Journal articles: 'Golf courses Golf courses Golf courses'

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Salgot, Miquel, and Josefina C. Tapias. "Golf Courses: Environmental Impacts." Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, no. 3 (2006): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050016.

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The relationship between golf courses, forced ecosystems and the environment is extremely complex and need to be established carefully because of the social pressures and implications of this type of facilities. The main environmental aspects of golf courses, the way the golf structures exert an influence on the environment, the management practices and the use of pesticides are the main features to be considered. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is at the core of the golf and must be managed in an integrated way to reduce environmental impacts of the whole facility. Many golf courses are located in natural areas, where wildlife exists and there is an influence on the course and vice versa. There is also the need to define the relationships between a course and its surrounding environments.

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Nestle, Rebecca, Grace Cope, Nicole Benda, and Adam G. Dale. "Creating Wildflower Habitats in Golf Course Out-Of-Play Areas." EDIS 2021, no. 2 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1316-2021.

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Habitat loss from urbanization and agricultural intensification is reducing native bee and monarch butterfly populations, but golf courses in urban areas present an opportunity to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization on pollinators and the environment. It is feasible to enhance a golf course’s ability to support more species and a greater abundance of wildlife by planting the 40% to 70% of acreage not used for the game of golf in wildflowers. With the most golf courses of any US state, Florida is poised to set the stage for golf course environmental stewardship. This 8-page fact sheet written by Rebecca Nestle, Grace Cope, Nicole Benda, and Adam G. Dale and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department is intended to provide guidelines for Florida golf course superintendents to aid in their efforts to conserve important wildlife while reducing maintenance inputs and associated costs. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1316

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Streeter, Matthew T., and Keith E. Schilling. "Effects of golf course management on subsurface soil properties in Iowa." SOIL 4, no. 2 (2018): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-93-2018.

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Abstract. Currently, in the USA and especially in the Midwest region, urban expansion is developing turfgrass landscapes surrounding commercial sites, homes, and recreational areas on soils that have been agriculturally managed for decades. Often, golf courses are at the forefront of conversations concerning anthropogenic environmental impacts as they account for some of the most intensively managed soils in the world. Iowa golf courses provide an ideal location to evaluate whether golf course management is affecting the quality of soils at depth. Our study evaluated how soil properties relating to soil health and resiliency varied with depth at golf courses across Iowa and interpreted relationships of these properties to current golf course management, previous land use, and inherent soil properties. Systematic variation in soil properties including sand content, NO3, and soil organic matter (SOM) were observed with depth at six Iowa golf courses among three landform regions. Variability in sand content was identified between the 20 and 50 cm depth classes at all courses, where sand content decreased by as much as 37 %. Highest concentrations of SOM and NO3 were found in the shallowest soils, whereas total C and P variability was not related to golf course management. Sand content and NO3 were found to be directly related to golf course management, particularly at shallow depths. The effects of golf course management dissipated with depth and deeper soil variations were primarily due to natural geologic conditions. The two abovementioned soil properties were very noticeably altered by golf course management and may directly impact crop productivity, soil health, and water quality, and while NO3 may be altered relatively quickly in soil through natural processes, particle size of the soil may not be altered without extensive mitigation. Iowa golf courses continue to be developed in areas of land use change from historically native prairies and more recently agriculture to urban landscapes. As soils are continually altered by human impacts, it is imperative that we monitor the changes, both physical and chemical, in order to establish management practices that maintain environmental sustainability and productivity.

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Tapias, Josefina C., and Miquel Salgot. "Management of Soil-Water Resources in Golf Courses." Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, no. 3 (2006): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050017.

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Water, soil, and turfgrass are the key elements in the environmental management of golf courses. All of them must be combined to create a modified ecosystem meeting the needs of the golf player. For several reasons, golf courses and golf itself are suffering from a misunderstanding and lack of a positive image in several European countries. Thus, the correct management and the wise use of natural resources, land, and water are nowadays paramount for the golf world. There are arguments about the amount of water used for golf course irrigation on the grounds of excess water resources employed, competition with other water uses, and the attitude of part of the public that considers golf as a sumptuary activity. Soil is also considered as a resource because golf courses use considerable amounts of land, for a limited amount of people, during the year. A discussion arises on whether land is modified in an irreversible way or not. Many times, the debate is not centred on the green areas, but on the built areas surrounding courses. Plants are the third element in a golf course, no less important, and the discussion in this case derives from the use of allochthonous species, usually consuming more water than the autochthonous ones.

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Winter, Jennifer G., Peter J. Dillon, Carolyn Paterson, Ron A. Reid, and Keith M. Somers. "Impacts of golf course construction and operation on headwater streams: bioassessment using benthic algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 8 (2003): 848–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-081.

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The influence of golf course operation and construction on benthic algal communities in headwater streams on the Precambrian Shield was investigated using a reference condition approach. Streams were sampled for water chemistry and epilithic benthic algae on operational golf courses, on courses under construction, and from nearby minimally impacted reference locations. Epilithic diatom community structure was different in reference streams than in operational golf course streams, the latter indicating nutrient enrichment, higher pH, and disturbance. Full counts of diatoms and soft algae revealed that there was a lower proportion of diatoms relative to other algal groups, cyanobacteria in particular, in operational golf course streams compared with samples from reference locations. Dominance by a single taxon was also significantly higher in operational golf course streams. Although differences relative to the reference streams were less marked for the streams on courses under construction, full counts of diatoms and soft algae provided evidence of disturbance and nutrient enrichment. In particular, high proportions of filamentous green algae were recorded. Overall, our results indicate that golf course land management on the Shield is associated with significant differences in the abundance of certain benthic algal taxa in headwater streams.Key words: diatoms, periphyton, biomonitoring, golf courses, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Precambrian Shield.

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Ho Kim, Yong, and Hui IL Chang. "Development of mobile control system for lighting tower in golf courses." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.12 (2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11273.

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Background/Objectives: It is a common for existing golf courses to manage all lighting facilities in batches because it is hard to controllighting individually. That is very much part of the golf courses and forces the whole golf course to light on even though play was finished due to the difficulty of real time checking situationMethods/Statistical analysis: Lighting control device and method in this study are provided not only to control remotely individual lighting installed each hole in golf course but to inspect failure of lighting. There is no longer to stay golf course in person to control lighting system.Findings:Lighting control device and method to be able to control individual lighting installed each hole in golf course is provided to response for the problem in a waste of electricity after playing. User device makes it possible to remotely control lighting and inspect failure of itImprovements/Applications: It can expect to reduce golf course operation management cost by building a smart tower remote control system

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Vuytsyk, O., and E. Yatsyshyn. "Emergence of the golf-tourism in Ukraine." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 43 (2013): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1616.

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The emergence of the golf-tourism in Ukraine is analyzed. Geography of the golf-courses and their description are researched. Preconditions of the golf-tourism development in Ukraine and its perspectives are highlighted. Key words: golf tourism, golf centre, golf course, golf tourism in Ukraine.

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Simard, Louis, Jacques Brodeur, Jon Gelhaus, Élisabeth Taschereau, and Julie Dionne. "Emergence of a new turfgrass insect pest on golf courses in Quebec, the European crane fly [Diptera: Tipulidae]." Communication brève 87, no. 1 (2006): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013969ar.

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Abstract A survey of European crane fly occurrence was performed in 2002 on 18 golf courses from different climatic regions of Quebec, Canada. At each golf course, the scouting was done weekly from early May to mid-October on three greens and three fairways using a grid and a golf course hole cutter, respectively. The European crane fly (Tipula paludosa), a major turfgrass insect pest, was identified on two golf courses in the Quebec City area. This is the first record of this species in Quebec. These European crane fly larvae were observed from mid-May to the end of August, and adults were detected from late August to mid-September. The European crane fly was found to be a pest on the two golf courses and insecticide applications were used to control the large populations of this insect.

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Colding, Johan, Jakob Lundberg, Stefan Lundberg, and Erik Andersson. "Golf courses and wetland fauna." Ecological Applications 19, no. 6 (2009): 1481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-2092.1.

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Cohn, Jeffrey P. "Wildlife Scores on Golf Courses." BioScience 58, no. 6 (2008): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b580617.

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Stubbs, David. "On Managing Golf Courses Ecologically." Tourism Recreation Research 22, no. 2 (1997): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1997.11014806.

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McClure, Michael A., Claudia Nischwitz, Andrea M. Skantar, Mark E. Schmitt, and Sergei A. Subbotin. "Root-Knot Nematodes in Golf Course Greens of the Western United States." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (2012): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0808.

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A survey of 238 golf courses in 10 states of the western United States found root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in 60% of the putting greens sampled. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA, D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer-rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences were used to identify specimens from 110 golf courses. The most common species, Meloidogyne naasi, was found in 58 golf courses distributed from Southern California to Washington in the coastal or cooler areas of those states. In the warmer regions of the Southwest, M. marylandi was recovered from 38 golf courses and M. graminis from 11 golf courses. This constitutes the first report of M. marylandi in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah, and the first report of M. graminis in Arizona, Hawaii, and Nevada. Two golf courses in Washington were infested with M. minor, the first record of this nematode in the Western Hemisphere. Columbia root-knot nematode, M. chitwoodi, was found in a single golf course in California. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism of the intergenic region between the cytochrome oxidase and 16S rRNA genes in the mitochondrial genome with restriction enzyme SspI was able to distinguish populations of M. graminis from M. marylandi, providing a fast and inexpensive method for future diagnosis of these nematodes from turf.

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Doll, Shauna, and Peter N. Duinker. "Characterization and Justification of Trees on an Inner-City Golf Course in Halifax, Canada: An Investigation into the Ecological Integrity of Institutional Greenspace." Forests 11, no. 1 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010096.

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Institutional greenspaces such as golf courses, cemeteries, military bases, hospitals, and university campuses are not generally revered for their ecological integrity. The existence of golf courses in particular has been heavily debated due to widespread perceptions of these spaces as environmentally degrading. Though much of the total area of golf courses is occupied by heavily manicured lawns, Canadian golf courses tend to be well treed and thus show significant potential to enhance forest coverage and contribute to the conservation of native tree species when established on previously unforested land. To explore this potential, a tree inventory was carried out on an inner-city golf course in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and findings compared to an earlier inventory of more naturalized (i.e., ingrowth) forest areas in the same city. Based in the Acadian Forest Region, this case study used the characteristics of a healthy and mature Acadian Forest as a model for ecological integrity. It was found that both the golf course and the ingrowth populations were largely representative of a mixedwood Acadian forest. Likewise, both populations were in a similar stage of regeneration and exhibited similar stresses. These results suggest that if improved forest management approaches are employed, golf courses will effectively strengthen the ecological integrity of urban forests. This is an especially important finding in the climate change era when tree populations are likely to be subjected to new environmental stressors which may be alleviated via the human intervention that is available on managed lands such as institutional greenspaces.

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Doytchev, Boyan. "GOLF COURSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.142.

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Golf is a popular and traditional sport in countries like Scotland, UK, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, Denmark, etc. Over the last decades, it has gained increasing popularity in many countries around the world, established as tourist, spa recreation and sports destinations. Interest in the sport under discussion has progressively increased over the years. In this article, we only discuss golf courses and their impact on the environment. We will not comment on whether a given golf course is appropriate from a community perspective - a very important issue. This requires the construction of golf courses in accordance with environmental norms and policies, as well as with the development of the ecological culture of society.

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Lucas, John, A. Alex Davila, Kevin N. Waninger, and Michael Heller. "Cardiac Arrest on the Links: Are We Up to Par? Availability of Automated External Defibrillators on Golf Courses in Southeastern Pennsylvania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, no. 2 (2006): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003459.

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AbstractObjectives:A growing number of golfers are senior citizens, and it may be predicted that the number of golf-related medical emergencies, including the incidence of cardiac arrest, will increase. This study was designed to survey the level of preparedness of golf courses in Southeastern Pennsylvania to respond to cardiac arrest among their members.Methods:A telephone survey of all of the 180 golf courses in the area was conducted to determine their type (public/private), volume in rounds per year, presence of automated external defibrillator (AED) devices, number of employees, and percentage of employees with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Participants also were asked to estimate the time needed to reach the farthest point on their course in order to estimate a maximum time to the application of an AED device.Results:A total of 131 of 180 golf courses completed the survey (53 private, 78 public) for an overall response rate of 73%. Private courses reported a greater average number of employees with CPR training [private = 9.1, public = 3.6; p = 0.001] and in AED presence [public = 9%, private = 58.5%; p = 0.0001]. Public courses support a higher volume of play than do private courses [public = 32,000, private = 24,000; p = 0.001], yet have far fewer employees [public = 25, private = 44; p = 0.004]. The longest time necessary to reach the most remote point on the course was between four and five minutes in all courses. Analysis was performed using the Student's t-test and Pearson's Chi-square as appropriate.Conclusion:Neither public nor private golf courses are well equipped to respond to cardiac arrest, but outcomes on public courses likely are to be far worse.

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Kunimatsu, Takao, Miki Sudo, and Takeshi Kawachi. "Loading rates of nutrients discharging from a golf course and a neighboring forested basin." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (1999): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0535.

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In the last ten years, the number of golf courses has been increasing in some countries as the game gains popularity. This indicates, a need to estimate the nutrient loading from golf courses in order to prevent the eutrophication of water bodies. Nutrient concentrations and flow rates of a brook were measured once a week from 1989 to 1990 at two sites: Site A of a brook flowing out from D-golf course (53 ha) and Site B of the same brook discharging into the golf course from an upper forested basin (23 ha) covered mainly with planted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa SIEB. et ZUCC). The bedrock of the area was granite. The annual values of precipitation and mean temperature were 1947 mm and 13.5°C in 1989, respectively. The arithmetic average values of discharge from the forested basin and the golf course were 0.392 and 1.26 mg/l total nitrogen (TN), 0.0072 and 0.145 mg/l total phosphorus (TP), 0.82 and 3.53 mg/l potassium ion (K+, 5.92 and 8.24 mg/l sodium ion (Na+), 2.1 and 9.9 mg/l suspending solid (0.001–2.0 mm, SS), 0.087 and 0.147 mS/cm electric conductivity (EC), and 0.031 and 0.037 m3/km2•s specific discharge, respectively. The loading rates of the forested basin and the golf course were 5.42 and 13.5 TN, 0.133 and 3.04 TP, 8.84 and 33.9 K+, 55.0 and 73.0 Na+, and 54.3 and 118 SS in kg/ha•y. The leaching and runoff rate of nitrogen in the chemical fertilizers applied on the golf course was calculated as 32%. These results indicated the importance of controlling the phosphorus loading for the management of golf courses.

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Garrison, Mark A., John C. Stier, John N. Rogers, and Alec R. Kowalewski. "Cool-Season Turfgrass Survival on Two Former Golf Courses in Michigan." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 4 (2009): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-08-142.1.

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AbstractMost turfgrass species have been listed as either invasive or potentially invasive species in the U.S., but few data exist to verify their invasiveness. Our objective was to determine cool-season turfgrass survival on two abandoned golf courses to assess their invasive potential in unmanaged sites. Maintenance operations ceased at Matheson Greens Golf Course in 2000 and at Four Winds Golf Course in 2003. The frequency and abundance of creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and fine fescues in quadrats placed along transects were recorded and compared to other cover such as herbaceous dicots and bare soil in 2005 and 2007. Turfgrasses at both courses were unable to maintain monocultures. All turfgrasses were nearly absent from Matheson Greens Golf Course 5 yr after maintenance operations ceased. At the Four Winds Golf Course site, creeping bentgrass comprised less than 25% cover on former putting greens by 2007, and was rarely found outside of the former putting green areas. Kentucky bluegrass cover ranged from 5 to 75% on the former fairways. Herbaceous dicots usually dominated the former turf areas at both sites, and included noxious weeds such as Canada thistle and invasive weeds such as spotted knapweed.

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Elmore, Ryan, and Andrew Urbaczewski. "Loss Aversion in Professional Golf." Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 2 (2020): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520967403.

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We examine loss aversion in the context of professional golf at US Open tournaments. In particular, we analyze data from two courses, Pebble Beach Golf Links and Oakmont Country Club, where they have hosted six and five US Opens, respectively. The United States Golf Association changed the par rating of a hole on each course from a par 5 to a par 4, without fundamentally altering the hole, in each US Open hosted by these courses since 2000. In this natural experimental setting, we find evidence of significant loss-aversive behavior in the world’s best golfers based solely on par rating.

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Yates, Stephanie R., and Lary B. Cowart. "The Impact of Shuttered Golf Courses on Property Values." Journal of Sustainable Real Estate 11, no. 1 (2019): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22300/1949-8276.11.1.2.

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We measure the impact of a golf course as a residential amenity on surrounding home values in several communities in Shelby County, Alabama. We compare the values of homes in golf course communities (GCCs) and non-golf course communities, as well as the values of homes within these communities before and after the golf course closes. Using a methodology similar to Bond, Seiler, and Seiler (2002), we examine the sales prices of homes within GCCs both before and after a golf course closure to see how the closure affects the sales prices of homes and test for the significance of that difference. We calculate the difference in value for homes in GCCs before and after the golf course is closed and test for the significance of that difference. We estimate the degree to which specific factors explain the variance in home prices in these communities before and after the golf course closed. We find that homes in GCCs sell at a 9% premium compared to homes in non-GCCs. We also find that home prices in GCCs decrease by 17% after the related golf course closes; home prices for properties adjacent to a golf course diminish as well.

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Sandberg, O. R., H. Nordh, and M. S. Tveit. "Perceived accessibility on golf courses – Perspectives from the golf federation." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 15 (2016): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.11.012.

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Bekal, Sadia, and J. Ole Becker. "Population Dynamics of the Sting Nematode in California Turfgrass." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (2000): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1081.

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Population densities of Belonolaimus longicaudatus were monitored at monthly intervals at the Tamarisk country club golf course (1993 to 1994) and at the Annenburg Estates and Desert Island golf courses (1998). All three courses are located at Rancho Mirage, Coachella Valley, CA. The bermuda grass in the sampling area typically exhibited chlorosis at the beginning of April when the sting nematode populations began to increase. At the Tamarisk golf course, population density peaked in October, with 1,000 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil, but declined rapidly, with the lowest population density occurring in December with approximately 50 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. At the Annenburg Estates and Desert Island golf courses, the nematode population densities peaked in June and July but declined rapidly to less than half of that density, presumably because of B. longicaudatus-caused host decline. Soil temperature and fluctuation of nematode densities were significantly correlated at all locations. Nematode distribution was greatest in the top 15 cm of soil except during the hottest summer months, when the population was higher at depths of 15 to 30 cm.

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Cohen, Stuart, Amelia Svrjcek, Tom Durborow, and N. LaJan Barnes. "Water Quality Impacts by Golf Courses." Journal of Environmental Quality 28, no. 3 (1999): 798–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800030010x.

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Burdge, Ryan, and Daniel Cristol. "Managing Golf Courses as wildlife habitat." Wildlife Professional 2, no. 1 (2008): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4004/1933-2866(2008)2[32:fffw]2.0.co;2.

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GyoohoLee. "Copyright-Related Issues on Golf Courses." Korean Lawyers Association Journal 64, no. 12 (2015): 189–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2015.64.12.005.

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Cohen, Stuart. "Water Quality Monitoring at Golf Courses." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 18, no. 2 (1998): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00614.x.

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Goo, Bon Seong, and Min Seub Choi. "An Empirical Analysis on the Important Factors of Changing Membership Golf Courses to Public Golf Courses." Residential Environment Institute Of Korea 15, no. 2 (2017): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22313/reik.2017.15.2.171.

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Castanho, Rui Alexandre, Jacinto Garrido Velarde, and Luís Loures. "Environmental Impact of an Iberian Golf Course: The Case Study of Guadiana Golf in Badajoz, Spain." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (July 6, 2021): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.63.

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The golf courses are not isolated areas in the territory where they are located; instead, these elements are an integral part of the surrounding ecosystem. The golf courses are components of the landscape and, in addition to all the benefits of functional, visual, and economical that could bring to the region, they may also, if their management is correct, improve the quality of the environment. This article, through a Case Study Research Method (CSR), applied to a Golf Course located in the Spanish city of Badajoz, will expose an Environmental Assessment Proposal as well as monitoring and mitigation measures regarding the major impacts produced by this Golf Course. Throughout this study, it is possible to realize, once more, that the process of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Impact Studies are the support base so that there is success in the design of sustainable Golf course. Moreover, we should consider the measures to mitigate the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts and develop methods to conduct constant monitoring of these projects' typologies.

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Shen, Ke Yin, and Xian Juan Kou. "Study on Environmental Crisis and Construction of Golf Course." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3251.

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The rapid development of golf sport in China, not only brought the illegal construction of the growing number of golf courses, also gave rise to a certain degree of environmental crisis, and questioned by the public regulation of national policy. Based on the perspective of environmental ethics, This paper analysis follow problems: construction of golf courses in the country appeared excessive consumption of water, occupying large areas of land, destruction of ecological environment and other issues of ethical by using literature, case studies and other research methods, and propose a concrete strategy of construction in environmental ethic through combining with environmental ethics properties and principles. In the present study, the author designed to call attention to the golf course environmental problems caused by construction, with a view to sustainable development and golf-related policy research to provide reference.

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Mateus, Caroline de Moura D’Andréa, Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho, Patrick Luan Ferreira dos Santos, Flávia Diniz Mota, Leandro José Grava de Godoy, and Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas. "Nutrients exportation by Tifdwarf bermudagrass from golf course greens." Ornamental Horticulture 26, no. 3 (2020): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v26i3.2229.

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Abstract One of the management techniques used in greens (final areas of the holes) of golf course is the fertilizer. To correct fertilization program of these areas should know the consumption of nutrients throughout the plant cycle. The objective was to determine the export of nutrients by clipping of Tifdwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) used in golf courses greens in the four weather seasons, as information to improve nutritional management. The research project was conducted in two golf courses in Sao Paulo State. Four greens were studied in each field, for a period of one year, using a 4x2 factorial (weather seasons x golf courses) in a completely randomized design. The production of dry matter and nutrient concentration were evaluated, and the absorption and exportation of nutrients by leaf clippings was subsequently calculated. The amount of nutrients exported by turfgrass clippings was different between the two golf courses. The summer was the season of greatest accumulation and export of nutrients in FG, except for Fe. Autumn was the season of greatest accumulation and export of nutrients in FCA, except for Mn and Zn. Considering the amount of nutrients exported by the greens clippings of the Tifdwarf bermudagrass from the two golf courses studied, the macronutrients were exported in the following order: N>K>Ca>P>S>Mg (21.8, 4.3, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 0.7 g m-2) and the micronutrients were exported in the following order: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B (257.8, 27.4, 23.6, 7.8, 6.0 mg m-2).

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Allan-Perkins, Elisha, Daniel Manter, and Geunhwa Jung. "Abundance of Bacteria, Fungi, and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in the Thatch and Soil of Golf Courses." Phytobiomes Journal 2, no. 2 (2018): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-09-17-0036-r.

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Thatch management in turfgrass has been recommended as part of integrated pest management; however, there is limited understanding of the microbial community in thatch. Previous studies on the turfgrass phytobiome mostly focused on the soil; however, culture-based studies have suggested that the thatch layer of golf courses contains higher bacterial and fungal abundances than the soil. In our study, quantitative PCR was used to investigate total abundance of bacteria, fungi, and the turfgrass pathogen, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (causal agent of dollar spot) in the thatch and soil of three golf courses on two sampling dates. Additionally, we compared the abundance of these organisms among roughs, fairways, and putting greens, which are under different management intensities. Our results demonstrate bacterial abundance was higher in May than in September, but not consistently higher in the thatch or soil among the three golf courses or management areas. Fungi, and specifically S. homoeocarpa, are more abundant in the thatch than in the soil. These results show the necessity for future turfgrass phytobiome studies to analyze both thatch and soil to obtain a complete picture of bacterial and fungal microbial community structure and dynamics on golf courses. Despite the differences in fungicide usage and management inputs, there were no differences in S. homoeocarpa abundance among the three management areas in the soil. S. homoeocarpa abundance was higher in the thatch on the conventional golf course fairway in September. These results may have important practical implications for development of integrated disease management strategies and for understanding the epidemiology of S. homoeocarpa on golf courses.

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Shen, Ke Yin, and Xian Juan Kou. "Study on Environmental Issues of Golf Course Construction in China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 4133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.4133.

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The rapid development of Golf in China has brought not only illegal construction in the number of golf courses, but also a certain degree of environmental problems, which were questioned by the public and restricted by national policies. Based on the perspective of environmental protection,we study the consumption of water, a lot of land encroachment, destruction of the ecological environment and other issues in the construction of Golf course by using of literature, case studies and other research methods. we propose that the specific strategies on development Golf and protect environment combined with the importance of environmental protection. Development of golf is not simply the pursuit of increasing the number of golf courses, nor at the expense of the ecological environment at the cost of one-sided pursuit of economic, social neglect, but under the protection of the environment, the premise of sustainable use of resources, and take the road of sustainable development.

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Main, Martin B. "Bird Conservation on Golf Courses: A Design and Management Manual AND Managing Wildlife Habitat on Golf Courses." Auk 119, no. 1 (2002): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.288.

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An, Minseok, and George H. Sage. "The Golf Boom in South Korea: Serving Hegemonic Interests." Sociology of Sport Journal 9, no. 4 (1992): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.4.372.

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In the past decade, to help maintain political stability and promote economic growth, South Korea has committed substantial resources to commercialized sports, including golf. A major source of support for building golf courses has come from government leaders and economic and social incentives as well. In the past 4 years the government has given permission to build 135 new golf courses. The official government discourse about the new golf courses is that they are being built in the interest of “sport for all.” But the golf courses overwhelmingly require membership, which is extremely expensive. Despite the enormous power and resources of the dominant groups in Korea, there are elements of opposition. The golf boom has been severely criticized because it removes large amounts of land from agricultural and industrial productivity, contaminates farm land, and pollutes water. It also represents the worst aspects of the social imbalance of wealth.

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Correia, Antonia, and Pedro Pintassilgo. "The Golf Players' Motivations: The Algarve Case." Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, no. 3 (2006): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050014.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the motivations behind golf demand in the Algarve — one of Europe's most popular golf destinations. The research is based on the results of a survey on the golf demand of Algarve's golf courses, held in 2002. In order to identify the main motives behind golf demand in the region, a principal components analysis was performed. Four main choice factors were identified to explain the selection of Algarve's golf courses. The first was designated social environment and is associated with motives such as events and beaches. The second, leisure, is related to restaurants and bars, landscape, weather and accommodation. The third, entitled golf, is directly related to characteristics of courses. The fourth, logistics, is associated with variables such as price and accessibility. It is also found, through a cluster analysis that the choice factors can be associated with three market segments: the tourist golfer, who is mostly concerned with the golf courses and the game; the householder golfer, essentially centred on accommodation, gastronomy, landscape, weather, price and accessibility; and finally, the sun-beach tourist, who is mostly interested in tourist opportunities.

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Koch, Paul L., Craig R. Grau, Young-Ki Jo, and Geunhwa Jung. "Thiophanate-Methyl and Propiconazole Sensitivity in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Populations from Golf Courses in Wisconsin and Massachusetts." Plant Disease 93, no. 1 (2009): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-1-0100.

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Management of dollar spot, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is dependent upon repeated fungicide applications in intensively managed turfgrass such as golf course putting greens and fairways. Repeated fungicide applications could potentially select for fungicide-resistant isolates and result in a reduction of disease control. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of S. homoeocarpa in vitro sensitivity to the fungicides thiophanate-methyl and propiconazole using isolates collected from golf course putting greens, fairways, and roughs; and to determine the relationships of golf course age and fungicide history to the frequency of fungicide-insensitive isolates within the population. More than 1,400 S. homoeocarpa isolates were collected from putting greens, fairways, and roughs at six Wisconsin golf courses and one Massachusetts golf course and subjected to in vitro fungicide sensitivity assays with single discriminatory concentrations of thiophanate-methyl and propiconazole. Five of seven pathogen populations from rough areas were not significantly different from one another in propiconazole sensitivity. These populations were collectively the most sensitive to both fungicides and therefore, served as baseline populations for comparison with fungicide-exposed populations from putting greens and fairways. Greater propiconazole insensitivity was observed in populations collected from fairways and putting greens that received more frequent applications of the fungicide than those isolated from the roughs. In nearly all the golf courses, the frequency of thiophanate-methyl insensitivity was higher among isolates of S. homoeocarpa collected from fairways than from roughs regardless of the age of the golf course or history of benzimidazole use. Thus, while the development of resistance to propiconazole can be predicted in part by the relative frequency of demethylation inhibitor fungicide applications, the occurrence of populations resistant to thiophanate-methyl appears to be unrelated to recent use of the benzimidazole class of fungicides.

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Bahri, A., C. Basset, F. Queslati, and F. Brissaud. "Reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation in Tunisia." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (2001): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0597.

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In Tunisia, golf courses are irrigated with secondary treated effluent stored in landscape impoundments. The impact of the conveyance and storage steps on the physical-chemical and biological quality of irrigation water was evaluated on three golf courses over two years. It was found that the water quality varies all along the water route, from the wastewater treatment plant up to the irrigation site: nutrient and bacteria contents decreased along the route in the three cases. This variation depends on the wastewater quality, the length of the pipes conveying water, the number of regulation reservoirs and ponds, the water residence time in pipes, reservoirs and ponds, and the operation of the ponds. The bacteriological quality of irrigation water deteriorates during the irrigation period in the three golf courses as the ponds are operated as continuous flow reactors. The results obtained in this study indicate the inability of golf water supplies, as currently managed, to properly sanitize reclaimed wastewater and meet target quality criteria recommended by WHO (1989) for water intended for recreational use. For a safe reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation, changes in the design and operation of the ponds should be planned or additional treatment steps provided.

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Serrano-Gómez, Virginia, Óscar García-García, Vicente Gambau i Pinasa, Mercedes Fernández-Liporace, Antonio Hernández-Mendo, and Antonio Rial-Boubeta. "Measuring Perceived Service Quality and Its Impact on Golf Courses Performance According to Types of Facilities and User Profile." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (2020): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145746.

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The study was aimed at: (1) Analysing the psychometric features of the QGolf scale, (2) examining the relation between the user’s perceived quality, the club service dimensions, and the golf club performance and, (3) exploring whether a better performance could vary depending on the player’s profile and/or the type of golf course. To do so, 968 users from 13 clubs in north-western Spain golf courses were interviewed. Psychometric and theoretical findings are introduced regarding their further use in field marketing. The causal analysis of covariance structure leads us to state that the human and organisational dimension of the service is key to assess perceived quality. When comparing models, the explanatory power of the Handicap ≥ 20 model was higher than the one concerning Handicap < 20. Thus, the strategy to increase user satisfaction should be quite different depending on whether users are beginners or advanced golf players. Therefore, managers should consider the users’ profiles diversity, their specific needs, and the variety of target-groups involved, on account of the golf course’s interests. This seems the best pathway to achieve sustainability and survival in the area.

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Kim, Hyun-Duck, and Angelita Bautista Cruz. "How selection attributes affect golfers’ satisfaction: a meta-analysis." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, no. 4 (2019): 944–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-04-2018-0147.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of existing studies that addressed the relationship between the selection attributes of golf businesses and golfers’ satisfaction in South Korea. Design/methodology/approach Studies on the relationship between selection attributes and satisfaction per golf facility type were retrieved from the Korean Citation Index. Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2, the effect sizes (ESs) for the following relationships were calculated: between selection attributes and satisfaction with golf facilities in general; between selection attributes and satisfaction per distinct golf facility types (outdoor golf courses vs screen golf facilities); and between the sub-factors of selection attributes and satisfaction per golf facility. Findings Medium ESs were found between selection attributes and satisfaction with golf facilities in general (0.394), outdoor golf courses (0.336) and screen golf facilities (0.370). The choice attribute factors of accessibility, employees and concession had large effects on golfers’ satisfaction with outdoor golf courses, while services and concession had large effects on golfers’ satisfaction with screen golf facilities. Originality/value Among many Asian countries, golf is extremely popular and attracts more business than other sports; however, changes in consumer viewpoints and business trends necessitate consistent refinement. This meta-analytic approach offered a macro perspective on how golf facility administrators might sustain and develop their businesses by highlighting what choice attributes matter most to golf consumers.

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TANNER, R., and A. GANGE. "Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity." Landscape and Urban Planning 71, no. 2-4 (2005): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(04)00034-9.

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Wells, James E., Geoffrey L. Buckley, and Christopher G. Boone. "Separate But Equal? Desegregating Baltimore's Golf Courses*." Geographical Review 98, no. 2 (2008): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00294.x.

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Wanless, Elizabeth A., Jeffrey C. Petersen, Lindsay K. Pursglove, Logan Desmond, and Lawrence W. Judge. "Accessible Golf Courses: Web-based Accommodation Communication." Physical Educator 75, no. 5 (2018): 816–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/tpe-2018-v75-i5-8297.

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LeClerc, Joshua E., Judy P. K. Che, John P. Swaddle, and Daniel A. Cristol. "Reproductive success and developmental stability of eastern bluebirds on golf courses: evidence that golf courses can be productive." Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, no. 2 (2005): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[483:rsadso]2.0.co;2.

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Garnett, Jennica, Felix Made, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, Kerry Wilson, and Nisha Naicker. "Work Related Musculoskeletal Pain in Golf Caddies—Johannesburg, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (2020): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103617.

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Golf is an important and growing industry in South Africa that currently fosters the creation of an informal job sector of which little is known about the health and safety risks. The purpose of the study is to investigate the prevalence and significance of musculoskeletal pain in male caddies compared to other golf course employees while holding contributing factors such as socioeconomic status, age, and education constant. Cross-sectional data were collected and analyzed from a convenience sample of 249 caddies and 74 non-caddies from six golf courses in Johannesburg, South Africa. Structural interviews were conducted to collect data on general demographics and musculoskeletal pain for two to three days at each golf course. On average, caddies were eight years older, had an income of 2880 rand less a month, and worked 4 h less a shift compared to non-caddies employed at the golf courses. Caddies were approximately 10% more likely to experience lower back and shoulder pain than non-caddies. Logistic regression models show a significantly increased adjusted odds ratio for musculoskeletal pain in caddies for neck (3.29, p = 0.015), back (2.39, p = 0.045), arm (2.95, p = 0.027), and leg (2.83, p = 0.019) compared to other golf course workers. The study findings indicate that caddying, as a growing informal occupation is at higher risk for musculoskeletal pain in caddies. Future policy should consider the safety of such a vulnerable population without limiting their ability to generate an income.

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신용철. "The Golf History and the Location of Golf Courses in South Korea." Journal of the Association of Korean Photo-Geographers 20, no. 4 (2010): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35149/jakpg.2010.20.4.003.

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Correia, Antonia, Nuno Videira, Inês Alves, Catarina Ramires, Rui Subtil, and Manuel Victor Martins. "Tourism Golf Scenarios: The Algarve Case." Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, no. 3 (2006): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050015.

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Sport tourism, in particular golf, is an emerging form of tourism. This is the case in the Algarve region where golf has significant economic, social and environmental impacts. This paper presents a sustainability assessment framework developed for the Algarve's golf courses. Sustainable golf development (SGD) was analysed from an integrated perspective: economic, financial and environmental. A scenario methodology was used to measure the long-term golf development impacts at different supply levels, given the core indicators defined for each dimension of analysis. It was concluded that SGD in the Algarve should be framed within high service and environmental quality standards, with a supply of between 29 and 41 golf courses.

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Stephens, Cameron M., and John Kaminski. "In Vitro Fungicide-Insensitive Profiles of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Populations from Pennsylvania and the Surrounding Region." Plant Disease 103, no. 2 (2019): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-18-1149-re.

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Repeated fungicide applications are typically required to provide adequate control of dollar spot on golf courses and may shift Sclerotinia homoeocarpa populations from sensitive to insensitive or resistant to an active ingredient. The objective of this study was to characterize the geographic distribution of fungicide-insensitive, fungicide-resistant, and multiple fungicide insensitive (MFI) S. homoeocarpa populations on golf courses in Pennsylvania and the surrounding region. S. homoeocarpa isolates (n = 681) were collected from 45 different golf courses or research facilities. Each isolate was evaluated in vitro against propiconazole, iprodione, boscalid, and thiophanate-methyl using discriminatory concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 1,000, and 1,000 µg of active ingredient per milliliter of PDA, respectively. Relative mycelial growth (RMG) values were used to determine sensitivity or insensitivity based on comparison with a baseline population. Of the 681 isolates evaluated, 81, 80, and 85% exhibited reduced sensitivity to boscalid, iprodione, and propiconazole, respectively. A total of 41% of the isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl. Based on mean RMG of all isolates from each golf course, 16, 35, and 37 of the 45 golf courses exhibited reduced sensitivity to boscalid, iprodione, and propiconazole, respectively. A total of 585 isolates (86%) exhibited an MFI profile in which they were insensitive or resistant to at least two fungicides evaluated. Isolates with reduced sensitivity to boscalid, iprodione, and propiconazole, but sensitive to thiophanate-methyl, were the most common phenotype within the three-MFI profile. Fungicide insensitivity and resistance to commonly used fungicides, as well as MFI profiles, were prevalent in Pennsylvania and the surrounding areas and may cause management challenges.

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Sullivan, W. Michael, and Zhongchun Jiang. "Soil Nitrate Monitoring for Turfgrass Sod Farms and Other Turf Areas." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.303.

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Studies with established turf and golf courses have indicated minimal risk of nitrate pollution of groundwater resulting from turfgrass management, but soil nitrate flux in turfgrass sod production farms and golf courses has received less attention. Information about nitrate-N flux at a particular location can be helpful to the sod producer or the golf course manager when efficiently applying N fertilizers and minimizing risk of nitrate pollution. We used an ion exchange resin capsule system to continuously monitor soil nitrate-N fluxes at 12 sites in southern Rhode Island, including turfgrass sod production farms and a low-maintenance environment. Four capsules were placed in the soil at each site and retrieved at intervals coinciding with management and meteorological events to determine nitrate ion accumulation. We found that the golf course green exhibited significantly higher nitrate-N fluxes than the sod farms and the low-maintenance turf. There was significant interaction between sampling date and study site, indicating that seasonal variation in soil nitrate-N fluxes was affected by turfgrass management. The cultural practice of late fall fertilization to stimulate early spring growth in the following year appeared to present some risk of nitrate loss during the winter from the golf course greens in our region. We conclude that site-specific and time-relevant monitoring is needed to produce and manage turfgrasses in an environmentally sound manner.

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Devitt, D. A., R. L. Morris, D. Kopec, and M. Henry. "Golf Course Superintendents' Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Using Reuse Water for Irrigation in the Southwestern United States." HortTechnology 14, no. 4 (2004): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.4.0577.

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Golf course superintendents in the southwestern United States (Tucson, Ariz.; Phoenix, Ariz.; Las Vegas, Nev.; Orange County, Calif.) were surveyed to assess attitudes toward using reuse water for irrigation. Eighty-nine golf course personnel returned the survey, with 28% indicating that they irrigate with municipal water, 36% with well water, and 27% with reuse water. The reason for switching to reuse water varied by state, with 40% of respondents switching in Arizona because of mandates, 47% switching in Nevada because of cost incentives, and 47% switching in California because it was considered a more reliable source of water. Less than 20% of the respondents rated the use of reuse water on golf courses and parks to have a negative impact on cost, the environment and health. However, respondents indicated that using reuse water does have a negative impact on the operations of the golf course, with pond maintenance and irrigation maintenance having the highest negative impact (∼80%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that among those who indicated that using reuse water would have a negative impact on golf course management, a higher percentage were individuals who had a greater number of years of experience irrigating with reuse water (P = 0.01) and individuals who have taken classes on how to use reuse water (P = 0.05). Respondents who currently irrigate with reuse water indicated they had changed a wide range of landscape and turfgrass management practices as a result of using reuse water. Based on the results of this survey, it was concluded that golf course personnel in the southwestern U.S. do not oppose the transition to reuse water for irrigation. However, it was also clear they recognize using such water negatively impacts their golf courses' operations.

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Lyu, Seong Ok, and Youngjin Lee. "How Do Golf Tourists Manage Golfing Constraints? A Choice Modeling Approach." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 42, no. 2 (2015): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348015597036.

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Although there has been a remarkable increase in the supply of domestic golf courses in South Korea, the demand for golf trips is believed to have reached a plateau. In this competitive environment, golf course managers need to examine diverse constraining factors that discourage their customers from visiting the facilities, and learn how those constraints are managed by golf tourists through a variety of strategies. Using a choice modeling, this study provides useful opportunities to better understand golf tourists’ choices made by intricate comparisons between negotiation strategies that help relieve the impact of golfing constraints. The results indicate that levels of perceived importance vary on several constraint attributes when golf tourists make decisions for golf trips. This study also identifies heterogeneous preferences for negotiation strategies between two golf tourist groups segmented based on their golfing experiences.

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Miller, David B. "Norman Ingham, Scholar and Golfer, and the History of Golf in Russia." Russian History 44, no. 2-3 (2017): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04402014.

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This contribution is a celebration of Norman Ingham as a passionate scholar and golfer. It also explores the history of golf in Russia from the founding of the first golf facility in 1992 in Moscow to the spread of golf courses in European Russia and Siberia. Finally, it speculates on what Norman might have encountered had he had the opportunity to play these courses.

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