Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Goniométrie'
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Ferréol, Anne. "Radio-goniométrie : modélisation, algorithmes, performances." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134537.
Full textGhattas, Lama. "Autodiagnostic des perturbations des réseaux d’antennes : application à la goniométrie." Thesis, CentraleSupélec, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SUPL0001/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the design of an in-situ measurement system to detect variable disturbances in the near field of antenna arrays. The first part was focused on the study of the benefit of the monitoring system for direction finding antennas (DFA). A quantitative study of degradation of performances of DFA installed on a carrier in presence of variable obstacles was done. The second point of the study concerns the choice for the technology for the diagnostic system design. The Optically Modulated Scatterer Technique (OMS) is selected. A model that predicts the OMS backscattered power is developed to select the optimal dimension of the probe. Following the theoretical studies, a 12 cm OMS probe coupled to the nonlinear device (PDCS30T) was designed. Measurements in anechoic chamber were conducted to validate the budget link model and measure the sensitivity of the probe to nearby objects. Finally, a study is conducted to investigate the sensitivity required by the diagnostic probes for detecting the presence of obstacles. A dimensioning of the overall system is computed
Lominé, Jimmy. "Étude d’une antenne vectorielle UHF multibande appliquée à la goniométrie 3D." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0096/document.
Full textNowadays, a lot of wideband or multiband direction finding antennas operating in the UHF band exist. Nevertheless, only few of them allow to estimate the direction of arrival in the full 3D space. At the author’s knowledge, the first 3D direction finding antenna was studied in the 1960s, at the University of Michigan. Composed of 17 sensors, located on a large hemispherical surface, this antenna is bulky and complex to use. Recently, some studies have proposed another approach based on the multicomponent measurement of the electromagnetic field that allows to decrease the antennas size and the number of radiating elements without reducing the 3D angular coverage. However, only HF (3-30MHz) or narrowband systems have been reported. The objective of this PhD is to study and to develop an UHF multiband vector sensor applied to the estimation of the direction of arrival of transverse magnetic waves in the full 3D space. Firstly, two signal processing techniques adapted to this approach are compared : a new technique based on the spherical harmonic decomposition of the antenna radiation which allows to recompose the received electromagnetic field from the measured samples and a well-known high resolution algorithm called MUSIC. A design methodology allowing to identify the physical criteria of vector sensors related to the antenna performances such as the estimation accuracy, the sensitivity, the number of elements and the antenna size is proposed. This method is used for developing and designing a first single-band vector sensor. The results obtained from numerical simulations allow to rule out the first signal processing technique which is too sensitive to the radiation perturbations. Then, a compact dual-band vector sensor operating in the GSM frequency band, [890MHz-960MHz] and [1710MHZ-1880MHz], is developed by using the same design methodology. The antenna size is λ/4 in radius and λ/5.5 in height at the lowest frequency. The electric and magnetic elements which compose the vector sensors are designed separately and then combined according to a planar spatial distribution to retain a compact antenna size. The same radiating structures are used for operating in the two frequency bands in order to reduce the number of elements and the eventual radiation perturbations. After the performances assessment through numerical simulations in each band, a prototype is manufactured and its estimation performances are measured for a validation purpose. The sensitivity is -110dBW.m−2 (85μV.m−1) for a 5◦ RMS angular accuracy. Finally, the study is extended to the general case of multiband antennas by adding a third band, [400MHz-430MHz]. New elements are developed and incorporated into the dual-band GSM sensors to obtain a tri-band vector sensor. The size of this new antenna is λ/3.2 in radius and λ/12.5 in height at 400MHz. Despite a slight increase of the angular errors in the estimation of the direction of arrival caused by the presence of the new antenna elements, the characterization of the tri-band sensor performances by simulation show a good accuracy with a sensitivity valued at -105dBW.m−2 (155μV.m−1) for a 5◦ RMS angular accuracy
Delmer, Alice. "Goniométrie parcimonieuse de sources radioélectriques : modèles, algorithmes et mises en œuvre robustes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG085.
Full textThis thesis deals with the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of non-cooperative radio transmitters from signals received on an antenna array. The applications targeted in this work are the airborne scenario, characterized by a number of sources higher than the number of sensors, and the urban environment scenario, characterized by coherent multipath.Conventional direction-of-arrival estimation methods such as beamforming and Capon method or high resolution methods such as MUSIC are not efficient in such scenarios. The maximum likelihood method suffers from a computational complexity incompatible with current operational systems.In order to overcome these limitations, the problem of direction-of-arrival estimation is treated here with a sparse formalism, perfectly adapted to the use of calibration tables in operational systems. After having shown the interests of an approach based on a regularization by the L0 norm, this thesis tackles the technical issues that are the regularization parameter and the global convergence of optimization algorithms. To this end, we construct and statistically study sparse representations adapted to i) airborne scenarios, and ii) urban environments. The equivalence with the maximum likelihood given by a constrained formulation then allows us to determine a theoretical admissible interval for the regularization parameter. We also study the minimizers and error surfaces of different optimization criteria. This allows us to propose iterative minimization schemes that increase the probability of global convergence and thus are less sensitive to initialization. In that respect, the proposed ALICE-L0 algorithm enables to separate close sources
Larzabal, Pascal. "Application du maximum de vraisemblance au traitement d'antenne : radio-goniométrie et poursuite de cibles." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112252.
Full textBirot, Gwénaël. "Estimation paramétrique aux ordres supérieurs : application à la goniométrie et à la localisation de sources d'activités cérébrales." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S216.
Full textThree new methods are proposed and evaluated in this manuscript. The purpose of these methods is to solve inverse problems encountered in i) radiocommunications when searching the direction of arrival (DOA) of radio waves received by an antenna and ii) in biomedical engineering when localizing the sources of brain electrical activities from scalp electromagnetic recordings. The proposed techniques are based on the MUSIC algorithm, given its infinite asymptotic resolution. Moreover, as 2q-MUSIC our methods exploit higher order statistics in order to i) remain insensitive to Gaussian noise with unknown spatial coherence, ii) deal with a number of sensors lesser than the number of sources and iii) with errors induced when modeling the transfer between the source and the observation. Furthermore, our methods aim at increasing the separation ability of 2q-MUSIC and its performance in the presence of spatially extended sources. First, we propose two approaches referred to as 2q-D-MUSIC (q ≥ 1) and 2q-RAP-MUSIC (q ≥ 2), that use a new higher order deflation scheme. When radio waves present close angles of DOA, these algorithms increase the resolution and the detection capacity of 2q-MUSIC. This behavior is true in the case of both over- and underdetermined mixtures of sources, and is true in the presence of modeling errors or Gaussian noise of unknown spatial coherence. Second, we propose the 2q-ExSo-MUSIC (q ≥ 1) method in order to process brain extended sources. A study of its performance using realistic simulated EEG shows that 2q-ExSo-MUSIC is more accurate than 2q-MUSIC for the localization of brain extended sources
Nicol, Nadège. "Etude structurale des minéralisations Zn-Pb du Paléozoi͏̈que du dome de Pierrefitte (Hautes-Pyrénées) : goniométrie de texture appliquée aux minéraux transparents et opaques." Orléans, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ORLE2051.
Full textDoulazmi, Mustapha. "Etude expérimentale comparative de différentes méthodes de mesure et d'acquisition d'amplitude angulaire : application en rééducation des handicapés moteurs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL097N.
Full textElahian, Bahareh. "Estimating the time and angle of arrivals in mobile communications." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30396/30396.pdf.
Full textIn this project, we present a novel and precise way of estimating the direction and delay of arrivals in multipath environment for channel estimation purposes. Recently, super-resolution methods have been widely used for high resolution Direction Of Arrival (DOA) or Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) estimation. The proposed algorithm in this work is applicable to space-time channel estimation for space-time processing systems that employ hybrid DOA/TDOA technology. The estimator is based on the conventional MUSIC algorithm to find the DOA and by using a simple correlator it is possible to find the delay of each arrival. It is of interest to associate each angle to its proper delay to be able to estimate the characteristics of the channel when we have no knowledge about the transmitted sequence. To do this, we suggest a very simple and optimal beamforming method by performing Maximum Variance Distortion-less Response (MVDR). This beamforming maximizes the desired signal in the desired direction compare to the other signals that come from other directions. After finding the DOAs by MUSIC algorithm and selecting our desired direction, we obtain the signal from this direction by applying MVDR beamforming. Then, we perform a correlation between this signal and the others incoming signals from other directions. The peaks in the simulation figures illustrate the delay between each source with the obtained signal from MVDR. If we subtract the delay of the first arrival (the smallest delay in time), from the delays indicated in the figures, we can obtain the delay of each arrival. To be more precise, the mean of these estimated TOAs vector follows the exact TOA of each source.
Petit, Jérôme. "Contrôle dimensionnel sub-micrométrique utilisant un appareil goniométrique bidimensionnel rapide." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10211.
Full textThis work deals with Optical Critical Dimension metrology in microelectronics and with the use of an unusual tool for this application. The first keypoint of this metrology technique is the ability to calculate the scattered light pattern from a periodic structure and the second key point is the apparatus used to measure the diffracted pattern. We present here a goniometric instrument based on optical Fourier Transform. This equipment has been change for the metrological application and we describe in this text the different steps we had to deal with to achieve. These steps are the description of the measurement head, the understanding and the instrument analysis to adapt our numerical means to the problem needs. Then we validated the metrological function of the instrument on samples like opticallayers or gratings. We compare each etched structure measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry and Scanning Electron microscopy. Each result has been analyzed to evaluate accuracy on parameters. At last, we used instrument peculiarities to go through qualitative study of complex structures like line with roughness and overlay
Awarkeh, Nour. "2D indoor localization system with an UWB multistatic radar." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT041.
Full textNowadays, the ability to track objects and people is crucial for a huge number of applications, such as medical applications (monitoring of patients) or independent applications that require a very high accuracy and resolution in the positioning process. Therefore, the main scientific objective of this thesis is to develop a tracking system using an UWB multistatic radar system to provide realtime 2D location of transponders or active tags. The localization is carried out in polar coordinates (distance and azimuth angle) by merging the interferometry and goniometry principles, assuming a propagation channel with a direct path, or LoS between the station and the target. The designed ILS incorporates a hybrid technique by combining the duplex UWB and the Phase Correlation methods for the radial-distance and the azimuth angle estimates. The proposed ILS consists of two main components, a transmitter /receiver (transceiver) station serving as a LBS and an AT. The LBS has one transmitting channel and two identical and independent receiving channels. The localization is performed by sending UWB pulses towards the AT which acts as an active transponder and retransmits in turn the received signal back to the LBS upon delaying it. This designed ILS is expected to offer, under LoS conditions, a position estimation with high accuracy and resolution while maintaining low system complexity. The system works with a single anchor, and simultaneously addresses indoor challenges such as multipaths, strong signal attenuations, reflections, etc
Durieu, Cécile. "Algorithmes de localisation d'un robot mobile dans un milieu balisé par mesures de distance ou d'angle de gisement en tenant compte des données aberrantes : algorithmes de calibration et recalage du champ de balises." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112039.
Full textThis thesis analyses algorithms for the localisation of a mobile robot in a beaconed environment. A bibliographical study of different sensors and localization-navigation algorithms for mobile robots allows us to describe the proposed solution : non-sophisticated sensors giving easy-to-compute data. Two kinds of sensors are studied : an ultrasonic/infra-red telemeter with active beacons and a goniometer with passive beacons. A statistical model has been established from a theoretical study of measurement errors. This model is used to compare different localization algorithms and to analyse the feasibility of the sensors. Optimization algorithms giving the robot position while using at best all the beacons data are then studied. We use a reweighted least square criterion. Two iterative methods are compared, the gradient algorithm and the Newton-Gauss method, at first with exact data then with noisy data. We conclude that the second order method is the best one and that we obtain a quasi-efficient estimator of the robot position. Results form previous sections allow us to design a coherence test used to detect and reject aberrant data. An algorithm to find the position of the vehicle when its position is not known form vrevious measurements is then described. This method takes aberrant data into account. An identification method for non-coded beacons is also given, as well as an algorithm for the initial calibration of the field of beacons. Some beacons being portable, we give a method to relocate their position, in the Kalman filtering formalism. Finally, using the same formalism, a data fusion algorithm is used to obtain a better-estimation of the robot position by using information given by the beacons and by a system, measuring the displacements of the vehicle
Duplouy, Johan. "Wideband Reconfigurable Vector Antenna for 3-D Direction Finding Application." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24404/1/Duplouy_Johan.pdf.
Full textLomine, Jimmy. "Étude d’une antenne vectorielle UHF multibande appliquée à la goniométrie 3D." Phd thesis, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/13556/1/Lomine.pdf.
Full textChapleau, Julien. "Amplitude de mouvement du coude, développement d’une méthode de mesure radiographique et identification des facteurs influents." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9224.
Full textThe most commonly used instrument for elbow range of motion measurement is the universal goniometer. However great controversy remains regarding its reliability and validity. Hence this study presents an accurate and precise alternative: a radiographic method of measurement. The limits of the radiographic method and potential sources of error were first evaluated through a biomechanical study. Fifty-one volunteers then participated in a clinical study in which this radiographic method was compared to the goniometer for elbow range of motion measurement. Finally, the great precision of radiographic measurements allowed us to study the potential influence of various demographic and anthropometric factors on elbow range of motion in the last part of this work. Regarding the clinical study, the goniometric and radiographic methods differ but they correlate. The goniometer’s measurement error was ±10.3° during extension measurement and ±7.0 ° for flexion. Secondly, the radiographic method provides consistent results despite malpositioning of the upper limb during radiographic image acquisition and easily preventable sources of error were identified. The study finally found an association between the range of motion and various factors, including age, sex, BMI, and the arm and forearm circumferences. In conclusion, error associated with the use of the goniometer could be tolerated in a clinical setting, the instrument being both inexpensive and simple to use. However, its use is discouraged in the research context, where a measurement error of 10° is unacceptable. The radiographic method, being more precise and accurate, represents a much better alternative.
Petit, Jérôme. "CONTROLE DIMENSIONNEL SUB‐MICROMETRIQUE UTILISANT UN APPAREIL GONIOMETRIQUE BIDIMENSIONNEL RAPIDE Application à la microélectronique." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635227.
Full textCosta, Margarida. "Estudo da utilização espácio-temporal do estuário do Sado pela população residente de roazes (Tursiops truncatus), com recurso a um método goniométrico." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/20844.
Full textA falta de informação que ainda existe sobre as populações de roazes-corvineiros (Tursiops truncatus) que habitam estuários influencia a compreensão do estatuto vulnerável das mesmas. Este é resultado das ameaças antropogénicas a que estão sujeitas pela localização próxima de zonas urbanas e industrializadas. Existiu assim um esforço de estudo e inovação tecnológica na análise das mudanças ambientais antropogénicas que influenciam as interacções dos organismos com os elementos do seu ambiente. No caso particular dos animais marinhos, a utilização de informação espacial sobre a forma de mapas torna-se essencial pela falta de informação, que muitas vezes existe sobre os seus movimentos e utilização do habitat. O trabalho aqui apresentado tem assim como objectivo a elaboração do mapa de aplicabilidade do método goniométrico no interior do estuário do Sado e linha costeira imediatamente adjacente, usado no estudo da utilização espacial do estuário pela população residente de roazes. Foi assim usado o método goniométrico para observação e posicionamento dos roazes e para definição dos valores limite de leitura no interior do estuário, de ângulos mortos de observação a partir dos pontos de observação e da definição de áreas de incerteza na medição devido à existência de colinearidade inerente ao método e à distância entre os alvos e os pontos de observação, tanto no interior do estuário como na linha costeira imediatamente adjacente. A aplicabilidade do método goniométrico varia a sua eficiêncie para diferentes zonas do estuário, apresentando valores óptimos para 18% da área de estudo e permitindo confirmar com rigor a utilização diferencial do estuário do Sado pela população residente de roazes, com clara preferência pelo canal Sul e pela zona da Barra (98,6% dos posicionamentos verificados). A aplicabilidade do método será restrita ao limite de leitura do método de dez quilómetros no interior do estuário e limitada pela existência de sete ângulos mortos de observação a partir do Forte de S. Filipe e do terraço do Tróia Design Hotel, de duas áreas de incerteza na recolha de dados devido à existência de colinearidade e de três zonas de incerteza devido à distância aos pontos de observação. O método goniométrico demostra ainda assim desvantagens, pois apesar de permitir a recolha de dados sobre os alvos à distância, fora da zona de aplicabilidade óptima não permite um posicionamento rigoroso de alvos no estuário, apresentando erros consideráveis segundo a escala da área de estudo amostrada.
The lack of information that still exists about populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting estuaries influences the understanding of their vulnerable condition due to the anthropogenic threats they are subjected to by their location near urban and industrialized areas. Thereby there was an effort with studies and technological innovation in the analysis of anthropogenic environmental changes that influence the interactions between organisms and the elements of their environment. In the particular case of marine animals the use of spatial information in the form of maps becomes essential due to the lack of information that often exists about their movements and habitat use. The work here presented aims to elaborate a map of the applicability of the goniometric method in the Sado estuary and adjacent shoreline, used in the study of the spatial use of the estuary by the resident population of bottlenose dolphins. Therefore the goniometric method was used in the observation and precise positioning of bottlenose dolphins and on the definition of the limit for observation in the estuary, dead angles of observation from the observation sites and of areas of uncertainty due to the existence of collinearity inherent to the method and to the distance between the targets and the observation sites, both inside the estuary and in the immediately adjacent shoreline. The applicability of the goniometric method varies its efficiency for different areas in the estuary, being optimized for 18% of the study area and enabling the confirmation of the differential use of the Sado estuary by the resident population of bottlenose dolphins, with preference for the south canal and the estuary inlet (98,6% of the positions verified). The applicability of the method is restricted by the limit for observation at ten kilometers inside the estuary and limited by the existence of seven dead angles of observation from the St. Filipe fortress and from the terrace of the Tróia Design Hotel, by two areas of uncertainty in data sampling due to collinearity and three areas of uncertainty due to the distance to the observation sites. The goniometric method still demonstrates disadvantages since despite allowing the collection of data on study subjects at a distance, outside of the optimized applicability zone it don’t allows accurate positioning of targets in the estuary, being associated with considerate error when taking into consideration the scale of the study area sampled.