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Journal articles on the topic 'Gonadotropin-Releasing hormones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 December 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Podhorec, P., and J. Kouril. "Induction of final oocyte maturation in Cyprinidae fish by hypothalamic factors: a review." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 3 (2009): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2009-vetmed.

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in Cyprinidae as in other Vertebrates functions as a brain signal which stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. Two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone have been identified in cyprinids, chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone II and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Hypohysiotropic functions are fulfilled mainly by salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The only known factor having an inhibitory effect on LH secretion in the family Cyprinidae is dopamine. Most cyprinids reared under controlled conditions exhibit signs of

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2

Saleh, Ahmed A., Nada N. A. M. Hassanine, Taha K. Taha, Amr M. A. Rashad, and Mahmoud A. Sharaby. "Molecular regulation and genetic basis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes: A review." Applied Veterinary Research 2, no. 4 (2023): 2023017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/avr.2023017.

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This review systematically introduces basic information on the hypothalamic pituitary-gonad axis and provides knowledge on the regulation, location, function, reproduction, gene mutations, disorders, sexual behavior, life cycle, and effect of environmental factors on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene. On the other hand, this review focused on the GnRH gene, regulations, receptor structures, and their signaling pathways, in addition to its related genes and its effect on crucial hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone.

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3

Crowley, W. R. "Toward Multifactorial Hypothalamic Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion." Physiology 14, no. 2 (1999): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.2.54.

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The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones via release of releasing hormones into the hypophysial portal vasculature. Additional neuromessengers act at the pituitary to modulate responses to the hypothalamic hormones. For example, neuropeptide Y enhances the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the response to the prolactin-inhibiting hormone dopamine.

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4

King, Judy A., and Robert P. Millar. "Evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormones." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 3, no. 9 (1992): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(92)90113-f.

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5

Janjic, M. Marija, Ana Milosevic, and Ivana Bjelobaba. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulated transcription of gonadotropin subunit genes." Biologia Serbica 41, no. 2 (2019): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3532061.

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<strong>Summary.</strong> Two gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, are synthetized and secreted by anterior pituitary gonadotropes and act on the gonads, controlling gametogenesis and sex hormone production. These hormones are glycoprotein polypeptides, composed of specific beta subunits and a common, alpha subunit. Both transcription and secretion of gonadotropins are regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is produced by a small number of hypothalamic neurons within the preoptic area and mediobasal hypothalamus. GnRH is released and reaches t

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Pehlivan, Erkan, Hüseyin Polat, and Gürsel Dellal. "Annual Change of Reproductive Hormones in Female Angora Goats." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 4 (2017): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i4.343-348.1220.

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In this research, annual changes of melatonin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, testosterone and progesterone were studied on 6 heads of 1.5 years old female Angora goat. To determine hormones concentrations, blood samples were taken from jugular vein of each goat in every month for a year. The blood samples were centrifuged at 4000xg for 5 min. and serum was stored at -20°C until analyses time. Hormones analyses in the serum were performed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. Monthly climatic values and photoperiod were obtained from

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7

SHERWOOD, NANCY M., DAVID A. LOVEJOY, and IMOGEN R. COE. "Origin of Mammalian Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones." Endocrine Reviews 14, no. 2 (1993): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-14-2-241.

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8

Kotlyar, Alexander M., Lubna Pal, and Hugh S. Taylor. "Eliminating Hormones With Orally Active Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Antagonists." Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 64, no. 4 (2021): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0000000000000664.

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9

Richalet, Jean-Paul, Murielle Letournel, and Jean-Claude Souberbielle. "Effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the hormonal response to hypothalamic factors." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 6 (2010): R1685—R1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00484.2010.

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Acute and chronic exposure to high altitude induces various physiological changes, including activation or inhibition of various hormonal systems. In response to activation processes, a desensitization of several pathways has been described, especially in the adrenergic system. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether the hypophyseal hormones are also subjected to a hypoxia-induced decrease in their response to hypothalamic factors. Basal levels of hormones and the responses of TSH, thyroid hormones, prolactin, sex hormones, and growth hormone to the injection of TRH, gonadotropin-rele

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10

Naser, Maryam Mohsin, Thualfiqar Ghalib Turki, and Noor alhuda Ahmed kadhim. "ASSESSMENT OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE LEVELS IN OBESE WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME." International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health 11, no. 01 (2025): 01–05. https://doi.org/10.55640/ijmsdh-11-01-01.

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is one of the major hormones affecting the reproductive system, and when elevated, it leads to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Obesity is a main cause of GnRH elevation. A current study was conducted from October to December 2024 and included 100 samples from Iraqi women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), collected from the Infertility Center at Al-Sadder Medical City and Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, alongside 100 samples from healthy women. The concentration of GnRH was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to evaluate

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11

Muñoz-Cueto, José A., Nilli Zmora, José A. Paullada-Salmerón, Miranda Marvel, Evaristo Mañanos, and Yonathan Zohar. "The gonadotropin-releasing hormones: Lessons from fish." General and Comparative Endocrinology 291 (May 2020): 113422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113422.

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12

Chen, Huiqin, Baoliang Bi, Lingfu Kong, Hua Rong, Yanhua Su, and Qing Hu. "Seasonal Changes in Plasma Hormones, Sex-Related Genes Transcription in Brain, Liver and Ovary during Gonadal Development in Female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Fishes 6, no. 4 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040062.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the periodic seasonal changes in endocrine activity and gonadal development of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a high-altitude cold-water environment. The fish were sampled monthly from January to November and the levels of plasma hormones (estradiol (E2), cortisol and thyroid hormones (THS)) and vitellogenin (VTG) were measured by ELISA. Moreover, the transcriptions of sex-related genes in the ovary, brain, and liver were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed a seasonal fluctuation of plasma hormones and VTG together with the develo

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13

Zheng, H., J. J. Kavanagh, W. Hu, Q. Liao, and S. Fu. "Hormonal therapy in ovarian cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 17, no. 2 (2007): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00749.x.

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Ovarian carcinoma continues to be the leading cause of death due to gynecological malignancy. Epidemiologic studies indicate that steroid hormones play roles in ovarian carcinogenesis. Gonadotropins, estrogen, and androgen may be causative factors, while gonadotropin-releasing hormone and progesterone may be protective factors in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Experimental studies have shown that hormonal receptors are expressed in ovarian cancer cells and mediate the growth-stimulatory or growth-inhibitory effects of the hormones on these cells. Hormonal therapeutic agents have been evaluated i

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Sahadan, Fatin Nabilah, Annie Christianus, Ina-Salwany Md Yasin, Fadhil-Syukri Ismail, Roshani Othman, and Zarirah Zulperi. "Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)- Its Approaches to Improve Reproduction in Fish." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 11 (2021): 3539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5111-03.

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This review briefly highlights previous studies on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its approaches to improving fish reproduction in the aquaculture industry. Reproductive system dysfunction of the captive fish is the main problem that has to be treated depending on the compatibility of fish species. This problem is caused by the non-synchronized maturation of female and male broodstock, and the low quality of broodstock. As shown in previous studies, induced breeding with exogenous treatment from specialized hormones could be one of the best cures for this issue. Hormonal treatme

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15

Collins, Taylor, and Krista L. Rompolski. "Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Complications, & Controversies." Journal of Student Research 6, no. 1 (2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v6i1.288.

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Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is considered a reversible condition characterized by the absence of menses for 3 months or more, due to suppressed secretions of gonadotropin releasing hormone affecting the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. HA can be triggered by excessive stress, weight loss or excessive exercise, however, the etiology is still largely unknown. Serious, long-term complications include severe hypoestrogenism and infertility, in addition to a variety of hormonal aberrations. Hypoestrogenism also leads to diminished bone health, cardiovascular problems, and mood changes t

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16

Schiml, Patricia A., and Emilie F. Rissman. "Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Vasopressin on Female Sexual Behavior." Hormones and Behavior 37, no. 3 (2000): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2000.1575.

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17

Bourne, G. A., and D. M. Baldwin. "Evidence for cAMP as a mediator of gonadotropin secretion from male pituitaries." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 3 (1987): E296—E299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.3.e296.

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The purpose of this study was to use sodium flufenamate, a compound that inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production in the pituitary, to evaluate the potential role of cAMP as a mediator of GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion from male pituitaries. Quartered male pituitaries were perifused at 37 degrees C and sequential effluent fractions collected every 10 min. Infusions of GnRH resulted in a twofold increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Cycloheximide, 5 microM, completely

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18

Sharp, Peter J., and Dominique Blache. "A neuroendocrine model for prolactin as the key mediator of seasonal breeding in birds under long- and short-day photoperiods." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 4 (2003): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-025.

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Seasonal breeding is associated with sequential increases in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin in the short-day breeding emu, and in long-day breeding birds that terminate breeding by the development of reproductive photorefractoriness. A model of the avian neuroendocrine photoperiodic reproductive response is proposed, incorporating a role for prolactin, to account for neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling both long- and short-day breeding. The breeding season terminates after circulating concentrations of prolactin increase above a critical threshold to depress gonadotropin relea

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19

GOOS, HENK J. TH, MARION BLOMENROHR, JAN BOGERD, et al. "Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones and Their Receptors in Fish." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 839, no. 1 TRENDS IN COM (1998): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10730.x.

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20

Toth, Michael J., Brian C. Cooper, Richard E. Pratley, Andrea Mari, Dwight E. Matthews, and Peter R. Casson. "Effect of ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on glucose disposal and insulin secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 6 (2008): E1035—E1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00789.2007.

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Several lines of evidence suggest that ovarian hormones influence glucose homeostasis, although their exact role in humans has not been clearly defined. In the present study, we sought to test the hypothesis that ovarian hormones regulate glucose homeostasis by examining the effect of pharmacologically induced ovarian hormone deficiency on glucose disposal and insulin secretion. Young, healthy women with regular menstrual patterns were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of their cycle at baseline and after 2 mo of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa; n = 7

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21

Yilmaz, Nafiye, Necati Hancerliogullari, Mustafa Kara, and Yaprak Engin-Ustun. "Is gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist usage really leading to thyroid dysfunction?" Interventional Medicine and Applied Science 11, no. 3 (2020): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1646.10.2018.32.

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Objectives Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) could influence the levels of sex hormones and thyroid hormones. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GnRHa on thyroid function. Materials and methods The data of the patients were collected from the registrations of July 2014–October 2014. A total of 41 women who underwent one-time IVF cyclus were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The patients were categorized into two groups according to the serum T3, T4, and TSH levels before and 2 weeks’ after the administration of GnRHa. Results Mean basal TSH and mean TSH

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22

Malakheeva, Lidiya, Alexey Komarchev, Yegor Kulikov, and Lyudmila Korshunova. "Gonadotropin concentration changing dynamics in producing layers during ovulatory cycle." Poultry and Chicken Products 25, no. 4 (2023): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2023-25-4-36-39.

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The paper has been devoted to study of gonadotropic hormone content dynamics in layer blood during ovu- latory cycle for it reference meanings range definition and determining of physiologic and endocrine mechanisms inter- relations that influence on ovulatory cycle. Total calcium level in layer blood has been given that is necessary for positive feedback creation between progesterone and impulse release of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GRH). Follicle-stim- ulating and luteinizing hormones content in layer blood plasma and serum have been determined by solid phase immune enzymatic analysis

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23

Bonnin, M., M. Mondain-Monval, M. C. Audy, and R. Scholler. "Basal and gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulated gonadotropin levels in the female red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.). Negative feedback of ovarian hormones during anoestrus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (1989): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-107.

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In the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L., an inhibition of gonadotropic function is observed in early anoestrus, particularly during lactation. During this period, secretion of progesterone as a result of the persistent corpora lutea after parturition and episodic releases of estradiol signify ovarian activity, suggesting involvement of these hormones in the modulation of pituitary hormones (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)). Effects of ovariectomy and (or) progesterone or estradiol treatments in vivo upon basal and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated LH and FS

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24

Ukrainets, Roman V., and Yulia S. Korneva. "Endometrial cell apoptosis impairment associated with hormonal imbalance as a key factor in the development of endometriosis." Problems of Endocrinology 65, no. 2 (2019): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl9983.

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The review describes the effect of certain hormones and their imbalance on apoptosis of retrogradely refluxed endometrial cells in the abdominal cavity and the effects of estrogen, progesterone, anti-Mullerian hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the internal and external apoptotic pathways of various cell populations in endometriotic foci. The nuclear estrogen receptor (ER-) is shown to inhibit TNF receptors that trigger the external apoptotic pathway, but the effects of estrogens do not play a key role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The role of progesterone and changes in th

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Bourne, G. A., and D. M. Baldwin. "Evidence for cAMP as a mediator of gonadotropin secretion from female pituitaries." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 3 (1987): E290—E295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.3.e290.

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Sodium flufenamate, which inhibited gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated increases in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), was used to evaluate the potential role of cAMP as a mediator of GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion. Quartered pituitaries from diestrous II female rats were perifused at 37 degrees C, and sequential effluent fractions were collected every 10 min. Administration of GnRH resulted in a characteristic biphasic response for both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), whereas 5 microM cycloheximide inhibited the secondary augmen

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26

Bédécarrats, Grégoy Y., Mamiko Shimizu, and Daniel Guémené. "Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones and their Receptors in Avian Species." Journal of Poultry Science 43, no. 3 (2006): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.43.199.

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27

PETER, R. E., H. R. HABIBI, T. A. MARCHANT, and C. S. NAHORNIAK. "Vertebrate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones: Phylogeny and Structure-Function Relationships." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 519, no. 1 The Terminal (1987): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb36305.x.

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28

Moghissi, Kamran S. "Clinical Applications of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones in Reproductive Disorders." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 21, no. 1 (1992): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30235-4.

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Bogerd, Jan, Ka Wan Li, Coby Janssen-Dommerholt, and Henk Goos. "Two gonadotropin-releasing hormones from African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 187, no. 1 (1992): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81468-8.

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Peter, R. E., C. S. Nahorniak, S. Shih, J. A. King, and R. P. Millar. "Activity of position-8-substituted analogs of mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH) and chicken and lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormones in goldfish." General and Comparative Endocrinology 65, no. 3 (1987): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(87)90123-7.

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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.

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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circul

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Kraak, G. Van Der, E. M. Donaldson, H. M. Dye, G. A. Hunter, J. E. Rivier, and W. W. Vale. "Effects of Mammalian and Salmon Gonadotropin-Releaslng Hormones and Analogues on Plasma Gonadotropin Levels and Ovulation in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 11 (1987): 1930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-237.

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The effects of intraperitoneal injections of mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH) and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH; [Trp7, Leu8]-mGnRH) as well as analogues of each peptide on plasma gonadotropin levels and ovulation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were investigated. The native peptides had similar potencies in terms of the magnitude and duration of the gonadotropin release response. Analogues including the D-Ala6 and (imbz1) D-His6 derivatives of [Pro9-NEt]-mGnRH and the D-Arg6 and D-Ala6 derivatives of [Pro9-NEt]-sGnRH stimulate a more prolonged increase in

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Shukla, Akshara, Rohitash Jamwal, and Kumud Bala. "ADVERSE EFFECT OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.14565.

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ABSTRACTOral contraceptive (OC) pills contain estrogen and progestin that are synthetic analogs of natural hormones. These synthetic hormones affectthe hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of the female reproductive system. There are many types of contraceptives; most of the OC pills preventpregnancy by inhibiting ovulation. Estrogen and progestin are two female reproductive hormones that are critical. Typically, estradiol is producedby growing follicle (ovaries) which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which further stimulates theanterior pituitary to pr

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Bain, J., R. Langevin, S. Hucker, R. Dickey, P. Wright, and C. Schonberg. "Sex Hormones in Pedophiles: I Baseline Values of Six Hormones Ii the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Test." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 1, no. 3 (1988): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906328800100306.

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Chesnokova, Vera, and Shlomo Melmed. "Peptide Hormone Regulation of DNA Damage Responses." Endocrine Reviews 41, no. 4 (2020): 519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa009.

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Abstract DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair pathways determine neoplastic cell transformation and therapeutic responses, as well as the aging process. Altered DDR functioning results in accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, increased frequency of tumorigenic mutations, and premature aging. Recent evidence suggests that polypeptide hormones play a role in modulating DDR and DNA damage repair, while DNA damage accumulation may also affect hormonal status. We review the available reports elucidating involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), growth hormone (GH), α-melanocyte stimu

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Deventhiran, Radhakrishnan, Kumaresan Ramanathan, and Nagamurugan Nandakumar. "PREVALANCE OF MALE INFERTILITY IN INDIA: STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (2017): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18254.

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Objective: Nowadays, there is an increased incidence of infertility in Indian males due to lifestyle changes. Hence, the objective of this study isevaluating the gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) level in infertile young male in Indian population.Materials and Methods: In total, 56 patients having abnormal semen count and five control patients have been included in the study. All patientswere underwent sperm count and estimation of hormones includes GnRH such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin,prolactin, and testosterone.Results: The sperm concentration of

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Pant, Dinesh Raj, and Pooja Kumari. "Effect of exogenously administered thyroid hormones on gonadotropin, thyrotropin and deiodinases encoding genes in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)." Environment Conservation Journal 24, no. 1 (2023): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.17222519.

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Thyroid hormones are known to regulate the basal metabolism rate of an organism. They are also known to regulate the seasonal reproduction of long-day breeding vertebrates in response to thyrotropin induced deiodinase enzymes switching in the brain. The current study attempted to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal administration of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormones at various doses on gonadal recrudescence, plasma estradiol-17β and quantitative expression analysis of genes encoding for gonadotropin, thyrotropin, and deiodinases. The estradiol-17β levels were not affecte

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Gavin, Kathleen M., Karen L. Shea, Ellie Gibbons, et al. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in premenopausal women does not alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to corticotropin-releasing hormone." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 315, no. 2 (2018): E316—E325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00221.2017.

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Sex hormones appear to play a role in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. The objective was to isolate the effects of estradiol (E2) on central activation of the HPA axis. We hypothesized that the HPA axis response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) under dexamethasone (Dex) suppression would be exaggerated in response to chronic ovarian hormone suppression and that physiologic E2 add-back would mitigate this response. Thirty premenopausal women underwent 20 wk of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy (GnRHAG) and transdermal E2 (0.075 mg per da

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Agarwal, Ashish, Anupama Hegde, Afzal Ahmad, Charu Yadav, Poornima A. Manjrekar, and Rukmini M.S. "Assessment of endocrine function in males with pre-diabetes." Biomedicine 43, no. 5 (2023): 1430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v43i5.3643.

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Introduction and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is associated with various endocrine derangements and prediabetes is an intermediate condition between health and full-fledged disease state. Hormones of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT), Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA), Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axes and pineal gland were studied in males (n=105) with prediabetes.  Materials and Methods: Based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), the subjects were categorized as healthy controls, prediabetes, diabetes and various hormones were compared between these three groups. 

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Parveen, Gulshan, Ali Hassan, Muhammad Hassam Rehm, et al. "Circulating Expressions of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones and Risk of Ovarian Cancer." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 11 (2021): 3372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115113372.

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Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is a worst type of malignancy in the field of gynecology. This is because ovarian tumors diagnosed at advanced stage of disease. The exact mechanism for its development is still unknown. Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the levels of steroidal hormones and their function in ovarian cancer progression. Methods: In the present study, fifty ovarian cancer patients and fifty control individuals were taken and serum was separated from their blood samples. The levels of steroid hormones were measured by ELISA kit methods. Results: Result of the current study d

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NAOR, ZVI. "Signal Transduction Mechanisms of Ca2+Mobilizing Hormones: The Case of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone*." Endocrine Reviews 11, no. 2 (1990): 326–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-11-2-326.

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Zerani, Massimo, Alberta Polzonetti‐Magni, Anna Gobbetti, Oliana Carnevali, and Virgilio Botte. "Effects of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone on plasma sex hormones inrana esculenta. in vivostudies." Bolletino di zoologia 58, no. 1 (1991): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009109355731.

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Malik, Minnie, Joy Britten, Jeris Cox, Amrita Patel, and William H. Catherino. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues inhibit leiomyoma extracellular matrix despite presence of gonadal hormones." Fertility and Sterility 105, no. 1 (2016): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.006.

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Millar, RP, PJ Wormald, and RC Milton. "Stimulation of gonadotropin release by a non-GnRH peptide sequence of the GnRH precursor." Science 232, no. 4746 (1986): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3082009.

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The human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) precursor comprises the GnRH sequence followed by an extension of 59 amino acids. Basic amino acid residues in the carboxyl terminal extension may represent sites of processing to biologically active peptides. A synthetic peptide comprising the first 13 amino acids (H X Asp-Ala-Glu-Asn-Leu-Ile-Asp-Ser-Phe-Gln-Glu-Ile-Val X OH) of the 59-amino acid peptide was found to stimulate the release of gonadotropic hormones from human and baboon anterior pituitary cells in culture. The peptide did not affect thyrotropin or prolactin secretion. A GnRH antag

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Toth, Michael J., Cynthia K. Sites, Dwight E. Matthews, and Peter R. Casson. "Ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist reduces whole body protein turnover in women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 3 (2006): E483—E490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2005.

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The age-related decline in fat-free mass is accelerated in women after menopause. The role of ovarian hormone deficiency in the regulation of fat-free mass, however, has not been clearly defined. To address this question, we examined the effect of ovarian hormone suppression on whole body protein metabolism. Whole body protein breakdown, oxidation, and synthesis were measured using [13C]leucine in young, healthy women with regular menstrual patterns before and after 2 mo of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa; n = 6) or placebo ( n = 7). Protein metabolism was measured

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Seong, Jae Young, and Hyuk Bang Kwon. "Molecular co‐evolution of Gonadotropin‐releasing hormones and their receptors." Integrative Biosciences 11, no. 2 (2007): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17386357.2007.9647320.

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Hu, Kaili, Wenyan Sun, Yu Li, et al. "Study on the Mechanism of Sarsasapogenin in Treating Precocious Puberty by Regulating the HPG Axis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1978043.

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The present study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of sarsasapogenin resistance to precocious puberty. Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a normal (N) group, model (M) group, leuprolide (L) group, and sarsasapogenin (Sar) group. Rats at 5 days of age were given a single subcutaneous injection of 300 micrograms of danazol to establish the precocious puberty model. After 10 days of modeling, drug intervention was started. The development of the uterus and ovary was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The levels of the serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-

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Ceccatelli, S., A. L. Hulting, X. Zhang, L. Gustafsson, M. Villar, and T. Hökfelt. "Nitric oxide synthase in the rat anterior pituitary gland and the role of nitric oxide in regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, no. 23 (1993): 11292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.23.11292.

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By using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we have demonstrated that the nitric oxide (NO)-synthesizing enzyme NO synthase is present in gonadotrophs and in folliculo-stellate cells of the anterior pituitary gland of male and female rats. A marked increase in levels of NO synthase protein and mRNA was observed after gonadectomy. In vitro studies on dispersed anterior pituitary cells suggest that NO inhibits gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone release. An inhibitory effect of NO has also been shown on growth-hormone-releasing-hormone-stimulated release of

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Siler-Khodr, T. M., G. S. Khodr, G. Valenzuela, and J. Rhode. "Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Effects on Placental Hormones during Gestation: I. Alpha-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin." Biology of Reproduction 34, no. 2 (1986): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod34.2.245.

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Acampora, D., S. Mazan, F. Tuorto, et al. "Transient dwarfism and hypogonadism in mice lacking Otx1 reveal prepubescent stage-specific control of pituitary levels of GH, FSH and LH." Development 125, no. 7 (1998): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.7.1229.

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Genetic and molecular approaches have enabled the identification of regulatory genes critically involved in determining cell types in the pituitary gland and/or in the hypothalamus. Here we report that Otx1, a homeobox-containing gene of the Otx gene family, is postnatally transcribed and translated in the pituitary gland. Cell culture experiments indicate that Otx1 may activate transcription of the growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (betaFSH), luteinizing hormone (betaLH) and alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) genes. Analysis of Otx1 null mice indicates that, at the prepubes

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