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1
Reznikov, A. G., N. D. Nosenko, E. N. Boris, L. I. Poliakova, P. V. Sinitsyn, and L. V. Tarasenko. "Evaluation of the efficacy of gonadotrophic inductors of ovulation in rats with hyperandrogenemia given flutamide." Problems of Endocrinology 57, no. 4 (August 15, 2011): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201157428-31.
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The objective of the present work was to study the influence of antiandrogen flutamide (flutapharm) at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg b.w., human chorionic gonadotropin (choragon, 5 IU), and folliculostimulating hormone (menopur, 0.01 IU) on the morphofunctional characteristics of ovaries. These products were administered either alone or sequentially to sexually mature female rats after the implantation of testosterone-containing polymeric capsules. The presence of hyperandogenism was confirmed by the five-fold rise in the blood testosterone levels. Analysis of the oestrus cycle, the weight and histological structure of the ovaries gave evidence of disturbed folliculogensis, degenerative changes in follicular epithelium, the development of ovarian polycystosis and anovulatory state in the hyperandrogenic animals. It is concluded neither flutamide nor gonadotrophic hormones administered at the above doses promoted normalization of the generative function of rat ovaries. At the same time, stimulation with gonadotropins following glutamide administration restored folliculogenesis, ovulation, an formation of luteal bodies. The results of this study indicate that flutamide can be used to enhance the stimulating action of gonadotropic hormones on the ovaries in hyperandrogenic individuals.
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Filatov, Maxim, Yulia Khramova, Elena Parshina, Tatiana Bagaeva, and Maria Semenova. "Influence of gonadotropins on ovarian follicle growth and developmentin vivoandin vitro." Zygote 25, no. 3 (June 2017): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199417000168.
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SummaryGonadotropins are the key regulators of ovarian follicles development. They are applied in therapeutic practice in assisted reproductive technology clinics. In the present review we discuss the basic gonadotropic hormones – recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone, its derivatives, luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin serum of pregnant mares, their origin, and application in ovarian follicle systems inin vitroculture systems.
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Bonnin, M., M. Mondain-Monval, M. C. Audy, and R. Scholler. "Basal and gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulated gonadotropin levels in the female red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.). Negative feedback of ovarian hormones during anoestrus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-107.
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In the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L., an inhibition of gonadotropic function is observed in early anoestrus, particularly during lactation. During this period, secretion of progesterone as a result of the persistent corpora lutea after parturition and episodic releases of estradiol signify ovarian activity, suggesting involvement of these hormones in the modulation of pituitary hormones (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)). Effects of ovariectomy and (or) progesterone or estradiol treatments in vivo upon basal and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated LH and FSH were observed. After ovariectomy, a great increase in the basal level of both gonadotropins and in GnRH-stimulated LH release, but not GnRH-stimulated FSH release, were observed. Progesterone treatment induced a decrease in GnRH-stimulated LH and FSH secretions and a decrease in basal LH and FSH levels in ovariectomized females. Estradiol treatment abolished basal secretions and GnRH responses for both hormones. These results suggest a negative feedback of both ovarian steroids at the hypothalamopituitary level on LH and FSH secretions during early anoestrus.
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Dufour, Sylvie, Bruno Quérat, Hervé Tostivint, Catherine Pasqualini, Hubert Vaudry, and Karine Rousseau. "Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications." Physiological Reviews 100, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 869–943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00009.2019.
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In humans, as in the other mammals, the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is ensured by the brain-pituitary gonadotropic axis. Multiple internal and environmental cues are integrated via brain neuronal networks, ultimately leading to the modulation of the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The decapeptide GnRH is released into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood system and stimulates the production of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, the two gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. A novel actor, the neuropeptide kisspeptin, acting upstream of GnRH, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Other neuropeptides, such as gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone/RF-amide related peptide, and other members of the RF-amide peptide superfamily, as well as various nonpeptidic neuromediators such as dopamine and serotonin also provide a large panel of stimulatory or inhibitory regulators. This paper addresses the origin and evolution of the vertebrate gonadotropic axis. Brain-pituitary neuroendocrine axes are typical of vertebrates, the pituitary gland, mediator and amplifier of brain control on peripheral organs, being a vertebrate innovation. The paper reviews, from molecular and functional perspectives, the evolution across vertebrate radiation of some key actors of the vertebrate neuroendocrine control of reproduction and traces back their origin along the vertebrate lineage and in other metazoa before the emergence of vertebrates. A focus is given on how gene duplications, resulting from either local events or from whole genome duplication events, and followed by paralogous gene loss or conservation, might have shaped the evolutionary scenarios of current families of key actors of the gonadotropic axis.
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Goncharov, N. P., A. L. Dobracheva, A. A. Pishchulin, T. N. Todua, and V. G. Shlykova. "Adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis in patients with ovarian polycystosis during buserelin test." Problems of Endocrinology 49, no. 4 (August 15, 2003): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11663.
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Relationships between the secretion of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland, the androgenic and glucocorticoidal functions of the adrenals and the steroidogenic function of the ovaries were studied in 21 patients with the ovarian polycystic syndrome (OPS) and in 7 healthy women in test with buserelin, a gonadotropin-releasing agonist. When stimulated with corti- sole, the secretion remained unchanged. Depending on the baseline level of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), a change was found in the secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and its precursor 17-OH-pregnenolone. With the normal baseline level of DHAS, the content of hormones increases while with its high level, their content does not change. The stimulation of gonadotropic secretion results in a higher dissociation in the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in patients with OPS, by increasing the LH/FSH ratio that is most significant in patients with the normal level of DHAS. Under stimulation, aromatase activity becomes higher in patients with high DHAS levels and remains unchanged in the other group of patients. The findings may lead to the conclusion that buserelin-induced stimulation of gonadotropic secretion may be accompanied by the activated synthesis of adrenal androgens in some patients with OPS. Depending on the baseline androgenic activity of the adrenals, buserelin-induced stimulation of gonadotropic secretion is attended by a higher aromatase activity.
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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.
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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circulation and regulate specific functions of the ovary and testis. In turn, hormones produced by the gonads feed back to the hypothalamic– pituitary level to maintain functional balance of the HPG axis, through negative and positive (only in females) regulatory loops. In this article, we review the main hormonal regulatory systems that are operative in the HPG axis with special emphasis on recent developments in our knowledge of the neuroendocrine pathways governing GnRH secretion, including the identification of kisspeptins and G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) as major gatekeepers of puberty onset and fertility.
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Dobracheva, A. D., N. P. Goncharov, T. N. Todua, and I. D. Nizharadze. "The state of steroidogenesis in the adrenal glands and gonads in patients with polycystic ovary with inhibition of gonadotropic function." Problems of Endocrinology 45, no. 1 (October 6, 2019): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11701.
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Relationships between secretion of pituitary gonadotropic hormones, adrenal glucocorticoid and androgenic function, and ovarian steroid production were studied in 14 patients with the polycystic ovaries syndrome (POS) under conditions of suppressed endogenous gonadotropic secretion, which was induced by tonic administration of busereline, a GnRH agonist. The bRH/iRH ratio is not changed in POS patients under conditions of suppressed gonadotropic secretion. Inhibition of gonadotropic secretion leads to decrease of estrogen secretion in the ovaries and does not affect the adrenal glucocorticoid function. Activation of adrenal androgen production by the delta-5 pathway was observed in 57% patients under conditions of gonadotroph inhibition. Three months after busereline was discontinued, adrenal steroidogenesis normalized. The results permit a conclusion that prolonged inhibition of gonadotropic secretion with GnRH agonist does not change the bLH/iLH ratio but can lead to activation of adrenal androgen production in part of patients with POS.
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Babichev, V. N. "Neuroendocrinology of the reproductive system (state of physiological studies and prospects for their use in clinical practice)." Problems of Endocrinology 44, no. 1 (February 15, 1998): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl19984413-12.
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The author analyzes the neuroendocrine relationships between the true adrenergic and cholinergic neuromediators and peptide neuromediators, on the one hand, and neurosecretory neurons regulating gonadotropin and prolactin secretion, on the other. About 30 neuromediators of different origin are characterized with due consideration for their localization in the CNS structures, involvement in the production and secretion of gonadotropin releasing factor, gonadotropins, prolactin, and, hence, the function of the reproductive system in general. The impact of the hormone background of sex steroids in the system of these intricate relationships is analyzed. The author presents his own findings and published data on the time course of catecholamine levels in hypothalamic structures involved in the regulation of the pituitary gonadotropic function and analyzes correlations between changed levels of sex steroids and gonadotropins in the blood and the time course of changes of catecholamines and luteotropin releasing factor in the hypothalamus. Possible mechanisms of coordination of different neuromediators of adrenergic origin and amino neuromediators with different mechanisms of action during the regulation of normal function of the reproductive system are discussed. The author assesses the efficacy of treating disorders of the reproductive system caused by the CNS disorders by combinations of sex hormones and neurotropic agents.
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Gracia-Navarro, F., and P. Licht. "Subcellular localization of gonadotrophic hormones LH and FSH in frog adenohypophysis using double-staining immunocytochemistry." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1987): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.7.3108366.
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We applied double post-embedding immunocytochemical methods using specific antibodies against bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) with immunogold staining (5- and 20-nm particles) to determine the subcellular localization of both gonadotropins and to observe their immunostaining patterns in anterior pituitary of the frog Rana pipiens. Results showed that individual gonadotrophs may store either one or both gonadotropins in a given secretory granule and in large globules (lysosomes?). Most gonadotrophs (50-88%) contain both hormones; 12-50% contain only FSH, and only a few (0-7%) contain LH alone. Individual secretory granules, even in cells that contain both hormones, may contain only one or both gonadotropin molecules. Evaluation of the percentage of monohormonal and multihormonal secretory granules revealed that multihormonal secretory granules were the most numerous and that LH monohormonal secretory granules were the least numerous. These results indicate that cellular storage of gonadotropin in amphibian pituitary is similar to that described for mammals, where a single cell type containing both gonadotropins predominates. Variability in hormone content both of cells and of granules in all individuals is consistent with the hypothesis that frog pituitary possesses a single multipotential gonadotroph.
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Schwartz, Neena B. "The 1994 Stevenson Award Lecture. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone: a tale of two gonadotropins." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-087.
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Although most gonadotropes synthesize both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, the transcription, content, and secretion rates of the two gonadotropins can be separated. The signals external to the gonadotropic cells that appear to be important in the differential regulation are gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency (high pulse frequency favors luteinizing hormone), steroid feedback (works on both but induces a more powerful negative feedback on luteinizing hormone), and gonadal peptide feedback (activin increases follicle-stimulating hormone; inhibin and follistatin decrease it). We know very little about the pathways within the gonadotropes that favor one gonadotropin rather than another. It is expected that the cloning of the genes for both gonadotropins and the use of specific cell lines and transfections will lead to elucidation of these pathways.Key words: luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, inhibin, anterior pituitary, gonads.
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Veldhuis, Johannes D., Michael L. Johnson, Eugene Seneta, and Ali Iranmanesh. "Temporal coupling among luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, β-endorphin and cortisol pulse episodes in vivo." Acta Endocrinologica 126, no. 3 (March 1992): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1260193.
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We have applied explicit probability equations to assess possible non-random associations among four distinct hormone series consisting of episodic luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, β-endorphin, and/or cortisol pulses observed under physiological conditions in normal men. Closed-form likelihood functions permitted us to demonstrate significantly coordinated patterns of multiple hormone release. A specific quadruple co-pulsatility pattern was observed, in which the two gonadotropic hormones (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone) were co-secreted and coupled by a 10-20 min lag to the later release of β-endorphin. In turn, β-endorphin release episodes were followed within 0–30 min by cortisol bursts. Conditional probability analysis allowed us to reject with high statistical confidence the null hypothesis that this unique temporally specified pattern of quadruple hormone release was due to purely random associations among the four pulsatile series. We conclude that discrete hormone release episodes associated with four hormones within the gonadotropic and corticotropic axes in man exhibit significantly lagged non-random temporal coupling in vivo.
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Witorsch, R. J. "Use of Gonadotropic Hormones and Sex Steroids in Assessing Male Reproduction." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 5, no. 4 (July 1986): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818609140748.
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In this presentation we discuss how male reproductive hormones are influenced by various normal and abnormal situations. Puberty is characterized by a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and testosterone. Hormonal profiles in aging men and rats differ significantly, suggesting qualitatively different age-related changes in both species. Gonadal disorders in humans may exhibit similar symptoms (such as delayed or precocious virilization) but may be due to different defects within the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis and, hence, may exhibit different reproductive hormone profiles. Reproductive hormone measurements reveal that toxic agents, such as ketoconazole, alcohol, or opiates, can impair reproductive function at the gonad and/or the hypothalamo-pituitary level. Glucocorticoids released during stress have been shown to have a direct inhibitory effect on testosterone release from the testes, which may be of relevance to toxicology studies. Reproductive hormonal measurements have also revealed that LH levels in the blood fluctuate in a pronounced episodic fashion and that this pattern is due to the pulsatile delivery of GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland. Administration of GnRH in a pulsatile fashion to patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism restores gonadal function. Nonpulsatile GnRH delivery to the anterior pituitary suppresses LH and testosterone release, and, consequently, long-acting superanalogs of GnRH appear to be effective in the treatment of prostatic cancer and true precocious puberty. The examples presented in this article illustrate how hormonal measurements have increased our knowledge and understanding of male reproduction.
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Millar, RP, PJ Wormald, and RC Milton. "Stimulation of gonadotropin release by a non-GnRH peptide sequence of the GnRH precursor." Science 232, no. 4746 (April 4, 1986): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3082009.
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The human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) precursor comprises the GnRH sequence followed by an extension of 59 amino acids. Basic amino acid residues in the carboxyl terminal extension may represent sites of processing to biologically active peptides. A synthetic peptide comprising the first 13 amino acids (H X Asp-Ala-Glu-Asn-Leu-Ile-Asp-Ser-Phe-Gln-Glu-Ile-Val X OH) of the 59-amino acid peptide was found to stimulate the release of gonadotropic hormones from human and baboon anterior pituitary cells in culture. The peptide did not affect thyrotropin or prolactin secretion. A GnRH antagonist did not inhibit gonadotropin stimulation by the peptide, and the peptide did not compete with GnRH for GnRH pituitary receptors, indicating that the action of the peptide is independent of the GnRH receptor. The GnRH precursor contains two distinct peptide sequences capable of stimulating gonadotropin release from human and baboon pituitary cells.
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Acampora, D., S. Mazan, F. Tuorto, V. Avantaggiato, J. J. Tremblay, D. Lazzaro, A. di Carlo, et al. "Transient dwarfism and hypogonadism in mice lacking Otx1 reveal prepubescent stage-specific control of pituitary levels of GH, FSH and LH." Development 125, no. 7 (April 1, 1998): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.7.1229.
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Genetic and molecular approaches have enabled the identification of regulatory genes critically involved in determining cell types in the pituitary gland and/or in the hypothalamus. Here we report that Otx1, a homeobox-containing gene of the Otx gene family, is postnatally transcribed and translated in the pituitary gland. Cell culture experiments indicate that Otx1 may activate transcription of the growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (betaFSH), luteinizing hormone (betaLH) and alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) genes. Analysis of Otx1 null mice indicates that, at the prepubescent stage, they exhibit transient dwarfism and hypogonadism due to low levels of pituitary GH, FSH and LH hormones which, in turn, dramatically affect downstream molecular and organ targets. Nevertheless, Otx1−/− mice gradually recover from most of these abnormalities, showing normal levels of pituitary hormones with restored growth and gonadal function at 4 months of age. Expression patterns of related hypothalamic and pituitary cell type restricted genes, growth hormone releasing hormone (GRH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and their pituitary receptors (GRHR and GnRHR) suggest that, in Otx1−/− mice, hypothalamic and pituitary cells of the somatotropic and gonadotropic lineages appear unaltered and that the ability to synthesize GH, FSH and LH, rather than the number of cells producing these hormones, is affected. Our data indicate that Otx1 is a new pituitary transcription factor involved at the prepubescent stage in the control of GH, FSH and LH hormone levels and suggest that a complex regulatory mechanism might exist to control the physiological need for pituitary hormones at specific postnatal stages.
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Szpręgiel, Izabela, and Danuta Wronska. "The role of photoperiod and melatonin in the control of seasonal reproduction in mammals." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 16, no. 4, Accepted for print (December 30, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6071.
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<b>Melatonin secreted by pineal cells is a hormone whose biosynthesis is coordinated by neurons of the master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), characterized by the generation of a 24-hour rhythm. In many species of mammals, fluctuations in melatonin secretion affect reproductive functions, e.g. by regulating the frequency and amount of pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic and gonadotropic hormones. Seasonal breeding is a common adaptive strategy among mammals, allowing them to reproduce during the periods of the year that are most favourable for the later survival and growth of the offspring. This type of reproduction is characteristic of sheep, with winter reproductive activity, and hamsters, with summer reproductive activity. In these animals, melatonin synthesis is largely regulated by the photoperiod, which indirectly influences the period of reproductive activity or passivity. The aim of this study was to gather available knowledge on melatonin as a key element controlling seasonal reproduction. The paper presents the general shape of the circadian rhythm and the neuroendocrine mechanism regulating animal reproduction depending on the variable photoperiod. The collected results suggest that melatonin, kisspeptins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), sex hormones and thyroid hormones participate in the regulation of seasonal reproduction in mammals. </b>
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Kuczer, Mariola, Grzegorz Rosiński, and Danuta Konopińska. "Insect gonadotropic peptide hormones: some recent developments." Journal of Peptide Science 13, no. 1 (2006): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psc.792.
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Sealey, Jean E., Nicola Glorioso, Attilla Toth, Steven A. Atlas, and John H. Laragh. "Stimulation of plasma prorenin by gonadotropic hormones." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 153, no. 5 (November 1985): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(85)90495-8.
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Weltzien, Finn-Arne, Jon Hildahl, Kjetil Hodne, Kataaki Okubo, and Trude M. Haug. "Embryonic development of gonadotrope cells and gonadotropic hormones – Lessons from model fish." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 385, no. 1-2 (March 2014): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.016.
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Dhanasekaran, N., and N. R. Moudgal. "Gonadotropin regulation of rat ovarian lysosomes: Existence of a hormone specific dual control mechanism." Bioscience Reports 8, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01115045.
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Gonadotropic hormones PMSG (15 IU/rat), FSH (3 μg/rat), LH (9 μg/rat) and hCG (3 μg/rat) were shown to decrease the free cytosolic lysosomal enzymes during the acute phase of hormone action in rat ovaries. When isolated cells from such rats were analyzed for the cathepsin-D activity, the granulosa cells of the ovary showed a reduction in the free as well as in the total lysosomal enzyme activities in response to FSH/PMSG; the stromal and thecal compartment of the ovary showed a reduction only in the free activity in response to hCG/PMSG. The results suggest the presence of two distinct, target cell specific, mechanisms by which the lysosmal activity of the ovary is regulated by gonadotropins.
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Kaminskiy, A. V., O. O. Chayka, and N. V. Yesyp. "Current view оn protocols of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in women of reproductive age with different ovarian reserve." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 9-10(155-156) (December 30, 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2020.155-156.11.
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Reproductology is one of the most dynamically developing branches of modern medical science. It becomes especially important in the context of changes of recent years in society, the main of which is the postponement of childbirth compared to previous generations. In addition, such an important and multifactorial problem as infertility encourages scientists to find different ways to overcome it, taking into account the number of etiological factors and different initial reproductive potential of each member of the couple. In vitro fertilization (IVF) can comprehensively solve the problem, as the procedure involves the reconstruction of the process of fertilization under the supervision of the specialist, «bypassing» the critical points that are often affected by pathological processes in male or female organism. One of the main parameters that determines the prospects of using of these assisted reproductive technologies and, in fact, the strategy of IVF cycles, is ovarian reserve, which characterizes the functional ability of the ovary to generate a follicle independently / in response to exogenous influences. In recent decades, many methods have been proposed to assess it and to predict the so-called poor, «bad» ovarian response to stimulation. It goes in accordance with the fact that for patients with reduced ovarian reserve, it is advisable to use adapted schemes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), which takes into account the main pathophysiological properties of folliculogenesis in this category of women. Numerous studies show different data on the effectiveness of gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins, HT) of different origin in women with different ovarian reserve. This article highlights modern ideas about controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using gonadotropic hormones of various origins, demonstrates the main clinical aspects of implementation of available markers of reduced ovarian reserve, analyzes data on the effectiveness of administration of gonadotropin of different origin in patients with different ovarian reserve and possible measures to increase the efficiency of IVF cycles in patients with reduced ovarian reserve. Keywords: in vitro fertilization, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, ovarian reserve, gonadotropins.
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Suszynska, Malwina, Pranesh Gunjal, Agata Poniewierska-Baran, Sylwia Borkowska, Kasia Mierzejewska, Gabriela Schneider, Janina Ratajczak, Magdalena Kucia, and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak. "Novel Evidence That Murine and Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Express Functional Gonadotropic Hormone Receptors, Demonstrating the Involvement of the Pituitary gonadotropin–bone Marrow Axis in Hematopoiesis." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1588.1588.
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Abstract Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play an important role in bone marrow (BM) by providing a supportive microenvironment for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). MSCs are also employed in organ regeneration as a rich source of several paracrine signals that inhibit apoptosis and promote angiogenesis in damaged tissues. As reported in the literature, several mediators, including a growth factor (HGF), a chemokine (SDF-1), bioactive lipids (S1P, C1P), and extracellular nucleotides (ATP, UTP), affect MSC biology and migration. In parallel, evidence has accumulated that the most primitive mesodermal precursors of MSCs (small BM-residing and peripheral blood (PB)-circulating Sca-1+Lin–CD45– cells in mice and CD133+Lin–CD45– cells in humans) express certain embryonic stem cell markers, such as the transcription factor Oct-4 and the SSEA-1/4 antigens (Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23:689-701), and also express several genes characteristic of migrating primordial germ cells (Leukemia 2010; 24:1450–1461). Hypothesis: Pursuing observations that most primitive human and murine precursors of MSCs express several germline markers, we became interested in whether murine and human MSCs also express gonadotropic hormone receptors, such as receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL), and whether these receptors are functional. Materials and Methods: Murine and human MSCs were expanded from a population of adherent murine BM or human umbilical cord blood cells, and cells with low passage numbers were employed for analysis. The expression of gonadotropic receptors (FSH-R, LH-R, and PRL-R) was evaluated by RT-PCR, and the functionality of these receptors was tested in assays for proliferation, chemotaxis, adhesion, and phosphorylation of MAPKp42/44 and AKT. In addition, we also evaluated the expression of gonadotropin receptors by purified murine SKL cells and human CD34+ cells. Results. We report here for the first time that both human and murine MSCs and HSPCs express functional gonadotropin receptors. We found that FSH strongly enhanced proliferation of MSCs in vitro as well as expanded the number of these cells in murine BM after prolonged administration in vivo. We found that all these hormones stimulated chemotaxis and adhesion of murine and human MSCs. These functional responses were correlated with phosphorylation of MAPKp42/44 and AKT. At the same time, we observed that pituitary gonadotropin receptors are expressed by murine and human HSPCs and that these hormones stimulate proliferation and expansion of these cells in vivo in BM as well as in clonogeneic assays in vitro if added along with suboptimal doses of colony-stimulating growth factors. Of note, we did not observe significant differences in the effects of FSH, LH, and PRL between male and female cells. Conclusions. We provide for the first time evidence for the existence of a functional pituitary gonadotropin–hematopoiesis signaling axis, which has important implications for hematopoiesis in young individuals, and we will present gene-array data on changes in gene expression in MSCs after stimulation with gonadotropins. Moreover, since the levels of FSH and LH increase in response to a decrease in gonadal function with advanced age, elevated levels of FSH and LH may affect hematopoiesis and may be factors contributing to the development of leukemia. The stimulatory effect of pituitary gonadotropins on MSCs and HSPCs could also be exploited in the clinic in selected cases as a means to enhance hematopoiesis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Koryakin, M. V., A. S. Akopyan, and V. I. Vasiliev. "On the correlation of androgens of the testes and adrenal glands with hypogonadism." Problems of Endocrinology 44, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl199844127-30.
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Examinations of 14 healthy males, including measurements of the main adrenal and testicular androgens and their precursors, estradiol, and pituitary gonadotropic hormones in the peripheral blood, revealed that the levels of the main adrenal and testicular androgens do not correlate. Assessment of the hormonal status of 24 patients with hypogonadism showed that a deficit in the production of testicular androgens is not compensated for by hyperproduction of adrenal androgens. Testosterone production in patients with acquired anorchism, who were never administered substitute androgen therapy, is about 1/12 of this hormone’s production in health. Hence, the secretion of testicular and adrenal androgens is regulated by different mechanisms.
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Hollander-Cohen, Lian, Matan Golan, and Berta Levavi-Sivan. "Transcriptome of Distinct LH and FSH Cells Reveals Different Regulation Unique to Each Cell Type." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1136.
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Abstract From mammals to fish, gametogenesis and sexual maturation are driven by LH and FSH, the two gonadotropic hormones temporally secreted from the pituitary. Teleost fish are an excellent model for addressing the unique regulation and function of each gonadotropin hormone since, unlike mammals; they synthesize and secrete LH and FSH from distinct cells. By performing cell specific transcriptome analysis of double-labelled transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) expressing GFP and RFP in LH or FSH cells, respectively, we identified genes specifically enriched in each cell type. Though GnRH is considered the main neuropeptide regulating LH and FSH, we found that each LH and FSH cell express unique GPCR signature that reveals the direct regulation of additional metabolic and homeostatic hormones (like cholecystokinin, somatostatin and glutamate). Moreover, some of those GPCRs were conserved also in gonadotrophs of mammals (like PACAP receptor, Adropin receptor and GABBA receptor). Next, we had exploited the unique behavior of Nile tilapia where a behavioral hierarchy is created between males, to compare the gene expression in the pituitary and brain of dominant (reproducing) males to a subordinate (non-reproducing) males. By combining the two transcriptome sets we had identified novel players in the hypothalamic regulation of the HPG axis, and revealed how brain aromatase (cyp19a1b), that is enriched specifically in LH cells, is the key factor in regulating the activity of LH and FSH cells in dominant reproducing fish. Thereby, unraveling novel mechanisms in the differential regulation of LH and FSH. The research was funded by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) no. 1540/17.
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Ismail, Ahmed, Katarzyna Anna Mierzejewska, Anna Janowska-Wieczorek, A. Robert Turner, Mariusz Z. Ratajczak, and Magdalena Kucia. "Novel Evidence That Pituitary Gonadotropins Directly Stimulate Human Leukemic cells—studies on Myeloid Cell Lines and Primary Patient AML and CML Cells." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.2204.2204.
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Abstract Background . It has been postulated that hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) can become specified from a population of migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated from embryos. In support of this intriguing possibility, HSPCs and PGCs are both highly migratory populations of stem cells, and evidence has accumulated for the sharing of several mutated genes (e.g., Sall4) as well as chromosomal aberrations between germline tumors and leukemias or lymphomas, which suggests their common clonal origin. In fact, we recently observed that normal murine HSPCs express several functional receptors for pituitary gonadal hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL), in addition to gonadal hormones including estrogens, androgen, and progesterone. Of note, the plasma levels of FSH and LH are elevated in older patients, which correlate with an increase in the incidence of myeloid leukemia. Hypothesis . Based on this, we have hypothesized that gonadotropic hormones play a yet underappreciated role in human malignant hematopoiesis. Materials and Methods . To address this issue, we performed a complex series of experiments employing human myeloid hematopoietic cell lines (KG-1a, K-562, U937, THP-1, HEL) and primary patient cells (AML, CML) to address the influence of pituitary sex hormones (FSH, LH, PRL) as well as gonadal sex hormones (androgen, estrogen, progesterone) on proliferation, migration, and adhesion of malignant cells. In addition, expression of the corresponding receptors was evaluated at the mRNA level by PCR, and their functionality was confirmed by signaling studies based on phosphorylation of major signal transduction pathways (AKT, MAPKp42/44, STAT). Results. We demonstrate for the first time that human myeloid leukemia cell lines express all pituitary gonadotropin and several gonadal hormone receptors and that FSH and LH receptors are functional on these cells, as evaluated by chemotaxis and adhesion assays. Moreover, FSH and LH receptors were expressed and functional on patient leukemic blasts in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). Human leukemic cells from cell lines and primary patient-derived cells also expressed some other gonadal hormone receptors (PRL-R, estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors), albeit at lower levels. Moreover, we observed that several human myeloid cell lines as well as primary patient leukemic cells responded to sex hormones by proliferation. Conclusions . Our data are the first to indicate that pituitary-secreted gonadotropins stimulate migration, adhesion, and proliferation of leukemic cells. This latter effect seems to be direct, as the receptors for these hormones respond to stimulation by phosphorylation of intracellular pathways involved in cell proliferation. Established human myeloid leukemia cell lines and primary patient blasts also responded to stimulation by gonadal sex hormones. Finally, our studies provide further evidence supporting a developmental link between hematopoiesis and the germline. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Kemp, Tage, Kaj Pedersen-Bjergaard, and G. Bollerup Madsen. "EFFECT OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES IN THE MALE ORGANISM." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 20, no. 4 (August 14, 2009): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1943.tb05022.x.
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Molik, E., M. Błasiak, T. Misztal, K. Romanowicz, and D. A. Zięba. "Profile of gonadotropic hormone secretion in sheep with disturbed rhythm of seasonality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 62, No. 6 (May 29, 2017): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2016-cjas.
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The effect of artificial conditions of a short daylight period (16 h darkness (D): 8 h light (L)) and exogenous melatonin on milk yield parameters of sheep during spring and summer was examined to determine the impact of using sheep for milk on the secretion level of gonadotrophic hormones. The research was conducted on 60 sheep lambed in February. After raising the lambs, the sheep were divided into 3 groups and assigned for dairy use (May–September). The mothers in the control Group 1 (G1) were maintained under natural daylight conditions. The sheep in Group 2 (G2) were maintained under conditions of an artificial photoperiod (16 h D : 8 h L). Meanwhile, the mothers in Group 3 (G3) were given melatonin implants. A 6-hour collection of blood from 6 sheep of each group was performed every 4 weeks. The concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in plasma were measured using radioimmunoassay. The average LH concentration in G1 gradually increased since May (5.32 ± 0.2 ng/ml), reaching the highest value in August (6.70 ± 0.2 ng/ml). In G2, the increase in LH occurred 4 weeks after the introduction of the 16 h D : 8 h L condition (6.26 ± 0.2 ng/ml). The maximum LH concentration in G3 was noted in August (7.31 ± 0.2 ng/ml). The average FSH concentration in G1 gradually increased since May (6.59 ± 0.2 ng/ml), reaching the highest value in August (10.50 ± 2.6 ng/ml). In G2, there was a significant increase in the FSH concentration in June (9.00 ± 0.3 ng/ml). In the final period during lactation, the FSH concentrations in G2 (13.51 ± 1.3 ng/ml) and G3 (13.60 ± 1.9 ng/ml) were higher than in G1. The results indicate that using sheep for milk does not inhibit the secretion of gonadotropic hormones induced by the simulation of short daylight conditions and exogenous melatonin.
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Goncharov, N. P. "V. N. Babichev. Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Reproductive System." Problems of Endocrinology 42, no. 4 (August 15, 1996): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12078.
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The problems raised by V. N. Babichev in this monograph on deciphering the central mechanisms of regulation of the pituitary gonadotropic function occupy one of the main places among other issues of neuroendocrinology. To study the sequence of events in neuroendocrine processes that contribute to the preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone is a very complicated but necessary task. In the last decade, neuroendocrinologists are no longer satisfied with a fairly well-studied system of the relationship between gonadaliberin - gonadotropins and sex steroids. The essential role of monoamines of central origin in the regulation of the synthesis and secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which show their function through luliberins, is shown. Experimenters and clinicians now have rich material that deepens and significantly changes our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of the reproductive system. These literature data in combination with prof. V.N. Babicheva demanded their generalization, which was perfectly done in the peer-reviewed monograph. A comprehensive approach to the study of the entire reproductive function control system, carried out in the laboratory of physiology of the endocrine system of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, starting from the period of early ontogenesis, made it possible to specify the role of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the regulation of the pituitary gonadotropic function, to determine the point of their application in the hypothalamus , the direction of the response from gonadotropins depending on the level of sex hormones in the blood. The starting role of norepinephrine in the mechanism of ovulatory release of gonadotropins has been established, while the main point of its application is the preoptic region. The main point of application of dopamine is the area of the mediobasal hypothalamus, or rather, the arcuate core.
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Degani, Gad. "Brain Control Reproduction by the Endocrine System of Female Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus)." Biology 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9050109.
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Blue gourami belongs to the Labyrinithici fish and the Anabantiform order. It is characterized by a specific organ located above its gills for the respiration of atmospheric oxygen. This specific adaptation to low oxygen levels affects reproduction that is controlled by the brain, which integrates different effects on reproduction mainly through two axes—the gonadotropic brain pituitary gonad axis (BPG) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis (HPS axis), including the interactions between them. This brain control reproduction of the Anabantoidei suborder summarizes information that has been published on the hormones involved in controlling the reproduction system of a model female blue gourami fish (Trichogaster trichopterus), including unpublished data. In the whole-brain transcriptome of blue gourami, 17 transcription genes change during vitellogenesis in the brain. The hormones involved in reproduction in blue gourami described in the present paper include: Kisspeptin 2 (Kiss 2) and its receptors 1 and 2 (KissR 1 and 2); gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1, 2 and 3 (GnRH1, 2 and 3); GnRH receptor; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its related peptide (PRP); somatolactin (SL); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); growth hormone (GH); prolactin (PRL), 17β-estradiol (E2); testosterone (T); vitellogenesis (VTL); and 17α,20β- dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P). A proposed quality model is presented regarding the brain control oogenesis in blue gourami that has a Labyrinth organ about which relatively little information has been published. This paper summarizes the complex various factors involved in the interactions between external and internal elements affecting the brain of fish reproduction in the Anabantiform order. It is suggested to study in the future the involvement of receptors of hormones, pheromones, and genome changes in various organs belonging to the reproduction system during the reproduction cycles about which little is known.
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Hamburger, Chr, Fridtjof Bang, and Jens Nielsen. "STUDIES ON GONADOTROPIC HORMONES IN CASES OF TESTICULAR TUMORS." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 13, no. 1 (February 4, 2010): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.1936.tb05558.x.
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Shpakov, A. O. "Functional state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in diabetes mellitus." Problems of Endocrinology 56, no. 5 (October 15, 2010): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201056523-29.
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Diabetic patients present with a wide variety of reproductive disorders supposed to be underlain by changes in the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) and sensitivity of the reproductive system tissues to the regulatory hormonal action. The objective of the present review is to analyse the literature data and the results of original studies pertinent to the biosynthesis and secretion of hypothalamic LH releasing factor, pituitary gonadotropic hormones, steroid hormones, and susceptibility of their target tissues in patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. It is concluded that the improvement of control over blood glucose levels constitutes a most efficacious approach to the correction and normalization of reproductive function in diabetic patients.
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Pronin, A. V., A. P. Kirjushchenkov, G. A. Melnichenko, I. D. Hohlova, E. V. Fedorova, V. S. Pronin, and E. P. Gitel. "Reproductive system of women with acromegaly." Bulletin of Reproductive Health, no. 1 (March 17, 2011): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/brh2011132-39.
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192 patients with acromegaly were examined. Their reproductive disorders were found to be a result of the suppressed synthesis of gonadotropin hormones due to the tumor compression of the adenohypophysis, due to blocking effect of hyperprolactinemia on the gonadotropic function or as a result of the direct impact of insulin-like growth factor-I stimulating hyperplastic processes in target organs, such as ovaries, the glandular epithelium of the breast and myometrium. The structure of reproductive disorders in patients with acromegaly includes menstrual disturbances, infertility, early menopause and hyperplastic processes. Close management of the reproductive system, early detection of neoplasia and correction of the existing disorders are highly required during therapy for acromegaly.
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Sanford, Lee M., and Bernard Robaire. "Interaction of season and estradiol in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the adult ram." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-024.
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The effects of season and estradiol on the secretion of gonadotropic hormones in adult Dorset × Leicester × Suffolk rams were studied. Control groups of intact and castrate rams, and castrate rams given estradiol replacement (~ 11.5 pg/mL) via polydimethylsiloxane capsules (sc) were assessed for 1 year, beginning in August. Mean concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL) were determined every 2 weeks for all three groups of rams and measurements of testosterone concentration and scrotal circumference were taken on the intact rams. Pulsatile LH release and the LH response to a 2-μg dose (iv) of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were assessed for all rams when the testes of intact rams were redeveloped (late October), regressed (early February, late April), and redeveloping (early August). Season directly affected LH-pulse amplitude, which increased only in the control castrate rams between February and April. In October, LH-pulse frequency was the same in both groups of castrate rams, while in April, frequency in the estradiol-treated castrate rams was suppressed to intact ram values. Pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH did not change throughout the year in either of the castrate groups, but along with LH-pulse amplitude, it was increased in August in the intact rams. Although FSH secretion was 14-fold higher in the control castrate rams than in the intact rams, seasonal-directional changes in mean concentration were similar. FSH concentration in the estradiol-treated castrate rams was stable throughout the year. PRL secretion never differed between the control castrate and intact rams but was enhanced in the estradiol-treated castrate rams, particularly during long days.Key words: season, estradiol, gonadotropins, adult ram.
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Hollander-Cohen, Lian, Matan Golan, and Berta Levavi-Sivan. "Differential Regulation of Gonadotropins as Revealed by Transcriptomes of Distinct LH and FSH Cells of Fish Pituitary." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 6478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126478.
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From mammals to fish, reproduction is driven by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) temporally secreted from the pituitary gland. Teleost fish are an excellent model for addressing the unique regulation and function of each gonadotropin cell since, unlike mammals, they synthesize and secrete LH and FSH from distinct cells. Only very distant vertebrate classes (such as fish and birds) demonstrate the mono-hormonal strategy, suggesting a potential convergent evolution. Cell-specific transcriptome analysis of double-labeled transgenic tilapia expressing GFP and RFP in LH or FSH cells, respectively, yielded genes specifically enriched in each cell type, revealing differences in hormone regulation, receptor expression, cell signaling, and electrical properties. Each cell type expresses a unique GPCR signature that reveals the direct regulation of metabolic and homeostatic hormones. Comparing these novel transcriptomes to that of rat gonadotrophs revealed conserved genes that might specifically contribute to each gonadotropin activity in mammals, suggesting conserved mechanisms controlling the differential regulation of gonadotropins in vertebrates.
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Zhuk, S. I., and O. A. Nochvina. "Prevention and correction of dyshormonal disorders of the reproductive system in modern conditions of chronic stress." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 8(154) (October 30, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2020.154.17.
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The objective: to determine the optimal prophylactic and therapeutic drug to support and restore the biphasic menstrual cycle against the background of the influence of chronic stress. Materials and methods. A comparative study of the effectiveness of the use of preparations of dry extract of common rod (Vitex Agnus castus ) BNO 1095 and various vitamin complexes with a sedative effect, which contain vitamins of group B, magnesium, folic acid, herbal preparations of valerian, pasiflora, was carried out. The hormonal profile and psychoemotional state in women with dyshormonal disorders in modern conditions were studied. Results. The clinical efficacy and feasibility of using the drug Vitex Agnus castus in women with dyshormonal disorders in conditions of psychoemotional disadaptation due to the harmonizing effect on the concentration of female sex hormones, normalizing the ratio of gonadotropic hormones, eliminating the estradiol / progesterone imbalance against the background of a decrease in prolactin level has been proven. Conclusion. The presented results of the study prove the effectiveness of the use of the phytopreparation Vitex Agnus castus in women with dyshormonal disorders under conditions of chronic stress due to its dopaminergic effect on psychoemotional status as a result of elimination of latent stress-induced hyperprolactinemia, comparable to the effect of synthetic inhibitors of prolactin secretion. In addition, the drug Vitex Agnus castus can be prescribed to prevent the occurrence of phase inconsistency in the secretion of gonadotropic hormones due to the activation of stress-limiting systems and local neuroendocrine modulators, which helps to reduce stress stress. Keywords: dyshormonal disorders, chronic stress, maladjustment.
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Schirman-Hildesheim, Tamar D., Eran Gershon, Naomi Litichever, Dalia Galiani, Nurit Ben-Aroya, Nava Dekel, and Yitzhak Koch. "Local production of the gonadotropic hormones in the rat ovary." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 282, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2007.11.014.
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Yarney, T. A., and L. M. Sanford. "Pubertal changes in the secretion of gonadotropic hormones, testicular gonadotropic receptors and testicular function in the ram." Domestic Animal Endocrinology 6, no. 3 (July 1989): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(89)90016-7.
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Mita, Masatoshi, Shin Matsubara, Tomohiro Osugi, Akira Shiraishi, Azumi Wada, and Honoo Satake. "A novel G protein-coupled receptor for starfish gonadotropic hormone, relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): e0242877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242877.
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Gonadotropic hormones play important regulatory roles in reproduction. Relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide (RGP) is a gonadotropin-like hormone in starfish. However, a receptor for RGP remains to be identified. Here, we describe the identification of an authentic receptor for RGP (RGPR) in the starfish, Patiria pectinifera. A binding assay using radioiodinated P. pectinifera RGP (PpeRGP) revealed that RGPR was expressed in ovarian follicle cells. A RGPR candidate was identified by homology-searching of transcriptome data of P. pectinifera follicle cells. Based on the contig sequences, a putative 947-amino acid PpeRGPR was cloned from follicle cells. Like the vertebrate relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFP 1 and 2), PpeRGPR was a G protein-coupled receptor that harbored a low-density lipoprotein-receptor class A motif and leucine-rich repeat sequences in the extracellular domain of the N-terminal region. Sf9 cells transfected with Gαq16-fused PpeRGPR activated calcium ion mobilization in response to PpeRGP, but not to RGP of another starfish Asterias amurensis, in a dose-dependent fashion. These results confirmed the species-specific reactivity of RGP and the cognate receptor. Thus, the present study provides evidence that PpeRGPR is a specific receptor for PpeRGP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of a receptor for echinoderm RGP.
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Menzhinskaya, I. V., A. G. Melkumyan, S. V. Pavlovich, V. D. Chuprynin, L. V. Vanko, and G. T. Sukhikh. "Autoimmune markers for non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis in women." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 66, no. 2 (2020): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20206602162.
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Endometriosis is a common estrogen-dependent chronic disease in women of reproductive age; it is associated with dysregulation of the immune response, local inflammation, and increased formation of autoantibodies. The aim of the study was to investigate the profile of autoantibodies in women with endometriosis and to evaluate their diagnostic value using new modifications of enzyme immunoassay. In women with endometriosis of stage III-IV (n=39), a wide spectrum of autoantibodies was detected, mainly of class G, including antibodies to endometrial antigens (tropomyosin 3, tropomodulin 3), the enzyme α-enolase, steroid (estradiol, progesterone) and gonadotropic hormones. At the same time, the frequency of detection of IgG antibodies to tropomyosin 3, α-enolase, estradiol and human chorionic gonadotropin and their levels in patients with endometriosis were higher than in healthy women (n=26) (p
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Aliabadi, Elham, Zohreh Makoolati, Tahereh Talaei-Khozani, Fakhreddin Mesbah Ardekani, and Arvin Aliabadi. "Histochemical Study of the Rat Uterine Glycoconjugate Alteration following Treatment with Exogenous Gonadotropic Hormones during the Implantation Period." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 4, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3967427.
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One of the female causes of infertility is anovulation which is treatable with gonadotropin hormones. These hormones affect the molecular organization of the uterus such as glycoconjugates that are the first site of contact between the blastocyst and the uterus. The objective of this project was to study the alteration of glycoconjugates on the uterine apical, Golgi zone, and basement membrane of epithelial cells and the uterine gland after hyperstimulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (4, 8, 16, 24, and 40 IU), during the implantation period. Injection of PMSG (in experimental groups) and injection of distilled water (in the control group) were followed by HCG administration (10 IU), mating, isolation of positive vaginal plug rats, and killing at 5.5 days of pregnancy. Histochemistry was done on the pregnant uterine horns with the use of WGA, DBA, PNA, ConA, SBA, and UEA lectins. The intensity of the immunohistochemical staining was scored, and quantitative data were generated. 4 IU did not show any significant differences with the control, 8 IU had less effect on the alteration of the Golgi zone, and apical and basement membrane glycoconjugates and 40 IU had the least effects on the alteration of uterine gland glycoconjugates. Also, 24 IU had the most effect on the alteration of uterine glycoconjugates. Understanding of the effects of gonadotropin hormones at the uterine level in implantation time helps to optimize hormonal manipulation for improving the outcome of assisted reproductive procedures. It seems that the optimal dose for superovulation and less alteration in uterine glycoconjugates of rats at implantation time were induced by the administration of 8 IU PMSG.
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Pfennig, Frank, Thomas Kurth, Stefan Meißner, Andrea Standke, Markus Hoppe, Freia Zieschang, Christine Reitmayer, Andy Göbel, Georg Kretzschmar, and Herwig O. Gutzeit. "The social status of the male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) influences testis structure and gene expression." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0292.
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Dominant and territorial behaviour are known social phenomena in cichlids and social stress influences reproduction and growth. The gonadotropic hormones trigger spermatogenesis and subordinate males have typically lower levels of gonadotropins than dominant males. In this study, we compared testis morphology and gene expression of dominant and subordinate Nile tilapia males (d- and s-males) in socially stable communities. The d-males had the highest gonadosomatic index but they were not the largest animals in the majority of studied cases. Long-term d-males showed large groups of Leydig cells and hyperplasia of the tunica albuginea due to numerous cytochrome-P450-11β-hydroxylase (Cyp11b) expressing myoid cells. Increased Cyp11b expression in d-males was reflected by elevated 11-ketotestosterone plasma values. However, immunofluorescence microscopy and expression analysis of selected genes revealed that most s-males conserved their capability for spermatogenesis and are, therefore, ready for reproduction when the social environment changes. Moreover, in s-males gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR showed increased transcript levels for germ line-specific genes (vasa,sox2anddmc1) and Sertoli-specific genes (amh,amhrIIanddmrt1) whereas gene expression of key factors for steroid production (sf1andcyp11b) were reduced. The Nile tilapia is a promising model to study social cues and gonadotropic signals on testis development in vertebrates.
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Skorodok, Yu L., I. Yu Ioffe, I. I. Nagornaya, and I. L. Nikitina. "The use of recombinant FSH in combination therapy in a young male with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism." Medical Council, no. 17 (October 22, 2018): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-260-264.
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Currently, testosterone drugs are used to treat hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which allow men to get a good height and reach a stage of sexual development corresponding to their age. In this case, the testicular volume remains of pre-pubertal size, and the spermatogenic epithelium fails to reach its mature stage under such conditions. The study was aimed at initiating puberty in a 17-year-old male with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism using gonadotropic hormone drugs. The patient received foliotropinalpha injections in combination with chorionic gonadotropin for 9 months. The treatment efficacy was evaluated after 3, 6, 9 months of therapy by measuring the testicle volume (using Prader orchidometer and ultrasound) and the sex hormones and inhibin B serum levels. During the treatment period, the testicle volume increased from 1.5 to 8 ml based on clinical measurements, and from 1.38 and 1.14 to 5.8 and 5.87 ml (right and left, respectively) based on ultrasound imaging. The level of testosterone reached normal values, inhibin B also increased. The use of recombinant FSH for nine months in the combination therapy of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a 17-year-old male contributed to the initiation of a true puberty.
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Schallig, H. D. F. H., M. J. M. Sassen, P. L. Hordijk, and M. De Jong-Brink. "Trichobilharzia ocellata: influence of infection on the fecundity of its intermediate snail host Lymnaea stagnalis and cercarial induction of the release of schistosomin, a snail neuropeptide antagonizing female gonadotropic hormones." Parasitology 102, no. 1 (February 1991): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000060376.
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SUMMARYSubadult and adult specimens of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were infected with the schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata. Egg production and growth of the snails were monitored over an 8-week period post-infection (p.i.). Snail haemolymph was collected and analysed for the presence of schistosomin, a neuropeptide which antagonizes the action of the snails' female gonadotropic hormones. Snails infected as subadults showed an increase in fecundity during the first 4 weeks p.i. compared with non-infected controls. The possibility is discussed that this increase is caused by an accelerated maturation of the female sex organs due to elevated levels of Dorsal Body Hormone, a female gonadotropic hormone. No difference in fecundity was found between snails infected as adults and control snails during the first 4 weeks p.i. Snails infected as subadults and as adults showed a decrease in fecundity from week 5 p.i. and onwards. This decrease coincided with the appearance of schistosomin in the haemolymph of the snails and with that of differentiating cercariae in the daughter sporocysts. Cercariae are probably involved in the induction of schistosomin release from the snails' CNS into the haemolymph. Snails infected as subadults or as adults grew at approximately the same rate as uninfected snails.
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Zubkova, N. A., A. A. Kolodkina, N. A. Makretskaya, P. L. Okorokov, T. V. Pogoda, E. V. Vasiliev, V. M. Petrov, and A. N. Tiulpakov. "Clinical and molecular genetic features of 3 family cases of the central precocious puberty, due to MKRN3 gene defects." Problems of Endocrinology 67, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12745.
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Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty (central) is a condition resulting from the early (up to 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys) reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. An increase in the secretion of sex steroids by the gonads in this form is a consequence of the stimulation of the sex glands by gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland. In the absence of central nervous system abnormalities, CPP is classified as idiopathic and as familial in some cases, emphasizing the genetic origin of this disorder. Loss-of-function mutations in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3) are the most common identified genetic cause of central precocious puberty compared to sporadic cases. In the present study we performed the first descrition of 3 family cases of central precocious puberty duo to novel MKRN3 gene mutation detected by NGS in the Russian Federation.
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Boniface, J., and L. Reichert. "Evidence for a novel thioredoxin-like catalytic property of gonadotropic hormones." Science 247, no. 4938 (January 5, 1990): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2104678.
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Tortonese, Domingo J., Susan J. Gregory, Rebecca C. Eagle, Carolyne L. Sneddon, Claire L. Young, and Julie Townsend. "The equine hypophysis: a gland for all seasons." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01066.
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The intrahypophysial mechanisms involved in the control of gonadotrophin secretion remain unclear. In the horse, a divergent pattern of gonadotrophins is observed at different stages of the reproductive cycle in response to a single secretagogue (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone), and dramatic changes in fertility take place throughout the year in response to photoperiod. This species thus provides a useful model to investigate the regulation of fertility directly at the level of the hypophysis. A series of studies were undertaken to examine the cytological arrangements and heterogeneity of gonadotrophin storage in the pars distalis (PD) and pars tuberalis (PT) of the hypophysis of male and female horses. Specifically, the seasonal and gonadal effects on distribution, density and hormonal identity of gonadotrophs, the existence of gonadotroph–lactotroph associations and the expression of prolactin receptors (PRL-R) as possible morphological bases for the differential control of gonadotrophin secretion were investigated. It became apparent that both isolated and clustered gonadotrophs are normally distributed around the pars intermedia and surrounding capillaries in the PD, and in the caudal ventral region of the PT. In the PD, no effects of season or of reproductive state on the density or number of gonadotrophs could be detected in either male or female animals. In contrast, a fivefold increase in gonadotroph density was observed in the PT during the sexually active stage. In males, robust gonadal effects were detected on the gonadotroph population; orchidectomy significantly reduced both the number and proportion of gonadotrophs, in relation to other hypophysial cell types, in both the PD and PT regions. Luteinizing hormone (LH) monohormonal, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) monohormonal and bihormonal gonadotrophs were identified in the PD and PT of male and female horses. Interestingly, in males, the relative proportions of gonadotroph subtypes and the LH/FSH monohormonal gonadotroph ratio were not affected by either season or the presence of the gonads. In contrast, a larger proportion of monohormonal gonadotrophs was clearly observed in sexually active females. Specific gonadotroph–lactotroph associations and expression of PRL-R in cells other than gonadotrophs were detected in the PD throughout the annual reproductive cycle. In addition to a stimulatory gonadal effect on lactotroph density, a substantial gonadal-independent effect of season was apparent on this variable. The findings have revealed important seasonal and gonadal effects on the cytological configuration of the equine hypophysis, which may provide the morphological basis for the intrahypophysial control of fertility.
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Kruze, Polina A., Ekaterina V. Verenikina, Vera P. Nikitina, Anna A. Cherkasova, Olga G. Selezneva, Yuriy A. Poryvaev, Natalia V. Chernikova, et al. "Post-treatment clinical status of patients with cervical cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e17007-e17007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e17007.
Full textAbstract:
e17007 Background: Extended hysterectomy with fixation of preserved ovaries to the round ligaments of the uterus and subsequent transposition of the gonads from the irradiation area have already become a routine procedure in the treatment of cervical cancer in young women in order to avoid castration syndrome. The aim of the study was to analyze clinical characteristics of patients with cervical cancer 10 years after treatment. Methods: Clinical and hormonal status of 216 patients with stage Ib cervical cancer after complex treatment was studied. The majority of women (160 patients, 74%) remained fertile at the time of the study, and 56 patients (26%) were peri- and postmenopausal (from 46-55 years). The presence or absence of climacteric symptoms was assessed by a questionnaire; functional ovarian insufficiency (FNU) was determined as mild, moderate, and severe. Plasma levels of steroid and gonadotropic hormones were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Results: Analysis of menopausal complaints according to questionnaires showed that the symptoms increased with the age of patients. Only 8 patients of the reproductive age reported hot flashes (Table 1). In this group of patients, levels of sex and gonadotropic hormones were common for this age. Patients aged 45-50 years reported also dry skin and mucous membranes, dyspareunia and dysuric disorders, which indicated perimenopause. And in postmenopause, urogenital disorders were very persistent. This group included patients treated 6 and 10 years ago. Conclusions: Thus, the function of preserved ovaries "faded away" independently according to the age, providing a smooth transition to menopause and optimal medical and social rehabilitation of patients.[Table: see text]
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Babichev, V. N., and T. V. Yeltseva. "Vitamins and their role in the reproductive system functioning." Problems of Endocrinology 39, no. 2 (April 15, 1993): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11978.
Full textAbstract:
The need to analyze literature data on the role of vitamins in the normal functioning of the reproductive system logically follows from the general formulation of the question of the mechanisms of its central regulation. Vitamins, like hormones, are highly active compounds involved in the work of all the links in the regulation of the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland at the level of both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. A vitamin such as D3 with its generalized effect can be considered as an analogue of hormones involved in the implementation of hormonal effects at all levels. Clinical endocrinologists are also very interested in other fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A and E. Based on the foregoing, the authors attempted to describe existing concepts regarding the role of vitamins in the normal functioning of the reproductive system, their mechanisms of action, and the importance of using them for therapeutic purposes.
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Kereilwe, Onalenna, and Hiroya Kadokawa. "Bovine gonadotrophs express anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH): comparison of AMH mRNA and protein expression levels between old Holsteins and young and old Japanese Black females." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 4 (2019): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18341.
Full textAbstract:
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted from ovaries and stimulates gonadotrophin secretion from bovine gonadotroph cells. Other important hormones for endocrinological gonadotroph regulation (e.g. gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, inhibin and activin) have paracrine and autocrine roles. Therefore, in this study, AMH expression in bovine gonadotroph cells and the relationships between AMH expression in the bovine anterior pituitary (AP) and oestrous stage, age and breed were evaluated. AMH mRNA expression was detected in APs of postpubertal heifers (26 months old) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Based on western blotting using an antibody to mature C-terminal AMH, AMH protein expression was detected in APs. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilising the same antibody indicated that AMH is expressed in gonadotrophs. The expression of AMH mRNA and protein in APs did not differ between oestrous phases (P>0.1). We compared expression levels between old Holsteins (79.2±10.3 months old) and young (25.9±0.6 months old) and old Japanese Black females (89.7±20.3 months old). The APs of old Holsteins exhibited lower AMH mRNA levels (P<0.05) but higher AMH protein levels than those of young Japanese Black females (P<0.05). In conclusion, bovine gonadotrophs express AMH and this AMH expression may be breed-dependent.
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Goncharov, N. P., G. V. Katsiya, V. Yu Butnev, and V. M. Gorlushkin. "Effect of long-acting gestagen levonorgestrel butanate on the spermatogenesis and endocrine function of the adrenals and gonads of papio hamadrias." Problems of Endocrinology 42, no. 1 (February 15, 1996): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11922.
Full textAbstract:
Tlie efficacy of levonorgestrel butanate in doses 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg in spermatogenesis suppression was studied in adult male Papio hamadrias. The drug was injected intramuscularly twice with 3 month interval. All gestagen doses had an inhibitory effect of spermatogenesis, this effect increasing with the dosage build-up. None of the animals developed azoospermia, which was due to incomplete suppression of the pituitary gonadotropic function and of testosterone secretion. Hormonal concentration in the peripheral blood was 55-60% reduced in response to the minimal dose and 60-80% reduced in response to the maximal dose. Injection of long-acting gestagen did not influence the secretion of adrenocortical hormones hydrocortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and pregnenolone.
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Engelbreth-Holm, J., A. Rothe Meyer, and E. Uhl. "EFFECT OF GROWTH- AND GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ON LEUCEMIA AND SARCOMA IN FOWLS1." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 14, no. 4 (February 4, 2010): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.1937.tb05592.x.
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