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Journal articles on the topic 'Goods trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Whalley, John, Jun Yu, and Shunming Zhang. "Trade Retaliation in a Monetary-Trade Model." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 1 (2012): 1850248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1701.

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We explore how outcomes of trade policy retaliation (Nash tariff games) are affected when trade simultaneously takes places geographically across countries and through time via financial intermediation. In such models, deficits and surpluses in goods trade are endogenously determined, and retaliatory trade policy towards goods can affect these and monetary trade models show different retaliatory trade outcomes from conventional goods only models. We use a general equilibrium goods trade model, which also captures trade through time in the form of inside money as used in macro literature on one

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2

Catty, Hazel. "Character merchandising and the limits of passing off." Legal Studies 13, no. 3 (1993): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1993.tb00487.x.

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The tort of passing off developed as an offspring of deceit, with the twist that it allows trade rivals, rather than deceived customers, to sue. The classic case is a trader ‘passing off his goods as the goods of somebody else: the defendant is liable for misrepresenting, innocently or otherwise, that his goods are the goods of somebody else. The plaintiff is the trader whose trade is thereby diverted or whose reputation is thereby harmed.The classic case thus involves a misrepresentation as to the source of the goods. However, case law has shown that this is not the only relevant misrepresent

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3

Sun, J., Y. Suo, S. Park, T. Xu, Y. Liu, and W. Wang. "Analysis of Bilateral Trade Flow and Machine Learning Algorithms for GDP Forecasting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (2018): 3432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2311.

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The terms imports and exports describe goods and services traded between countries. Countries import goods they cannot produce domestically or can obtain at a lower cost from another country. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports, the U.S. is the world’s largest importer based on capital investment, followed by the E.U., China, Germany, and Japan. For exports, China leads the world with an official trade amount of $1.904 trillion in 2013. E.U. ranks second, followed by U.S., Germany, and Japan. Trade in goods and services is defined as a change in ownership of material resour

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Sun, Jingwen, Yuan Suo, Seeha Park, Tianze Xu, Yizhu Liu, and Weigi Wang. "Analysis of Bilateral Trade Flow and Machine Learning Algorithms for GDP Forecasting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (2018): 3432–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1490598.

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The terms imports and exports describe goods and services traded between countries. Countries import goods they cannot produce domestically or can obtain at a lower cost from another country. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports, the U.S. is the world’s largest importer based on capital investment, followed by the E.U., China, Germany, and Japan. For exports, China leads the world with an official trade amount of $1.904 trillion in 2013. E.U. ranks second, followed by U.S., Germany, and Japan. Trade in goods and services is defined as a change in ownership of material

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Alsharu, Ahmad Ibrahim. "Jordanian Legal Systems Regarding Refund and Replacement in Online Trade Contracts: A Comparative Analytical Study." European Journal of Law and Political Science 3, no. 3 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejpolitics.2024.3.3.145.

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The birth of the internet has resulted in a rapid increase in online shopping activities. Despite the convenience of online shopping for sellers and buyers, various problems have emerged, harming consumers. Strong consumer protection is vital because goods traded online can not directly or physically be viewed or touched. The present study explored the legal provisions concerning refund or goods replacement within the online trade contract. Jordan currently lacks a law specifically for online trade, while e-commerce in Jordan is mainly governed by three laws, namely, the Jordan Civil Law 1976,

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Lande, Eric. "Les exportations canadiennes de marchandises : analyse préliminaire des mécanismes de survie." Aspects institutionnels 59, no. 3 (2009): 620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/601068ar.

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Abstract Theoretically, devaluations and revaluations should modify the market price of traded goods, but market structure may influence this process and have a determining impact on the nature of the trade flows. Market structure forces are shown to have the potential to be able to neutralize the expected effects of devaluations and revaluations on a country's trade balance. This is shown to be a Canadian problem dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries that may force Canada to look for other policies to influence the flow of traded goods and its balance of trade.

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Yu, Kwang-Hyun, and Kwang-Ho Dho. "A Study on the Use of Digital Trade Marketing." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 25, no. 1 (2023): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2023.25.1.23.

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Changes in the international trade environment require traders to adapt to new forms of trade. Based on the 4th industrial revolution, digital trade using IT technology focuses on the expansion of objects and trades using the online marketplace, and data itself can be produced or traded as digital goods. Therefore, traders must be able to manage digital trade data. In particular, the increase in trades using platforms such as the On-line Marketplace suggests the importance of data management in digital trade marketing. Traders can systematically manage data generated in the course of trade mar

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8

Xuan, Guo, Yuan Chen, and Jin Xu. "Current Status, Problems and Suggestions of Import and Export of Goods Trade between China and Chile." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 12, no. 2 (2024): p41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v12n2p41.

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As one of the largest trading countries in the world, China continues to expand its trade relations with various countries, which has promoted the development of China-Chile trade in goods. Bilateral goods trade has consistently exhibited robust growth. This paper aims to delve into the current status of goods trade between China and Chile, analyze the existing challenges, and propose feasible recommendations. Through comprehensive data analysis, this research unveils the key features and challenges of their trade relationship, providing substantial support for enhancing cooperation.To begin w

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9

Fieler, Ana Cecília, and Jonathan Eaton. "The Margins of Trade." Econometrica 93, no. 1 (2025): 129–60. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta17510.

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Welfare depends on the quantity, quality, and range of goods consumed. We use trade data, which report the quantities and prices of the individual goods that countries exchange, to learn about how the gains from trade and growth break down into these different margins. Our general equilibrium model, in which both quality and quantity contribute to consumption and to production, captures (i) how prices increase with importer and exporter per capita income, (ii) how the range of goods traded rises with importer and exporter size, and (iii) how products traveling longer distances have higher pric

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Roelfsema, Hein, Christopher Findlay, and Xianjia Ye. "Decomposing International Trade in Commercial Services." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 3 (2021): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00157325211018890.

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To delve deeper into the rise of trade in commercial services as the most important determinant of the recent increase in digital trade, this article offers a decomposition of international service trade using the latest release of the Inter-Country Input–Output (ICIO) tables. The analysis decomposes international service trade into a split between (a) direct services exports and services embodied in goods, (b) advanced economies and the major emerging markets, and (c) the major commercial services industries. We show that overall direct service exports have become more important relative to s

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11

Demekas, Dimitrios G. "Non-Traded Goods in An Asymmetric Trade Model." Journal of Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (1986): 171–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1986.1.2.171.

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Shorsh Omer, Sara, and Kameran Mohammed Jalal. "The Trade in Ancient Kurdistan (in the secand half 2nd Mellenium B.C.)." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 6 (2024): 94–118. https://doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(6).paper5.

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The Assyrians were commercially proficient, and Kurdistan was an important place. Trade in the Kurdistan region was at its peak in the second millennium BC, and Mitanni and Khouri controlled power, politics, and religion. And there was a business plan; archaeological digs revealed the following facts: Kurdistan's cities were an important trade gate for merchants, and at the same time, in terms of geographical nature, the plains were rich with crops such as wheat, barley, and sesame, and the mountainous areas were important places for grazing animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, etc., so t

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Djajic, Slobodan, and Henryk Kierzkowski. "Goods, Services and Trade." Economica 56, no. 221 (1989): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554497.

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Eaton, Jonathan, and Samuel Kortum. "Trade in capital goods." European Economic Review 45, no. 7 (2001): 1195–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(00)00103-3.

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Wagner, Joachim. "Germany’s trade in goods." AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv 12, no. 1 (2018): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11943-018-0219-y.

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Egger, Peter, and Georg Wamser. "Effects of the Endogenous Scope of Preferentialism on International Goods Trade." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 13, no. 2 (2013): 709–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2012-0067.

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Abstract Previous empirical research has assumed that goods trade responds to goods trade preferentialism only, while other forms of preferentialism — such as services trade or investment preferentialism — are irrelevant for goods trade. This article provides novel evidence for the gains from a broader scope of preferentialism (in terms of the number of dimensions covered: goods, services, and investment) at the intensive and extensive country margins of bilateral goods trade.

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Keller, Florian, and Benedikt Zoller-Rydzek. "Trade and Attitude Towards the EU: What Really Matters." European Foreign Affairs Review 27, Issue 1 (2022): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2022008.

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The main goal of this article is to identify which aspect of trade drives positive attitudes towards the trading partner country. Whereas research has shown a positive influence of trade already, it is not clear whether total trade, trade balance, exports or imports is the best variable to predict attitudes. Furthermore, we investigate whether different sorts of the traded good do impact attitudes differently. As attitudes are formed on an individual level, we estimate that goods whose origins are visible to the individual customer do have greater impact than goods with no visible origins. In

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Handoyo, Rossanto Dwi, Lilik Sugiharti, and Miguel Angel Esquivias Padilla. "TRADE CREATION AND TRADE DIVERSION EFFECTS: THE CASE OF THE ASEAN PLUS SIX FREE TRADE AREA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 24, no. 1 (2021): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v24i1.1163.

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This study examines whether trade agreements promoted under the ASEAN+6 over the period 2007-2017 supported trade creation and/or trade diversion effects within three export product groups, namely, manufactured goods, primary products, and natural resources-based goods. Using a gravity model, we note that primary products offer pure trade creation (greater intra-bloc and extra-bloc trade). Manufactured products experienced trade creation in intra-bloc and extrabloc exports, while natural resources-based goods show trade creation in intraregional exports and trade creation in imports from extra

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Jani, Vishalkumar J. "Is Trade in Services Healthier than Trade in Goods?" Global Economy Journal 17, no. 3 (2017): 20160068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2016-0068.

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There has been an ongoing debate about the impact of trade openness on the health. This study aims to inform this debate by comparing health impacts of trade in services vis-à-vis trade in goods. Prima facie, the former, due to association with the higher human capital requirement and less pollution, may have a higher positive health impact. The main finding is that the trade in services has a higher positive impact on the health status compared to that of the trade in goods. However, for the least developed countries trade in goods is the dominant factor impacting the health status.

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Hyun, Hea-Jung. "Institutional quality and trade in intermediate goods." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 2 (2018): 162–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-02-2018-0009.

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Purpose Recently published studies stress the importance of trade in intermediate goods. The literature on determinants of trade, however, have largely focused on the sources of comparative advantage in determining aggregate trade flows rather than trade in intermediate goods. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of institutional quality and trade costs to explain the determinants of trade in intermediates. Design/methodology/approach The simple model is based on the model of comparative advantage in the gravity framework used by Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Chor (2010) to relate tr

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Wu, Hao. "Customs Cooperation in the WTO: From Uruguay to Doha." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 5 (2017): 843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017033.

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From the Uruguay Round to the Doha Round, the issue of customs cooperation has been discussed in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Customs cooperation in the context of the WTO is mainly conducted in three dimensions: the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), customs valuation, and trade facilitation. Article 69 of the TRIPS provides for customs cooperation against trade in goods infringing intellectual property rights, particularly counterfeit trademark goods and pirated copyright goods. Customs cooperation under customs valuation deals with the truth o

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IVANOV, Serhii. "CURRENT CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC TRADE CONTROL OF MILITARY AND DUAL-USE GOODS IN UKRAINE." Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. National security 1, no. 1 (2024): 67–72. https://doi.org/10.17721/3041-1912.2024/1-8/11.

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Background. The problem of strategic trade control of military goods and dual-use goods is complex but not new. At the same time, it is worth noting the insufficiency of the scientific study of theoretical foundations and the determination of practical measures for effective strategic trade control of military and dual-use goods in Ukraine at the state level and in scientific institutions to avoid the spread of goods and technologies for non-peaceful purposes. Currently, the full-scale war on the part of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine creates certain challenges of strategic

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Azmeh, Shamel, Christopher Foster, and Jaime Echavarri. "The International Trade Regime and the Quest for Free Digital Trade." International Studies Review 22, no. 3 (2019): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz033.

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Abstract The global economy is experiencing the digitalization of production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. The internet and cross-border data flows are becoming important channels of trade as more products are traded through the web or integrate features that rely on digital connectivity. Reflecting the autonomy states have to enact such policies, national variations in internet governance have expanded over the previous decade, with states increasingly looking to use internet and data policies for economic and trade objectives. These dynamics are having important implicati

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Michael, Michael S., and Panos Hatzipanayotou. "Public Goods Production, Nontraded Goods and Trade Restrictions." Southern Economic Journal 63, no. 4 (1997): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1061245.

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Zhao, Shuhao, Tianao Chang, Yumo Ni, and Ping Zhou. "An Empirical Study of Trade in Goods between China and Brazil: Analysis of Competitiveness and Complementarity." Economies 11, no. 9 (2023): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11090224.

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China and Brazil established the “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” in 2012. Since the establishment of the partnership, China and Brazil have continued to deepen economic and trade cooperation, and cooperation in various fields has achieved remarkable results. China has long been consistent in maintaining its status as Brazil’s largest export destination and source of imports. The total volume of bilateral trade between China and Brazil has significantly increased, and the trade structure in goods is becoming increasingly diversified. The total volume of bilateral trade between China and B

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Shi, Xiaomeng, and Lian Wang. "Research on Determinants and Potential of Goods Trade between China and ASEAN Countries under “the Belt and Road” Initiative." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1008.

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The trade between China and ASEAN countries has been very close since ancient times. Taking China and ASEAN countries as research objects, this paper analyzes the current situation and changing trend of China's and ASEAN countries' trade in goods based on the import and export data of both sides from 2001 to 2018. By using the trade gravity model, this paper empirically analyzes the determinants of trade in goods between China and ASEAN countries, and further calculates the trade potential of goods between China and ASEAN countries. The empirical results show that the GDP of China and ASEAN co

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Manger, Mark S. "Vertical Trade Specialization and the Formation of North-South PTAs." World Politics 64, no. 4 (2012): 622–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000172.

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During the last two decades, the number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) grew almost exponentially to over 270 by 2010. A majority of these are agreements between developed and developing countries. Existing models provide little economic rationale for these agreements, but the existing literature lumps North-South PTAs together with other types of trade pacts. This article offers an explanation focused on the movement of less capital-intensive manufacturing from North to South, which in turn stimulates the exchange of similar goods differentiated by unit value—also referred to as verti

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Bezrukova, Nataliia, Mykola Volochai, Serhii Hyrych, Alla Ternova, and Olha Vasylyshyna. "The impact of globalisation on international trade: Dynamics of global trade relations and exchange of goods and services." Multidisciplinary Reviews 7 (June 12, 2024): 2024spe042. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024spe042.

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Since the early 1990s, trade relations and the international exchange of goods and services between countries have accelerated significantly due to several factors. As a result, world trade has acquired new characteristics and features, highlighting the importance of studying the impact of integration on the state of world sales of goods and services. The main focus is on the analysis of international trade indicators in order to identify the main trends and characteristics of global trade relations. The authors also examine in detail the manifestations of asymmetry in foreign trade relations

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Wang, Yanfen. "A Literature Review of Empirical Research on Trade of Cultural Goods." Applied Finance and Accounting 6, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v6i1.4609.

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UNESCO defines cultural goods as consumer products that spread ideas, symbols, and lifestyles. Cultural goods provide information and entertainment, which in turn form group identity and influence cultural behavior. The low energy dissipation, high added value and the property of value transmission of the cultural industry have made the cultural goods' status in the global trade higher annually. Meanwhile, the contribution made by cultural goods trade to the national economy has become increasingly prominent. This article provides accessible research directions and path for the follow-up study

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Gloria, Beth Muthoni, and Wanjeri Wanjao Lorraine. "Trade Facilitation: Do The Custom Administration Procedures Matter?" Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies 07, no. 09 (2024): 5970–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13836764.

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This paper seeks to address the effect of customs administration procedures on trade facilitation in Kenya. The study employs an explanatory research design and administered questionnaires as the data instrument to gather data from 200 customs officials in Keny a. The study findings indicated that declaration of goods, documentation and verification of goods had a positive and significant effect on trade facilitation. From the results, the study concluded that customs administration procedures ha ve a significant influence on trade facilitation in Kenya. This study was anchored on Resource Bas

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Weerth, Carsten. "Survey on Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 4 (2009): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009014.

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From 1948 to 1994, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat received 124 indications of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) relating to the trade in goods, and since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, more than 240 additional RTAs (covering trade in goods and services) have been notified to the WTO. Since 1990, the number of RTAs indicated to the GATT/WTO Secretariat concerning the trade in goods has risen strongly. A World Customs Organization (WCO) survey on the existing Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Customs Unions (CUs) in the trade of goods has

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Ferrier, Peyton. "Illicit Agricultural Trade." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37, no. 2 (2008): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003051.

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Agricultural and wildlife trade is subject to sudden, disruptive import restrictions arising from concerns over sanitary and phytosanitary safety and the conservation of natural resources. These restrictions can create significant international price differences that encourage the smuggling of goods across borders. This article presents an equilibrium model of smuggling where the supply and demand for smuggled goods depend on interregional price disparities in the presence of a trade ban. In this model, smuggling is more prevalent when demand and supply among trade partners is more inelastic o

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WALTON, ANDREW. "Consequentialism, Indirect Effects and Fair Trade." Utilitas 24, no. 1 (2012): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820811000410.

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In this article I consider two consequentialist positions on whether individuals in affluent countries ought to purchase Fair Trade goods. One is a narrow argument, which asserts that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because this will have positive direct effects on poverty reduction, by, for example, channelling money into development. I argue that this justification is insufficient to show that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because individuals could achieve similar results by donating money to charity and, therefore, without purchasing Fair Trade goods. The second

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Czarny, Elżbieta, and Paweł Folfas. "World trade and regional trade orientation in the context of forthcoming transatlantic trade and investment partnership." Equilibrium 10, no. 3 (2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.027.

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We analyse potential consequences of the forthcoming Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States (TTIP) for trade orientation of both partners. We do it so with along with the short analysis of the characteristics of the third wave of regionalism and the TTIP position in this process as well as the dominant role of the EU and the U.S. in the world economy – especially – in the world trade. Next, we study trade orientation of the hypothetical region created in result of TTIP. We use regional trade introversion index (RTII) to analyze trade between the EU an

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Kusdarwati, Eny. "Pelaksanaan Pengawasan Barang Terkait Keamanan,Keselamatan, Kesehatan, dan Lingkungan Hidup (K3L) Tahun 2020." Cendekia Niaga 5, no. 2 (2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v5i2.597.

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The government has tried to prevent the widespread circulation of imported products resulting from free trade. One of the measures taken by the Government is the issuance of a mandatory Indonesian National Standard (SNI) policy. However, not all goods circulating in the territory of Indonesia are subject to mandatory SNI, the government has issued a policy to regulate these goods. Policies governing traded goods that have not been implemented by SNI must be regulated in Constitution Number 7 of 2014 concerning Trade in article 32 paragraph (1) and the sanctions in Constitution Number 11 of 202

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HUH, IN, and INKOO LEE. "MEASURING TRADE COSTS FROM RELATIVE PRICES: THE ROLE OF LOCATION AND GOODS CHARACTERISTICS." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 05 (2014): 1450041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500416.

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This paper estimates the trade costs from international relative prices, and studies the economic determinants of implied trade costs. We find that the magnitude of trade costs depends on the characteristics of both the type of good and set of locations under examination. In particular, it is found that higher non-traded input share and trade barriers, and lower tradability of goods lead to a larger trade cost, as does a lower proximity of geographic distance between locations.

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Usatenko, Olga, and Maryna Pashkevych. "Institutional Practices of Retail Accounting." Oblik i finansi, no. 3(93) (2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-3(93)-19-25.

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In terms of current economic conditions, purchase and sale of goods is a key aspect of many enterprises’ activity. Thus, income generated to trading goods is an important financial and economic indicator of retailers by which one can understand if the goods sold comply with market demand. The efficiency of managerial decisions depends considerably on the financial information obtained through accounting. The article aims to study existing institutional practices and develop practical proposals for improving the accounting of goods. The methods of receipt and disposal of goods at trade enterpri

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Zaninović, Vinko. "Facilitating trade in intermediate goods." Pomorstvo 36, no. 2 (2022): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.36.2.11.

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A side effect of economic globalisation and new information and communication technologies is the increasing fragmentation of the production process across different countries and continents, contributing to the rise of trade in intermediate goods, which has increased to almost 2/3 of total world trade. Most of this trade, i.e., intermediate goods, are transported by sea. Maritime trade is one of the most economical but also complex ways of trading and transporting goods, requiring good coordination, various stops and controls, transhipments, storage, ICT technology to track the cargo, etc. Th

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Eyquem, Aurélien, and Güneş Kamber. "A NOTE ON THE BUSINESS CYCLE IMPLICATIONS OF TRADE IN INTERMEDIATE GOODS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 5 (2013): 1172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000892.

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Trade in intermediate goods is an important feature of trade in developed small open economies. We show that a model that assumes trade in intermediate goods brings the dynamics of an otherwise standard small open economy closer to what is observed in the data. With trade in intermediate goods, movements of international relative prices affect the economy through an additional channel, denoted the “cost channel.” A model embedding this channel comes closer to business cycle data in several dimensions compared to models with trade in final goods only. It increases the share of output variance e

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Alan Eze, Ifeanyi, and Osman Nuri Aras. "Investigation of Nigeria’s Comparative Advantage for the African Continental Free Trade Area." International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 24 (2022): 422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.24.25.

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Nigeria’s comparative advantage for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), has been investigated by this work. The specific objectives of this study are calculating the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Nigeria, and computing and comparing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa. Time series data of Nigeria’s, Ghana’s and South Africa’s export products namely raw materials, intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods were

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Jang, Sujin, and E. Young Song. "Gravity with Intermediate Goods Trade." East Asian Economic Review 21, no. 4 (2017): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.11644/kiep.eaer.2017.21.4.332.

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Shimomura, Koji. "Trade Gains and Public Goods." Review of International Economics 15, no. 5 (2007): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00704.x.

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Wan, Rui, Minoru Nakada, and Yasuhiro Takarada. "Trade liberalization in environmental goods." Resource and Energy Economics 51 (February 2018): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.11.001.

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Wei, Shang-Jin. "Currency hedging and goods trade." European Economic Review 43, no. 7 (1999): 1371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(98)00126-3.

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Lüthje, Teit. "Intraindustry trade in intermediate goods." International Advances in Economic Research 7, no. 4 (2001): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295769.

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Loos, Gregory P. "Trade Policy and Public Goods." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (2003): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2qum-5nv3-8du1-fr0q.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1994 as the first multilateral trade organization with enforcement authority over national governments. A country's domestic standards cannot be more restrictive than international standards for trade. WTO seeks to “harmonize” individual domestic policies into uniform global standards and encompasses trade-related aspects of health, public safety, and environmental protection. These issues are transnational and pose enormous challenges to traditional governance structures. Most governments are not equipped to manage problems that transcend their

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Disdier, Anne-Célia, Silvio H. T. Tai, Lionel Fontagné, and Thierry Mayer. "Bilateral trade of cultural goods." Review of World Economics 145, no. 4 (2009): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-009-0030-5.

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Niem, Le Duc. "International Trade Effects: Lower Cost or Higher Quality?" Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 22, no. 1-2 (2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v22i1-2.13461.

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In this paper, we modify the model of Liao (2008) to investigate the trade of quality differentiated goods between countries. We show that main effects of the trade are on quality improvement of all goods and the trade does not make the goods cheaper. Thus, we argue that New Trade Theory might not explain international trade that is based on quality differentiation.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1-2, pp. 15-26, 2014

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Kontsas, Stamatis, and Stavros Kalogiannidis. "A Conceptual Forecasting Analysis of International Trade Aspects Based on Globalization Impact Issues." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 01 (2022): 2881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i1.em6.

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Global GDP is really important for trade, since the larger the global economy, the more goods and services available for trade. Global GDP grew by around two-thirds in real terms between 2000 and 2020 – or 2.6% per year on average.2020 saw some of the largest trade reductions and output volumes for both industrial production and goods trade since WWII. The year 2020 was marked by some of the largest reductions in trade and output volumes since WWII. The declines in both world industrial production and goods trade in the first half of 2020 were of similar depth to those at the trough of the Glo

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Paul, Karen, Simon Pak, John Zdanowicz, and Peter Curwen. "The Ethics of International Trade: Use of Deviation from Average World Price to Indicate Possible Wrongdoing." Business Ethics Quarterly 4, no. 1 (1994): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857557.

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Abstract:The measure proposed here, the ratio of the price reported in a given trade to the average world price for that commodity, is based on the average world price for a given commodity reported for all trades between the U.S. and all other countries for a given period. This new measure can be used to enable government agencies to identify trades between U.S. firms or individuals and their counterparts in other countries which are designed to further prohibited activities such as money laundering or tax avoidance. This measure would also enable the U.S. government to monitor trade flows mo

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