan kulit kayu tingi. Sebelumnya belum ada yang meneliti daun sebalik angin sebagai pewarna alam batik. Proses ekstrak warna dengan cara menyiapkan alat dan bahan, menimbang bahan alam, kemudian ditambahkan soda abu yang berfungsi untuk mempertajam warna saat proses pembuatan. Lalu bahan direbus disaring dan didinginkan. Proses pencelupan kain direndam TRO lebih dahulu, kemudian dengan zat warna alam, selanjutnya difiksasi dengan kapur sirih. Hasil warna yang dihasilkan ekstrak daun sebalik angin : Light Golden Yellow, kayu tegeran Paris Daisy Yellow, kulit kayu tingi Sandy Brown.Kata Kunci: pewarnaan alam, batik, batik krinok. Authors:Euis Yuliana: Universitas Negeri PadangAdriani: Universitas Negeri Padang References:Andriani, R., Adriani, A., & Novrita, S. Z. (2016). Perbedaan Mordan Asam Jawa (Tamarindus Indica Linn) Dan Jeruk Purut (Citrus Histrix) Terhadap Hasil Pencelupan Ekstrak Buah Senduduk (Melastoma Candidium D. Don) Pada Bahan Sutra. Journal of Home Economics and Tourism, 12(2), 68-85. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/71872-ID-none.pdfDewi S. I. M. Ardana, M & Rijai L. (2016). Kandungan Metabolite Sekunder dan Uji Aktivitas Daun Pila-Pila (Mallotus Paniculatus) In Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences 20(4), 344-350. https://prosiding.farmasi.unmul.ac.id/index.php/mpc/article/view/203Fakhrikun. (2018). Kearifan Lokal Motif Batik Semarang Sebagai Ide Dasar Model Kreatif Desain Kaus Digital Printing. Teknobuga: Jurnal Teknologi Busana dan Boga, 6(1). 16-34. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/teknobuga/article/view/16669Farida, R., & Nisa, F. C. (2014). Ekstraksi Antosianin Limbah Kulit Manggis Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (Lama Ekstraksi Dan Rasio Bahan: Pelarut). Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 3(2),362-373. https://jpa.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/152/161Fitriana, L., & Adriani, A. (2019). Perbedaan Hasil Pencelupan Bahan Linen Dan Katun Pada Zat Warna Alam Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.) Dengan Mordan Air Kelapa. Gorga: Jurnal Seni Rupa, 8(1), 155-159. https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/gorga/article/view/12981Sugiono. (2020). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Kualitatif, Kuantitaif R&D dan penelitian pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabet.

The golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975, is the most problematic pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum) worldwide and it is recognized as an A1 plant health quarantine species. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there have been no surveys for the presence of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) in ware potato lands, although they have been documented in the nearby countries of Serbia and Croatia (3). To determine the presence and distribution of PCN and to prevent further spread or increase of PCN populations, a survey in ware potato land was undertaken in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Soil samples consisting of 100 cores of 4 to 5 ml of soil were taken in a grid pattern throughout the plots. Samples of approximately 500 g were processed in the laboratory. The samples were air dried and cysts were extracted using a Spears's flotation method (4) from a 100-ml subsample. Species identification was based on morphometrical characters (2) and real-time PCR where the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS5, PITSr3) region was amplified and detected by the Sequence Dection Software v1.3 (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA) (1). In 2008, soil sampling was conducted in five locations and PCN were not detected in any of 10 soil samples taken. In June 2009, 17 soil samples were collected from seven locations. Two viable cysts of G. rostochiensis were detected in one soil sample from Tihaljina (Zaside; E 6447659.560, N 4797392.101, altitude 130 m). A total of 110 soil samples were collected from 90 locations in May and June 2010. Five viable cysts of G. rostochiensis were detected in one soil sample taken from Čapljina (Opličići – Turajlovina; E 6485169, N 4775964, altitude 222 m). On the basis of the survey results, G. rostochiensis is not widely spread but the cysts are detectable, indicating that the infestation is relatively recent and that there is a threat of further spread of this quarantine species. Consequently, producers need to grow resistant potato cultivars and implement additional control measures to keep the nematode populations below damaging levels. References: (1) J. Bacic et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 16:1, 61, 2008. (2) C. C. Fleming and T. O. Powers. Potato Cyst Nematodes: Biology, Distribution and Control. R. J. Marks and B. B. Brodie, eds.CAB International, Wallingford, 1998. (3) D. Grubišic et al. J. Pest Sci. 80:21, 2007. (4) J. F. Spears. Agr. Handb. No. 353. U.S. Dep. Agric., 1968.

ABSTRACT Objectives Entrapment of trauma patients in motor vehicle and other accidents is common. Frequently, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel and firefighters are able to free the patient and initiate rapid transport to trauma centers. In rare circumstances, severe torso and extremity injuries combined with major entrapment may require complex rescue operations. These trauma patients spend the “Golden Hour” at the scene under difficult conditions. The objective of this review is to evaluate the role of the trauma surgeon leading the care at the scene of critically injured and entrapped trauma patients with possible need for surgical interventions. Materials and methods A 10-year review of all trauma surgeon to scene activations between 2005 and 2014 at the Ryder Trauma Center, an urban ACS Level 1 trauma center, was performed. An analysis of the trauma registry, individual cases, and surgical interventions was conducted. Results The University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital (UM/JMH) Ryder Trauma Center and Miami Dade Fire Rescue have an established program in place for trauma surgeon to scene activations. During the study period, the on-call trauma surgeon was activated six times and traveled to the scene by air rescue helicopter four times, by ground in 1 case and in 1 case the patient expired before takeoff. One patient required on-scene amputation of an entrapped non-salvageable upper extremity. Two patients required on-scene amputation of bilateral lower mangled, entrapped extremities. One patient required a localized limb preserving surgical procedure to free him from entrapment. The incidence was 0.016% of 36,872 trauma alert activated patients evaluated at Ryder Trauma Center during the study period. Hemorrhagic shock, associated injuries, and long scene times were present in all patients. The survival of treated patients was 80%. Conclusion The need for on-scene amputations of nonsalvable extremities in entrapped trauma patients is rare. Experienced trauma surgeons should evaluate these patients and decide which interventions are necessary. All efforts should be made to salvage the limb. However, if the entrapped extremity appears nonsalvageable and the patient is in profound life-threatening shock requiring rapid transport, field amputation may be required. Policies, safety training and gear, supply kits, and partnerships with EMS are needed. How to cite this article Pust GD, Grossman MM, Shatz DV, Habib F, Pizano L, Zakrison TL, Marttos A, Ruiz G, Ginzburg E, Namias N. The Rare Requirement of On-scene Extremity Amputations in the Entrapped Trauma Patient. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(2):93-100.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la conservación de la papaya con aplicación de bacterias ácidos lácticas provenientes del mucilago de cacao, se utilizaron diferentes porcentajes de aplicación (0, 5, 10 %) por aspersión a temperatura ambiente 35°C, se valoró el cambio en las características físicas, químicas, y microbiológicas en un lapso de 14 días, el peso de la papaya fluctuó entre 1 – 1.4 kg, considerando una madurez de cosecha. Se realizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) con arreglo bifactorial AxB, para la comparación de medias de los tratamientos a estudiar se utilizó la prueba de rangos de Tukey al 5%. Las variables evaluadas (pH, pérdida de peso, acidez) dio como resultado que el tratamiento T9 (10% BAL; 14 Días) fue el que mantuvo mejores propiedades de almacenamiento transcurrido el tiempo de 14 días de conservación, el color de la fruta se mantuvo en niveles adecuados. Palabras Clave: características sensoriales, frutas frescas, procesamiento de frutas, tiempo de vida útil. Referencias [1]Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación FAO, “Procesamiento de frutas y verduras,” Roma, 2014. [2]E. Rodríguez-Sauceda, “Uso de agentes antimicrobianos naturales en la conservación de frutas y hortalizas,” Ra Ximhai, vol. 7, pp. 153–170, 2011, doi: 10.35197/rx.07.01.2011.14.er. [3]R. Raybaudi-Massilia, R. Soliva, y O. Martín, “Simposio Iberoamericano de Hortalizas Frescas , 1 / Congreso Nacional de Procesamiento Mínimo de Frutas y Hortalizas , 4 ( 2006 ),” 2006. [4]M. Valle, “Aplicación de recubrimientos comestibles para mantener la calidad de frutillas congeladas,” p. 211, 2012. [5]A. Garcia Figueroa, A. Ayala-Aponte, y M. I. Sánchez-Tamayo, “Efecto de recubrimientos comestibles de Aloe vera y alginato de sodio sobre la calidad poscosecha de fresa,” Rev. U.D.C.A Actual. Divulg. Científica, vol. 22, no. 2, 2019, doi: 10.31910/rudca.v22.n2.2019.1320. [6]K. Córdova y A. Loor, “Prolongación de la vida útil de la papaya ( Carica papaya ) en percha por inmersión en soluciones de propóleo en etanol,” 2014. [7]I. M. Brasil, C. Gomes, A. Puerta-Gomez, M. E. Castell-Perez, y R. G. Moreira, “Polysaccharide-based multilayered antimicrobial edible coating enhances quality of fresh-cut papaya,” LWT - Food Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 39–45, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.005. [8]Z. Kalvatchev, D. Garzaro, y F. Guerra Cedezo, “Theobroma cacao L.: Un nuevo enfoque para nutrición y salud,” Rev. Agroaliment., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 23–25,1998. [9]S. Vasquez, H. Suárez, y S. Zapata, “Utilización de sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por bacterias acido lácticas en la conservación de la carne,” Rev. Chil. Nutr., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 64–71, 2009, doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000678. [10]R. Rivera-Rebollar, S. Cabrera-Calderón, A. Lira-Vargas, M. Trejo-Márquez, y S. Pascual-Bustamante, “Efecto de recubrimiento de carboximetilcelulosaadicionado con extracto de epazote en el control de hongos postcosecha de papaya, jitomate y chile,” Investig. y Desarro. en Cienc. y Tecnol. Aliment., vol.1, no. 2, pp. 379–384, 2016. [11]A. Sañudo, J. Siller, T. Osuna, D. Muy, G. López, y J. Labavitch, “Control de la maduración en frutos de papaya (Carica papaya L.) con 1-metilciclopropenoy ácido 2- cloroetil fosfónico,” Rev. Fitotec. Mex., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 141–147, 2008. [12]A. Almeida-Castro, J. Reis-Pimentel, D. Santos-Souza, y T. Vieira, “Estudio de la conservación de la papaya (Carica papaya L.) asociado a la aplicación de películas comestibles,” Rev. Venez. Cienc. y Tecnol. Aliment., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 49–060, 2011. [13]A. Jimenes-Trujillo, “Recubrimiento Comestible a Base de Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) para Papaya (Carica papaya) Y Guayaba (Psidium guajava)Como Alternativa de Alimentos de IV Gama,” Universidad Técnica del Norte, 2017. [14]Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización, “NTE INEN-ISO 750:2013 Productos Vegetales y de Frutas - Determinación de la Acidez Titulable (IDT),” 2013. [15]Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización., “NTE INEN 1756. Frutas Frescas. Papaya. Requisitos,” Ecuador, 1990. [16]A. International, “AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis.”. [17]Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización, “Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana NTE INEN-ISO 2173:2013,” 2013. [18]A. Miranda, A. Alvis, y G. Arrazola, “Efectos de dos recubrimientos sobre la calidad de la papaya (Carica papaya) variedad tainung,” Temas Agrar., vol. 19,no. 1, pp. 7–18, 2014. [19]L. Konda et al., “InfluêncIa da atmosfera modIfIcada por fIlmes plástIcos sobre a qualIdade do mamão armazenado sob refrIgeração 1,” 2006. [20]A. Castricini, “Aplicação de Revestimentos Comestíveis para Conservação de Mamões (Carica papaya L.) ‘Golden,’” UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURALDO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. [21]M. Mata, M. del C. Vásquez, N. Higinio, y D.Hernandéz, “Estudio comparativo de bio-recubrimientos a partir de Manihot esculenta y Phaseolus vulgarisempleadas como recubrimiento en uvas moradas,” Rev. Ciencias Ambient. y Recur. Nat., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 11–25, 2016. [22]M. Maskan, “Microwave/air and microwave finish drying of banana,” J. Food Eng., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 71–78, 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(99)00167-3. [23]R. Torres, E. Montes, O. Pérez, y R. Andrade,“Relación del color y del estado de madurez con las propiedades fisicoquímicas de frutas tropicales,” Inf. Tecnológica, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 51–56, 2013, doi: 10.4067/S0718-07642013000300007.

Spotted knapweed (SKW), Centaurea stoebe L., is a nonindigenous species that is invasive over large areas in the United States, especially in the west. It has been estimated that infestations of SKW cause $42 million in direct and indirect economic losses annually (2), and the weed could potentially invade 13.6 million ha of rangeland in Montana alone. Extensive efforts toward the control of SKW have included the release of 12 insects for biological control, four of which attack the crowns and roots of this short-lived perennial. To focus efforts to select potential soilborne pathogens, which could be applied in combination with insects, we conducted a survey for plant pathogens in the native range of SKW associated with damage caused by any root-attacking insects. Stunted and chlorotic SKW plants, which were colonized by larvae of Cyphocleonus spp., were found in June 1994 near the Novomar'evskaya Botanical Sanctuary (45°08′49.87″N, 41°51′02.05″E) in the Caucasus Region of Russia. A nonsporulating multinucleate fungus was isolated from the lower stem, crown, and upper root tissue of one such plant. Colonies growing on potato dextrose agar and Ko and Hora media were examined microscopically and identified as Rhizoctonia solani by the occurrence of robust, thick-walled, golden hyphae with right-angled branching and constrictions at the branch points. The anastomosis grouping of the one isolate was determined to be AG 2-2 IIIB after pairing it on water agar with 11 AG tester isolates representing all subgroups of AG 1 to AG 5. The hyphal diameter at the obvious point of anastomosis was reduced and cell death of adjacent cells was observed. In 2007, pathogenicity was determined by planting 12-week-old seedlings of SKW, one per pot, into 20 15-cm-diameter pots of a steamed greenhouse soil mix composed of sphagnum peat, sand, and Bozeman silt loam (1:1:1, vol/vol), pH 6.6, infested with R. solani-colonized barley grain that had been dried and milled. An inoculum level of 8 CFU/g of air-dried soil was determined by most probable number calculations from fourfold dilutions of infested soil. Controls were planted into noninfested soil. In both greenhouse tests, the isolate caused either mortality or a 93% mean fresh weight reduction of surviving plants, relative to the controls, after 8 months. R. solani was reisolated from necrotic root and crown tissue of dead and stunted plants but not from the controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani occurring on SKW in Europe. The characterization and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolated from insect-colonized roots of SKW in Europe was reported previously (1). References: (1) A. J. Caesar et al. BioControl 47:217. (2) S. A. Hirsch and J. A. Leitch, North Dakota Agricultural Economics Report No. 355. NDSU, Fargo. 1996.

During March 2007, a fruit rot disease was observed in several loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunberg) Lindley) fields located in Taichung, Nantou, and Miaoli counties. Loquat is a valuable fruit crop grown predominantly in central Taiwan, and hence, even a minor yield loss by this new disease is economically significant. Symptoms on fruits initially appeared as small lesions (<1 mm) that later developed into light-to-dark brown, circular, larger (7 mm), sunken lesions, indicating invasion of a pathogen into the fruit. Pieces of rotted fruit tissue (1 × 1 × 1 mm) were immersed for 1 min in 3% commercial bleach, followed by 70% ethanol, cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated under constant fluorescent light (185 ± 35 μE·m–2·s–1) at 24°C for 2 days. Three single conidial isolates (AS1 to AS3) were selected and used in morphological and pathogenicity studies. All three isolates were identified as an Alternaria sp. (1–3) and formed abundant, dark brown mycelium when cultured on PDA with light at 24°C. Conidiophores were 60 to 89 × 3 to 5 μm, densely fasciculate, cylindrical, simple or branched, and had distinct conidial scars. Conidia were 12 to 74 × 6 to 14 μm, golden brown, straight or curved, obclavate with beaks measuring half the length of the conidium, and observed in chains of 10 or more spores with four to seven transverse septa and several longitudinal septa. Pathogenicity tests were conducted twice by inoculating eight surface-sterilized wounded or unwounded fruits with each of the three isolates in each experiment. Two cuts (1 × 1 × 1 mm) were made on each fruit 3 cm apart with a sterile scalpel, and a 300-μl spore suspension (2 × 105 conidia per ml) was placed on each wound. Similarly, a 300-μl spore suspension was placed on unwounded fruits and air dried for 5 min. Control fruits were similarly treated with sterile water. Inoculated fruits were enclosed in a plastic bag and kept at 24 ± 1°C. Symptoms of soft rot were observed on 60% (unwounded) and 100% (wounded) of inoculated fruits 5 days after inoculation, while control fruits did not develop disease symptoms. Reisolation from the symptomatic fruits consistently yielded an Alternaria sp. This fungus previously has been reported as the causal agent of fruit rot or black spot of papaya, mango, kiwifruit, pear, and carambola from Australia, India, Malaysia, South Africa, and the United States (1–3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of fruit rot of loquat caused by an Alternaria sp. in Taiwan. To manage this disease, growers may resort to fungicidal sprays followed by bagging of fruits to reduce pre- and postharvest losses. References: (1) A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinckle. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1990. (2) R. C. Ploetz. Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, 2003. (3) R. C. Ploetz et al. Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1994.

Naturalist intelligence of early childhood has a very big role in today's modern age as the basis for children to have environmental-loving behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Loose Parts learning media on the naturalist intelligence. This study uses a quasi-experimental method with data collection techniques through multiple intelligence tests of children's intelligence instruments. The subjects of this study were 17 children aged 5-6 years. The results showed that there was a significant effect of giving Loose Parts media to the naturalist intelligence of early childhood after seeing a difference between pre-test and post-test. The use of natural-based Loose Parts media can be a means for teachers to increase children's naturalist intelligence in kindergarten and be a development of conventional media made from manufacturers in the learning cycle so far. For further research, it is recommended to look at the influence of other factors on naturalist intelligence in early childhood. Keywords: Early Childhood, Loose Parts, Naturalist Intelligence References: Aljabreen, H. (2020). Montessori, Waldorf, and Reggio Emilia: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Models of Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(3), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00277-1 Anjari, T. Y., & Purwanta, E. (2019). Effectiveness of the Application of Discovery Learning to the Naturalist Intelligence of Children About the Natural Environment in Children Aged 5-6 Years. International Conference on Special and Inclusive Education (ICSIE 2018), 296, 356–359. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsie-18.2019.65 Armstrong, T. (2002). You’re Smarter Than You Think: A Kid’s Guide to Multiple Intelligences. Free Spirit Publishing Inc., 217 Fifth Ave., North, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN 55401-1299. Asih, S., & Susanto, A. (2017). Peningkatan Kecerdasan Naturalis Pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Melalui Model Pembelajaran Di Sentra Bahan Alam. Yaa Bunayya: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24853/yby.1.1.33-38 Ata-Akturk, A., & Sevimli-Celik, S. (2020). Creativity in early childhood teacher education: Beliefs and practices. International Journal of Early Years Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2020.1754174 Azizah, E. N. (2021). Peningkatan Kecerdasan Naturalis Melalui Kolase Bahan Alam Pada Anak Kelompok A TK Kemala Bhayangkari 54 Ngawi. Journal of Childhood Education, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.30736/jce.v5i1.491 Damayanti, A., Akbar, M., & Yufiarti, Y. (2019). The Interaction Effect of Learning Methods and Naturalist Intelligence Toward Children’s Art Creativity. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technology and Educational Science. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-11-2018.2282278 Diana, H., Diana, S., & Wulan, A. R. (2019). Hubungan antara kecerdasan naturalis dengan sikap lingkungan. Konferensi Internasional Tentang Biologi Dan Sains Terapan (ICOBAS). Ebrahimi, T. (2017). Effect of Technology on Education in Middle East: Traditional Education Versus Digital Education. In Digital Transformation in Journalism and News Media (pp. 519–531). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27786-8_38 Faridy, F., & Rohendi, A. (2021). The Role of Parents in Engaging Early Childhood to Implement 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Social Science (ICONETOS 2020), 529(Iconetos 2020), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210421.070 Fatonah, S., & Prasetyo, Z. K. (2018). Science Learning Model To Improve Naturalist Intelligence For Early Childhood. Sunan Kalijaga International Journal on Islamic Educational Research, 1(1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.14421/skijier.2017.2017.11-03 Flannigan, C., & Dietze, B. (2018). Children, Outdoor Play, and Loose Parts. Journal of Childhood Studies, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v42i4.18103 Furi, A. Z., Harmawati, Denok, M., & B.A. (2019). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif melalui Penerapan Metode Eksperimen Menggunakan Media Loose Parts pada Anak Kelompok B. Emphaty Cons: Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 1(2), 7–19. Gardner, H. (1994). Frames Of Mind. New York, NY, Basic Books. Gibson, J. L., Cornell, M., & Gill, T. (2017). A Systematic Review of Research into the Impact of Loose Parts Play on Children’s Cognitive, Social and Emotional Development. School Mental Health, 9(4), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-017-9220-9 Gold, Z. S., & Elicker, J. (2020). Engineering Peer Play: A New Perspective on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Early Childhood Education (pp. 61–75). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42331-5_5 Gull, C., Bogunovich, J., Goldstein, S. L., & Rosengarten, T. (2019). Definitions of Loose Parts in Early Childhood Outdoor Classrooms: A Scoping Review Carla Gull Jessica Bogunovich Suzanne Levenson Goldstein Tricia Rosengarten. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education Copyright, 6(3), 37–52. Hafizotun, L. (2017). Pemberdayaan Sentra Bahan Alam Untuk Mengembangkan Kecerdasan Naturalis Anak Usia Dini Di Taman Kanak-Kanak Islam Terpadu Nurul Ilmi Kota Jambi. Jurnal Al-Ashlah, 1(Vol 1, No 2 (2017)). Hapidin, Gunarti, W., Pujianti, Y., & Siti Syarah, E. (2020). STEAM to R-SLAMET Modification: An Integrative Thematic Play Based Learning with R-SLAMETS Content in Early Child-hood Education. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(2), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.142.05 Hartika, D., Diana, S., & Wulan, A. R. (2019). Relationship between naturalist intelligence with environmental attitude. 060017. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115717 Herwati, Y. (2019). Pengaruh Permainan Ludo Bergambar Terhadap Kecerdasan Naturalis Anak di Taman Kanak-kanak Tunas Bangsa Bukittinggi. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4(1), 428. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v4i1.358 Houser, N. E., Cawley, J., Kolen, A., Rainham, D., Rehman, L., Turner, J., Kirk, S., & Stone, M. (2019). A Loose Parts Randomized Controlled Trial to Promote Active Outdoor Play in Preschool-aged Children: Physical Literacy in the Early Years (PLEY) Project. Methods and Protocols, 2(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps2020027 Houser, N. E., Roach, L., Stone, M. R., Turner, J., & Kirk, S. F. L. (2016). Let the Children Play: Scoping Review on the Implementation and Use of Loose Parts for Promoting Physical Activity Participation. AIMS Public Health, 3(4), 781–799. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2016.4.781 Imamah, Z., & Muqowim, M. (2020). Pengembangan kreativitas dan berpikir kritis pada anak usia dini melalui motode pembelajaran berbasis STEAM and loose part. 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Abstract Introduction: Advances in technology and internet capability have provided an opportunity for efficient collection of Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO) during medical treatment. Here we describe the development and implementation of a system for monitoring patient reported adverse events (AEs) and quality of life (QoL) using electronic PRO (ePRO) instruments for patients enrolled on the Investigation of Serial studies to Predict Your Therapeutic Response with Imaging And moLecular analysis (I-SPY 2 TRIAL), a phase II adaptive platform clinical trial for locally advanced breast cancer. Methods: We designed an ePRO system to increase the accuracy of patient-reported QoL and AE data collection with the intent to act on symptoms in real time. Using the OpenClinica electronic data capture system, we developed rules-based logic to build automated ePRO surveys, customized to the I-SPY 2 treatment schedule. Weekly surveys contained a maximum of 126 validated, branching logic questions from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Health Measures and the National Cancer Institute’s Patient Reported Outcomes - Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE™) instruments. We piloted ePROs at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) to evaluate compatibility with a variety of I-SPY 2 patient scenarios (e.g., dose delays). We then staggered rollout of the ePRO system to 22 I-SPY 2 sites to ensure technological feasibility. In order to improve accuracy of data collection, we utilized real-time tracking and developed a Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) training manual, which integrated workflow diagrams with technical solutions. CRCs were trained using remote video sessions. Results: The UCSF ePRO pilot began in September of 2020. Over 9-months, we accrued 43 I-SPY 2 patients (average age of 43.8 years), whose interactions with the ePRO system informed design improvements. Of the patients who received a baseline ePRO survey, the completion rate was 75.9% (average age of 44.2 years). This represents an increase from the 15-20% baseline completion rate for the 360 UCSF I-SPY 2 patients who received paper-based PRO surveys between May 2012 - January 2019. As of June 2021, the ePRO system was operational at all 22 I-SPY 2 sites. The UCSF pilot revealed that engagement with patients at critical timepoints improved survey completion. CRCs facilitated patient participation by sending instructional emails and communicating with patients weekly. We tracked data completeness using a Patient Tracking report, which displayed each patient’s survey completion history. This real-time tool enabled CRCs to identify patients who had not completed ePRO surveys prior to their visit, so they could be provided a tablet computer to complete the survey in the clinic. After introducing tablets into the workflow at UCSF, patient completion of the baseline survey increased from 75.9% to 80%. Conclusion: The transition from paper to electronic QOL and AE data collection improves the ability of patients to complete PRO surveys, but the process must also be optimized and integrated into clinical workflow and trial conduct. In the future, we will present additional results highlighting the feasibility of multilingual ePRO integration into I-SPY 2. ePRO also provides a new opportunity for data analysis, as well as the potential to reduce high grade toxicity through early intervention. It will allow us to assess QoL and AE data by drug regimen, site, provider, and study treatment. The creation of clinician-facing reports also enables access to patient responses in real-time. By implementing ePRO within I-SPY 2, we not only increase efficiency and accuracy of patient-reported data collection, but also improve quality of care and patient safety. Citation Format: Anna Northrop, Anika Christofferson, Michelle Melisko, Laura Sit, Ebunoluwa Olunuga, Ananya Mittal, Adi Goldman, Thelma Brown, Diane Heditsian, Bev Parker, Susie Brain, Carol Simmons, Alessandra Taboada, Kathryn J Ruddy, Tina Hieken, Mara Piltin, Kiri Cook, Carolina Salvador, Candace Mainor, Anosheh Afghahi, Sarah Tevis, Anne Blaes, Irene Kang, Susan Melin, Laura Esserman, Adam Asare, Dawn L Hershman, Amrita Basu. Improving patient-reported outcome data capture for clinical research: ePRO in ISPY 2, a phase 2 breast cancer study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-02.

There are few reports on diseases of switchgrass. In November 2009, light brown to white bleached spots (1 to 2 × 3 to 4 μm) were observed on ‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in a growth chamber in Knoxville, TN, from surface-disinfested seed produced in Colorado. Symptomatic leaf tissue was surface sterilized, air dried, and plated on 2% water agar (WA) amended with 6.9 mg fenpropathrin/liter (Danitol 2.4 EC, Valent Chemical, Walnut Creek, CA) and 10 mg/liter rifampicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Plates were incubated at 26°C in the dark for 5 days. A sporulating, dematiaceous, mitosporic fungus was observed and transferred to potato dextrose agar. Colonies were white to gray, with brown as conidia increased. Conidia ranged in size from 10 to 22.5 × 20 to 37.5 (average 15.2 × 26.5) μm. Conidia were golden to dark brown, broadly ellipsoidal, some pyriform, with one longitudinal septum and two to three transverse septa, sometimes constricted at the transverse septa. Based on microscopic examination, the fungus was identified as Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis (1); observations were consistent with the authority (2). Pathogenicity assays were conducted with 5-week-old ‘Alamo’ switchgrass grown from seed scarified with 60% sulfuric acid and surface-sterilized with 50% bleach. Seed were sown in 9 × 9-cm pots containing 50% (v/v) ProMix Potting and Seeding Mix (Premier Tech Horticulture, Québec, Canada) and 50% Turface ProLeague (Profile Products, Buffalo Grove, IL). Eight replicate pots with ~20 plants each were sprayed with a spore suspension of 5.7 × 105 spores/ml sterile water prepared from 6-day-old cultures grown on V8 juice agar in the dark. Two more pots were sprayed with sterile water to serve as controls. All plants were subjected to high humidity for 72 h by enclosure in a plastic bag. Plants were placed in a growth chamber at 25/20°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Leaf spot symptoms similar to the original disease were evident on plants in each of the eight replicate pots 6 to 10 days post-inoculation. Control plants had no symptoms. Lesions were excised from leaves, surface sterilized, and plated on WA. The resulting cultures were again identified as P. chartarum based on morphology. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from the original isolate and the pathogen recovered from plants in the pathogenicity tests were amplified with PCR using primers ITS4 and ITS5. PCR amplicons were obtained from both isolates, sequenced, and found to have 100% identity. A 580-bp sequence was deposited at GenBank (Accession No. JQ406588). The nucleotide sequence had 98 to 100% identity to the ITS sequences of isolates of Leptosphaerulina chartarum (anamorph: P. chartarum), including isolate Mxg-KY09-s4 (GU195649) from leaf spot on Miscanthus × giganteus in Kentucky (1), and isolates from leaf lesions on wheat (EF489400 and JX442978). To our knowledge, leaf spot caused by P. chartarum has not been described on switchgrass (3). Pithomyces chartarum is a seedborne pathogen of switchgrass, and may play a role in stand establishment. References: (1) M. O. Ahonsi et al. Plant Dis. 94:480, 2010. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. 1971. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 18 January 2013.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pembinaan etos kerja guru di Sekolah Menengah Atas Swasta (SMAS) Golden Christian School (GCS) Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan pola interaktif data meliputi: reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan derajat kepercayaan melalui teknik triangulasi baik sumber maupun metode. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa dengan pembinaan etos kerja guru oleh kepala sekolah yang dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan berbagai strategi pembinaan melalui berbagai kegiatan pengembangan profesional guru dan dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme dan pentahapan yang jelas; serta ditunjang dengan berbagai faktor pendukung yang tersedia di sekolah dapat meminimalisir berbagai kendala yang dihadapi sekolah dalam membina etos kerja guru, sekaligus mampu menjadikan SMAS GCS sebagai salah satu sekolah swasta pilihan terbaik bagi masyarakat di Kota Palangka Raya. Abstract: This study aims to describe the coaching of the work ethic of teachers in the Golden Christian School (GCS) Private High School Palangka Raya. This study used a qualitative approach with case study design. Data collection using observation, interview and study of document. Data analysis using interactive data patterns include: data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. Checking the validity of the data obtained is done by using a degree of trust through triangulation techniques both sources and methods. The results of the study reveal that with the guidance of the teacher's work ethic by the principal which is carried out by implementing various coaching strategies through various teacher professional development activities and carried out through clear mechanisms and phases; and also supported by various supporting factors that available in schools can minimize the various obstacles faced by schools in fostering teacher work ethics, as well as being able to make GCS Private High School as one of the best choice private schools for the community in Palangka Raya City. References: Ali, M. (2009). Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Nasional: Menuju Bangsa Indonesia yang Mandiri dan Berdaya Saing Tinggi. Bandung: Imperial Bhakti Utama. Anaroga, P. (2001). Psikologi Kerja. Jakarta: Rineke Cipta. Arifin, I. (2001, 25-26 Juli). 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Introducting Al-Qur'an has done by cooperation of parents and teachers which tahfizh Al-Qur'an interacting on daily consolidated. Tahfizh Qur'an is a religious program to improve children's concentration and learning outcomes. HOTS model approach an important role. The study to determine the implementation tahfizh Qur'an program in early childhood by higher order thinking skills (HOTS) model. The method used literature study approach. The tahfizh program in early childhood is part of religious and character education so that children memorize, deepen meaning and empathy, get used to at school and home. Teachers can apply higher order thinking skills learning models, not only evaluating the memorization of the Qur'an but until students act to do something and even become used to it. Implementatign of tahfizh Qur'an program in early childhood using HOTS model is important for teachers at school and guided by parents at home so habituation besides increasing concentration also fosters empathy. Keywords: inclusive PAUD; tahfizh Qur’an; HOTS References Afandi, Akhyar, S. (2017). Stimulan Keterampilan Tingkat Tinggi. UNS Press. Ahsin W. (2004). Bimbingan praktis menghafal Al-Qur’an (Nomor 101). Bumi Aksara. Ariyanti Novelia Candra, Ari Sofia, G. F. A. (2017). Gaya Pengasuhan Orang Tua pada Anak usia Dini Ariyanti. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak., 3(2), 1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004Azizah, A. N., Adriany, V., & Romadona, N. F. (2019). Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Inklusif di Lembaga PAUD. Edukids: Jurnal Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan, dan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 16(2), 109–120. Dinni, H. N. (2018). HOTS ( High Order Thinking Skills ) dan Kaitannya dengan Kemampuan Literasi Matematika. Prisma, 1, 170–176. Ferdinan, F. (2018). 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RESUMEN:El objetivo del artículo es aproximarnos a la controvertida biografía del comisario Manuel Brabo Portillo. El trabajo está basado en fuentes primarias y secundarias. El método utilizado es empírico. En el imaginario del mundo sindicalista revolucionario, Brabo Portillo era el policía más odiado, la reencarnación de la cara más turbia del Estado. Fue, así mismo, un espía alemán relacionado con el hundimiento de barcos españoles, el asesinato del empresario e ingeniero Barret y el primer jefe de los terroristas vinculados a la patronal barcelonesa. La conflictividad que afectó a España en el período de la Primera Guerra Mundial es fundamental para entender los orígenes del terrorismo vinculado al pistolerismo, que marcó la historia político social española del primer tercio del siglo XX.PALABRAS CLAVE: Brabo Portillo, pistolerismo, espionaje, sindicalismo, Primera Guerra Mundial.ABSTRACT:The objective of the article is an approach to the controversial biography of Police Chief Manuel Brabo Portillo. The work is based on primary and secondary sources. The method used is empirical. In the imagery of the revolutionary syndicalist world, Brabo Portillo was the most hated policeman, the reincarnation of the murkiest face of the state. He was also a German spy connected with the sinking of Spanish ships, the murder of businessman and engineer Josep Barret and the first head of the terrorists linked to Barcelona employers. The conflict that affected Spain during the period of the First World War is fundamental in order to understand the origins of terrorism linked to pistolerismo, which marked Spanish social political history during the first third of the twentieth century.KEY WORDS: Brabo Portillo, pistolerismo, espionage, syndicalism, First World War. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAisa, M., La efervescencia social de los años 20. Barcelona 1917-1923, Barcelona, Descontrol, 2016.Aguirre de Cárcer, N., La neutralidad de España durante la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918). I. Bélgica, Madrid, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 1995.Alonso, G., “’Afectos caprichosos’: Tradicionalismo y germanofilia en España durante la Gran Guerra”, Hispania Nova, 15, 2017, pp. 394-415.Amador, A., El Terror blanco en Barcelona. Las bombas y los atentados personales. Actuación infernal de una banda de asesinos al servicio de la burguesía. El asesinato como una industria, Tarragona, Talleres gráf. 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This study investigates the physico-chemical, antioxidant properties and sensory attributes of golden melon-watermelon fruits juice blends. The juice extracted from golden melon and watermelon fruits were mixed together in different ratios 100% watermelon (GMW 1), 100% golden melon (GMW 2), 50% golden melon and 50% watermelon (GMW 3), 70% golden melon and 30% watermelon (GMW 4), 30% golden melon and 70% watermelon (GMW 5) in order to establish possible synergetic effect. The proximate composition of the samples ranged from 92.07 – 93.91%; 0.49 – 0.81%; 1.83 – 4.91%; 1.80 – 3.62% for moisture content, total ash, crude protein and carbohydrate respectively. The pH of the fruit juice blends ranged from 5.40 to 5.48. There is no significant difference (p<0.05) among the fruits juice samples. The mineral composition of the fruit juice for sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) ranged from 17.01 to 41.76 mg/100 g, 9.26 to 38.51 mg/100 g, 0.38 to 1.88 mg/100g, and 3.49 to 8.96 mg/100g respectively. The result shows that the total phenolic content ranged from 6.32-10.20 mg GEA/ 100 g; total flavonoid ranged from 0.08-0.13 mg QAE/ 100 g; DPPH ranged from 55-80%; ABTS ranged from 0.022-0.025 mmol. TEAC/ 100 g and FRAP ranged from 1.20-4.23 mg AAE/g. The results of sensory attributes of the fruit juice revealed that, fruit juice GMW 5 was the most preferable in aroma, taste and overall acceptability by the panelist. Hence, golden melon-watermelon fruit juice blends may serve as a source of strong antioxidant property that may be used to improve health status.

Golden camellias or yellow camellias are species belonging to genus Camellia L., family Theaceae. Fifty two species were described in southern China and Vietnam. Active ingredients such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, saponins, and flavonoids are well known characteristics of golden camellias. Its leaves and flowers have been long traditionally used for health improvement. It was found to be able to inhibit transplanted cancer, lower blood pressure, lower blood lipid, lower cholesterol, and prevent atherosclerosis. Currently, it costs 320–700US$ per one kg of dry flowers. Such price attracts many local ethnic people to plant golden camellias for poverty reduction. This work reviews (1) species and natural distribution, (2) uses and healthcare values, (3) techniques for seedling production, planting and tending, and (4) opportunities and challenges for future development of golden camellias.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi stabilitas anti moluska dari ekstrak daun jayanti {Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.} menurut variasi lama waktu penyimpanan simplisia sebelum diekstraksi, lama waktu penyimpanan ekstrak sebelum diaplikasi, dan stabilitasnya dalam air selama aplikasi. Serbuk kering daun S. sesban diekstraksi secara bertingkat untuk menghasilkan fraksi ekstrak-etanol. Fraksi ekstrak-etanol daun S. sesban dilakukan uji hayati terhadap keong mas secara ex situ dengan rancangan acak lengkap dalam tiga unit percobaan menurut variasi tersebut di atas di Laboratorium Biologi FMIPA Universitas Mataram. Data mortalitas keong mas setiap unit uji hayati diolah dengan analisis probit untuk menentukan LC50. Hasil menunjukkan, bahwa aktivitasanti moluska dari fraksi ekstrak-etanol daun S. sesban terrhadap keong mas menurun tajam akibat penyimpanan serbuk kering daun selama satu tahun sebelum diekstraksi, namun penurunan toksisitasnya kecil akibat penyimpanan ekstrak selama satu bulan sebelum diaplikasi. Setelah 24 jam berada dalam air, bahan anti moluska dari daun S. sesban tidak aktif lagi, yaitu mortalitas keong mas 0% pada masing-masing perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak. Kata-kata kunci: Stabilitas anti moluska, keong mas, tanaman jayanti (Sesbania sesban). Abstract: The research intended to evaluate anti-mollusk feature stability of S. sesban leaf extract fraction-ethanol according to variation on storage duration of dry matters previous to be extracted and extract previous to be applied, and its stability after 24 hours in water. Dry matter of S. sesban leafs extracted successively so that produces the extract fraction-ethanol. The exsitu bioassays of the extract on the golden snail carried out with randomized design in three experiment units based on the variation mentioned. Each unit data of golden snail mortalities was analyzed by probit analysis to determine LC50. The result saw that storage of S. sesban leaf dry matter during one year previous to be extracted resulted in drastic decreasing toxicity on the golden snails, but decreasing toxicity weakly come from storage the extract during a month previous to be applied. The moluscicidal feature of the extract was inactive after 24 hours in water during application, i.e. mortality of golden snails was 0% in each of extract treatment concentrations. Key words: stability of molluscicidal performance, golden snail, jayanti plant (Sesbania sesban).

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to determine the effect of golden apple snail and chicken meat substitution on the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional values of chicken nuggets. This study used a single factor completely randomized design (CRD), with five levels of treatment, namely P0 (0% golden apple snail meat: 50% chicken meat: 50% wheat flour), P1 (45% golden apple snail meat: 5% chicken meat: 50% flour), P2 (40% golden apple snail meat: 10% chicken meat: 50% flour), P3 (35% golden apple snail meat: 15% chicken meat: 50% flour), and P4 (30% golden apple snail meat: 52% chicken meat: 50% flour). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results show that the substitution treatment of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata l.) and chicken meat had a very significant effect on increasing color, taste, aroma, and texture. The P1 treatment (45% golden apple snail meat; 5% chicken meat and 50% wheat flour) was the most preferred treatment by panelists with preference scores of color, aroma, texture, and taste reached 3.74 (like), 3.93 (like), 3.68 (like), and 3.68 (like), respectively. Meanwhile, the analysis of the nutritional values shows that the selected treatment contained 30.68% water, 2.44% ash, 10.24% fat, 9.04% protein, and 47.6% carbohydrates. Based on the standard of SNI 01-6638-2002, the golden apple snail and chicken meat nuggets met the quality standards on water, ash, and protein contents.Keywords: golden apple snail meat, chicken meat, nuggets.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh subtitusi keong mas dan daging ayam terhadap karakteristik organoleptik dan nilai gizi pada pembuatan nugget. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak lengkap (RAL) faktor tunggal, dengan lima Perlakuan P0 (daging keong mas 0% : daging ayam 50% : tepung terigu 50%), P1 (daging keong mas 45% : daging ayam 5% : tepung terigu 50%), P2 (daging keong mas 40% : daging ayam 10% : tepung terigu 50%), P3 (daging keong mas 35% : daging ayam 15% : tepung terigu 50%) dan P4 (daging keong mas 30% : daging ayam 52% : tepung terigu 50%). Data dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Varian (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan Substitusi daging keong mas (pomacea canaliculata l.) dan daging ayam berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap peningkatan warna, rasa, aroma dan tekstur.. Perlakuan P1 (daging keong mas 45%; daging ayam 5% dan tepung terigu 50%) merupakan perlakuan yang paling disukai panelis dengan skor penilaian kesukaan terhadap warna, aroma, tekstur dan rasa berturut-turut sebesar 3,74 (suka), 3,93 (suka), 3,68 (suka), 3,68 (suka), sedangkan berdasarkan analisis nilai gizi meliputi kadar air, abu, lemak, protein dan karbohidrat berturut-turut sebesar 30,68%, 2,44%, 10,24%, 9,04% dan 47,6%. Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI 01-6638-2002 produk nugget daging keong mas dan daging ayam telah memenuhi standar mutu pada kadar air, kadar abu, dan kadar protein. Sedangkan kadar lemak dan kadar karbohidrat belum memenuhi standar mutu SNI 01-6638-2002Kata kunci: daging keong mas, daging ayam, nugget.